159 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/171a76eda593ef77e22e34c751c8eb52.pdf 46931ecfa0418d3c5d601bcd5d3197ad PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Application of Securitization on the Financial Markets Adnan Rovcanin University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina adnan.rovcanin@efsa.unsa.ba Adna Mataradzija University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina adna.mataradzija@gmail.com Amra Mataradzija University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina amra.mataradzija@gmail.com On some financial markets commercial bank loan capacity is largely dependent upon foreign funding, which is quite expensive, and it diminishes liquidity of the overall economy and hinders the development of the country's flagging economy. Based on the assumption that securitization is one of possible methods for solving this problem, this paper discusses the possibilities of its implementation into the financial markets and advantages of that process. Some financial analysts declared the securitization as one of the main culprits for the development of the global economic crisis. However, the fact that the causes of the crisis are much more complex supports the thesis that securitization still be considered a very valuable tool for the development of financial markets, noting that its misuse can have far reaching negative consequences. Bearing in mind the appropriate features of loan portfolio and Basel II regulations, it points to the conclusion that the possibilities of implementing this process into the some financial market is welcomed and that it may have positive effect on increasing the level of liquidity and the overall economic development. Synergistic effects of Basel II and securitization of receivables, could lead to many positive effects. The process of securitization creates a wide variety of securities covered by assets, which are most characteristic of the securities covered by the mortgage (Mortgage Back Securities) and the securities covered by assets in the narrow sense (Asset Back Securities). Financial institutions that put their assets into process of securitization could obtain alternative sources of funding, increased financial flexibility, lower cost of capital, strong balance sheet, reduce credit exposure, etc. The initiation of securitization would allow cheaper sources of financing to banks, which would lessen dependence on expensive foreign sources of capital. The aim of this paper is to describe the process of securitization of receivables and the effects of introducing a specific financial market, with elements of the classification. Keywords: securitization of receivables, loan portfolio, credit risk, ABS, MBS, banking system, Basel II standards 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1456 Title A name given to the resource Application of Securitization on the Financial Markets Author Author ROVCANIN, Adnan MATARADZIJA, Adna MATARADZIJA, Amra Abstract A summary of the resource. On some financial markets commercial bank loan capacity is largely dependent upon foreign funding, which is quite expensive, and it diminishes liquidity of the overall economy and hinders the development of the country's flagging economy. Based on the assumption that securitization is one of possible methods for solving this problem, this paper discusses the possibilities of its implementation into the financial markets and advantages of that process. Some financial analysts declared the securitization as one of the main culprits for the development of the global economic crisis. However, the fact that the causes of the crisis are much more complex supports the thesis that securitization still be considered a very valuable tool for the development of financial markets, noting that its misuse can have far reaching negative consequences. Bearing in mind the appropriate features of loan portfolio and Basel II regulations, it points to the conclusion that the possibilities of implementing this process into the some financial market is welcomed and that it may have positive effect on increasing the level of liquidity and the overall economic development. Synergistic effects of Basel II and securitization of receivables, could lead to many positive effects. The process of securitization creates a wide variety of securities covered by assets, which are most characteristic of the securities covered by the mortgage (Mortgage Back Securities) and the securities covered by assets in the narrow sense (Asset Back Securities). Financial institutions that put their assets into process of securitization could obtain alternative sources of funding, increased financial flexibility, lower cost of capital, strong balance sheet, reduce credit exposure, etc. The initiation of securitization would allow cheaper sources of financing to banks, which would lessen dependence on expensive foreign sources of capital. The aim of this paper is to describe the process of securitization of receivables and the effects of introducing a specific financial market, with elements of the classification. Keywords: securitization of receivables, loan portfolio, credit risk, ABS, MBS, banking system, Basel II standards Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7c17647964f8ec007d7f9f028f79a31b.pdf 0ce698314eab8a57756afa0a80750ed5 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Performance of Companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011 Abas Rošid American University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina abasrosic@gmail.com Ermin Cero American University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina ermin.cero@gmail.com Nedim Čelebid American University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina nedim@impactconsulting.ba This paper analyses performance of companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Companies are divided into main sections and divisions, according to the NACE Rev. 2 statistical classification of EU, as well as by their size. Analyses of overall performance in terms of sales, export, profitability, employment, and trends in 2011 are elaborated in this paper. Special focus is on working capital management of companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and comparison of their performance to that of companies in EU and USA. This research paper explores the following questions: is there a difference in overall performance measured by the size of companies (small and medium companies compared to large companies) and performance of companies in industry sectors with potential advantages based on the development strategies in the country (wood processing industry, metals industry, manufacturing of food)? Is there a difference in performance when industry sector is analyzed vertically (i.e. in metals industry, comparison of performance between companies in mining industry and manufacturing of metals)? Is there a difference in main categories of working capital management (days of sales outstanding, days of inventory, and days of payables outstanding) between industry sectors, within one industry sector, and between small and medium companies and large companies? The research has been performed based on financial statements of all companies that have submitted their reports to authorized entity agencies (AFIP and APIF) for 2010 and 2011. In total, 28,505 limited liability and shareholding companies have submitted their financial reports for the fiscal year 2011. The results show overall weak performance, especially for small and medium sized companies, in terms of 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo profitability, growth, and return on equity and exports. There are also significant differences in performance among industry sectors and within some industry sectors. It indicates that performance in main industry sectors is weaker when moving up vertically in main industry sectors. These results may imply that companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina are resource based, and that they do not apply innovation and technology, which would give them a sustainable competitive advantage on the market. Results also show that working capital management of B&H companies is far below the level of companies in EU and the USA. Analysis of working capital management based on the size of companies’ shows substantial differences between SME and large companies in B&H. Keywords: Company performance, Working capital management, Days of sales outstanding, Days of inventory, Days of Payables outstanding, Cash to cash cycle. 3 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1463 Title A name given to the resource Performance of Companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2011 Author Author ROŠIĆ, Abas CERO, Ermin ČELEBIĆ, Nedim Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper analyses performance of companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Companies are divided into main sections and divisions, according to the NACE Rev. 2 statistical classification of EU, as well as by their size. Analyses of overall performance in terms of sales, export, profitability, employment, and trends in 2011 are elaborated in this paper. Special focus is on working capital management of companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina and comparison of their performance to that of companies in EU and USA. This research paper explores the following questions: is there a difference in overall performance measured by the size of companies (small and medium companies compared to large companies) and performance of companies in industry sectors with potential advantages based on the development strategies in the country (wood processing industry, metals industry, manufacturing of food)? Is there a difference in performance when industry sector is analyzed vertically (i.e. in metals industry, comparison of performance between companies in mining industry and manufacturing of metals)? Is there a difference in main categories of working capital management (days of sales outstanding, days of inventory, and days of payables outstanding) between industry sectors, within one industry sector, and between small and medium companies and large companies? The research has been performed based on financial statements of all companies that have submitted their reports to authorized entity agencies (AFIP and APIF) for 2010 and 2011. In total, 28,505 limited liability and shareholding companies have submitted their financial reports for the fiscal year 2011. The results show overall weak performance, especially for small and medium sized companies, in terms of profitability, growth, and return on equity and exports. There are also significant differences in performance among industry sectors and within some industry sectors. It indicates that performance in main industry sectors is weaker when moving up vertically in main industry sectors. These results may imply that companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina are resource based, and that they do not apply innovation and technology, which would give them a sustainable competitive advantage on the market. Results also show that working capital management of B&H companies is far below the level of companies in EU and the USA. Analysis of working capital management based on the size of companies’ shows substantial differences between SME and large companies in B&H. Keywords: Company performance, Working capital management, Days of sales outstanding, Days of inventory, Days of Payables outstanding, Cash to cash cycle. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60401164e6117f674c005c08a1bfcb97.pdf 2208ed4176cc2912345cf0e0f1077e0a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Business Ethics from the Point of View of Corporate Social Responsibility in Strategic Management Mehmet Sadık Öncül Tunceli University, Tunceli, Turkey msoncul@gmail.com Berrin Filizöz Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey msoncul@gmail.com Banu Bolayır Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey msoncul@gmail.com This study consists of two parts. In the first part, some knowledge related to the basic concepts of business ethics within the context of corporate social responsibility and information about the importance of business ethics for businesses will be given. In the second part, a field research will be conducted on industrial business organizations managers to determine their perceptions about business ethics and then their opinions and thoughts will be assessed. To accomplish this goal, a questionnaire has been conducted on industrial business organizations managers to determine their perceptions and opinions about business ethics practices. The findings have been interpreted by statistical analysis using obtained data in SPSS computer program. Keywords: Strategic Management, Corporate Social Responsibility, Ethics, Business Ethics. 198 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1589 Title A name given to the resource Business Ethics from the Point of View of Corporate Social Responsibility in Strategic Management Author Author SADIK ONCUL, Mehmet FILISOZ, Berrin BOLAYIR, Banu Abstract A summary of the resource. This study consists of two parts. In the first part, some knowledge related to the basic concepts of business ethics within the context of corporate social responsibility and information about the importance of business ethics for businesses will be given. In the second part, a field research will be conducted on industrial business organizations managers to determine their perceptions about business ethics and then their opinions and thoughts will be assessed. To accomplish this goal, a questionnaire has been conducted on industrial business organizations managers to determine their perceptions and opinions about business ethics practices. The findings have been interpreted by statistical analysis using obtained data in SPSS computer program. Keywords: Strategic Management, Corporate Social Responsibility, Ethics, Business Ethics. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd41b2d6155849c2850454be40e1815c.pdf 24553890f549281bc339ca0df64cc4b3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Examination of Factors that Influence the Job Satisfaction of Employees in Different Workplaces Emina Sadikovic Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia eminanp@hotmail.com Elma Elfid – Zukorlid Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia Azra Datovid Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia Increased interest in the purpose of working belief that the degree of satisfaction with work has an influence on as pacts of working behavior, such as productivity, absence from work and pre orientation, led to the need for exploiting such a relation. A few methods have been developed to determine the satisfaction with work and job, mostly by using questionnaire techniques about attitudes and interviews. A great number of attitudes about the satisfaction with work has been investigated, both regarding individual and working situation, but we have chosen to investigate the attitude of employed from different institutions, that is working organizations, which have different qualifications necessary for work, in come level and so on. The goal of this investigation is to determine if there are statistically significant difference in average level of satisfaction with work with the employed in different institutions and to find out which is the crucial factor which affects the satisfaction of the employed by work. Furthermore, sub goals are related to investigating how in depend variables such as socio – demographic characteristics of the examinees affect the satisfaction with the employed working position. The sample of 100 employed in total, 20 employed in 5 different working organizations. The instrument has been constructed for the purpose of investigating, and its validity has been checked. Statistical importance of the differences between different samples will be investigated by using analysis of variance so that we should be able by the obtained results extract the conclusions. Keywords: job satisfaction, employees, workplace, influence. 93 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e470722a40f68447d13ded43d2339c94.docx 834bbd2fac23912a517c74a25e416e9a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c6ea472622eca2f3450683b40b4c6cfe.pdf 3e341cb9af7de86fff94f16e9a90f178 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Examination of Factors that Influence the Job Satisfaction of Employees in Different Workplaces Emina Sadikovic Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia eminanp@hotmail.com Elma Elfić – Zukorlić Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia Azra Ćatović Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia Abstract Increased interest in the meaning of work and the belief that the degree of satisfaction with the work affects aspects of behavior, such as productivity, absence from work and reorientation led to the need to explore this relationship. We have developed several methods for determining job satisfaction and work, often with the use of techniques questionnaire on attitudes or interviews. In relation to job satisfaction was investigated a large number of positions, both in the individual and in terms of the work situation, but we chose to examine the attitudes of employees from several different institutions that work organizations, which vary according to the qualifications necessary for the operation, according to the amount benefits, etc. The aim of research is to determine whether there are significant differences in the average level of job satisfaction among employees from different institutions and to determine who is the decisive factor that affects employee job satisfaction. Furthermore, the subgoals relating to examination as independent variables such as socio - demographic characteristics of respondents plug on workplace satisfaction with employees. The sample consists of a total of 40 employees, 20 employees from the public and 20 from private institutions. The instrument is constructed for the purposes of research and its validity is checked. Investigated the statistical significance of differences between the different samples analyzed by t - test. There was no statistically significant difference between job satisfaction and organization of employees in state institutions and employees in private establishments. There was a statistically significant difference between male and female employees. female employees show a higher degree of job satisfaction and organization. Job Satısfactıon Almost inevitably, the existing theories and concepts of motivation, in empirical work and practice, the motivation for the work was determined by the satisfaction or in terms of workers' attitudes towards work and work organization. Therefore, one can speak of a certain gap between the theoretical concepts, the one and empirical work on the other. In most empirical studies is inherent understanding that the general job satisfaction is a good indicator of motivation to work. Increased interest in the meaning of work and the belief that the degree of satisfaction with the work affects aspects of behavior, such as productivity, absenteeism and reorientation led to the creation of extensive scientific literature-according to some sources, up to 4,000-title devoted to this subject. Looking at 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo the numerous studies of job satisfaction we can see that the following issues attracted the attention of psychologists: Problem-definition, structure, factor content of job satisfaction -Which factors most affect job satisfaction -What is the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity of workers or any other aspect behavior at work. Definition and Factor Structure of Job Satisfaction There are various definitions of general job satisfaction. According to a general job satisfaction is one affective orientation towards work. In this way, overall job satisfaction is defined as a general feeling about the job, taking into account the favorable and unfavorable aspects of the job, it's affective response of an individual, which is the result of experience on the job. In this sense, general job satisfaction is operationalized as the love of the job, or the extent to which an individual likes his job. Similarly, overall job satisfaction is defined as one generalized, attitude towards work in general. In both cases, regardless of whether the job satisfaction is seen as affective relationship or attitude, job satisfaction is perceived as a more general attitude towards work. Finally, overall job satisfaction is defined as the sum of satisfaction with individual specific characteristics of work and working conditions. In accordance with this definition in the measurement of job satisfaction was measured by appropriate indicators, such as the willingness and desire to change jobs, the desire to choose the same or different type of work, the pleasant feeling of respect for the job, and finally, a measure that shows what an individual feels his work in general. With regard to the issue of content, ie, the factor structure of job satisfaction, whether job satisfaction comes down to one or more factors. In an earlier study Kac (Katz) found that job satisfaction has a number of dimensions: attachment-group -intrinsic satisfaction, one that arises from the performance of certain tasks - sense of belonging to your organization satisfaction of material status and the status of the job. Growing number of researchers believe that job satisfaction has, makes a number of factors, factors. On the other hand, the results of certain studies show that there is a tendency towards higher positive correlations between the various aspects of job satisfaction factors, "which suggests that there is a general factor G attitude towards work situation." Relationship individuals to work sometimes is seen not only in terms of satisfaction, but the ego-involvement, and intrinsic motivation of workers. Ego-involvement is, in fact, the acceptance of the value of work, the role and importance that work has in the life of the individual. Intrinsic motivation, according to this view, the reference to "the extent to which the individual is motivated to do something good for subjective rewards or feelings that are expected. This motivation occurs when a feeling of self-esteem develops and linked to achievement. "As we see this kind of defining intrinsic motivation is to some extent different from Hercbergovog that intrinsic motivation is linked not only achievement, but also of the need for and the possibility of selfactualization. Engagement work relates to the psychological identification with the job. "In this way, the statements, the measures that talk about the psychological importance and identification with the work, taken as a measure of engagement with work, and statements about the impact of the effect of the self-as a measure of intrinsic motivation." In both cases, the work is an important content of life, individual satisfaction lies in the conduct of 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo business. Measuring Job Satisfaction There are different approaches to measuring the overall job satisfaction, tj.različiti indicators or special instruments. According to a holistic approach to overall satisfaction is defined as an affective attitude towards work, or as an attitude towards work. On the basis of certain indicators such as interesting work, attachment to work, the importance of work to the individual, etc., that claim, adding the responses obtained scores of general job satisfaction. There are attempts to measure the overall satisfaction obtained indirectly through satisfaction of certain aspects of the job. This approach is a way of measuring job satisfaction is based on the idea that what the worker feels about his work in general is a result of his various aspects of job satisfaction. To obtain a score of general job satisfaction apply different ways of combining individual factors job satisfaction. The measure of general satisfaction is obtained on the basis of three types of data: the importance of objectives, level of aspiration, and finally the degree to accomplish goals. The difference between the importance of aspiration and achievement goals form the basis of obtaining scores of general job satisfaction. The data show that overall job satisfaction is much more to do with aspects that are the subjects identified as significant than with those that are less important. This method of obtaining measures of general job satisfaction has certain advantages over the other, because job satisfaction observed starting from the needs, the importance of various goals and the possibility of their meeting in real life. We have developed several methods for determining job satisfaction and work, often using techniques questionnaire on attitudes or interviews. Suffice it to note that of the three main methods - Guttmann (Guttman), Tarstonovog (Thurstone) and Likert - the last is considered somewhat more reliable than others, and its setting, and the application and require less time. Created a lot of questionnaires to determine attitudes towards work, in relation to a number of dimensions.One of the most famous descriptive index Affairs (Job descriptive index, Smith, Kendal and Hulin, 1969), which on the basis of factor analysis dimensions of job satisfaction determines satisfaction in five areas. 1) work, 2) payment, 3) advancement opportunities, 4) monitoring, 5) colleagues at work. In relation to job satisfaction was investigated a large number of positions, both in the individual and in terms of the work situation. Despite the fact they are in the U.S. and UK women are predominantly employed in jobs that require lower qualifications, have a lower status and lower incomes, several papers reported that in general terms, women are happier than men work. The fact is, however, that in cases where women and men are employed in the same job, have the same status and the same income, obtained results which, in turn, suggest that women are more satisfied with their job, this fact suggests that these factors probably not affect much on the job satisfaction in women as in men. For women, job satisfaction can be conditioned by different factors, such as the social aspects of work (Myers, 1964). Job satisfaction seems to be increasing with age, although adequate research, in most cases, a comparative-being made the comparison between different groups of workers, with members of each group were of similar age. The difficulty of this method is that the members of certain groups are not only different years but to a different generations. In one 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo of the first studies of job satisfaction (Hoppock, 1935), we used the "pattern" that is reinvestigated 27 years later. In other words, interviewed the same group of people in different age groups. Although Hopokov "pattern" was very small, the results are nevertheless showed that satisfaction with the work of 23 of the respondents increased in seventeen cases, and decreased in only 2 cases. When the length of service carefully observed, it seems that job satisfaction increases with age, but slightly decreases if the tenure longer. (Gibson and Klein, 1971). Job satisfaction is increased by raising the level of work in the organizational hierarchy. So supervisors show more pleasure than workers, much like the more rewarding if the senior administrative positions. Generally, department directors are satisfied with the personnel director (Porter and Lawler, 1965). Even more generally, the people who work in smaller groups are more satisfied than workers in larger groups. In terms of job satisfaction major differences show up depending on the type of job. Results of one study showed that, on average, approximately 43% of clerks, but only about 24% of workers, re-select the same call (O'Toole, 1973). Sometimes I think that the difference in job satisfaction according to the calls reflect differences in job content, especially in the degree of autonomy, responsibility and diversity which include individual calls. For these elements content of work is considered, in general terms, they are among the most important determinants of job satisfaction and work. There have been frequent attempts to show that the satisfaction and quality of work in a positive compared to the same time showed that efforts towards the enhancement of job satisfaction can have practical results. However, the conclusion of one of the first of comprehensive study of the relationship between satisfaction and quality of work (Brazfield and Crockett, 1955) was that there is little convincing evidence of any closer relationship between the two. It is likely that there are several reasons why this is so, for example, many work situations, the quality of work can not do much to change-it gives, for example, the flow of work is organized to prevent such changes, whether it's on the other side, it restrictions productivity due"group norms." Secondly, in terms of motivation has large individual differences between workers (Hackman, 1979). Taylor believes that in terms of sick leave "job satisfaction among the most important causal factors." Exploring psychological correlates of sick leave, Taylor (1969) found that workers who are "still healthy" show a high degree of introversion and low neuroticism, that those who are "often sick" show signs of extroversion, a "long illness," a high-level of neuroticism. It was found that the strong correlation also exhibited suspicious absences, such as absence from work increases with higher degree of suspicion. As for a job change, Porter and Spears pointed out that "all in all, there is compelling evidence that the general job satisfaction is an important element in deciding whether an individual stay or not," though note that in terms of absences evidence is not so convincing. Personal differences are also associated with changing work in that "those who go to" show different characteristics of "those who remain." For the first found to have achieved more success, be more independent and aggressive, while others were emotionally balanced and mature. Briefly examines the relationship 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo between job satisfaction and work accidents. Ker (1950) was of the opinion, mainly on the basis of its own research institute, provides just under half of the difference in the rate of accidents among individuals related to dissatisfaction at work, about half related to stress at work, and the rest can be attributed to individual characteristics or preferences to accidents. In most studies that analyzes the relationship between job satisfaction and work accidents was not possible to equalize the level of risk to which individuals are exposed. In one operation, in which the attention given to this factor, as well as a number of other variables, led to a very significant relationship between the number of accidents and the level of dissatisfaction with (Davids, Mahonev, 1957). A. Hejl and M.Hejl (1971) point out that on the basis of most of the research in this area can draw very few conclusions, mainly due to poor methodology and believe that with any "security" can not be argued that an increase in job satisfaction reduced the number of accidents by, say, improving security measures, at the same time increased the job satisfaction of nobody, it seems not even studied. In Britain, UN States and many European countries, about half of deaths each year, and men and women, is attributed to cardiovascular disease. Factors associated with a high risk of heart disease include smoking, high cholesterol, blood pressure, blood sugar and excessive weight. However, a large number of papers indicating that a substantial part of these hazards may be responsible for the social and psychological factors, and it's impact on the development of research factors in work situations that could affect the increased susceptibility to heart disease. Among the factors which have been shown to influence susceptibility to this there are job satisfaction (Sales, House, 1971) and sters at work. It is believed that the components of stress at work responsibility, particularly the responsibility for other people, a very heavy burden of work and proper status. It was shown that the directors consider themselves less nervous and anxious than is the case with workers in manufacturing (Hekman, 1969). Factors content of work are of great importance and impact on job satisfaction, which, in turn strongly associated with many aspects of behavior, including mental health workers. Hence no iznenenađuje you make efforts to increase job satisfaction through work planning. There are some differences in the factors of satisfaction between men and women, workers-union members and those who are not. Men are compared with women more important job security, high wages and good company. Women are the preferred type of work and the opportunity for advancement. Job security, especially high salaries for women were less significant, which is razumlivo with respect to the position and role of women in the family, whose income is probably an additional source of income at home. The most comprehensive review and analysis of previous studies of conditions that affect job satisfaction given by Herzberg 'and associates. Based on previous studies of job satisfaction in the 150 study, the authors have given ranking factors of job satisfaction (14):  Security deal  Interest (intrinsic aspect of the job)  Advancement opportunities  Recognition obtained from the Head  Companies and administrations  Intrinsic aspects of work excluding ease  Wage 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo                   Intrinsic aspects of the job Management Comparing the second Group data is observed the following: Job security is what the workers are the most wanted in the job, which can be explained by the possibility of an objective statement, dismissal from work, What he called Herzberg 'motivators, there is something less important, and those in this ranking followed after job security, Wage compared with the previous factors (safety factors and content of work) is less important, but more important than the other external factors, Working conditions, management, ease of work, benefits have relatively little importance for job satisfaction. A recent study gives the following ranking of what workers want most in your job: The ability to do the job well, Leader, who will hear and help the worker, Per-platter capacity, Advancement opportunities, Pay per piece, good staff, Decision making possibility Colleagues who appreciate the ability to work and workers, The ability to grasp their own contributions, Manager that provides the necessary technical assistance, Ability to use skills, good and safe physical working conditions, good wages,managers who receive and apply the suggestions of workers. The importance of each factor in job satisfaction can be changed, that grows and decreases relative stability or instability, employment opportunities, etc.-influencing expectations of individuals, and thus, indirectly, to the satisfaction and motivation to work. Aim of the Research Determine the level of satisfaction regarding jobs and organizations in different institutions Problems 1. Determine the level of satisfaction with the workplace and organization 2. Is there a significant difference in the level of satisfaction with the workplace and organization among employees of state institutions and employees of private companies 3. Is there a significant difference between male and female employees in the level of satisfaction with the workplace and organization Hipothesis H-1 Is assumed to be employees of state institutions have a higher degree of job satisfaction of employees of private institutions H-2 Assume that female employees have a higher level of satisfaction with the workplace and organization 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Research Methodology Subjects: From a total of 46 employees in this study included 40 patients. A sample of 20 respondents consisted of staff training - educational institutions (kindergartens, schools, the government agency) and the second sample consisted of 20 employees of the textile enterprises (private) Demographics of respondents are presented in the following tables: Table l.Gender And Level of Education of Respondent School degree High school degree Bachelor degree N Male patients Female respondents 2 9 5 16 13 6 5 24 15 15 10 40 Table 2. Age of the Respondents Minimum Average Maximum 24 40.82 60 Table 3. Length of Service (Years) Subjects Minimum Average Maximum 1 15, 97 35 Instruments: 1. Questionnaire on the job satisfaction and organization; author: Ema Kapetanovic, year: 2002. The questionnaire consists of 22 questions of mixed type. The first part of the questionnaire relates to the demographics of the respondents, psychosomatic diseases and harmful habits (smoking, alcohol consumption). The second part of the questionnaire relates directly to job satisfaction mjestom.Zadovoljstvo workplace in general examines fourteen issues. Satisfaction with various aspects of the job, tested in the seventeenth issue, which consists of 27 sub-questions where the respondent satisfaction with specific aspects of the job is estimated at five-stepenoj scale:  I am very satisfied  I'm pretty happy  I'm not satisfied or dissatisfied  I'm pretty unhappy  I am very dissatisfied (Results obtained on this scale have been taken as a measure of overall job satisfaction in this study.) The third part of the questionnaire examines the potential fluctuation. 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Results and Interpretation The problems were related to the determination of the level of job satisfaction and the organization and comparison of job satisfaction and organization in different institutions. The following results were obtained: Table 4.Job satisfaction in state and private institutions M SD Σ N Job satisfaction in state institutions 86, 65 20,64 3466 40 Job satisfaction in private institutions 75, 33 17, 34 3010 40 The table no. 4, we conclude that the average value of job satisfaction and organization in a sample of employees from government agencies M = 86.65 and SD = 20, 64 and employees of private institutions is M = 75,33 SD = 17, 34. The t - test the statistical significance of the differences obtained (Table no. 5). Table 5.Job satisfaction in state and private institutions M SD Σ N t p Job satisfaction in state institutions 86, 65 20,64 3466 40 1,32 p> 0.05 Job satisfaction in private institutions 75, 33 17, 34 3010 40 The t - value, indicating that there is no statistically significant difference in workplace satisfaction and organization among employees in the private and employees in state institutions at a significance level of 5%. So, we can assume that the difference between the variables, is not greater than the random links. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that H l, not confirmed, that was shot down. The third problem is related to the testing of the difference in the level of job satisfaction and organization between male and female employees. Table 6Job pleasure of male and female M SD Σ N t p Job pleasure of male 90,69 18, 50 3690 40 2,03 p <0.05 8 Job pleasure of female 76,65 20, 64 3466 40 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The results obtained t = 2.03, p <0.05 indicates that the difference in the level of job satisfaction and organization between male and female respondents significant at a significance level of 5% (but not at a significance level of 1%). Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the H2 was confirmed. Thus, the female employees showed a higher degree of job satisfaction and organization of the male. It can be assumed, a possible suspect in the anonymity of the survey of workers, and their fear of losing their jobs, leading to giving socially desirable responses, and responses were obtained in the questionnaire, does not correspond to the actual state of the population, which in turn may lead to deviations results than expected. However, the arithmetic mean of the results obtained in the L - scale (which examines the pursuit of social affection, socially desirable answers and honesty in answering) is M = 8.2, SD = 2.30, (all 5 patients had a score higher 10, which is taken as a threshold value), it can be assumed that the respondents, however, were not so much, get socially desirable responding. While the study period there were no external or internal distraction to affect the concentration of respondents in completing the form. Yet the study had some shortcomings, which need, in addition to the previously mentioned state as a possible cause of the deviation of some of the results obtained from the results that are consistent with previous research. Specifically populations in which the research was carried out relatively few, so on that basis would not be allowed to perform general conclusions. It is also important to note that some studies have shown that job satisfaction increases, raising the level of work in the organizational hierarchy, so that supervisors showed more satisfaction than workers, much like the more rewarding if the senior administrative positions, therefore it is expected that it may be separately treated workers with different levels of education as well as workers who are employed in various workplaces. Conclusion 1. There was no statistically significant difference between job satisfaction and organization of employees in state institutions and employees in private establishments. 2. There was a statistically significant difference between male and female employees. Female employees show a higher degree of job satisfaction and organization. References American Association for Research in Education, the American Psychological Society, the National Council on Measurement in Education, Standards for educational and psychological testing, Washington, in 1985. Bujas Zoran, Introduction to the methods of experimental psychology, Printing printing institute "Ognjen Story", Zagreb, 1966th D.R. Davies; VJShackelton, Psychology and work, Beograd, 1979th Dusan Djordjevic, Industrial Psychology, New Belgrade, in 1976. 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Evsenck Hans, Sargent Charms, explain the unexplained, popular science series SFINGA, Belgrade 1998th Fulgosi Ante, Personality psychology - theory and research, school books, Zagreb, 1981st Guzina Milica, Personnel Psychology, Scientific Book, Belgrade, in 1980. Jerovšek Janez, Možina Stane, Josip Obradovic, Veljko Rus, Tanić Živan, Županov Joseph, Industrial Sociology, Our topics, Zagreb, in 1971. Krković Andjelko, measurement in psychology and pedagogy, Institute for Textbooks and the Socialist Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, 1964th Pečjak Vid, great psychologists in psychology, Beograd, in 1983. Petz Boris, Basic statistical methods for notmathematician , University Publishing Liber, Zagreb, in 1985. 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1526 Title A name given to the resource Examination of Factors that Influence the Job Satisfaction of Employees in Different Workplaces Author Author SADIKOVIĆ, Emina ELFIĆ-ZUKORLIĆ, Elma ĆATOVIĆ, Azra Abstract A summary of the resource. Increased interest in the purpose of working belief that the degree of satisfaction with work has an influence on as pacts of working behavior, such as productivity, absence from work and pre orientation, led to the need for exploiting such a relation. A few methods have been developed to determine the satisfaction with work and job, mostly by using questionnaire techniques about attitudes and interviews. A great number of attitudes about the satisfaction with work has been investigated, both regarding individual and working situation, but we have chosen to investigate the attitude of employed from different institutions, that is working organizations, which have different qualifications necessary for work, in come level and so on. The goal of this investigation is to determine if there are statistically significant difference in average level of satisfaction with work with the employed in different institutions and to find out which is the crucial factor which affects the satisfaction of the employed by work. Furthermore, sub goals are related to investigating how in depend variables such as socio – demographic characteristics of the examinees affect the satisfaction with the employed working position. The sample of 100 employed in total, 20 employed in 5 different working organizations. The instrument has been constructed for the purpose of investigating, and its validity has been checked. Statistical importance of the differences between different samples will be investigated by using analysis of variance so that we should be able by the obtained results extract the conclusions. Keywords: job satisfaction, employees, workplace, influence. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7aed1fe192b2e1bbd39dac1a7534c587.pdf 0c0a8cd59f24cfe1e1c0fa8a7eaf37ff PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Determination of Cultural Characteristics of Hunters in İstanbul Province to Hunting and Wildlife Management (İstanbul Province Case) İsmail Şafak Aegean Forestry Research Institute, İstanbul, Turkey isafak35@hotmail.com Taner Okan University of İstanbul, Faculty of Forest, İstanbul, Turkey tokan@İstanbul.edu.tr Erdem Hizal University of İstanbul, Faculty of Forest, İstanbul, Turkey hizal@İstanbul.edu.tr Tamer Keçecioğlu Ege University, İzmir, Turkey tamer.kececioglu@ege.edu.tr Caner Işık Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey kim.caner@gmail.com Sedat Acar Mustafa Kemal Paşa National Park, Turkey sedatacar3495@hotmail.com Turkey has a rather important potential from the point of view of wildlife resources which includes both species diversity and sheltering capacity. On the other hand, wildlife in Turkey has been endangered since wilderness ecosystem and habitats have been damaged and managed badly. There is a rather important role of hunters in this process. Hunting, which means catching of either living or lifeless animals that live freely in the nature, has attracted attention of mankind almost in every term. Hunting has been accepted as an important activity also today as well as in the past. It is not a realistic approach considering the hunting passion which comes to today with the traces from the past as nothing. Today, hunters have become a guaranty of biodiversity and wilderness by getting an environmentalist status. As increasing economic and social welfare, first of all demands of hunters and demands of stakeholders from wildlife sector are getting increased by varying. In this context, it is obligatory to develop and reach a rationalist management of wildlife potential that promises a great future of Turkey. 176 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In Turkey, lawful regulations were made in 2003 with act of 4915 to solve problems of wildlife management. Wildlife management in Turkey still live a transition period, problems are going on because new laws and its implementations have not yet established. Among these problems, illegal hunting, uneducated hunters, lack of hunter controlling have important place; basic problems are social, cultural, economic and lack of scientific structure. Associations, institutions and enterprises attach importance for knowing cultural elements and factors that affect them. It has been use an active instrument to convey cultural data and to reach aims. In this context, researches that determine human structure and cultural sensitiveness fields in the management of wildlife resources are very important. There have been seen some researches which related to determine of hunter profile since 2002. But, there are too few studies to determine cultural characteristics of hunters. In this context, it is needed some studies for hunter culture as related to management activities. This research project includes hunting clubs and their members in İstanbul. For this aim, according to sample size, there will be reached primary data using questionnaire method which is prepared for hunters. Some data based on literature research constitute secondary data of research. In this research, questionnaire, called the hunter form, will be developed. Hunter Form; cultural elements of hunters, profile of hunters and level of importance on the issue of hunters were determined. Nine-point Likert Scale was used in some questions to determine hunters’ thinking on the issue. The hunter form is designed in two parts. The first part is related to the demographic characteristics of hunters. The second section means detection levels of the components of the culture of hunters. In this research project, values forming culture of hunters were investigated in context of leaders and heroes, ceremony and symbols, story and legends, language, customs, norms and organizational socialization. Results of research project will be used as basic data in controlling and training of hunters, providing coordination and planning and sources. Data obtained from the hunters were evaluated using frequency, percentage, chi-square test, and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance. In this context, there were benefited from SPSS program and others. Keywords: Hunting, Hunting Culture, Hunting and Wildlife Management, İstanbul. 177 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f3397baab42f3fdc9be7a3d48a60e930.docx d848a595269e0ed57843527564f4bdd4 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1ac59d552e60dd523432fd817ffb1081.pdf fe7dda036e8cd40d55092ac21821bfed PDF Text Text Determination of Cultural Characteristics of Hunters for Hunting and Wildlife Management (The Case of Istanbul Province) Ismail Safak Aegean Forestry Research Institute, Izmir, Turkey isafak35@hotmail.com Taner Okan Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey tokan@istanbul.edu.tr Erdem Hızal Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey hizal@istanbul.edu.tr Tamer Keçecioğlu Ege University, İzmir, Turkey tamer.kececioglu@ege.edu.tr Caner Işık Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey caner@adu.edu.tr Sedat Acar Mustafa Kemal Paşa National Park, Bursa, Turkey sedatacar3495@hotmail.com Abstract Turkey has a rather important potential from the point of view of wildlife resources which includes both species diversity and sheltering capacity. On the other hand, wildlife in Turkey has been endangered since wilderness ecosystem and habitats have been damaged and managed badly. There is a rather important role of hunters in this process. Hunting, which means catching of either living or lifeless animals that live freely in the nature, has attracted attention of mankind almost in every term. Hunting has been accepted as an important activity also today as well as in the past. It is not a realistic approach considering the hunting passion which comes to today with the traces from the past as nothing. Today, hunters have become a guaranty of biodiversity and wilderness by getting an environmentalist status. Associations, institutions and enterprises attach importance to knowing cultural elements and factors that affect them. It has been used as an active instrument to convey cultural data and to reach aims. In this context, researches that determine human structure and cultural sensitiveness fields in the management of wildlife resources are very important. This article includes hunting clubs and their members in Istanbul. For this aim, according to sample size, there were reached primary data using questionnaire method which is prepared for hunters. Some data based on literature research constitute secondary data of research. In the research, questionnaire form; �cultural elements of hunters, profile of hunters and level of importance on the issue of hunters were determined. Nine-point Likert Scale was used in some questions to determine hunters’ thinking on the issue. The hunter form was designed in three sections. The first part is related to the demographic characteristics of the hunters. The second part reflects culture of Hunters’ Associations. In the last part; the levels of the perception of the cultural components of the hunters have been included. In this study, values forming culture of hunters were investigated in context of leaders and heroes, ceremony and symbols, story and legends, language, customs, norms and organizational socialization. Results of research project will be used as basic data in controlling and training of hunters, providing coordination and planning and sources. Keywords: Hunting, Hunting Culture, Hunting and Wildlife Management, Istanbul, Turkey. Introduction In the past, wildlife sources played an important role for livelihood and development of communities. In this period, hunting and wildlife is used as nutrient (meat), clothing material (leather and fur), rope and thread (sinews and musculocutaneous nerves), fuel (fats), decorative ware (antler, tooth), beverage container (horns), musical instrument (skin, horn), weapon (bone) etc. (Mbaiwa, 2002). As a matter of fact, in many countries even today, people still make use of most of these benefits including nutritional element. Hunting and Wildlife resources managers are faced with a situation such as to meet hunting demands of a section of society without any harm to the environment and by improving the existence of hunting and wildlife. While doing all these things there is an obligation to act in accordance with the Principle of Sustainability. Resource management must ensure coordination between nature (ecosystems), hunters and the institutions managing these resources so as to be able to complete this process successfully. Planning by ignoring the nature which offers hunting and wildlife resources or by not taking hunters into consideration, will result in failure. Hunters should take their place in the organization of hunting and wildlife, thus take on important tasks in combating with poaching and illegal hunting. Planning hunting in Turkey and increasing the contribution of hunting to the national economy depend on the hunters taking place in the organization in a conscious and systematic way. Also, the first way of achieving this is to know the hunters together with their various aspects. In Turkey; studies conducted in relation to hunting and wildlife focus on the biology of game and wild animals and hunting methods. Studies on the social dimensions of hunting and wildlife management have not been dealt with adequately. However, the continuous decrease in the presence of hunting and wildlife day by day, efforts to make hunting and wildlife resources sustainable, cause attentions to focus on the users of these resources. In fact, discussions on the management of hunting and wildlife in Turkey gained momentum in the late 1990s. The workshop (İzmir 23-25th March 1999) focused on the theme of new �approaches in hunting and wildlife management and the final report of the relevant workshop prepared by Geray (1999) are very important in terms of hunting and wildlife management. Synergies gained in the workshop were also continued later on so that the law called 4915 Land Hunting Act, which was necessary for a legal solution to the problems encountered on hunting and wildlife management, was enacted in 2003. In the doctoral dissertation prepared by Iğırcık (2001) and entitled "Socio-Economic Analysis on the Development of the Hunting Potential of Turkey"; the importance of the sustainability in the hunting and wildlife resources management strategy was emphasized and the socioeconomic dimension of hunting was also given in comparison with other countries. Edited by Bora (2001) and published by General Directorate of National Parks and Game Wildlife, "The Book of Basic Education for Sustainable Hunting" forms the primary resource of training courses for the hunters. Also, researches on profile of the hunters, which have a very effective role in the use of game wildlife resources, have been carried out since 2002. For this purpose, 4 pieces of researches, aimed at determining the profile of hunters in the Aegean, Marmara, Eastern and South Eastern Regions, were encountered. Elbek et al. (2002) conducted a study to determine the profile of the land hunters in the Aegean Region. Also, Ay et al. (2005) determined the profile of the hunters who had hunting cards in the Aegean region. Iğırcık et al (2005) investigated the profile of the hunters in the Marmara Region. Fidan et al (2007) interviewed with the land hunters in a total of 16 provinces including 8 cities representing the hunters and huntees in the Eastern Anatolia Region and 8 cities representing the hunters and huntees in the South-eastern Anatolia Region. Bora (2002) announced the results of the survey carried out for the hunters participating in hunter training courses. In Özbay (2006) it was aimed to create a glossary of Elazığ Territory Hunting Terminology by compiling the terms hunters used between each other as a rapid communication medium and which have specific meanings and by analyzing them with regards to structure and origin. In Şafak (2006a) a research was also applied on 96 hunters on İzmir-scale in order to determine the organization culture. Also, in Şafak (2006b) the issue of conflict management in hunting was investigated. Within the scope of this research, “conflicts” that might be subject to the management of game wildlife resources by taking hunters' associations in the province of Izmir and the registered hunters of these associations as an example.In Oğurlu (2008), place of wildlife resources in the economy, the need for resource planning, resource planning method and how to create a model of wildlife management plan unique to Turkey were discussed and the most remarkable major political and administrative errors in today's wildlife management and current managerial problems were mentioned. Also, in Çetinkaya (2010), hunting and hunting provisions in Islamic Fiqh (jurisprudence) were analyzed in terms of Quran, Sunni and different opinions of Islamic sects and the provisions Islam religion presented were tried to be determined. In recent years, the cultural dimension is considered to be very important in terms of management. The fact that "Hunting in Turkish Culture" themed International symposium was held between 15 to 16th November 2006 by the Marmara University Turkic Studies Research and Application Center also reveals research dimension of the subject matter. This symposium shortly aimed to examine and document hunting forms in our culture, hunting regime, kinds of the animals hunted, which animals are hunted in which regions, huntingrelated traditions, beliefs, legal regulations, prohibitions, hunting in literature and etymology of hunting-related words. The culture of the hunter is the total of the results of the beliefs, values, feelings and thoughts, manners and customs created by certain human communities together with the results of �relations between other people; which affect the outcomes of the ways and activities of hunting. The basic elements of the culture of the hunter; can be grouped under the headings of the values, leaders and heroes, rituals and symbols, stories and legends, language and manners and norms. The culture of the hunter gives a distinct identity to the hunters, helps them latch on to hunting and is shared by the hunters (Şafak, 2009). In Geray and Iğırcık (2002), it is indicated that the culture of hunting in Turkey has not yet been established and one of the most important threats to wild animals also comes from the hunters themselves. Once again, it is emphasized that the vast majority of hunters do not have any idea about the animals they hunt, that without obeying any of the rules they can fecklessly hunt wild animals that come their way; of all types and all ages. In the same publication it is expressed that this attitude the hunters have towards game animals and wildlife resources needs to change and it is obligatory that they should adopt new values to become an environmentally-conscious community (Geray and Iğırcık, 2002). Studies are required in order to identify the cultural characteristics of the hunters in Turkey. Most of the problems arise from not knowing the human nature and areas of cultural sensitivity. The Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks needs to be aware of the cultural characteristics for an effective and efficient resource management. When training, rewarding, punishing the hunters, when making them peaceful and happy and in efficient management the share of the knowledge of cultural features, in other words, the knowledge of mental, and psychological structure is of great importance (Şafak, 2009). If hunting and wildlife management problems analyzed in terms of their causes, and solution methods, these problems seems to be in a very close relationship with the cultural structure of the society. Indeed, in this study, the hunters in the province of Istanbul are determined by considering them within the scope of cultural characteristics, values, leaders and heroes, rituals and symbols, stories and legends, language, manners and norms and organizational socialization. The aim of this study is to support the creation of a culture oriented and effective strategy by putting forward the recognition of the hunters as of their cultural features so as to protect, develop and attain sustainable management of the hunting and wildlife resources. Material and Method There are 80 hunters' associations in the province of Istanbul. This study has been carried out in 14 of hunters’ associations which are effectively active in Istanbul such as Bakırköy, Beykoz, Büyükçekmece, Çatalca, Kadıköy, Kartal, Kazasker, Kemerburgaz, Silivri, Sultangazi, Şile Oruçoğlu, Ümraniye and Zeytinburnu associations. The data presented in this study have been obtained from field studies carried out together with the managers of the hunter associations and the hunters. In this context, survey method which is considered to be a systematic data collection technique has been utilized. The questionnaire form consists of three sections. In the first part; demographic characteristics of the hunters, in the second part; choices such as personal tendencies of the hunters, hunting ground, and type and frequency of hunting and also in the last part; the levels of the perception of the cultural components of the hunters have been included. Within the scope of the cultural components, the importance the hunters attach to the issues such as values, leaders and heroes, rituals and symbols, stories and legends, language, manners and norms and organizational socialization has been questioned. �For some of the questions which would take place in the hunters' questionnaire form, the Nine-point Likert Scale was used in order to determine the importance the hunters attach to the relevant issues. This scale is described in Figure 1. Their meanings in the Scale are; 1. Of very little Importance, 3. Of little importance, 5. Moderately important, 7. Very Important and 9. Highly important. 2, 4, 6 and 8 are used as preceding and subsequent mid-point of the degrees of importance. Figure 1 Nine-point Likert Scale Of very little Importance Of little importance Moderately important Very Important Highly important Findings Demographic Findings with reference to the hunters The average age of hunters participating in the study in the province of Istanbul is 49.9. As can be seen in Table 1, 54.4% of the hunters are above the age of 50 and approximately 34% of those are in the 35-49 age range. When it comes to the distribution of occupation of the hunters, 33% of the hunters are the artisans, 9.7% are the workers, 8.7% are the drivers and 8.7% are the farmers (Table 2). The professions in the "others" group include biologists, the hospital managers, the fireman, accountants, and the self-employment. On the other hand 49.5% , approximately half, of the hunters are retired. When occupational groups and age distribution are paired with, the state of having ability to create leisure times and having the opportunity to act freely are thought to be effective in cases where individuals turn towards hunting. Because, occupational groups such as artisans, workers, farmers, being at the forefront and nearly half of the participants in the survey being retired people draw this conclusion. Table 1: Age Distribution of the Hunters Age Groups % 18-29 1,9 30-34 9,7 35-49 33,9 50-59 28,2 60 and above 26,1 Table 2: Distribution of Hunters by Occupational Groups Occupational Group Farmers Workers Students Artisans Officers Drivers Engineer Technicians Teachers Others % 8,7 9,7 1,0 33,0 4,9 8,7 5,8 4,9 1,9 21,4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo On the other hand, the lower ranks of teachers and students can be explained by their lifestyles not being suitable for hunting. However there are no female hunters who participated in the survey. All of the questionnaires were made with male hunters. Table 3: Television channels watched (related to hunting) TV Channel Name Yaban TV Chasse&Peche Documentary Channels I do not watch % 86,4 13,6 7,8 7,8 Hunters participated in the study were seen to prefer visual media usually related to hunting and wildlife as field of training and communication. In Table 3, it can be seen that whether hunters follow TV channels about hunting and wildlife or not. Accordingly, percentage of those who do not follow any channels is 7.8%. Therefore, approximately 92% of the surveyed hunters were confirmed to follow visual media related to hunting and wildlife. In the area the survey was conducted 86.4% portion of the hunters follow Yaban TV, one of the national TV channels in Turkey. Within the documentary channels, TRT Documentary, Chasse & Peche, National Geographic, Discovery, Animal Planet, Toprak TV, and Köy TV are preferred. At all associations where the survey was made it was observed that that one of the mentioned channels was absolutely open. On the other hand, it was also observed that magazines about hunting were followed. Also, it was seen that there are library sections at some hunters' associations. Findings in Concern with the Association Which Hunters are affiliated to and the Culture Maintained in that Association Table 4 shows association membership period of the hunters. Accordingly, mean membership duration of hunters' association is 20,3 years. 58,2 % of the hunters are the members of a hunters' association for more than 15 years. Zeytinburnu Hunting and Shooting Sports Club Association have the longest membership duration of hunters' association of 65 years. On the other hand, Arnavutköy Hunters Shooters and Amateur Fishers Club Association have the shortest membership duration of 1 year. Table 4: Membership duration of hunters' association Membership period 1-5 year (s) less than 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 21-25 more than 25 years % 17,5 14,6 9,7 14,6 15,5 28,1 Whereas 63.1% association members know the establishment story of the relevant association, 36.9% do not. In Table 5 the hunters were asked why they had become a member of the association and they are asked to tell their 3 most preferred choices for the 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo membership. % 75,7 of the hunters stated that they became a member of the association since they believed in "the necessity that the hunters should be organized". Accordingly, "hunters' association should schedule various hunting programs" is in the second place (35.0%), also for the hunters "the desire to receive training in hunting" is in the third place (30.1%). Besides, the associations were observed to be the environments where the hunters are socialized and where they exchange information on various topics. Table 5: Reasons for Being a Member of the Hunters' Association Reasons for Being a Member of the Hunters' Association Since I believe that the hunters should be organized Since it schedules various hunting programs To receive training in hunting To buy a hunting license at a cheaper price No particular reason To take advantage of opportunities such as clubhouse and amusement arcade Others % 75,7 35,0 30,1 15,5 10,7 8,7 16,5 According to the 74.8% of the hunters who are the current members of the association, the relevant association refers to a location where they meet with their friends. Other reasons are presented in Table 6. Accordingly, "a location where they can hand down to the next generations of the culture of hunter " is in the second place (51.5%), also "conscious hunting" is in the third place (45.6%). Table 6: Meaning of the Hunter Association Which Hunters are affiliated to The things Hunters' Association refers to A location where I meet with my friends A location where the culture of hunter will be handed down to the next generations Conscious hunting Love of nature A place full of my memories Training and application centre for the hunters A place where I spend my free times Dues payments and the bureaucracy Other (Specify) % 74,8 51,5 45,6 32,0 26,2 18,4 16,5 4,9 2,9 When Table 5 and Table 6 are taken together, it was seen that the hunters usually get together at the associations they are affiliated to, exchange information on all matters and they socialize at the same time. Among the ones listed in table 7, the objectives the associations the hunters are affiliated with attach importance to have been scored by the hunters via 1-9 scale. Accordingly, preferences of "to help members fulfill bureaucratic procedures such as hunting permit and hunting license", "to provide solidarity and cohesion among hunters" and "to ensure gathering of the local hunters under a single roof" got the highest scores. There is a contradiction between “Dues payments and the bureaucracy" option, which was preferred by 4,9% in Table 6, and the one that is on the first rank here. In Table 7 it can be seen that whereas hunters ignore "dues payments" title so as to be affiliated with the hunters' associations, the associations make a lot of effort in this regard. The fact that associations are recently entitled to get a share in dues payments to be transferred to public institutions 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo is thought to be among the main reasons for this situation. Besides, we can say that associations less care about sociological activities or objectives. For example, "Social activities for hunting, carrying out hunting organizations", option got the minimum score. Similarly, “carrying out studies for the care, protection and reproduction of the game and wildlife animals", “ensuring that new generations teach hunting" and “combating hunters who hunt in an irregular and illegal way” options are scored less than the others. Table 7: The Objectives the Hunters'Associations The Objectives of the Hunters’ Association Carrying out studies for the care, protection and reproduction of the game and wildlife animals Ensuring that new generations learn hunting To ensure gathering of the local hunters under a single roof To provide solidarity and cohesion among hunters To help members fulfil bureaucratic procedures such as hunting permit and hunting license To ensure hunters hunt lawfully Carrying out social activities and hunting organizations Combating hunters who hunt in an irregular and illegal way Help hunters receive training in hunting Importance score 6,3 6,3 7,1 7,2 8,2 7,2 6,0 6,4 6,6 According to the hunters the strengths of the Hunters' Association they are affiliated to be shown in Table 8. Accordingly, "game chats and banter", "love of nature", "making friends", "sharing the game animals" are the prominent headings. None the less, it is possible to say that the hunters are in good condition in the fields of helping and supporting each other. Table 8: Strengths of the Culture at the Hunters’ Association Powerful Components of the Culture Importance score Game chats and banter Love of nature, conscious hunting, environmental awareness, nature conservation Making friends with the hunters of all ages and social classes Affection and respect Hunting with group of friends and sharing the game animals Friendship and fraternity Continuous implementation of hunting from past to present Participating in the activities of solidarity such as hunting festival, banquet and Islamic rituals and ceremonies Participate in the special days, wedding and engagement of the members and sending flowers Sharing members' problems such as illness, death, economic hardships and so on Exhibiting the pictures of the members Going on a hunt organized by the association management Exhibiting mounted game animals 7,8 7,7 7,6 7,5 7,5 7,4 7,4 6,8 6,7 6,5 5,9 5,4 4,0 When the hunters are asked whether there is someone they consider as a leader or they hailed as a hero among themselves, current president of the association is highlighted. 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Association's president, who appears to be the leader in Table 9, has been put forward by 44%. In fact, the question asked has not fully served the purpose. The perception in answering the question has turned towards the principle of the association who has the ability to represent. On the other hand, it was expressed that at some of the associations, there were also prominent members who came to the forefront with the leadership they showed during the hunting activities. Table 9: Leaders or Heroes at Hunters’ Association Leaders or Heroes Current president of the association Some of the members One of the members of the Board of Directors of the Association Former president of the association I have no idea No, there aren’t any % 43,8 17,9 8,0 5,3 10,7 14,3 In Table 10, the hunters were asked about the images expressing the cultural bond they established with the associations they were affiliated. Accordingly, the vast majority of the associations do not have an emblem. In these emblems, often components of the nature such as dogs, rifles, hunters, birds, lakes and mountains are used. Of about 80% of the associations do not have a standard outfit. Also, the majority of the "Yes, respondents" assumed that as a dress. Associations do not usually have a special form of salutation. It was seen that when hunters quit hunting, a special ceremony is held mostly for the members who gained a place in the association (% 40). Substantially, an event is organized at season openings. Table 10: Cultural Images and Activities Reflecting the Hunters' Association Preferred Images and Cultural Activities Yes No I have no idea % % % 65 28,2 6,8 Standard Outfit 15,5 77,7 6,8 Salutation 23,3 69,9 6,8 Common Terms and Concepts 13,6 59,2 27,2 Holding a Jubilee Ceremony for Those Who Quit Hunting 35,9 45,6 18,5 Organizing events such as banquet, entertainment, etc. at seasonal openings or closings 84,40 10,70 4,9 Badges, Flags and Emblems The hunters were asked about the sort of activities organized for the newly joined members at the beginning. According to Table 11; it is seen that introduction/acquaintance response comes forward. On the other hand, "shooting techniques", "weapons maintenance" and "hunting techniques" altogether are significantly answered in relation to hunting. 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 11: Activities for Your Newly Joined Members Name of the Event We are introducing our friends We are teaching dog care and training We are teaching hunting techniques We are giving first aid training We provide information about gun care Nature conservation Respect for elders We are teaching shooting techniques We do not organize any events I have no idea % 57,3 13,6 30,1 9,7 16,5 23,3 21,4 21,4 10,7 16,5 Findings on Hunting Culture Surveyed hunters answered the question "What is the motive that sparked your interest in hunting?" by choosing alternatives on 1-9 scale. According to Table 12 it is understood that the most important motivational tool was "love of nature". The response "motive to be with friends" takes the second place and the response “physical activity" is also in the third row. Preferences of "to provide economic benefits" and "to get nutrients" appeared in the bottom rows. "Sense of shooting” and “motive of animal hunting" were in the middle rows of the table. Both the options “to provide economic benefits” and “to get nutrients" got highly low points. This is the point to be considered. Also, the score of "animal hunting" option is in the middle ranks. This situation can be interpreted as a transformation in hunting. Hunting has transformed from absolute activity of animal hunting to a form of recreation. Looking at the results; "love of nature", "being together with "friends", and “physical act" scored greater. As a matter of fact, the observation of the hunting styles of the hunters hunting out with group of friends accompanied by food and drinks, supports this finding. Table 12: The Factors Effective in Sparking Interest in Hunting Factor In the period you first started hunting Love of nature Being together with my friends Physical act Animal hunting Shooting To be alone in nature To get nutrients To provide economic benefits 7,5 7,3 6,5 5,6 4,8 3,8 2,2 1,5 Now 8,7 7,9 8,0 4,2 4,1 4,3 2,0 1,6 When asked about the change of these factors pushing people to hunt in the course of time, in other words, when looked into "whether or not there are changes in motivational tools which are effective in hunting as of the first day when they go hunting and today"; significant changes has not been determined. Just in time, the senses of animal hunting and shooting are (albeit small) on the decline. 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo It has been determined that a large portion of hunters, nearly 71.8%, often wants to go hunting with the same group of friends (Table 13). The rate of those who are open to new friendships is 31%. Considered together with the results of the above table, hunters often prefer to go on the hunt as friends and to socialize by doing so. Table 13: Making New Friends for Hunting New-friendship-relations In general, I go hunting with my same friend I prefer new friends even a little I prefer new friends a lot It does not matter with whom I go on hunting % 71,8 31,1 8,7 8,7 A large portion of the hunters surveyed does not have any belief that they consider that it brings good luck before or after the game. As can be seen in Table 14, 89% of the respondents answered "no" to this question. Similarly, a large portion of the hunters surveyed does not have any belief that they consider that it brings bad luck before or after the game. 93% of the respondents answered "no" to this question. Table 14: Superstitious Beliefs of the Hunters Superstition Do you have any beliefs that you consider that they bring good luck before or after the game? Do you have any beliefs that you consider that they bring bad luck before or after the game? Yes (%) No (%) 10,7 89,3 6,8 93,2 In Table 15 various thoughts of the hunters about hunting activity are included. Hunters stated their ideas on this subject by choosing alternatives on 1-9 scale. Looking at the importance scores in Table 14, it is seen that hunters enjoy talking about the things done in the previous game. Similarly, shooting related issues are also among the outstanding conversation pieces. Escape of the game animals, return home empty-handed, unsuccessful hunting activities are expressed as the situations which do not bother hunters. On the other hand, it was observed that the hunters do not have a certain feeling about envying the friends who realize a successful hunt. 11 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 15: Thoughts on the Hunting Activity Topics Importance Score To what extent do you talk about the things you did in the previous game in your conversations with the hunters? To what extent do you talk about the issues in relation to handing down to the next generations of the natural resources in your conversations with the hunters? To what extent do you talk about weapons, sighting and shooting techniques in your conversations with the hunters? To what extent do you question the negative hunts you did in the past? 7,5 How much does it upset you when the game animal escapes? 3,3 How much does it bother you to return home empty-handed after the game? 2,5 How much do you like to show the animals you shot to your relatives after the game? How much do you like to fill the legal limits at the end of the hunting? 3,3 What is your level of jealousy during hunting? 2,0 What is the priority of your passion for hunting in your social life? 6,2 To what extent do unsuccessful hunts affect you psychologically? 2,5 How much support does your spouse or family provide you for hunting? 4,9 How much do you like if your child or grandchild goes hunting? 7,3 How much will photo hunting, which is carried out by a camera instead of the rifle hunting, become widespread in future? 5,0 6,7 6,3 5,8 4,9 Hunters surveyed seemed to be willing about their children or grandchildren becoming hunters. However, it has clearly been determined that hunting prevents their social life from time to time and consequently the families do not support the hunters. Conclusion It is obvious that game and wildlife resources management in Turkey faces with a mission such as restoring the hunting activity with the permanent principles, norms and values. At present, the situation of the game and wildlife assets makes it a priority to propose this solution offer. Not only the hunters but also those who manage the resource are required to comply with the mentioned paradigm shifting. In other words, those who manage resources in question and those who carry out the activity of hunting must be integrated. The best way to accomplish this is to let hunters participate in game and wildlife management. Therefore, the hunters should primarily be recognized with their all value judgments. Without having information about social, economic and cultural structures of the hunters who want to take advantage of hunting and wildlife resources, it is not possible to plan hunting and to create effective strategies on a going forward basis. 12 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In this study, with the data obtained from questionnaire study carried out face to face in Marmara Region of Turkey distinguished in terms of industrialization and natural resources and in the most important province of Turkey, the cultural state of the territorial hunters has been revealed. The size of Istanbul in terms of population and industrialization necessitated the changes in the socio-cultural characteristics of the hunters. In comparison with the similar studies carried out in Anatolia it is seen that this study differs from the other ones. References Ay, Z., Bilgin, F., Şafak, İ., Akkaş, M., E. (2005). Ege Bölgesinde Avlanma Kartı Olan Avcıların Profilinin Belirlenmesi. Ege Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü, Teknik Bülten No: 27, Müdürlük Yayın No:36, İzmir, 39 s. Bora, M., E. (2001). Avcılığın Kısa Tarihi ve Özü, Sürdürülebilir Avcılık İçin Temel Eğitim Kitabı. Orman Bakanlığı Milli Parklar ve Av-Yaban Hayatı Genel Müdürlüğü Eğitim yayınları, Ankara. Bora, M. E., (Editör), (2002). Sürdürülebilir Av ve Yaban Hayatına Doğru. Orman Bakanlığı MilliParklar ve Av-Yaban Hayatı Genel Müdürlüğü, 384 s. Ankara. Çetinkaya, Ö. (2010). İslam Fıkhında Avcılık ve Av Hükümleri. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 142s. Elbek, A. G., Uysal, İ., Saygı, H., (2002). Ege Bölgesi’ndeki Kara Avcı Profilinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma, 30 s. İzmir. Fidan, C., Orhan, C., Yalçın, Ö., Duran, C., Güldaş, N., Çelik, H. (2007). Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi Kara Avcılarının Profilinin Saptanması. Güneydoğu Anadolu Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü, Yayın No :19, Teknik Bülten No: 11, Elazığ, 69s. Geray, A. U. (1999). Av ve Yaban Hayatı Yönetiminde Yeni Yaklaşımla İlgili Eğitim Workshop’u Raporu, Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi, Yıl 36, S. 6. Geray, A.U., Iğırcık, M. (2002). Türkiye’de Av Yaban Hayatı Eğitimi. Orman Mühendisliği Dergisi, Yıl 39, S. 8, 5-10. Iğırcık, M. (2001). Türkiye'nin Av Potansiyelinin Geliştirilmesine İlişkin Sosyo Ekonomik Çözümleme. İ.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Basılmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul. Iğırcık, M., Yadigar, S., Bekiroğlu, S., Okan, T., Akkaş, M. E. (2005). Marmara Bölgesi Avcı Profili. Ege Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü, Teknik Bülten No: 29, Müdürlük Yayın No:38, İzmir, 27 s. Mbaiwa, J.E. (2002). Past and Present Perspectives on the Sustainable Use of Wildlife Resources Among Basarwa Communities in Ngamiland District, Bostwana: The case of Khwai and Mabade. Bostwana Journal of African Studies, 16: 110-122. 13 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Oğurlu, İ. (2008). Yaban Hayatı Kaynaklarımızın Yönetimi Üzerine. SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı:2, 35-88. Özbay, E. (2006). Elazığ Yöresi Avcılık Terimleri Sözlüğü. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 143s. Şafak, İ. (2006a). Av ve Yaban Hayatı Yönetiminde Avcıların Kültürel Özellikleri, Ormancılıkta Sosyo-Ekonomik Sorunlar Kongresi (26-28 Mayıs 2006), Çankırı, s:127-133. Şafak, İ. (2006b). Avcılıkta Çatışma Yönetimi (İzmir İli Örneği), SDÜ Orman Fakültesi Dergisi,Seri: A, Sayı:1, 46-61. Şafak, İ. (2009). Avcı Derneklerine Üye Avcıların Kültürel Özellikleri (İzmir İli Örneği). Acta Turcica, Yıl 1, Sayı 1, 327-343. Acknowledgement In this study, intermediate results of the TUBİTAK (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey) project, called "Determination of Cultural Characteristics and Profile of Hunters (Balıkesir, Bursa and Istanbul Provinces)” and numbered 111K519, were used. We would like to thank TUBİTAK for supporting this project. 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1597 Title A name given to the resource Determination of Cultural Characteristics of Hunters in İstanbul Province to Hunting and Wildlife Management (İstanbul Province Case) Author Author SAFAK, Ismail OKAN, Taner HIZAL, Erdem KECECIOGLU, Tamer ISIK, Caner ACAR, Sedat Abstract A summary of the resource. Turkey has a rather important potential from the point of view of wildlife resources which includes both species diversity and sheltering capacity. On the other hand, wildlife in Turkey has been endangered since wilderness ecosystem and habitats have been damaged and managed badly. There is a rather important role of hunters in this process. Hunting, which means catching of either living or lifeless animals that live freely in the nature, has attracted attention of mankind almost in every term. Hunting has been accepted as an important activity also today as well as in the past. It is not a realistic approach considering the hunting passion which comes to today with the traces from the past as nothing. Today, hunters have become a guaranty of biodiversity and wilderness by getting an environmentalist status. As increasing economic and social welfare, first of all demands of hunters and demands of stakeholders from wildlife sector are getting increased by varying. In this context, it is obligatory to develop and reach a rationalist management of wildlife potential that promises a great future of Turkey. In Turkey, lawful regulations were made in 2003 with act of 4915 to solve problems of wildlife management. Wildlife management in Turkey still live a transition period, problems are going on because new laws and its implementations have not yet established. Among these problems, illegal hunting, uneducated hunters, lack of hunter controlling have important place; basic problems are social, cultural, economic and lack of scientific structure. Associations, institutions and enterprises attach importance for knowing cultural elements and factors that affect them. It has been use an active instrument to convey cultural data and to reach aims. In this context, researches that determine human structure and cultural sensitiveness fields in the management of wildlife resources are very important. There have been seen some researches which related to determine of hunter profile since 2002. But, there are too few studies to determine cultural characteristics of hunters. In this context, it is needed some studies for hunter culture as related to management activities. This research project includes hunting clubs and their members in İstanbul. For this aim, according to sample size, there will be reached primary data using questionnaire method which is prepared for hunters. Some data based on literature research constitute secondary data of research. In this research, questionnaire, called the hunter form, will be developed. Hunter Form; cultural elements of hunters, profile of hunters and level of importance on the issue of hunters were determined. Nine-point Likert Scale was used in some questions to determine hunters’ thinking on the issue. The hunter form is designed in two parts. The first part is related to the demographic characteristics of hunters. The second section means detection levels of the components of the culture of hunters. In this research project, values forming culture of hunters were investigated in context of leaders and heroes, ceremony and symbols, story and legends, language, customs, norms and organizational socialization. Results of research project will be used as basic data in controlling and training of hunters, providing coordination and planning and sources. Data obtained from the hunters were evaluated using frequency, percentage, chi-square test, and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance. In this context, there were benefited from SPSS program and others. Keywords: Hunting, Hunting Culture, Hunting and Wildlife Management, İstanbul. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6107d8eb42be260c31754ff053981337.pdf cefbca442e2e900d1ac4d37f1bdffec1 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth İsmail Şahin Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye ismails@sakarya.edu.tr Hüseyin Üner Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye huner@sakarya.edu.tr This study examines the impact of tourism revenues which is one of the main factors on economic growth. It is accepted that generally among countries conversion of merchandise refers as a means of growth. The impact of tourism also effects economic growth as traditional exports. Changing on long-term tourism revenues with some features has become important for each country. Especially in recent years, the role of the rate of tourism income has increased the economic growth. It is important for developing countries that governments promote international tourism. Negotiation is a different matter if public promoting is necessary in order to achieve long-run economic growth for tourism sector of countries. Until recently, many of the arguments focused on basic and processed exports goods and each category has a different impact on growth. However, for international tourism earning brings consumption of resources with, should be considered as untraditional exports. The study in this paper has a huge significance when we considered that tourism industry contributes to country growth. Especially the main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between long-term tourism and economic growth and to explore the supporting empirical hypothesis. In national and regional analysis including any sort of tourism, it gives significant information to determine policy and plan strategy for government and businessman working in tourism-based job. The main purpose of this paper is to obtain an empirical language named growth mechanism intended for tourism income by overcoming the noticed deficiency in existent literature. Keywords: Tourism Earning, Public Promoting, Economic Growth, Tourism Sector. 178 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1653 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of Tourism on Economic Growth Author Author SAHIN, Ismail UNER, Huseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. This study examines the impact of tourism revenues which is one of the main factors on economic growth. It is accepted that generally among countries conversion of merchandise refers as a means of growth. The impact of tourism also effects economic growth as traditional exports. Changing on long-term tourism revenues with some features has become important for each country. Especially in recent years, the role of the rate of tourism income has increased the economic growth. It is important for developing countries that governments promote international tourism. Negotiation is a different matter if public promoting is necessary in order to achieve long-run economic growth for tourism sector of countries. Until recently, many of the arguments focused on basic and processed exports goods and each category has a different impact on growth. However, for international tourism earning brings consumption of resources with, should be considered as untraditional exports. The study in this paper has a huge significance when we considered that tourism industry contributes to country growth. Especially the main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between long-term tourism and economic growth and to explore the supporting empirical hypothesis. In national and regional analysis including any sort of tourism, it gives significant information to determine policy and plan strategy for government and businessman working in tourism-based job. The main purpose of this paper is to obtain an empirical language named growth mechanism intended for tourism income by overcoming the noticed deficiency in existent literature. Keywords: Tourism Earning, Public Promoting, Economic Growth, Tourism Sector. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b4578f5ae026e1122bede2cee786f2a5.pdf c8456176c4b5d54d9efa66c8c3cde1aa PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Online Marketing Communication Channels Semir Sakanovic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina symorgh13@gmail.com Armin Susa International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina asusa@ibu.edu.ba Online marketing communications are moving toward interactions between individual recipients and consumers rather than being directed from a marketing organization to masses of consumers. It is now possible for an individual to be just as efficient in broadcasting information. This article suggests an infrastructure that could be useful in studying how online communication channels are emerging and how they might evolve in the future. The elements of this infrastructure are core/technological, competitive/commercial, political/regulatory, and social. Keywords: Online marketing, communications, innovations, online communications. 247 social networking, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1626 Title A name given to the resource Online Marketing Communication Channels Author Author SAKANOVIĆ, Semir SUSA, Armin Abstract A summary of the resource. Online marketing communications are moving toward interactions between individual recipients and consumers rather than being directed from a marketing organization to masses of consumers. It is now possible for an individual to be just as efficient in broadcasting information. This article suggests an infrastructure that could be useful in studying how online communication channels are emerging and how they might evolve in the future. The elements of this infrastructure are core/technological, competitive/commercial, political/regulatory, and social. Keywords: Online marketing, communications, social networking, innovations, online communications. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0df2b605afb96c77e621b378bc2abb80.pdf ae6d880547d56cd37d05eedd9de93f7e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A case study of Online Marketing Tools Improving Online Success Semir Sakanovic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina symorgh13@gmail.com Armin Susa International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina asusa@ibu.edu.ba The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the opportunities of new technologies for companies and how they take benefit of it. The most important online marketing tools were presented in detail to underpin the theoretic concepts of marketing. Online marketing is not only important for companies to increase turnover, it is nowadays necessary to stay competitive to survive. Companies which do not implement online marketing in their classical marketing activities have a strong competitive disadvantage in today’s environment. The study shows how online marketing tools have to be used to be successful, but it also shows that exaggerated use of these tools could have the contrary effect. Every activity has to be well-planned and well-considered. Keywords: Online Marketing, Online Marketing Tools, Online Success, Companies, Effect. 246 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1576 Title A name given to the resource A case study of Online Marketing Tools Improving Online Success Author Author SAKANOVIĆ, Semir SUSA, Armin Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the opportunities of new technologies for companies and how they take benefit of it. The most important online marketing tools were presented in detail to underpin the theoretic concepts of marketing. Online marketing is not only important for companies to increase turnover, it is nowadays necessary to stay competitive to survive. Companies which do not implement online marketing in their classical marketing activities have a strong competitive disadvantage in today’s environment. The study shows how online marketing tools have to be used to be successful, but it also shows that exaggerated use of these tools could have the contrary effect. Every activity has to be well-planned and well-considered. Keywords: Online Marketing, Online Marketing Tools, Online Success, Companies, Effect. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4763723adb52328580d71367fdadd482.pdf 106febadf36ba84566866e23c14652bd PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Audit Qualifications in Turkish Listed Firms Turgay Sakin İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey tsakin@İstanbul.edu.tr The purpose of this study is to provide some evidence on the effects of some auditor-related, firm specific and legal factors on issuance of modified audit opinions. The study covers Turkish firms listed in İstanbul Stock Exchange. The audit opinions given during the periods between 2003 and 2011 were analyzed. The period selected can be defined as a transition period for accounting and auditing in Turkey. In the literature there are some studies on the factors affecting audit opinions. Those factors comprised both financial and non-financial data. However, besides those factors, especially in developing countries changes in accounting and auditing regulations may be a significant factor on audit opinions. Changes in regulations related to accounting and auditing by Turkish regulatory bodies is believed to increase the quality of accounting information and auditing. However, every change in regulation creates some problems in application. This transition period serves an opportunity for the researchers to analyze possible effects of the transition on audit reports. In this study relationships between these changes and audit opinions are searched. In Turkey statutory audit is required only a small number of companies. Most of these companies are required to Turkish Capital Market Law (TCML). However, only the financial statements and audit opinions of the firms that are listed on the ISE are available to the public, and thus the researchers. Because of this constraint the studies are generally limited to the ISE firms. The data were collected from the audited financial statements and their accompanying notes including the audit reports. Those statements were uploaded from the website of the İstanbul Stock Exchange. In the study some debt, profitability, liquidity ratios and firms size used as firms specific characteristics. Audit firm size and changes in accounting and auditing standards are also used in the analysis. The process of audit opinion formation is a complex procedure. There are many factors, many of those limited in the working papers of auditors, 267 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo affecting audit formation. Thus understanding some significant public available factors affecting modified audit opinions would be a significant mean for crediting auditors’ opinions. It is aimed to form a model based on some firm and auditor specific characteristics to explain modified audit opinions given in Turkish capital market. The model would serve audit report readers in realizing the potential factors influential on the opinions given, and estimating the a priori audit opinion. Keywords: Audit Report, Audit Opinion, Qualification, Turkey, Regulation, Audit Firm Size. 268 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1587 Title A name given to the resource Audit Qualifications in Turkish Listed Firms Author Author SAKIN, Turgay Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this study is to provide some evidence on the effects of some auditor-related, firm specific and legal factors on issuance of modified audit opinions. The study covers Turkish firms listed in İstanbul Stock Exchange. The audit opinions given during the periods between 2003 and 2011 were analyzed. The period selected can be defined as a transition period for accounting and auditing in Turkey. In the literature there are some studies on the factors affecting audit opinions. Those factors comprised both financial and non-financial data. However, besides those factors, especially in developing countries changes in accounting and auditing regulations may be a significant factor on audit opinions. Changes in regulations related to accounting and auditing by Turkish regulatory bodies is believed to increase the quality of accounting information and auditing. However, every change in regulation creates some problems in application. This transition period serves an opportunity for the researchers to analyze possible effects of the transition on audit reports. In this study relationships between these changes and audit opinions are searched. In Turkey statutory audit is required only a small number of companies. Most of these companies are required to Turkish Capital Market Law (TCML). However, only the financial statements and audit opinions of the firms that are listed on the ISE are available to the public, and thus the researchers. Because of this constraint the studies are generally limited to the ISE firms. The data were collected from the audited financial statements and their accompanying notes including the audit reports. Those statements were uploaded from the website of the İstanbul Stock Exchange. In the study some debt, profitability, liquidity ratios and firms size used as firms specific characteristics. Audit firm size and changes in accounting and auditing standards are also used in the analysis. The process of audit opinion formation is a complex procedure. There are many factors, many of those limited in the working papers of auditors,affecting audit formation. Thus understanding some significant public available factors affecting modified audit opinions would be a significant mean for crediting auditors’ opinions. It is aimed to form a model based on some firm and auditor specific characteristics to explain modified audit opinions given in Turkish capital market. The model would serve audit report readers in realizing the potential factors influential on the opinions given, and estimating the a priori audit opinion. Keywords: Audit Report, Audit Opinion, Qualification, Turkey, Regulation, Audit Firm Size. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/01da6bb0c4d08ca1a37b3ea8baf83b4e.pdf 57407604a56c9d35e880626eed333546 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Fiscal Impacts of Privatization in Turkey Sinan Sarısoy Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, TURKEY ssarisoy@nku.edu.tr, ssarisoy@hotmail.com Fazlı Yıldız Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, TURKEY fyildiz43@hotmail.com Ersin Nail Sağdıç Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, TURKEY nailsagdic@hotmail.com There are many reasons for that privatization is an attractive application for most of the countries. Since 1980s, fundamental problems that developed and developing countries meet such as economic stagnation, high public deficit, high borrowing cost, high inflation and high burden of tax are forced the countries to find alternative sources of income. In this regard, privatization applications have become an important policy which aims economical, fiscal, political, and social purposes for many countries. On the one hand, privatization incomes obtained from the selling of public enterprises can become a solution to the permanent deficit of public sector. On the other hand, these incomes can be used in the financing of larger deficits arouse because of cyclical reasons. It can be said that it is aimed business activities under private ownership are expected to increase and in addition to this, the reasons of public finance gain importance, public sector decreases and additional sources to increasing public expenditures are formed by using the incomes from the privatization. The proliferation of privatization works around the world has started with Chile and England after 1980s. And because USSR system collapsed and these countries entered to free market system based on private property, privatization increased in these countries. In Turkey, legal infrastructure works concerning privatization have started in the middle of 1980s, but the increase in privatization works has accelerated after 2004. In this study, fiscal impacts of income obtained from the privatization applications in Turkey between 1986 and 2012 are examined. The fundamental hypothesis of this study is whether or not privatization has a detractive effect on budget deficits and public sector borrowing requirement as a tool. To test this hypothesis, two different models 258 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo estimated has been developed by linking incomes from privatization and some macroeconomic variables with budget deficit, public sector borrowing requirement and public debt stock. In this study, the effect of privatization incomes in turkey on budget deficits and public sector borrowing requirement has been analysed on the basis of ordinary least square method. The discovery of the analysis showed that between 19862012 privatization incomes in Turkey increased budget deficits and increased public sector borrowing requirement. According to the result, it can be expressed that privatization, as a tool which reduces budget deficits does not satisfy the expectations, but because of its reducing effect on public sector borrowing requirement, privatization has a positive effect on public finance. Keywords: Privatization, Fiscal Impacts, Turkey. 259 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f4b8fa4a30f0955b8a9e377e3cb57226.docx cf1aaeb3d3cf3b7ae0982ec9424084d6 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bd6c26d5cc45936028e36d299ead0924.pdf 5924d296f9e5d9727da54fd7168de362 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Fiscal Impacts of Privatization in Turkey Sinan Sarigoz Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag, Turkey ssarisoy@nku.edu.tr Fazli Yildiz DumlupinarUniversity, Kutahya, Turkey fyildiz43@hotmail.com E. Nail Sagdic Dumlupinar University, Kutahya, Turkey nailsagdic@hotmail.com Abstract There are many reasons for that privatization is an attractive application for most of the countries. Since 1980s, fundamental problems that developed and developing countries meet such as economic stagnation, high public deficit, high borrowing cost, high inflation and high burden of tax are forcing the countries to find alternative sources of income. In this regard, privatization applications have become an important policy which aims economical, physical, political, and social purposes for many countries. On the one hand, privatization incomes obtained from the selling of public enterprises can become a solution to the permanent deficit of the public sector. On the other hand, these incomes can be used in the financing of larger deficits arouse because of cyclical reasons. It can be said that it is aimed business activities under private ownership are expected to increase and in addition to this, the reasons of public finance gain importance, public sector decreases and additional sources of increasing public expenditures are formed by using the incomes from the privatization. The proliferation of privatization works around the world has started with Chile and England after 1980s. And because the USSR system collapsed and these countries entered intoa free market system based on private property, privatization increased in these countries. In Turkey, creating legal infrastructure concerning privatization has started in the middle of 1980s, but the increase in privatization works has accelerated after 2004. In this study, fiscal impacts of income obtained from the privatization applications in Turkey between 1986 and 2012 are examined. The fundamental hypothesis of this study is whether or not privatization has a destructive effect on budget deficits and public sector borrowing requirement as a tool. To test this hypothesis, two different models estimated have been developed by linking incomes from privatization and some macroeconomic variables with the budget deficit, public sector borrowing requirement and public debt stock. In this study, the effect of privatization incomes in Turkey on budget deficits and public sector borrowing requirement has been analyzed on the basis of ordinary least square method. The discovery of the analysis showed that between 1986-2012 privatization incomes in Turkey increased budget deficits and increased public sector borrowing requirement. According to the result, it can be expressed that privatization, as a tool which reduces budget deficits does not satisfy the expectations, but because of its reducing effect on the public sector borrowing requirement, privatization has a positive effect on public finance. Keywords: Privatization, Fiscal Impact, Budget Deficit, Public Debt, Public Finance 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Introduction Privatization, or in a more general meaning the selling of the property of state-controlled entities to private sector has become one of the most important issues of the recent years in the world economy. The privatization movement, having started with the Republic of Chile in 1970s gained speed with the coming of Thatcher’s Government to the power of England in 1979. Later, important privatizations were applied in such industrialized countries as Italy, France, Spain, and Japan. Moreover, after the year 1990 important programs of privatization were brought into force in Middle and Eastern European countries (Karluk, 1999: 321). Privatization is a process that enforces the alienation of the property and management of public enterprises partially or totally in the private sector for the purpose of replacing private corporations with the public ones that meet the individual and social needs (Demir, 2000: 12). Privatization is described in both narrow and broad ways. In its narrow meaning privatization is the act of passing the property and management of financial institutions of state property or in another meaning, state-controlled entities. In this act an absolute alienation of property must take place. In its broadest meaning privatization is the alienation of financial institutions, which are under the control of the state sector to the private sector for the purpose of reducing economic activities of the government. In the privatization of the broad meaning lowering the activities of the government in overall economy to the minimum level or removing them completely is the matter. The act of lowering economic activities of public institutions to the minimum level in an occasion where the rules of free market economy are valid is a far-going privatization (Karluk, 1999: 323-324). In general it can be said that privatization involves applications that are to reduce the role of the government in the economy. In the regulations of reducing the role of the government in economy; the selling of public institutions directly to private companies, contract of concession, the selling of the right for founding entities to private sector, giving coupon for consumer products free of charge and service procurements, endowments, regulations between the government and the private companies as purchasers for the procurement of some goods and services can be shown (Ulusoy & Vural, 2003: 119). The concept of privatization that can be expressed as ‘The selling of entities whose properties belong to the public partially or completely to private persons or corporations’ can technically be expressed in three parts: the first one of these parts is the selling of resources of public side to private entrepreneurs, the second one is deregulation or liberalization. The third part is contract of concession (Kök & Kara, 2011: 302). The providing of goods and services produced, economically and the enhancing of productivity depend on the provision of competition environment; and the alienation of property to private sector has become a current issue for the competition environment to be formed efficiently. Just like in our country, there are both defensive and opposed views of privatization all over the world. Some of these views are like that (Yiğitgüden, 1999: 59): Viewers like privatization will relieve the public’s burden, privatization will result in the increase of the government’s revenues, privatization will create new sources of finance, privatization will let entrepreneurial activities in the country gain speed, and private sector is more profitable and has better management and technology compared to the public are supporters of privatization. However, views like privatization will cause dismissals, privatization will not bring services to regions that do not answer its profit expectations, important sectors in economy 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo have a national characteristic, thus the properties of these sectors should belong to the government, private sectors will not take the necessary measurements for the protection of environment sufficiently as they bring incremental costs with them are the views opposed to privatization. M. Pirie, one of the writers of the Institution of A. Smith, who has generated the philosophy of privatization; and of the supporters of the policy of Thatcher’s Government claims that there is discipline in the programs of private sector’s side, it is hard to manage the costs of public programs, if any program is to be handled also in the private sector, it will be under a marked-based effect, and privatization will have public sector in hand and gradually take the place of it. According to this view, what the goal of privatization is not to make public enterprises are competitive, but to transform them into the units of the private sector. The Goals of Privatization and Privatization in Turkey The basic goals of privatization are providing productivity and activism in production by forming market economy based on competition, saving public finance from the fiscal burden created by institutions that are making losses and enhancing the public welfare by letting fixed capital investments be carried out by the private sector. Privatization has economic goals like bringing free market economy into force, developing capital market, enhancing productivity, fixing the distribution of income, enhancing foreign capital inflow, and putting disguised unemployment in public enterprises away; financial goals like struggle with inflation, providing revenues to the government, efficient use of funds and providing balanced budget; and social and political goals like providing the spread of wealth to the grassroots, and putting political philosophy into practice (Doğan, 2012: 8). In its rule, numbered 953 (1990) related to privatizations, The Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly has determined its expectations from privatization like that (Tan, 1992: 29): enhancing productivity, reducing prices, providing income, retrenching in public sector, reducing the monopolistic power of unions in public sector, sharing resources out effectively, and minimizing the government budget. In England, kept as the homeland of privatization, five basic goals of privatization have been determined (Emir & Toksoy, 1993: 31): providing the rise of income, spreading property to the grassroots through stock certificates, encouraging liberalism, enhancing related sector’s efficiency, and solving the problems between the government and the nationalized company. Privatization can be considered as a source of income for developing countries having high fiscal deficits and depth stock problems. However, a successful privatization process requires macroeconomic stabilization that can be described as a combination of a supportive market place and a sustainable economic growth, a low inflation, a stable rate of exchange and a strict budget constraint for the government (Kuştepeli & Gülcan, 2002: 16). After the rotation of 1980, Turkish economy entered a new process and started to adopt the policies of liberal economic. Within the scope of this, market economy started to be focused on and in 1984 privatization actions found a field of application with the alienation acts for the purpose of completing unfinished public institutions or founding new institutions instead of them. Between the years 1980-1983 with the expose of statecontrolled entities to a reform, rather than privatizing them, they're making profit from this same direction was also foreseen, and thus privatization has been considered as a goal since the Fifth Five-year Progress Plan. The first legal-regulation in our country, related to 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo privatization was done with the rule dated 29.02.1984 and numbered 2983. With the rule numbered 2983, the Board of Mass Housing and Public Participation, the Administration of Mass Housing and Public Participation and the Public Participation Fund were founded by the description of the methods of privatization that consisted of an income sharing certificate, stock certificate and transfer of operating rights. And since from this date, several legal regulations related to privatization have been done. Table 1: Privatization Revenues in the World (1988-2011) and Turkey (1986-2012) Privatization Revenues in Turkey ($) Privatization Revenues in the World (Billion $) Privatization Revenues in Turkey ($) Privatization Revenues in the World (Billion $) 1986 954.895 -- 2000 2.716.535.851 180.00 1987 832.842 -- 2001 119.801.096 43,80 1988 26.856.987 39.00 2002 536.475.542 69,20 1989 131.199.960 28.00 2003 187.087.491 46,60 1990 485.989.167 24.00 2004 1.282.842.129 94.00 1991 243.841.620 46.00 2005 8.222.240.230 140.00 1992 422.881.905 39.00 2006 8.096.165.461 116.00 1993 567.538.720 60.00 2007 4.258.629.659 138.00 1994 411.754.739 76.00 2008 6.259.205.187 111.00 1995 572.456.490 80.00 2009 2.274.985.158 265,17 1996 291.998.907 100.00 2010 3.085.478.836 213,64 1997 465.517.964 162.00 2011 1.358.418.074 94.40 1998 1.019.715.144 140.00 2012 3.020.692.247 -- 1999 38.328.651 140.00 Years Years Source: Doğan (2012), Republic Of Turkey Prime Ministry Privatization Administration, The PB Report (2011) An about 8 billion $ activity of privatization was done in Turkey between the years 1986 and 2003. Between the years 2003 and 2011 when the economic and political stabilizations were provided and a determined attitude about privatization was set out, privatization actions increased and about 35 billion $ privatization income was gained in this period. 43 billion $ incomeshave been gained in total up to present (Doğan, 2012: 23). In the consequence of the selling of public interest that were in the stock of public enterprises partially or completely through privatization practices of companies with foreign capital, a total of 15,4 billion $ foreign capital inflow was provided between the years 1988 and 2011 (Doğan, 2012: 51). Apart from Western Europe and the USA, in over one hundred either developing or developed countries like Japan, Canada, China, India, Chile, Mexico, Brasil, Turkey, the Republic of South Africa, and the old Commonwealth of Independent States privatization actions have taken place. As a result of this, the share of the public sector in national income has declined constantly in many countries since 1980 (Doğan, 2012: 10). In worldwide, a total of 2 trillion and 445 billion $ privatization actions took place between 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo the years 1988 and 2011 in all the world countries. 1 trillion and 52 billion $ part of this amount was made by twenty European Union countries. 43 percent of the total privatization actions were carried out by EU countries and the rest of 57 percent were carried out by the other countries (Bortolotti, 2012: 10). Literature and Empirical Analysis In literature, it is pointed out that the reasons behind privatization programs can be classified virtually from two aspects as ideologically and pragmatically. In the example of England, although it is commonly known that the concerns are about the economic activeness; in fact ideological reasons are the matter; in Finland where it is believed that the government and the private sector are equally active, and it really is so, privatization activities are made to stir the interests of the private sector to investments, in Australia and Spain it is made to improve capital market. There sometimes can be conflicts among the goals governments follow while conducting their privatization programs. The most encountered conflict within this scope rises between the goal of providing or enhancing of competition in the market where the enterprises that are to be privatized are in services and the goal of government for maximizing the income it will gain through the selling of property (Temel, 2012: 8). In some part of the empirical study made on privatization, the productivity and activism that are revealed by the change of property. While doing this study, labor productivity, employment, investments, profitability, and the levels of production are compared on the basis of pre-privatization and post-privatization periods. In the result of the literature review done by Dura (2006) and Oruç (2003) from this perspective, unlike the defenders of the theory of property rights; in general it is precipitated that it is not always the matter that public property is truly passive and there are many empirical studies that show public enterprises work efficiently and effectively (Dura, 2006: 4-11 & Oruç et al. 2003: 16-23). In the other part of the empirical study made on privatization, there is the empirical research that analyzes the effects of privatization on fiscal deficits, public sector borrowing need, the stock of public debts, inflation, unemployment. In this research, the studies in both local and foreign literature that belong to this group will be shared. Kuştepeli and Gülcan (2002) have analyzed the effect of macroeconomic stabilization on the success of the government in the privatization efforts by using the data related to Turkey’s economy between the years 1986 and 2002. The hypothesis analyzed in the study is the failure of Turkish economy, which has difficulty in achieving and maintaining macroeconomic stability because of this reason. In the study, a model that has predicted on macroeconomic parameters including privatization income government has gained, real economic growth, inflation, exchange rate, the stock of public debts, interest rates, investments of public and private sectors, and unemployment rates has been used. According to the results of the study, it has been revealed that the effect of debt stock is ambiguous, while budget deficits affect privatization incomes in a negative way. Moreover, it has been determined that the effects of exchange rate devaluations and private sector investments on privatization incomes are positive. Bortolotti et al. have analyzed why privatization is in the agendas of 34 countries with the panel data analysis they have done by using data of these thirty four countries between the years 1977 and 1999. According to the results of empirical analysis, it has been observed that countries with high public debts, where democracy is powerful, but capital market has depth and liquidity can carry out privatization policies more easily. Kuştepeli and Gülcan 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo (2003) have analyzed whether the government substitutes the stock of public debts with the privatization income in Turkey in their research. It has been found out that the coefficients of correlation debt stocks and/or public investments and privatization income for the period between 1986 and 2002 are positive. When the investments specific to the model are also added, a negative correlation has been found between correlation debt stocks and/or public investments and privatization income. This result supports the idea that the more privatization incomes increase, the less debt stocks and/or public investments decrease. Katsoulakos and Likoyanni (2002) have analyzed the effects of privatization on public deficit, public borrowing and the other macroeconomic parameters (unemployment and growth) for OECD countries with the data related to the years 1990 and 2000 by using panel data analysis. The results of the study show that there is no relation between privatization income and budget deficit, there is statistically a significant and negative relation between privatization income and public debt stock, there is a significant and negative relation between privatization income, current unemployment and unemployment rate of previous period, and there is no significant relation between economic growth and privatization income. Buhur (2011) has analyzed the effects of privatization actions that have been applied since 1986 in Turkey on public finance. In the result of this study, it is determined that the public share in economic structure has decreased after the privatization actions, the incomes acquired with privatizations have contributed to the balance of exchequer and currency in a positive way. On the other hand, with the selling of public enterprises that are making losses, the share of transfer expenditures transferred to these enterprises from the budget has decreased, and this has affected the balance of the budget in a positive way has been concluded. Sunderland (2011) has analyzed the economical effects of privatization in 47 developing countries. In the study completed by using a panel data analysis with the data taken from the privatization database of World Bank related to the years between 1988 and 2008, a relation between the increase of privatization income and the deterioration in the balance of public budget has been found and results that support the hypothesis that the income gained from the selling of public enterprises will be used to finance a big gap have been recorded. Barnett (2000) has determined a powerful relation between the incomes earned from the processes of privatization and the use of common public incomes. The other important result he has made is the significant relation between macroeconomic performance and privatization process. Method and Data In this study, the effects of the incomes obtained after the privatization actions in Turkey between the years 1986 and 2012 on budget deficits and the need of public sector borrowing requirements are analyzed. The models created for the determination of the size and direction of the relation between privatization incomes and budget deficits and public sector borrowing requirements have been tested by the method of ordinary least squares (MOLS). Within a harmony with the previous studies in the literature, being about in the same models, the rate of budget deficits and the need of public sector borrowing to GDP as the dependent variable and the rate of inflation rate, population increase and privatization income to national output as the independent variable have been included in the model. The variables used in the analysis are summarized in Table 2. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The data used in the models involve the years between 1986 and 2012. The data related to privatization income is collected from Doğan (2012) and the Privatization Administration, the data related to fiscal deficits, gross domestic product, and public sector borrowing requirements, population increase, and inflation rates are collected from General Directorate of Budget and Finance Control, Turkish Statistical Institute, and the Directorate of Strategy Development of Finance Ministry. Table 2: Variables Abbreviation PRV Variable Privization Revenues as share of GDP BDFCT PSBR POP INF Budget Deficit as share of GDP Debt-Level as share of GDP Populaton Growth Rate Inflation Resource Doğan (2012) Türkiye'de Özelleştirme-2 Ministry of Finance Ministry of Finance Turkish Statistical Institute Turkish Statistical Institute Hypotheses and Models It is clear that privatization is an important source of income for countries that have high fiscal deficits and debt stock. Thus, incomes provided through privatization are expected to have a positive effect on the balance of the budget. This effect is also in the direction of the decrease of fiscal deficits and public sector borrowing requirements. In this study, the basic hypotheses generated in the light of the presumptions above are like the ones below: H1: Privatization incomes have a reducing effect on fiscal deficits. H2: Privatization incomes have a reducing effect on public sector borrowing requirements. The validity of these hypotheses that are created for the determination of the size and direction of the relation between privatization incomes and budget deficits and public sector borrowing requirements is tested with the help of two basic models below. Table 3: Regression Models Model 1: BDFCTt = PRVt POPt INFt  µt Model 2: PSBRt = PRVt POPt INFt  µt Note: In the equations; shows fixed variable,  shows coefficients, µt shows error term and t shows time. Empirical Findings One of the most important presumptions of time series is whether the data used in the models is static or not. In the analysis technique being talked about, it is also necessary to examine whether the variables are static or not in the period of time when they are analyzed. Whether the variables used in the models are static or not and if they are so, at which level they are static have been examined with the extended test of Dickey Fuller (EDF) and Philips-Peron (PP) tests. In the result of unit root tests, it has been determined that they haven’t been static on the level of variables and they have become stable in their 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo first discrimination. The results of regression analysis made through the ordinary least squares method are summarized in Table 4. Table 4: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Results Model 1 Dependent Variable ∆ BDFCT Constant 0.333 (0.528) ∆ PRV 291.877 (3.242)*** ∆ INF 0.004 (0.217) ∆ POP 11.058 (0.684) R2 0.353 Adj. R2 0.264 Durbin-Watson 2.04656 F-Value 4.00436 Probability (F-Value) 0.02042 Number of observations 26 t-statistics values showed parenthetically. (***) shows a 1 % level of significance. Model 2 ∆ PSBR -0.189 (-0.285) -296.897 (-3.141)*** -0.004 (0.836) -5.834 (-0.344) 0.328 0.237 1.48833 3.59451 0.02976 26 As it can be concluded from the results of Table 4, as of the period decided in the research there have been differences in the economic effects of privatization income in Turkey. Model 1 has been developed to explain whether privatization incomes, inflation rate, and population increase have an effect on fiscal deficits. According to the results of Model 1, which has been developed basically for defining the relation between privatization incomes and fiscal deficits; the expected reducing effect of privatization incomes on fiscal deficits could not be observed. As opposed to what has been expected, it has been observed that the relation between privatization incomes and fiscal deficits is statistically significant and positive. This state presents the necessity of prioritizing the precautions of lessening the fiscal deficits in fiscal policies that are to be applied. Model 1 shows that population increase and inflation rate have a positive effect on fiscal deficits, but are not statistically significant. Model 2 has been developed to explain whether privatization incomes, inflation rates, and population increase have an effect on public sector borrowing requirements. Model 2 shows that privatization incomes have a statistically significant and negative effect on public sector borrowing requirements. There is a negative but statistically insignificant relation between inflation rate, population increase and public sector borrowing requirements. This result supports the idea that privatization incomes may have a positive effect on public finance. Conclusion In this research, the financial effects of incomes obtained after the privatization actions between the years 1986 and 2012, in Turkey. The basic hypothesis examined in the research is whether privatization, as a tool, has a reducing effect on fiscal deficits and public sector borrowing requirements or not. To examine this hypothesis, two different 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo models (Model 1 and Model 2) have been developed through associating incomes provided from privatization and some macroeconomic parameters with fiscal deficit, public sector borrowing requirements, public debt stock. These models have been tested with regression analysis on the basis of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. According to the results of the analysis, as the period decided in the research there have been differences in the economic effects of privatization income in Turkey. According to the results of Model 1, which has been developed basically for defining the relation between privatization incomes and fiscal deficits; the expected reducing effect of privatization incomes on fiscal deficits could not be observed. Moreover, as opposed to what has been expected, the relation between privatization incomes and fiscal deficits is in a positive way. Model 2 has been developed to explain whether privatization incomes, inflation rates, and population increase have an effect on public sector borrowing requirements. The regression analysis applied for Model 2 shows that the privatization incomes have an effect on public sector borrowing requirements in a negative way. Thus, this result supports the idea that privatization incomes may have a positive effect on public finance. References Barnett, S. (2000). 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Since 1980s, fundamental problems that developed and developing countries meet such as economic stagnation, high public deficit, high borrowing cost, high inflation and high burden of tax are forced the countries to find alternative sources of income. In this regard, privatization applications have become an important policy which aims economical, fiscal, political, and social purposes for many countries. On the one hand, privatization incomes obtained from the selling of public enterprises can become a solution to the permanent deficit of public sector. On the other hand, these incomes can be used in the financing of larger deficits arouse because of cyclical reasons. It can be said that it is aimed business activities under private ownership are expected to increase and in addition to this, the reasons of public finance gain importance, public sector decreases and additional sources to increasing public expenditures are formed by using the incomes from the privatization. The proliferation of privatization works around the world has started with Chile and England after 1980s. And because USSR system collapsed and these countries entered to free market system based on private property, privatization increased in these countries. In Turkey, legal infrastructure works concerning privatization have started in the middle of 1980s, but the increase in privatization works has accelerated after 2004. In this study, fiscal impacts of income obtained from the privatization applications in Turkey between 1986 and 2012 are examined. The fundamental hypothesis of this study is whether or not privatization has a detractive effect on budget deficits and public sector borrowing requirement as a tool. To test this hypothesis, two different models estimated has been developed by linking incomes from privatization and some macroeconomic variables with budget deficit, public sector borrowing requirement and public debt stock. In this study, the effect of privatization incomes in turkey on budget deficits and public sector borrowing requirement has been analysed on the basis of ordinary least square method. The discovery of the analysis showed that between 1986- 2012 privatization incomes in Turkey increased budget deficits and increased public sector borrowing requirement. According to the result, it can be expressed that privatization, as a tool which reduces budget deficits does not satisfy the expectations, but because of its reducing effect on public sector borrowing requirement, privatization has a positive effect on public finance. Keywords: Privatization, Fiscal Impacts, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3