155 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/42babe8dc966a3c49ea3942f9d8639d7.pdf ee247a3b506516254e12090757f2e7bc PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Croatian Reformed Pension System Crisis and Models of Sustainable Optimization Goran Luburid Business School Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia goran.luburic@vpsz.hr Senka Zavišid Zagreb University, Zagreb, Croatia senkaza@gmail.com Croatia, as well as many western-economy based countries, is expecting longterm negative demographic trends when it comes to young and elderly ratio or natural increase ratio. Social policy objective in the context of pension system is supposed to be crucial factor in preserving social stability based on longterm sustainability, not on short-term solutions like abundant debt-funded pensions directly from national budget. Recent macroeconomic changes in Croatia, like structural unemployment because of inconsistent demand and supply on labor market as well as extinction of old and expansion of new business markets puts Croatian pension system in challenging economic surroundings. These surroundings identify a new way of approach on determining future macroeconomic projections and designing a better and more sustainable fiscal system of which pension system holds substantial part. The study presents argumented thoughts on previous and recent analyses of Croatian pension system, mainly from the period after pension reforms in Croatia that is between 2002 and 2012. Authors of this study identify fundamental problems and present a new perspective considering the direction of possible future changes in the pension system, having in mind recent demographic and public finance trends in Croatian economy. Authors also present conceptual directions towards optimization of the pension system, with emphasis on specifically applicable models of optimization considering pension pillars and other social contributions that are obligatory in calculating brutto wages. In addition, this study presents interest groups like pensioners, insured workers, obligatory pension funds and government that would be affected by proposed models of optimization. Different approaches in creating motivational factors for pension system optimization had been analyzed and presented solutions have a built-in trade-off for every analyzed interest group. Presented models are to be considered for potential implementation or new reform that would improve pension adequacy rates without affecting fiscal sustainability of public finance in Croatia. Keywords: Croatian Pension Insurance, Pension System Reforms, Demographic Changes, Sustainability, Optimization Level, PAYG. 130 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1514 Title A name given to the resource Croatian Reformed Pension System Crisis and Models of Sustainable Optimization Author Author LUBURIĆ, Goran ZAVIŠIĆ, Senka Abstract A summary of the resource. Croatia, as well as many western-economy based countries, is expecting longterm negative demographic trends when it comes to young and elderly ratio or natural increase ratio. Social policy objective in the context of pension system is supposed to be crucial factor in preserving social stability based on longterm sustainability, not on short-term solutions like abundant debt-funded pensions directly from national budget. Recent macroeconomic changes in Croatia, like structural unemployment because of inconsistent demand and supply on labor market as well as extinction of old and expansion of new business markets puts Croatian pension system in challenging economic surroundings. These surroundings identify a new way of approach on determining future macroeconomic projections and designing a better and more sustainable fiscal system of which pension system holds substantial part. The study presents argumented thoughts on previous and recent analyses of Croatian pension system, mainly from the period after pension reforms in Croatia that is between 2002 and 2012. Authors of this study identify fundamental problems and present a new perspective considering the direction of possible future changes in the pension system, having in mind recent demographic and public finance trends in Croatian economy. Authors also present conceptual directions towards optimization of the pension system, with emphasis on specifically applicable models of optimization considering pension pillars and other social contributions that are obligatory in calculating brutto wages. In addition, this study presents interest groups like pensioners, insured workers, obligatory pension funds and government that would be affected by proposed models of optimization. Different approaches in creating motivational factors for pension system optimization had been analyzed and presented solutions have a built-in trade-off for every analyzed interest group. Presented models are to be considered for potential implementation or new reform that would improve pension adequacy rates without affecting fiscal sustainability of public finance in Croatia. Keywords: Croatian Pension Insurance, Pension System Reforms, Demographic Changes, Sustainability, Optimization Level, PAYG. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fd2b70186ca0278a62075f64b69a79ed.pdf d0af275f393e3258a370f23d76fbda3f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo English language as an instrument of globalization Amela Lukač Zoranid International University in Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia prorektor.nastava@uninp.edu.rs Fahreta Fijuljanin International University in Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia fahretaf@hotmail.com World globalization establishes new standards for foreign language skills as well as for the teachers of foreign languages. Market globalization represents one of the main factors that influenced English language to be international language. In order to have a successful interaction between foreign companies, market and economy felt a need for the knowledge of English language. In this way English language became a device, an instrument of successful management and the most useful second language. There was also the need to improve knowledge of English language in every company and business institutions. Increasing the number of English language speakers, we increase the international communication in an academic and business level. Keywords: Globalization, Communication English 35 Language, Market, Business, � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0482007d1d84f6caf0483450747f0cf4.docx 9be67f0a605b3e239f37a2f739ece4c5 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c4f541b57784c4a823307fea7840e6d8.pdf 43a4956098de59ea8dcfe65492679d78 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo English Language as an Instrument Of Globalization Amela Lukač Zoranić International University in Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia prorektor.nastava@uninp.edu.rs Fahreta Fijuljanin International University in Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia fahretaf@hotmail.com Abstract World globalization establishes new standards for foreign language skills as well as for the teachers of foreign languages. Market globalization represents one of the main factors that influenced English language to be international language. In order to have a successful interaction between foreign companies, market and economy felt a need for the knowledge of English language. In this way English language became a device, an instrument of successful management and the most useful second language. There was also the need to improve knowledge of English language in every company and business institutions. Increasing the number of English language speakers, we increase the international communication in academic and business level. Keywords: Globalization, English Language, Market, Business, Communication Globalization is a term used to describe the changes occurring in our everyday lives and in society as well economy and politics resulting from international trade and cultural exchange. In economics the expression “free trade” was used prior to the term “globalization” to describe trade liberalization and deregulation on international market. The same term “globalization” nowadays is used in extended context, i.e. to describe all aspects of human existence. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore that: Today's definition of the term comprise of factors that have contributed to globalization including increasingly sophisticated communications (in all levels), transportation technologies and services, mass migration and the movement of peoples and languages. It comes to define a level of economic, social and cultural activities that have outgrown national borders and markets through either industrial combinations and commercial groupings that cross national frontiers, international agreements that reduce the cost of doing business in foreign countries, or cultural influences of certain societies on others. (Wu & Dan, 2006) Globalization enables interference of populations, cultures, languages within international borders as a result of the intensifying economic, social and cultural exchanges within different societies. Access to new technologies, media, internet an other medium of communication allow individuals global interactions with the belief that they frame intercultural communication. There is no doubt that globalization intensifies worldwide social relations and consciousness of the world as whole and is considered as “fashionable buzzword” which can be adopted as a “concept referring to people‟s groving consciousness of belonging to a global community.” (Steger, 2003:11). 56 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo According to Giddens “globalization is westernization or more specifically Americanization since western powers or the United States is now the sole superpower, with a dominant economic, cultural and military position in the global order [and] many of the most visible cultural expressions of globalization are American-coca cola, McDonald s and CNN.” (2000: 33). Stager attempts to indicate that the term globalization applies to a set of social processes that appear to “transform our present social condition of weakening nationality into one of globality”. (2003:10) He explains that globalization is about shifting forms of human contact. In order to define and clarify the phenomenon of globalization Stager raises some questions like: How does globalization occur? What is diving globalization? Is it the cause or a combination of factors? Is globalization a uniform or an uneven process? How does globalization differ from previous social developments? (2003:11) Stager believes that globalization is an uneven process, meaning that people living in various part of the world are affected very differently by this gigantic transformation of social structures and cultural zones. Nevertheless, when we speak about globalization, intercultural features the first language that comes to mind is English language. It is noticeable that English is acknowledged by nearly all people as a result of their need to interact on an international scale. Anglo-America culture industry made English the global lingua franca of the 21st century. English is used in the economy, diplomacy, massmedia and education all over the globe in comparison with other languages which remained visible within national and regional frameworks. The significance of the rise of the English language has a long history reaching back to the British colonialism and the attempt to subaltern the rest of the world as well to exploit and assimilate other cultures imposing English language as medium of communication between people. In 16th century, at the beginning of colonization only 7 million people used English as their mother tongue, by the end of the 20th century the number increased to over 350 million. “English was the official vehicle and the magic formula to colonial elite.”(Wa Thiongo, 2004:12). In many colonized countries English has not been rejected as a symbol of colonialism, it has rather been adopted as a politically neutral language. Any achievement in spoken or written English was rewarded. English became the measure of intelligence and ability in arts, science, music, literature. English became the main determinant for the progress and the success in education and business. Imperialism, led by the USA, presents the struggling peoples of the earth and all those calling for peace, democracy and socialism with the ultimatum: accept theft or death […] Biggest weapon wielded and actually daily unlashed imperialism against the collective defiance is the cultural bomb. The effect of cultural bomb is to annihilate a people‟s belief in their names, in their languages, in their environment, in their heritage of the struggle, in their unity, in their capacities and ultimately in themselves. (Wa Thiongo, 2004:3) Starting from the fact that “language serves as a symbol of group belonging enabling different groups of people to know what ethnic group they belong to and what common heritage they share”. (Kiplangat, 2003) Without language, people would lose their cultural 57 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo identity, still the data pointing that English language is more used in some countries than native languages is concerning. “The fact that absorption of the indigenous population by the colonisers has generally led to the loss of indigenous languages, especially when the colonised are kept in a subordinate position. The critical factor is their involvement in an economic system in which they must use the language of the new ruler in order to compete in the labour force and function adaptively. This is an aspect of globalisation as homogenisation, requiring that things work more or less the same way in the colony as in the metropole, especially in the exercise of power and control of the working class.” (Solikoko, p.29) With globalization allowing languages and their cultures to spread and dominate on a global scale, it also leads to the extinction of other languages and cultures. Steger points out the decrease in number of spoken languages in the world. According to him there were 14,500 spoken languages in the world during 1500, to less then 7,000 in 2000. “Given the current rate of decline, some linguistics predicts that 50-90% of the currently existing languages will have disappeared by the end of the 21st century. (2003:84) According to Anne Johnson along with the spread of the dominant language, the language's culture is also spread. This can be seen in popular American movies being shown globally, as well as American media and American food, such as in the globalization of McDonald's. Proficiency in English has become a valuable commodity. Increases in global interactions over the past century have stimulated demand for more streamlined and efficient communication across lingual borders. Thus, in the business world, companies seeking to expand multinationally have had to find ways to communicate across such difference in cost-effective ways. Many firms have 58 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo changed their corporate languages to the common tongue of English in efforts to streamline communication and avoid leaving team members. Responding to this situation, nearly a billion individuals worldwide are learning the language, most in hopes that their lingual skills will boost their paycheck or land them a better job. States, too, understand that an English-speaking workforce can help their economies integrate and become more competitive on the world market. (Johnson, 2009:132) Anne argues that English language is seen as an imperialist and homogenizing force detrimental to the world‟s cultural diversity, and then examine evidence to the contrary, which indicates that the English language is separating from its culture of origin and actually facilitating cross-cultural dialogue. (Johnson, 2009:136) English is not only the language of the Anglo-Saxon nations but is the common language of many nations worldwide. It has been used in everyday life, in literature in all parts of human acting. Today, more than 80% content posted on the internet is English, leading scientific works are published in English. “in 1997, 95% of the articles indexed in the Science Citation Index‟s Web of Science were written in English, despite the fact that only half were written by authors in English-speaking countries.” (Johnson, 2009:135) It has been noted by the researchers that publications written in languages other than English have a considerably lower impact than English-language works, and command lower compensation than works published in English. It is believed that English language and globalization function as a pull factors for one another. Globalization could not happen in such a degree without development and vest usage of English language and at the same time globalization strengthen the position of English as a global language. It is considered that global community can not function effectively without global language, therefore, as Crystal emphases: English is the language of globalization or “global language”. (Crystal, 1997) Economic and professional incentives have made English an asset, “exportation of desirable technology often carries along the language and culture of the powerful manufacturer.” (Solikoko, 2002:33) Whether it is a result of imperialistic plans of western powers over Europe or it is a natural consequence of globalization, it is certain that English is increasingly becoming popular in European media and education. It is been imposed that who has the knowledge of English doesn‟t need other language in order to communicate with the rest of the world. “A language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a special role that is recognized in every country.” (Crystal, 1997:3) Is the dominance of English in scientific communication leading to a diglossic situation in continental European countries, a concomitant marginalisation of languages that hitherto have been extensively used in higher education and scholarly writing, with the result that competence in English is becoming a characteristic of elites, and we are moving towards an undemocratic division of linguistic labour since the rest of the population will be confined to a language in which much information is never available? (Philpson, 2000: 198) 59 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo According to Philipson the USA and UK have coordinated efforts to establish English as a „world‟ language, and create the necessary professional infrastructure for achieving this since the 1930s. Crystal believes that British political imperialism had sent English around the globe, during nineteenth century. A language has traditionally become and international language for one chief reason: the power of its people – especially their political and military power. During the twentieth century […] economics replaced politics as the chief driving force, and the language behind the US dollar was English. (1997:9-10) In conclusion it is obvious that English language is a salient example of globalization. As stated by Schichao Li in her article, "Globalization of Languages," the English language can be considered a global language because "except English, no other language dominates international business, academia, media, the Internet, and international air/sea traffic."(2002) English language became a device, an instrument of successful management and the most useful second language. On a daily basis, there is a constant need to improve knowledge of English language in every company or business institution, therefore the rising number of English speakers increases the international communication in academic and business level. References Cheruiyot, Kiplangat. (2003), "Our Languages are Dying", http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/cultural/2003/0224language.htm Crystal, David, (1997), English as a global language, Cambridge University Press, New York Giddens, Anthony, (2000), Runaway World: How Globalization Reshaping Our Lives, Routledge, New York Johnson, Anne (2009) "The Rise of English: The Language of Globalization in China and the European Union," Macalester International: Vol. 22, Article 12. http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl/vol22/iss1/12 Phillipson, Robert, (2000), “European language policy: An unmet sociolinguistic challenge”, Sociolinguistica, No. 14, 2000, p. 197-204. Salikoko S. Mufwene, (2002), “ Colonization, Globalization, and the Future of Languages in the Twenty-first Century”,International Journal on Multicultural Societies, Vol. 4, No. 2, UNESCO Shichao, Li, (2002), "Globalization of Languages", http://www.globalhawaii.org/PDF/language.pdf Steger, B., Manfred, (2003), Globalization: A very short introduction, Oxford University Press, New York Wa Thiango, Ngugi, (2004), Decolonizing the mind: the politics of language in African literature, Sunlitho ltd., Kenya Wu, Li, Dan, Ben-Canaan,(2006),The Impact of Globalization and the Internet on English Language Teaching and Learning, Heilongjiang University, School of Western Studies, Harbin http://www.academia.edu/188911/The_Impact_of_Globalization_and_the_Internet _on_English_Language_Teaching_and_Learning 60 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1480 Title A name given to the resource English language as an instrument of globalization Author Author LUKAČ ZORANIĆ, Amela FIJULJANIN, Fahreta Abstract A summary of the resource. World globalization establishes new standards for foreign language skills as well as for the teachers of foreign languages. Market globalization represents one of the main factors that influenced English language to be international language. In order to have a successful interaction between foreign companies, market and economy felt a need for the knowledge of English language. In this way English language became a device, an instrument of successful management and the most useful second language. There was also the need to improve knowledge of English language in every company and business institutions. Increasing the number of English language speakers, we increase the international communication in an academic and business level. Keywords: Globalization, English Language, Market, Business, Communication Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd68c6b3a73c7694884001e66028b2e6.pdf 4974918779334aaec889660ca8102d45 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Predictability of Financial Crisis in Developing Countries: Turkey, Argentina and Thailand M. Ali Avcı Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey aliavci20@hotmail.com N. Oğuzhan Altay Ege University, İzmir, Turkey oguzhan.altay@ege.edu.tr Harun Sulak Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey harunsulak@sdu.edu.tr Since 1980’s, financial liberalization policies that implemented without adequate infrastructure in order to decrease inflation and interest rates also construct a sustainable growth process led to many financial crisis which have significant effects throughout the world. Therefore many models have developed to explain these crises. Main purpose of these models is to increase the predictability of financial crisis by identifying the factors that affecting the formation of crisis. Determining factors affecting the formation of financial crisis and trying to predict the crisis is very important in preventing crisis. In this context the aim of this study is analysis the predictability of financial crisis that occurred in developing countries which are Turkey, Argentina and Thailand 1990-2010 periods, by using Markov Regime Chance Model. In generated models, indices of financial pressure were calculated as dependent variable and fifteen different indicators were chosen from the literature to describe these indices. Successful indicators in predicting financial crises are: for Turkey; trend deviation of real exchange rate, domestic credits/industrial production, inflation and M2/reserves, for Argentina; stock price, difference in real interest rate, inflation and M2/reserves and for Thailand; trade balance, terms of trade, M2/reserves and oil prices. As a result of this study, financial crises such as 1994 and 2001 crises in Turkey, 1994, 2002 and 2009 crises in Argentina and 1997 and 2009 crises in Thailand were successfully predicted. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Financial pressure, Markov Regime Chance Model, Predictability. 191 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fbe70e39d5ba9feecfb5a0957ad76bf0.docx 391314f2890baa9ae240369e0c3bdbbc https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1df8a18e763450743ebc3bcb8b5e966a.pdf 1151cb26deb7732c36b181f3ade92eb3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1629 Title A name given to the resource Predictability of Financial Crisis in Developing Countries: Turkey, Argentina and Thailand Author Author M. AVCI, Ali N. OGUZHAN, Altay SULAK, Harun Abstract A summary of the resource. Since 1980’s, financial liberalization policies that implemented without adequate infrastructure in order to decrease inflation and interest rates also construct a sustainable growth process led to many financial crisis which have significant effects throughout the world. Therefore many models have developed to explain these crises. Main purpose of these models is to increase the predictability of financial crisis by identifying the factors that affecting the formation of crisis. Determining factors affecting the formation of financial crisis and trying to predict the crisis is very important in preventing crisis. In this context the aim of this study is analysis the predictability of financial crisis that occurred in developing countries which are Turkey, Argentina and Thailand 1990-2010 periods, by using Markov Regime Chance Model. In generated models, indices of financial pressure were calculated as dependent variable and fifteen different indicators were chosen from the literature to describe these indices. Successful indicators in predicting financial crises are: for Turkey; trend deviation of real exchange rate, domestic credits/industrial production, inflation and M2/reserves, for Argentina; stock price, difference in real interest rate, inflation and M2/reserves and for Thailand; trade balance, terms of trade, M2/reserves and oil prices. As a result of this study, financial crises such as 1994 and 2001 crises in Turkey, 1994, 2002 and 2009 crises in Argentina and 1997 and 2009 crises in Thailand were successfully predicted. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Financial pressure, Markov Regime Chance Model, Predictability. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/be7bc8f3b8a678bed8e9255330f1d469.pdf db7d3e107d29476bb1b20f4b00c4c682 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Effect of Extracurricular Activities on Sustainable Improvement Process of Higher Education through Example of Business Clubs Magrdžija Haris International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina haris.magrdzija@gmail.com Elif Öztürk International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eozturk@ibu.edu.ba This study includes the overview of the effect of extracurricular activities on sustainable improvement process of higher education through example of business clubs. The main purpose of this study is to contribute the literature with the information about influences of these kinds of activities on quality of higher education. Also, this study presents factors that have effect on sustainable improvement process of higher education institutions related to clubs activities. Through realization of projects and activities such as organization of seminars, workshops, conferences etc., students' clubs contribute to improvement of quality in higher education. The survey technique is used to gather information that is collected by the universities operating in BIH and Turkey. Additionally, factor analysis is explored to analyze the results in this study. Findings of this study state that there are positive effects of business clubs on sustainable improvement process of universities in terms of quality, innovations and cooperation between the universities and business world. Also, results of this study reflect importance of support to student activism in order to make them more significant as subjects in the education process and improve its quality. This study can be a source of motivation for other similar researches. Keywords: Sustainable Improvement, Innovations, Corporations. 193 Higher Education, Quality, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1602 Title A name given to the resource Effect of Extracurricular Activities on Sustainable Improvement Process of Higher Education through Example of Business Clubs Author Author MAGRDZIJA, Haris ÖZTÜRK, Elif Abstract A summary of the resource. This study includes the overview of the effect of extracurricular activities on sustainable improvement process of higher education through example of business clubs. The main purpose of this study is to contribute the literature with the information about influences of these kinds of activities on quality of higher education. Also, this study presents factors that have effect on sustainable improvement process of higher education institutions related to clubs activities. Through realization of projects and activities such as organization of seminars, workshops, conferences etc., students' clubs contribute to improvement of quality in higher education. The survey technique is used to gather information that is collected by the universities operating in BIH and Turkey. Additionally, factor analysis is explored to analyze the results in this study. Findings of this study state that there are positive effects of business clubs on sustainable improvement process of universities in terms of quality, innovations and cooperation between the universities and business world. Also, results of this study reflect importance of support to student activism in order to make them more significant as subjects in the education process and improve its quality. This study can be a source of motivation for other similar researches. Keywords: Sustainable Improvement, Higher Education, Quality, Innovations, Corporations. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e89bf8afb73c76c557305158b477cd0d.pdf bc4c405ffa86bba92824bba1b869495f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Does Turkey’s Stance on Iran’s Nuclear Development Program Reflect an Axis-shift in Turkish Foreign Policy? Nguyen Mai Lan Thanh Fatih University, İstanbul, Turkey lan.thanh@fatih.edu.tr The world is being nourished with tremendous development in technology, which causes the greatest destruction of civilization from the intrinsic civilization itself. It is believed that nuclear weapons states hold a handful of nuclear arsenals, strong enough to eradicate completely life on earth. With the experience of the devastating atomic bombs marking the end of the Second World War, it is not difficult to say that the whole world is shaking when there is any state attempting to develop nuclear armaments. In the case of Iran recently, different approaches and resolutions have been discussed. Consequently, several of them have been implemented, in order to prevent the Islamic Republic from pursuing nuclear arsenal, despite Tehran’s discourses on her intention to have her own nuclear program for peaceful and civilian purposes. Turkey, as an active regional player, reflects her position on the issue via the state’s foreign policy. That Turkey has been hesitating at complying with the West’s sanctions on Iran poses not only questions but also confusion among the international community. “Does Turkey’s stance on Iran’s nuclear development program reflect an axis-shift in Turkish Foreign Policy?” This paper seeks to answer that question, by analyzing the context that endorses the Iranian nuclear program in pursuance of nuclear technology, and by focusing on the discourses offered by the Iranian and Turkish representatives to the international community concerning the ambiguities of the Iranian nuclear development program. In contrast to much in the literature which perceived Turkey as a moderator, this paper argues that Turkey is more like a facilitator, besides proposing mediation grounds like the previous Baghdad and Moscow sponsored mediations between the US/EU and Iran. From this perspective, Turkey’s stance seems clear in supporting the idea that instead of imposing sanctions, the West must think of other effective ways to resolve the nuclear energy. In other words, Ankara believes that diplomatic talks and negotiations shall be continued and attributed to Iranian nuclear debacle. Overall, this paper concludes that Turkey’s decision of no sanctions on Iran does not indicate that Turkish foreign policy is anti-Western. Rather, it 227 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo illustrates Turkey’s growing independence as a regional power and flexibility in decision-making process with regard to her own interests, such as gaining image in the Middle East with the new foreign policy doctrine, less independence on Russian energy imports by Iran’s alternative, and prioritizing domestic solutions, while not upsetting the West’s mutual interests. In addition, this study will contribute to the existing literature on the part of the explanation of Iranian diplomacy with regard to the religious understanding of “taqiyya” (deception) and “qitman” (concealing). Keywords: Nuclear Program, Iran, Middle East, NPT, Turkish Foreign Policy, Western Orientation, Axis-Shift. 228 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7c32713b0f343142ebf5b4234085065b.docx dbd5d69bddf9cde31f6edc0198a98321 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/65ffc469745846c6c79b8f57c72fa5da.pdf d98c783280d225f7b74e46a5e8c4bdb7 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Does Turkey’s Stance on Iran’s Nuclear Program Reflect an Axis-Shift in Turkish Foreign Policy? Mai Lan Thanh Nguyen Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey lan.thanh@fatih.edu.tr Abstract Iran‟s nuclear development program has been one of the hot topics in the agenda of a vast number of states‟ foreign policies. The Islamic Republic has declared her intention toward this nuclear plant as for peaceful purposes in compliance with the international treaty. However, the state‟s sovereignty seems to be degraded when the West has disregarded Iran‟s discourses. Turkey with her history of being an ally with the West, especially the U.S, and constant attempt to be a member of Western organizations, NATO during the Cold War, and the EU since its establishment, has demonstrated the country‟s friends and foes. However, her reluctance to comply with Western sanctions on Iran recently poses a question among the international community whether Turkish Foreign Policy towards nuclear-aspiring Iran changes its Western orientation. This paper endeavors to explain Turkish interests in shaping Turkey‟s position regarding Iranian nuclear program. It is believed that Turkey has attempted to play neutrally her role in mediating the dispute between the West and Iran, with Turkish Foreign Policy served both sides as long as it would not hamper Turkish national interests and priority concerns. In contrast to much in the literature which perceived Turkey as a moderator, this paper argues that Turkey is more like a facilitator, besides proposing mediation grounds like the previous Baghdad and Moscow sponsored mediations between the US, EU and Iran. Overall, Turkey‟s decision of no sanctions on Iran does not indicate that Turkish foreign policy is anti-Western. Rather, it illustrates Turkey‟s growing independence as a regional power and flexibility in decision-making process with regard to her own interests, such as gaining image in the Middle East with the new foreign policy doctrine, less independence on Russian energy imports by Iran‟s alternative, and prioritizing domestic solutions, while not upsetting the West‟s mutual interests. The paper also focuses on the discourses offered by the Iranian and Turkish representatives to the international community concerning the ambiguities of the Iranian nuclear development program. In addition, this study will also contribute to the literature addendum on the part of the explanation of Iranian diplomacy with regard to the religious understanding of “taqiyya” (deception) and “qitman” (concealing). Keywords: Nuclear program, Iran, Middle East, NPT, Turkish foreign policy, axisshift, Iranian diplomacy, sanctions, taqiyya, qitman. Introduction The world is being nourished with tremendous development in technology, which causes the greatest destruction of civilization from the intrinsic civilization itself. It is believed that nuclear weapon states hold a handful of nuclear arsenals, strong enough to eradicate completely life on earth. With the experience of the devastating atomic bombs marking the end of the Second World War, it is not difficult to say that the whole world is shaking when there is any state attempting to develop nuclear armaments. 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In the case of Iran recently, different approaches and resolutions have been discussed. Consequently, several of them have been implemented, in order to prevent the Islamic Republic from pursuing nuclear arsenal, despite Tehran‟s discourses on her intention to have her own nuclear program for peaceful and civilian purposes. Turkey, as an active regional player, reflects her position on the issue via the state‟s foreign policy. That Turkey has been hesitating at complying with the West‟s sanctions on Iran poses not only questions but also confusion among the international community. “Does Turkey‟s stance on Iran‟s nuclear development program reflect an axis-shift in Turkish Foreign Policy?” This paper seeks to answer that question, by analyzing the context that endorses the Iranian nuclear program in pursuance of nuclear technology, and by focusing on the discourses offered by the Iranian and Turkish representatives to the international community concerning the ambiguities of the Iranian nuclear development program. In contrast to much in the literature, which perceived Turkey as a moderator, this paper argues that Turkey is more like a facilitator. The structure of the paper is as follows. Part two analyzes Iran‟s problem and Iranian diplomacy. Part three introduces Turkey‟s position. Then, part four evaluates if the policy is diverting from Western-oriented tradition in Turkey. Consequently, part five explains such stance. Finally, part six concludes the paper. Iran’s problem and Understanding Iranian diplomacy Iran‟s recent history especially during the 19th and 20th centuries is one of foreign domination. Today, apparently, it is the U.S that the Islamic Republic finds itself constantly confronted with. Militarily speaking, Iran‟s capability is considered an inferior to other regional opponents, namely, Israel and perhaps, Turkey. What the world is observing now, as a result, is an Iran that longs for exercising leadership of the Muslim world (Villelabeitia, 2012), a membership to the exclusive “nuclear club”, and balancing Israel‟s nuclear weapons. (Waltz, 2012) In fact, nuclear development program is not something new in Iran. Since the 1957 there have been several attempts. Prominently in the 1979 Revolution with the U.S support, the state has already obtained the skills via “Atoms for Peace” program under the instruction and provision by the U.S. What an attracted attention of the international community, Turkey included, is that the IAEA since 2005, kept reporting its inability to access to Iranian nuclear plants in full scale.1 The West has, interestingly, immediately responded with deterrence and sanctions, etc. despite Iranian discourses on her so-claimed genuine intention. Since Iran is an Islamic Republic, a religious perspective might certainly help understand Iranian diplomacy. After the revolution, the regime‟s leader, Grand Ayatollah Khomeini, announced a fatwa forbidding nuclear weapon development program in his country. Some scholars employed this fatwa as a means to judge Iran‟s nuclear plant today that it is not peaceful as the government declared. Iranian diplomacy, nowadays, along with this fatwa,exposed to the world the two concepts of religious understanding of “taqiyya” and “qitman”.2 Taqiyya, meaning deception or disinformation, is a term generally used by Shiite Muslims, who believe that they may lie and pretend to hide their religious identity under perceiving 1 For the latest news on key findings by the ISIS analysis of IAEA report regarding Iranian nuclear potentials, please see the appendix. 2 The terms were first mentioned in Todayszaman newspaper by Dr. Bulent Kenes, a scholarly figure regarding Iranian politics and issues. 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo threats. As an integral part of Muslim military strategy, taqiyya is also employed to trick or deceive enemies.3 Another synonymous term is “qitman” meaning concealing. It refers to a cautious reservation and dissimulation of genuine intentions. As such, the two terms have been used as means of defense and concealment by Shiites against unbelievers. Iranian diplomacy, thus, can be understood with the skillful use of the two terms.4 Needless to say, however, without foreign assistance, nuclearization of Iran seems vague due to her poor industrial and technological base. Believing so, the Obama administration insists on imposing economic sanctions on the country. One of the explanations for such a reaction is that the U.S is not ready for Iranian nuclear weapon existence. (Parasiliti, 2009) Iran is perceived as playing the Israel game. Although Iran is aspiring to have a nuclear ambiguous status like Israel, she will stay in the NPT for legitimate cover. History has proved that no one can stop nor attack once one goes nuclear, considering the cases of Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, and India. Iran is different from Iraq. Israel conducted surgical strikes in the mid-1980s and took out the Iraqi nuclear facility. Iran has over 20 and all are on different locations. A surgical operation is more or less impossible. Iran is aspiring to acquire nuclear technology and continues to play the game excellently. She has her own mediation as well as delaying strategy. Moreover, Iran did receive civilian nuclear technology and materials in the Atoms for Peace program by the U.S so they knew what to do. Since there is not a lot of difference between civilian and military technology- only weaponization procedures- Iran knew the roadmap, which in turn makes it harder for other actors to response. On August 30, 2012, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon contended Iran‟s right to nuclear development program. He proclaimed and showed expectations toward fruitful talks between the Islamic Republic and the P5+1. In addition, the 120 Non-Aligned Movement states also openly supported Iran‟s right to development nuclear power for civilian purposes after their meeting together in Tehran. In response, the Foreign Minister of Iran, Ali Akbar Salehi asserted a strong statement about the intention of the Islamic Republic. “I would like to re-emphasize that we do not see any glory, pride or power in the nuclear weapons, quite the opposite based on the religious decree issued by our supreme leader, the production, possession, use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, are illegitimate, futile, harmful, dangerous and prohibited as a great sin.” (PressTV, 2012) Moreover, Ebrahim Nekou, an Iranian lawmaker said that the Islamic Republic favors resolving its nuclear standoff through negotiations, “The Islamic Republic of Iran still insists on resolving the [nuclear energy] issue through diplomatic ways and is ready for negotiations.” However, instead of recognizing Iran's right, the United States and other Western countries are imposing pressure and sanctions, such policies have controversially debated to lead to ineffective diplomatic progress between Iran and the P5+1. Iran's 3 The definition of the concept can be founf in Esposito, J. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. 4 It is believed that Mahmoud Abbas in his interview with the EU on Palestine issue, Arafat and Oslo dispute, and some other Middle Eastern leaders have at least once employed such means. Since this paper only introduces the terms to the literature, there is no deliberate analysis, because its main focus is Turkish foreign policy. One can find the art and legitimacy of the use of taqiyya and qitman during the prophethood as well as in one of the hadiths: “he who keeps secrets shall soon attain his objectives.” 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo nuclear pursuit, as a result, has become the state‟s securitized issue with regard to the challenges and threats to the national identity. Turkey’s position Turkey is believed to have played a neutral role in this Iran‟s nuclear energy issue. Although Turkey complies with U.N. decisions, Taner Yildiz, Energy and Natural Resources Minister of Turkey, said, Turkey did not abide by unilateral sanctions imposed by other countries. (Farznews, 2012) Until 28th April 2013, according to CNS news, Turkey is still preserving her trade relations with Iran. The volume of gasoline as well as other petroleum products sold to Iran keeps sustaining and increasing despite U.S sanctions. (CNS News, 2013) Turkey, on the other hand, being preoccupied with domestic concerns, has not really regarded Iranian nuclear program as an immediate threat in comparison with other priority concerns. Besides, Turkey is already covered by the US and the NATO allies; therefore, nontraditional security for Turkey is not a posed challenge. (Kibaroglu, 2011) Turkey has other priorities, such as the issue of internal security and does not want a nuclear arms race. (Ustun 2010, 19) There are a lot of separatist movements by the Kurds; and the issue of Kurdistan in Northern Iraq is also aggravating this. Therefore, Turkey will neither initiate any steps nor will she support further sanctions on Iran. Since Turkey is a legitimate and internationally well-balanced actor, she would firmly express her position and Turkish Foreign Policy on Iran neutrally in the region while she is preoccupied with domestic security policy. Since, it would be illogical to think that Turkey would step into an unsecured and dangerous zone while she has already been trying to avoid one at home. “No one has the right to use force against a country whose nuclear capabilities are used for peaceful purposes,” said Prime Minister of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdogan after his talk with Iranian Vice President Mohammad-Reza Rahimi. “Anyone who has common sense opposes the use of nuclear power as a weapon, but at the same time, nuclear activity for peaceful purposes should not be opposed.” (The Times of Israel, 2012) This statement of the Prime Minister has clearly defined Turkey‟s position in the international community regarding nuclear energy program in Iran. That is, Turkey officially recognizes the right of Iran to pursue nuclear energy program. However, those nuclear plants should be accessible for the IAEA. In this way, the international community, and so to say, Turkey and the West would be able to increase their confidence in this peaceful development plan. The U.S and the EU have come up with several solutions regarding Iranian nuclear development program. Even though threats of use of force were also employed, things do not show positive results. Consequently, several sanctions have been imposed on Iran‟s economy, especially on the country‟s oil and financial sectors, believing that the outcome would affect the Central Bank of Iran to carry on any business. From financial sectors angle, as a result of sanctions, the U.S and the EU together expected a drop in foreign investors and customers of Iranian crude oil. However, it seems that all those efforts created a counter-effect. That is, Tehran is feeling threatened and weak confronting the superpowers; therefore, together with her own citizens suffering now from the economic sanctions, Iran developed even a stronger will to have her own means of protection. A nuclear weapon Iran is a very likely outcome if the West has no better alternative solutions, as several critics discussed. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Turkey, as a consequence, reserved her foreign policy‟s view at this point. Turkey as a regional moderator is only to propose mediation grounds like the previous Baghdad and Moscow sponsored mediations between the US/EU and Iran, which makes Turkey “feel” more into the game. From this perspective, Turkey‟s stance seems clear in supporting the idea that instead of imposing sanctions, the US and the West must think of other effectiveways to resolve the nuclear development issue in Iran. In other words, Ankara believes that diplomatic talks and negotiations shall be continued and attributed to Iranian nuclear debacle. It is increasingly observed that soft power has been the main logic and nature of Turkish foreign policy under the current AKP government since 2002. Turkey has conducted diplomatic talks especially in the melting pot of the conflicting Middle Eastern zone. The first apparent attempt of Turkey as being a mediator in the region has been seen through the tri-partite Joint Declaration by Iran, Brazil and Turkey in 2010.5 Giving such a decision, Turkey believed that economic cooperation and diplomatic talks would bring positive outcome to the solution of Iran‟s nuclear issue. Turkey does not want a nuclear-armed Iran, neither but does she would like to close the access to nuclear energy technology in her country. (Kibaroglu, 2009)Lesser (2004) argued that Turkey could act more radically to prepare for a nuclear Iran as well as consider her potential to go nuclear. He further explained in his paper if Turkey can live with a nuclear Iran. “Could the emergence of a nuclear Iran be accommodated comfortably in the Turkish security scene? Or would it spell a fundamental and negative transformation of the strategic environment? The answer to this question should inform the Turkish calculus as the international community grapples with the challenge of a near-nuclear Iran.” (Lesser, 2009) If Iran fails to pursue her nuclear energy development due to the opposition of the West, then other states would certainly be concerned on their future likeliness of self-enrichment and reprocessing nuclear technology and peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Ankara, consequently, is precautious that the rights given to non-nuclear NPT states will no longer be guaranteed.6 Hence, a proper strategy and foreign policy should be devised carefully. A deliberate strategy to deal with Iran’s nuclear ambition will have to address both the supply and demand sides of the nuclear equation, (Bahgat, 2006) Pressuring foreign governments and companies to stop cooperation with Tehran is not enough. Iran’s security concerns need to be addressed since it would definitely affect the balance of power in the region. Improving the security environment in the Persian Gulf and the broad Middle East would substantially reduce Tehran’s incentives to pursue nuclear capability. As Kemp (2003) asserted, there is a need for “multilateral and multi-tiered efforts that would involve carrots as well as threatened sticks.” Turkish decision of no sanctions: An act of anti-Western orientation? Turkey since the birth of the republic has been perceived, especially by the Middle Eastern states, as a puppet of the West, that she only listens and acts according to the West‟s will. Moreover, Turkish secularism has been one of the factors that disintegrate Turkey from the region, in which majority of population are Muslims. After the refusal to the U.S to employ 5 See Tehran Declaration, www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iran/joint-decl.pdf Further discussion about the agreement see Fitzpatrick, M. (2011). Containing the Iranian nuclear crisis: The useful precedent of a fuel swap.Perceptions, 6 (2), 27-42. 6 Official from the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (name withheld due to conference format and Chatham house rules), Ankara Workshop on Nuclear Proliferation, Ankara, Turkey, June 2011. 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo her territory during Iraq invasion in 2003, however, now, Turkey again denies implementing her traditional Western allies on imposing sanctions on Iran; this confused both the East and West. Whether this act of Turkey an anti-Western orientation or not is an intriguing question to investigate. Shortly, there is not enough evidence to confirm that Turkish Foreign Policy towards nuclear-aspiring Iran has changed its Western orientation. On the contrary, Turkey and the internal priorities as well as a neutral status serve both the West and Iran. This is internationally observed through her compliance to the NPT obligations by Iran and no use of force by the West. In his paper, Sinan Ulgen defenses Turkish foreign policy regarding Iran with the notion of the new activist approach requiring more thorough analysis to understand, not simply a change or shift in axis as recently Turkey has been “accused of.” (Ulgen, 2010) Similarly, Gurzel argues that since 2002, under the AKP government, Turkish foreign policy has rotating her role toward Iran‟s nuclear development program. Turkey is believed to have been an observer only, then recently a facilitator and a mediator. That is to say, Turkey‟s own national interests concerning future possibility of nuclear development plant have shaped its stance. (Gurzel, 2012) Similarly, Kanat (2010) argued that changes in Turkish foreign policy are not aimedto deWesternize Turkey; instead they are attempts to create an autonomous, self-regulating, and self-confident foreign policy agenda while normalizing the previous crisis-driven policymaking in Turkey’s foreign relations. As a result, Turkey will not take blindly the sanctions of the West, more specifically, the U.S. Surprisingly, the U.S would not be upset about this. Apparently, Washington has two allies in the region, Israel and Turkey. However, Israel is neither a mediator nor a trustworthy partner or friend with any state in the Middle East. Without Turkey, the U.S could not dominate its rule in the Middle East. Especially after the Arab spring and the global economic crisis, the power of the U.S did not only decline inside but outside the country as well, apart from the Middle East, where Turkey is doing the mediation role. Moreover, the tension between Turkey and Israel has left an important imprint on the relationship between Turkey and Iran. (Bacik, 2012) Certainly, Turkey is playing this role not for the favor of the U.S but indirectly for the regional and international politics. Hence, Turkish foreign policy has not diverted its direction from the West while still exposing good relation with the Islamic Republic. Ankara continuous economic relations with Tehran have proved to be effective regarding Turkey‟s interests. For Ankara, changing Turkey‟s pro-Western orientations is not of main focus. Instead, ability and capability to act on its own are main concerns of the state. According to the Prime Minister, “Turkey cannot designate its foreign policy in line with someone else‟s directives but on its own”.7 How to explain Turkey’s stance? It is important to understand Turkey‟s stance towards Iranian nuclear program because indeed, Turkey‟s relations with Iran are important not only for domestic but also for regional and international politics of Turkey. (Aras, 2001) As a matter of fact, it is believed 7 World Bulletin. (2009, December 23). Turkey‟s PM in Syria defends “independent” foreign policy. http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haberArchive&ArticleID=51712. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo that Turkish foreign policy towards Iran with increasing attentions from the international audiences today is a result of Turkey‟s soft power which has been exposed intensively especially under the AKP government. Turkey is, by nature, geopolitically important. Turkish Foreign Policy reflects the nation‟s interests in both the East and the West. Regarding the Iranian nuclear issue, Turkey serves both the West and Iran. Ankara does not risk any foreign policy decisions to dampen her relations with both the Western countries and Iran. (Kibaroglu and Caglar, 2008) Apart from Turkey‟s long history of being alliance with the U.S, Turkey, as a candidate of the EU, is expected to pursue a policy in line with that of the EU‟s Iran policy, apart from sanctions. (Alcaro, 2012) First of all, from economic perspective, the EU is Turkey's largest trading partner and Turkey is at top seven among importers of EU products and top five in exporting states.8 Meanwhile, Turkey's main exporting markets are the EU, Iraq, Russia, USA, United Arab Emirates and Iran.9 On the other hand, Turkey imports also largely from the EU, Russia, China, USA, Iran and South Korea.10 Turkish Foreign Policies, hence, on Iran is not only determined by Iran‟s aspiration to possess nuclear energy but also on that Iranian and Turkish diplomatic relations have improved significantly as a result of rising economic relationship and security cooperation (Ulgen, 2012). Secondly, Turkey is known as being a large energy importer. One of the motives for Turkey to continue importing energy from Iran despite the sanctions placed by the Western countries is believed to be Turkish effort in reducing dependence on Russian energy import. The figure below shows that Turkish crude oil import from Iran has increased dramatically and exceeded that from Russia. In 2009, Turkey had to rely her oil consumption demand on Russia for 40% and on Iran for 26%. The figures reversely changed in 2011 with Russian oil imported as 12% and that of Iran as 51%. This means that Iran is increasingly an alternative main oil supplier for Turkish growing market. Table 1. Crude Oil Imports – 2009/2011 Source: Babali, T. (2012). The role of energy in Turkey‟s Relations with Russia and Iran.The Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey, March 29. Turkey wants to be a regional power? Another argument to explain Turkey‟s position regarding Iran is Turkish‟s “zero problems with neighbors” foreign policy and “strategic depth” doctrine by Foreign Minister Ahmet 8 European Commission Statistics Ibid. 10 Ibid. 9 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Davutoglu. Turkey, to some extent, fits the definition of regional power. With the objective of “strategic depth”, Turkey considers herself and is considered as an important player in several regions due to her geopolitics, namely, the Middle East, the Balkans, the Caucasus, and the Mediterranean. To begin, Turkey has strong partners in the Middle East, and close friends in the West, among others, the United States. In this regard, Israel and Iran might be considered as regional powers; nevertheless, neither of the two possesses such status as Turkey. More broadly speaking, none of the Arab countries has the same position and plays the same rules that Turkey is playing. Turkey is seen as a bridge between the East and the West and she is well aware of this fact. Turkish policy till 2002 was perceived as passive one towards the Arab world in regard that the regime in Turkey was heavily Western oriented, and distant itself from the Arab or Islamic world as part of the legacy of Ataturk. Turkey was completely directed by her government towards the West and Israel was the only friend in the Arab world back then. The fact that AKP came into power in 2002 made a remarkable turning point for Turkey with especially its prominent foreign policy “zero problem with neighbor countries.” Practically, the new government enhanced Turkish position in the Middle East. As a consequence, economic cooperation and trade relations have been established and the ties among Turkey with the Arab countries have never been that strong before. Some critics may undermine that the policy might not help achieve zero problems, however, it helps Turkey improve her economic cooperation and political rule, neither did Turkey lose her legitimacy of being the combination of East and West, as well as the mediator of them as a bridge between cultures. In this respect, energy, among others, is one of Turkey‟s strategic cards to play a role of a regional power. The securitization of energy has been reflected mostly in Turkish foreign policy. That is, it attempts to reduce Turkey‟s heavy dependence on imported energy resources. To illustrate, Iran is among those suppliers that Turkey conceived in her diversification strategy for alternative energy resources. As a result, Turkey‟s energy strategy is aimed at both domestic demand and contributing to energy security issue in Europe. Turkey, in this sense, is ambitious to become a pivotal energy bridge between not only East and West, but also between North and South. Is Iran a competitor? Regarding developments in the Middle East in the aftermath of the Arab Spring, Turkey, Iran, and Saudi Arabia are aspired to assume the power vacuum as being a regional leader. (Guzansky et al., 2012) As a result of the Arab uprising, each state seems to be more cautious in formulating and implementing foreign polices to maintain the peace at home as well as not to lose credit in the region among other strong players. A vast amount of literature has been discussing the quest of Iran for nuclear technology and infrastructure. If Hashemi Rafsanjani and Muhammad Khatami once wished to use nuclear weapons as a means of deterrence, the present president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and the Revolutionary Guards consider them as a critical tool to proclaim Iran's regional power. Regional ambitions of Iran are not something new. Historically, Iran was an empire until the 19th century. If one refers to the legacy of Ottoman Empire to address Turkey in her ambition for the leading chair, it is the Persian Empire nostalgia that can be said for 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo today‟s Iran to reemerge. The direct and indirect interference of the Great Powers in Iranian affairs in the 19th and 20th centuries were also main escalators for Iran to become a regional power. (Ayman, 2012) From Turkish side, it is believed that Turkey has been constantly mirroring Western values to the region on the ground that she is a secular state. This fact somehow upset the Muslims in the Middle East. Yet, at the same time, it may also be understood that the attempt of Turkey to democratize the country simultaneously reflect Islamic civilization could not be found elsewhere. The United States, especially, has denoted Turkey as the role model for the Middle Eastern countries. Moreover, Turkish Foreign Minister Davutoglu kept emphasizing a “just” and “inclusive” global order. In his view, “Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire that has responsibilities toward neighboring regions should be among the countries that will lay the foundations of this order.”11 However, neither Turkey nor Iran could be successful in assuming the regional leader‟s position yet. “So far neither Turkey nor Iran seems to be able to acquire a preponderance of power in the Middle East that succeeded in building institutions to regulate regional affairs. It does not seem that anything like that could also happen in the near future because of major powers opposed interests, the mutual balancing acts of Turkey and Iran and the complicated but not harmonious interests of regional states that motivate them to align with external powers as well as with Turkey and Iran. But their stakes are in great danger and both states’ actions have the power to change the course of developments whereas the risks of becoming enemies would risk their existential interests.” (Ayman, 2012) Nuclear or military capability used to be regarded as a means to measure power. Recently, nevertheless, the world seems to be more content with a peaceful use of soft power. In this regard, Turkey has been one of the states that have arisen as such. (Ulgen, 2011) This may lead to a Europeanization of Turkish Foreign policy, as the EU has long been notorious for soft power employment in solving disputes and conflicts. More specifically, when one looks at the foreign policy domain, one observes that the AKP government has given Davutoglu the steering wheel to handle Turkish foreign policy. (Sozen, 2010) Except for a few incidents, such as Hamas leader Khalad Mashal‟s visit to Turkey (Zaman, 2006) the prime minister‟s denunciation of Israel‟s policies towards Palestinians (Today‟s zaman, 2010), and the invitation of the Sudanese prime minister to Turkey (Turkish Daily news, 2010), Davutoglu‟s policies have not significantly irritated the Turkish foreign policy establishment. Although the foreign minister has been criticized by some for driving Turkey away from George W. Bush‟s actions, the EU‟s not-sofriendly policies towards Turkey in a way justified his attempt to bring Turkey closer to countries in the region. Conclusion 11 Today’s Zaman. (2009, May 4). New FM Davutoglu to Build Order-Instituting Role for Turkey. 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo It is believed that hard power means waging war or attacking Iran coercively is very costly affair while the world is now under an economic fragile zone. By contrast, soft power as economic sanctions and diplomacy has been employed so far to counteract to Iranian nuclear program. It is realized that economic sanctions applied by the U.S and the European Union have indirectly led to Iran‟s recent crisis. However, this method only suffered the civilians inside the country, but did not discourage Iran‟s ambition to go nuclear. Diplomatic negotiations, hence, are more desired. Turkey is, therefore, in favor of this way of resolving the problem. In short, Turkey‟s decision of no sanctions on Iran does not indicate that Turkish foreign policy is anti-Western. Rather, it illustrates Turkey‟s growing independence as a regional power and flexibility in decision-making process with regard to her own interests, such as gaining image in the Middle East with the new foreign policy doctrine, less independence on Russian energy imports in place of Iranian one, and prioritizing domestic solutions, while not upsetting the West‟s mutual interests. Turkey‟s stance on Iran reflects her neutral stance and mediating effort. Although it is a fact that Turkey does not apply unilaterally sanctions by the U.S on Iran, it does not mean that Turkey has deviated from the West. Instead, Turkey is actively playing her mediating role in resolving the conflict as a bridge between East and West, while preserving her own internal security and multilateral interests. References Alcaro, R. (2012). A tale of wasted opportunities: the EU, Turkey and Iran's nuclear issue. IAI Global Turkey in Europe Commentaries. Aras, B. (2001). Turkish foreign policy towards Iran: Ideology and foreign policy in flux. Journal of Third World Studies,18(1), 105-124. Ayman, S. G. (2012). Regional aspirations and limits of power-Turkish-Iranian relations in the New Middle East. Etudes Helleniques, 1. Bacik, G. (2012). Will Turkey change its position on Iran? Today’s zaman. 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Turkish Daily News. (2008, January 28). An understandable Logic behind the Visit.http://www.hurriyetdai- lynews.com/h.php?news=un-understandable-logicbehind-the-visit-2008-01-28. Ulgen, S. (2010). A Place in the Sun or Fifteen Minutes of Fame? Understanding Turkey‟s New Foreign Policy. The Carnegie Papers,1. Ulgen, S. (2011). The Security Dimension of Turkey's Nuclear Program: Nuclear Diplomacy and Nonproliferation Policies, in "The Turkish Model for that Transition to Nuclear Power." Ekonomi ve Dis Politika Arastirma Merkezi(EDAM), December 9. Ulgen, S. (2012). “Turkey and the Bomb.” The Carnegie Papers, 6. Ustun, K. (2010). Turkey‟s Iran Policy: Between Diplomacy and Sanctions. Insight Turkey, 12(3), 19-26. Villelabeitia, I. (2012). Iran makes a threat to Arab nations. COGwriter, January 19. Waltz, K. (2012). Why Iran should get the bomb. Foreign Affairs, 91(4), Jul/Aug, 2-5. World Bulletin. (2009, December 23). Turkey‟s PM in Syria defends “independent” foreign policy. Retrieved April 26, 2013 from http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haberArchive&ArticleID=51712. Zaman. (2006, February 21). Hamas Visit: Good Diplomacy by Ankara, http:// www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/yazarDetay.do?haberno=30119. Zion, I.B. (2012, March 28). Erdogan, in Tehran, says „No one has the right to attack Iran.‟ The Times of Israel. Retrieved April 28, 2013 from http://www.timesofisrael.com/erdogan-denounces-attacks-on-iran/ Appendix The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) released on February 21, 2013 its latest report on the implementation of NPT safeguards in Iran and the status of Iran‟s compliance with Security Council resolutions. Key Findings: 1) Number of installed centrifuges at Natanz Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) increases substantially; 2) IR-1 centrifuge installation is occurring at a faster than expected rate at Natanz FEP; 3) New IR-2m advanced centrifuges are being installed at Natanz, although when they will start enriching or how well they will operate remains unknown; 4) Number of cascades producing near 20 percent low enriched uranium (LEU) is constant; 5) Iran has less than enough 20 percent low enriched uranium hexafluoride for one nuclear weapon, if further enriched to weapon-grade; 6) Almost all of the cascades at Fordow are now vacuum tested and likely ready for enrichment; 7) Iran resumes converting near 20 percent LEU hexafluoride to oxide form; 12 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 8) Iran will use the Tehran Research Reactor (TRR) to test IR-40 Arak reactor fuel; continued construction of the IR-40 reactor is in violation of UNSC resolutions; and, 9) No progress on "structured approach" to resolve outstanding questions about military dimensions and no access to Parchin, which Iran continues to sanitize. 13 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1599 Title A name given to the resource Does Turkey’s Stance on Iran’s Nuclear Development Program Reflect an Axis-shift in Turkish Foreign Policy? Author Author MAI LAN THANH, NGUYEN Abstract A summary of the resource. The world is being nourished with tremendous development in technology, which causes the greatest destruction of civilization from the intrinsic civilization itself. It is believed that nuclear weapons states hold a handful of nuclear arsenals, strong enough to eradicate completely life on earth. With the experience of the devastating atomic bombs marking the end of the Second World War, it is not difficult to say that the whole world is shaking when there is any state attempting to develop nuclear armaments. In the case of Iran recently, different approaches and resolutions have been discussed. Consequently, several of them have been implemented, in order to prevent the Islamic Republic from pursuing nuclear arsenal, despite Tehran’s discourses on her intention to have her own nuclear program for peaceful and civilian purposes. Turkey, as an active regional player, reflects her position on the issue via the state’s foreign policy. That Turkey has been hesitating at complying with the West’s sanctions on Iran poses not only questions but also confusion among the international community. “Does Turkey’s stance on Iran’s nuclear development program reflect an axis-shift in Turkish Foreign Policy?” This paper seeks to answer that question, by analyzing the context that endorses the Iranian nuclear program in pursuance of nuclear technology, and by focusing on the discourses offered by the Iranian and Turkish representatives to the international community concerning the ambiguities of the Iranian nuclear development program. In contrast to much in the literature which perceived Turkey as a moderator, this paper argues that Turkey is more like a facilitator, besides proposing mediation grounds like the previous Baghdad and Moscow sponsored mediations between the US/EU and Iran. From this perspective, Turkey’s stance seems clear in supporting the idea that instead of imposing sanctions, the West must think of other effective ways to resolve the nuclear energy. In other words, Ankara believes that diplomatic talks and negotiations shall be continued and attributed to Iranian nuclear debacle. Overall, this paper concludes that Turkey’s decision of no sanctions on Iran does not indicate that Turkish foreign policy is anti-Western. Rather, it illustrates Turkey’s growing independence as a regional power and flexibility in decision-making process with regard to her own interests, such as gaining image in the Middle East with the new foreign policy doctrine, less independence on Russian energy imports by Iran’s alternative, and prioritizing domestic solutions, while not upsetting the West’s mutual interests. In addition, this study will contribute to the existing literature on the part of the explanation of Iranian diplomacy with regard to the religious understanding of “taqiyya” (deception) and “qitman” (concealing). Keywords: Nuclear Program, Iran, Middle East, NPT, Turkish Foreign Policy, Western Orientation, Axis-Shift. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3ab7001b81e61465879bcfbce10f03bf.pdf 192f49c411526ce79e4ccc6bed6be6dd PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between Social Media and Human Development: An Analyze on Transition Economies Mustafa Malkoç Yaşar Giresun University, Giresun Province, Turkey malkocyasar@gmail.com The Human Development Index which measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions is a summary measure of human development as known. The Human Development Index is one of the tools for comparing countries. On the other hand the use of social media is getting more important nowadays, especially after the Arab Spring. Even the statistics of social media use is becoming an alternative way for comparing countries. In fact some of the previous studies have shown that gross domestic product which is a dimension of human development somehow affected by the social media. In this study the aim is to investigate possible relations between human development and social media in transition economies by using statistical methods. Keywords: Internet, Social Media, Facebook, Transition Economies, Development. 216 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d8225798525da19759e35d9c61e24afa.docx 7464abbee7f88f987d5331d8c716174c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7c52475b2b93bb6510c9d8688c8b9c84.pdf d2533881f0caf06b11d960d3f2472b46 PDF Text Text The Relationship between Social Media and Human Development: An Analyze on Transition Economies Mustafa Malkoc Yasar Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey malkocyasar@gmail.com Abstract The Human Development Index which measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions is a summary measure of human development as known. The Human Development Index is one of the tools for comparing countries. On the other hand the use of social media is getting more important nowadays, especially after the Arab Spring. Even the statistics of social media use is becoming an alternative way for comparing countries. In fact some of the previous studies have shown that gross domestic product which is a dimension of human development somehow affected by the social media. In this study the aim is to investigate possible relations between human development and social media in transition economies by using statistical methods. Keywords: Internet, Social Media, Facebook, Transition Economies, Development Introduction In early times countries had compared with their GDP values. It was not a fair situation for small populated countries. After that another comparison type has occurred. GDP per capita was calculated by dividing GDP to population. Today GDP per capita is not the only way for comparing countries. Human Development Index (HDI) is an alternative way for comparing countries. HDI is being affected from various variables. In this study the main aim is to investigate a possible relation between HDI and social media usage in transition economies. In this study only ex USSR countries will be examined as transition economies. Other transition economies will be ignored in this research. Social media usage is a relative concept. Facebook is the biggest social media website in social networks. In this study almost all statistics of Facebook will be used to measure social media. Firstly some explanations will be given about Human Development Index in section two. Secondly internet usage will be discussed in section three. Than effects of social media websites on development will be discussed in section four. Finally comparison will be done between social media and development in selected transition economies in section five. Results will be discussed in conclusion section. Explanation of Human Development Index The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life (health), access to knowledge (education) and a decent �standard of living (income). The HDI sets a minimum and a maximum for each dimension, called goalposts, and then shows where each country stands in relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The HDI can also be used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per capita can end up with such different human development outcomes. The education component of the HDI is now measured by mean of years of schooling for adults aged 25 years and expected years of schooling for children of school entering age. Mean years of schooling are estimated based on educational attainment data from censuses and surveys available in the UNESCO Institute for Statistics database and Barro and Lee (2010) methodology). Expected years of schooling estimates are based on enrolment by age at all levels of education and population of official school age for each level of education. Expected years of schooling are capped at 18 years. The indicators are normalized using a minimum value of zero and maximum values are set to the actual observed maximum value of mean years of schooling from the countries in the time series, 1980–2010, that is 13.1 years estimated for Czech Republic in 2005. Expected years of schooling are maximized by its cap at 18 years. The education index is the geometric mean of two indices. The life expectancy at birth component of the HDI is calculated using a minimum value of 20 years and maximum value of 83.4 years. This is the observed maximum value of the indicators from the countries in the time series, 1980–2010. Thus, the longevity component for a country where life expectancy birth is 55 years would be 0.552. For the wealth component, the goalpost for minimum income is $100 (PPP) and the maximum is $107,721 (PPP), both estimated during the same period, 1980-2011. (UNDP, 2012) After these explanations above components of HDI can be seen from the Figure 1. Figure 1:Components of the Human Development Index Source: UNDP (http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/) Internet Usage �In this section, internet usage around the world and internet usage in transition economies will be given respectively. 1 Internet Usage around the World Internet usage around the world is getting higher day by day. The ratio of internet users in developing countries is lower than the developed countries. However developing countries made a significant progress during the past ten years. Today more than two third of people on the earth can be count as an internet user. Internet usage statistics per 100 inhabitants can be seen from the Table 1. Table 1: Internet Usage per 100 Inhabitants Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/material/ excel/20112/ictwebsite/Internet_users_01-11.xls) *Estimate Country Group/Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011* Developed Countries 29,4 37,7 41,5 46,3 51,3 53,5 59,1 61,3 64,7 68,8 73,8 Developing Countries Entire World 2,8 4,3 5,5 6,6 7,7 9,4 12,0 15,0 18,5 21,1 26,3 8,0 10,7 12,3 14,1 15,7 17,5 20,6 23,4 26,5 29,7 34,7 2 Internet Usages in Transition Economies As mentioned in the section 1, in this study only focus on ex USSR countries. Percentage of individuals using the internet in related countries for past ten years can be seen from Appendix I. Due to huge number of statics related to 15 countries, it is not able to seen as a table here. But it can be said that, Estonia is becoming first among the related countries for using internet with 74,1% Latvia comes second with 68,42% and finally Lithuania comes third with the ratio of 62,12% with 2010 stats. Turkmenistan is becoming last with the ratio of 3%. Effects of Social Media Websites on Development In this section a short history of social media websites and effecting channels of social media websites on development will be given respectively. 1 A Short History of Social Media Websites Actually users in internet in early times did not do different actions than today’s users. Most of the early users used internet for accessing information, chatting and sharing things via personal web pages (Yaşar, 2011). The main advantage of social media websites is getting these things easier. Because without social media websites, users have to know HTML language a bit for prepare a personal webpage. Today a internet user can do those things in seconds via social media websites without any knowledge of HTML or any computer language. So that is the answer of that question: “Why are social media websites popular?” Social media websites has started in 2002 with “Friendster”. Many other websites has followed the way which has opened by “Friendster” until today. Today, the most popular social media website is “Facebook” with more than 900 million members. 2 Effecting Channels of Social Media Websites on Development �In this section effect of social media websites will be given by dimensions of HDI respectively. 2.1 Life Expectancy at Birth Normally effect of social media websites on life expectancy is almost zero according to writer. Because of those effects of social media websites on this dimension was ignored even if exists more than zero. 2.2 Education Social media websites have some positive effect on education. People can attend some educational programs online. Even they can use social media websites for getting documents which is related to their education. That encourages education institutions to open new online programs. People also will be encouraged to attend these programs. Due to the fact that social media websites can make mean years of schooling higher. 2.3 Income First of all it must be underlined that social media websites have a big influence on GDP in various ways. Firstly the need of skilled labor which is well educated on technology is increasing with the parallel of technological development nowadays. Social media websites has become so popular that also brought new business fields. Today most of the companies are sold a large part of their campaign via Facebook and other social media websites. This case is bringing the new demand of labor that know Facebook Markup Language and other web languages that is valid for social media websites. At the same time with that “Social Media Consultancy” is another sector that has newly formed. These two sectors will increase the labor demand and employment which has a positive effect on GDP. Secondly social media will reduce the cost of companies. The reduction will increase aggregate supply (In AS-AD model, AS curve will shift to the right) that will cause an increasing on GDP. (Yaşar, 2011) Comparison on Selected Transition Economies In this section five of the ex USSR countries will be examined. These five countries have been selected due to their high ratio of internet usage. Because in these five countries at least one third of the people are using the internet. Comparison will be done by using HDI value and Facebook Penetration (FBP) value. Facebook Penetration value will be calculated by using Formula (1): Facebook Users In The Country (1) FBP  Countrys Population Data sets of FBP for each country wereprepared by writer by using various sources. HDI values for 2012 were published yet. Those values will be launched on March 14, 2013 in Mexico (UNDP, 2013). At the end of the analyze 2012 HDI values will be estimated for available countries. 1 1 Azerbaijan 1 Estimations will be done by using Ms Excel software. �Azerbaijan is one of the most growth country about internet on earth. From 2000 to 2010 numbers of internet users have increased from 12.000 to 3.7 million. She had 30642% growth rate since 2000. (Pingdom, 2010) Azerbaijan’s values of HDI and FBP can be seen from Table 2: Azerbaijan’s HDI and FBP Values Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 HDI Value No Data 0,699 0,700 Not Published FBP (%) No Data 1,66 3,73 9,54 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources 2 (for preparing FBP) Statistics for Azerbaijan is very limited. From 2010 to 2011 FBP grown 2,07% by the time HDI value has increased 0,14%. 2 Estonia Estonia is the most penetrated country about internet within those selected economies with the penetration rate of 74,1%. Naturally, she is also most penetrated country about Facebook. Statics for Estonia can be seen from Table 3. Table 3: Estonia’s HDI and FBP Values Year HDI Value FBP (%) 2009 0,828 4 2010 0,832 17 2011 0,835 27,31 2012 Not Published 35,79 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources3 (for preparing FBP) If we put three years of HDI and FBP values to correlation analyze, the correlation coefficient will be calculated as 0,999.That coefficient means that there is a very strong relation between HDI and FBP values for Estonia. HDI index of Estonia can be estimated by using FBP values as 0,837585 for 2012. 3 Latvia 2 FBP for all countries was calculated by using many sources. Those sources were given as footnotes in order to avoid interrupting text. All the webpages below was retrieved November 22, 2012. http://en.trend.az/capital/it/1934386.html http://www.rferl.org/content/how_azerbaijan_crushes_online_dissent/24515935.html http://xeberler.az/eng/2010/11/20/number-of-facebook-users-grows-in-azerbaijan/ http://www.socialbakers.com 3 All the webpages below was retrieved November 24, 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/arjantupan/fb-stats-201010v01-5631327 http://www-958.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/manyeyes/datasets/facebook-penetration-july-2010/versions/1 http://www.socialbakers.com �Latvia’s FBP rate is not very bright. Twitter has very big effect for this situation. Twitter is second biggest social media website among the social networks in Latvia. Azerbaijan’s values of HDI and FBP can be seen from Table 4. Table 4: Latvia’s HDI and FBP Values Year HDI Value FBP (%) 2009 0,798 1,4 2010 0,802 9 2011 0,805 11,29 2012 Not Published 15,82 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources 4 (for preparing FBP) The correlation coefficient for those two values is 0,97 for Latvia. HDI index of Latvia can be estimated by using FBP values as 0,807355 for 2012. 4 Lithuania Lithuania has caught an impressive growth on FBP from 2009 to 2010. Lithuania’s values can be seen from Table 5. Table 5: Lithuania’s HDI and FBP Values Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 HDI Value 0,802 0,805 0,810 Not Published FBP (%) 4,4 22 24,33 29,38 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources 5 (for preparing FBP) The correlation coefficient for Lithuania is 0, 84. Even the value of coefficient for Lithuania is lower than coefficients of Latvia and Estonia; it still shows the strong relationship between HDI and FBP values. If we try to estimate HDI value of Lithuania for 2012, we amount HDI value of Lithuania will be 0, 80958 in 2012. That can see as an unexpected result. Because, HDI values are growing for all selected countries year by year. But the analyze tells us HDI value of Lithuania will reduce or remain the same in 2012. 5 Russia Russia’s situation is very different among the selected countries. Top seven social media websites in Russia can be seen from the Figure 2. Figure 2: Top Seven Social Media Websites in Russia 4 All the webpages below was retrieved November 27, 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/arjantupan/fb-stats-201010v01-5631327 http://www.socialbakers.com 5 All the webpages below was retrieved November 27, 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/arjantupan/fb-stats-201010v01-5631327 http://www.socialbakers.com �Source: Stat Counter Global Stats (http://statcounter.com/ ) Facebook is not the most popular social media website in Russia. Vkontakte comes first with almost 60% usage. Facebook comes second with 24%according to Figure 2. Because of that fact the relationship between HDI and FBP values can not show the real situation. Statistics for Russia can be seen from Table 6. Table 6: Russia’s HDI and FBP Values Year HDI Value FBP (%) 2009 0,747 0,3 2010 0,751 0,9 2011 0,755 2,70 2012 Not Published 4,38 Source: UNDP (for HDI values), and Various Sources 6 (for preparing FBP) The correlation coefficient for Russia has calculated as 0,96. The estimation of HDI value of Russia for 2012 is 0,760. This estimation probably will not actualize due to Russia’s different situation than other countries. Probably 2012’s HDI value will be lower than 0,760 in Russia. 6 All the webpages below was retrieved June 21, 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/oreillymedia/active-facebook-users-by-country-region-june-2007 http://www.ideagitalmarketing.com/facebook-penetration-by-countries-january-2011.html http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/07/06/europes-facebook-growth-moved-east-in-june-2010/ http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/jun/23/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-cannes-lions http://www.socialbakers.com �Conclusion Analysis has done for five countries. Correlation analyzesand estimation has not been done for Azerbaijan due to limited data. All correlation coefficients are higher than 0,84. That result shows that there is a very strong relationship between HDI and FBP values. So it can be said that increasing the social media penetration is another way for development. At the same time with that HDI values for 2012 has estimated for four countries. The next publication of Human Development Report which will be on March 14, 2013 in Mexicowill show the consistency of this research. It may be guessed that the estimation probably will be approximate for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. On the other hand due to her special status, estimation for Russia will not be show real value as mentioned before. Internet usage is growing since the start of twenty first century. However social media websites are very popular among the internet user just a few years. Because of that, statistics for social media use are not quite enough even Facebook is heading 1 billion users. Especially marketers have become aware of the importance of those statics. Probably more social media statics will be used in more analysis in the future if they will be more possible to reach. References Balachere, B. (2011, February 2). Facebook Penetration by Country. Retrieved June 21, 2012 from http://www.ideagitalmarketing.com/facebook-penetration-by-countries-january2011.html Facebook Statistics by Country. (2012). http://www.socialbakers.com Retrieved November 27, 2012, from Facebook User Statistics Baltic States October 2010. (2010). Retrieved November 24, 2012, from http://www.slideshare.net/arjantupan/fb-stats-201010v01-5631327 Hatt, B. (2010, October 28). Facebook Penetration. Retrieved November 24, 2012 http://www-958.ibm.com/software/data/cognos/manyeyes/datasets/facebookpenetration-july-2010/versions/1 How Azerbaijan Goverment Crushes Online Dissent. (2012). Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http://www.rferl.org/content/how_azerbaijan_crushes_online_dissent/2451 5935.html ITU. (2012). Internet Users. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http://www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/statistics/material/excel/20112/ictwebsite/Internet_users_01-11.xls ITU. (2013). Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet. Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reports.aspx Lorica, B. (2009, June 17). Active Facebook Users by Country & Region. Retrieved June 21, 2012 from http://www.slideshare.net/oreillymedia/active-facebook-users-by-countryregion-june-2007 �Morrison, C. (2010, Jully 6). Europe’s Facebook Growth Moved East in June 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2012 from http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/07/06/europes-facebookgrowth-moved-east-in-june-2010/ Number of Facebook Users Grows in Azerbaijan. (2010). Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http://xeberler.az/eng/2010/11/20/number-of-facebook-users-grows-inazerbaijan/ Stat Counter Global Stats (2012). Top Seven Social Media Websites in Russia. Retrieved April 28, 2012 from http://statcounter.com/ Sweney, M. (2010, June 23). The Guardian. Mark Zuckerberg: Facebook Almost Guaranteed to Reach 1 Billion Users. . Retrieved June 21, 2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2010/jun/23/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-canneslions Trend, H. V. (2011, September 20). Trend. Number of Facebook Users in Azerbaijan exceeds 500,000. Retrieved November 22, 2012, from http://en.trend.az/capital/it/1934386.html UNDP. (2012). Human Development Index (HDI). Retrieved October 20, 2012, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/ UNDP (2013). 2013 Human Development Report. Retrieved February 20, 2013, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/ Yaşar, M. M. (2011). Yeni Ekonomi Düzeninde Sosyal Bir Fenomen: Facebook. 9th International Conference on Knowledge, Economy and Management Proceedings, 449-460 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Appendix I Percentage of Individuals Using the Internet in Selected Transition Economies (From 2000 to 2010) Armen ia Belar us Esto nia Georgi a Kazak hstan Kyrg ystan Latvia Lithua nia Moldo va Russia Tajikis tan Turkm enistan Ukrain e Uzbekis tan 2000 Azer baija n 0,15 1,3 1,86 28,58 0,48 0,67 1,04 6,32 6,43 1,28 1,98 0,05 0,13 0,72 0,48 2001 0,31 1,63 4,3 31,53 0,99 1,01 3 7,22 7,18 1,49 2,94 0,05 0,18 1,24 0,6 2002 5 1,96 8,95 41,52 1,59 1,67 3 21,94 17,69 3,79 4,13 0,06 0,3 1,87 1,08 2003 No Data 4,58 No Data 45,32 2,56 2 3,91 26,98 25,91 7,41 8,3 0,06 0,43 3,15 1,91 2004 No Data 4,9 No Data 53,2 3,89 2,65 5,09 38,58 31,23 10,63 12,86 0,08 0,75 3,49 2,59 2005 8,03 5,25 No Data 61,45 6,08 2,96 10,53 46 36,22 14,63 15,23 0,3 1 3,75 3,34 2006 11,99 5,63 16,2 63,51 7,53 3,27 12,31 53,63 43,9 19,62 18,02 3,77 1,32 4,51 6,39 2007 14,54 6,02 19,7 66,19 8,26 4,02 14,03 59,17 49,9 20,45 24,66 7,2 1,41 6,55 7,49 2008 17,08 6,21 23 70,58 10,01 11 15,7 63,41 55,22 23,39 26,83 8,78 1,75 11 9,08 2009 27,4 15,3 27,43 72,5 20,07 18,2 17 66,84 59,76 27,5 29 10,07 1,95 17,9 17,06 2010 46 No Data 31,8 74,1 26,9 31,6 18,4 68,42 62,12 32,3 43 11,55 3 23,3 20 Source: ITU (2013) 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1667 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between Social Media and Human Development: An Analyze on Transition Economies Author Author MALKOC YASAR, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. The Human Development Index which measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions is a summary measure of human development as known. The Human Development Index is one of the tools for comparing countries. On the other hand the use of social media is getting more important nowadays, especially after the Arab Spring. Even the statistics of social media use is becoming an alternative way for comparing countries. In fact some of the previous studies have shown that gross domestic product which is a dimension of human development somehow affected by the social media. In this study the aim is to investigate possible relations between human development and social media in transition economies by using statistical methods. Keywords: Internet, Social Media, Facebook, Transition Economies, Development. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5f831191fecbf9b6ff7efad06d6e180e.pdf 4e1f364d5700be181da8a33e36678083 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Economic Views of the EU Integration Process of Macedonia Agim Mamuti International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina agim.mamuti@yahoo.com, amamuti@ius.edu.ba The purpose of this research is to provide a general overview of the accession process with a special reference to the economic integration and the challenges of the Republic of Macedonia in the road of joining the European Union. The Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) between the Republic of Macedonia and the EU was signed in April 2001 and entered into force in April 2004. The Council adopted the Accession Partnership for the country, including key priorities for reform, in February 2008. In October 2009, the Commission recommended to the Council to open negotiations with the country, as well as to move to the second phase of SAA Implementation. These recommendations were reiterated in 2010. The Council has not yet concluded its deliberations on the Commission's proposals. Visa liberalization for citizens travelling to the Schengen area has been in force since 19 December 2009. The decision of the European Council of December 17, 2005 granting the candidate status for EU membership is an event of historical importance for the Republic of Macedonia as deserved recognition for the efforts and results achieved in the way of achieving the strategic goal - EU membership. During the last years, the macroeconomic stability of the country has been maintained despite the continued global economic turbulence. Market entry and exit procedures have been improved and the rule of law has been strengthened. However, structural imbalances on the labor market are still very pronounced and the business environment is still suffering from slow judiciary, and a number of weak and not fully independent regulatory and supervisory institutions. The exchange rate against the euro has remained stable in nominal terms. Price competitiveness has remained largely unchanged. Trade integration with the EU is well advanced, but exports remain concentrated on a few price-sensitive products. Keywords: Economic Criteria, Market Economy, EU, Macedonia, Western Balkan 11 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4393953462ed1464819227640dd64052.docx 8d47b559b8e3d7b9eaac49e94e549d75 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/117c44c3ad7a42558f97365a1f5b3849.pdf 7578fe05d78af8e4e202c921badd7d0b PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Economic Views of the EU Integration Process of Macedonia Agim Mamuti International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina agim.mamuti@yahoo.com, amamuti@ius.edu.ba Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a general overview of the accession process with a special reference to the economic integration and the challenges of the Republic of Macedonia in the road of joining the European Union. The Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) between the Republic of Macedonia and the EU was signed in April 2001 and entered into force in April 2004. The Council adopted the Accession Partnership for the country, including key priorities for reform, in February 2008. In October 2009, the Commission recommended to the Council to open negotiations with the country, as well as to move to the second phase of SAA Implementation. These recommendations were reiterated in 2010. The Council has not yet concluded its deliberations on the Commission's proposals. Visa liberalization for citizens travelling to the Schengen area has been in force since 19 December 2009. The decision of the European Council of December 17, 2005 granting the candidate status for EU membership is an event of historical importance for the Republic of Macedonia as deserved recognition for the efforts and results achieved in the way of achieving the strategic goal - EU membership. During the last years, the macroeconomic stability of the country has been maintained despite the continued global economic turbulence. Market entry and exit procedures have been improved and the rule of law has been strengthened. However, structural imbalances on the labor market are still very pronounced and the business environment is still suffering from slow judiciary, and a number of weak and not fully independent regulatory and supervisory institutions. The exchange rate against the euro has remained stable in nominal terms. Price competitiveness has remained largely unchanged. Trade integration with the EU is well advanced, but exports remain concentrated on a few price-sensitive products. Key words:Economic Criteria, Market Economy, EU, Macedonia, Western Balkan 1. Introduction The Republic of Macedonia has a small, open economy, and advanced trade integration with the EU. About 64% of all exports currently go to the EU-27 and about 56% of imports originate there. The country‟s second largest trading area is the CEFTA (Central European Free Trade Agreement), which accounts for around 24% of exports and around 11% of imports. The export structure has improved, with an increase in the share of higher unit value commodities, such as car emission catalysts. However, textiles, clothing and manufactured iron products still account for more than one third of total exports. FDI accounts for about 50% of GDP, with 80% of the investment stock coming from the EU. The exchange rate against the euro has remained stable in nominal terms. Price competitiveness has remained 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo largely unchanged. This is reflected in the largely unchanged real effective exchange rate, which in mid-2012 was some 1% lower than a year before. Generally in 2012, trade integration with the EU is well advanced. The commodity composition of exports has improved, although traditional products, such as textiles, clothing and steel, still predominate. International price competitiveness remained largely unchanged.1 2. Economic Views of EU Integration Process of Macedonia Fulfillment of the economic criteria for membership must be a top priority for Macedonia, not only in order to meet the standards of the EU, but also because they are crucial for Macedonia‟s economic and social progress. Macedonia needs to fully develop a functioning market economy that will allow an even ground for competition and weed out all the oligarchic elements in the economy that stifle its overall growth. The Macedonian economy needs to be able to cope with the intense competitive pressures and market forces within the EU. Consequently, Macedonia needs to be aiming for where the EU economy will be, not where the EU economy is today. A broad consensus has been maintained on the fundamental features of the country‟s economic policy set-up. The medium-term policy framework was described in various programs, such as the sixth pre-accession economic program (PEP), covering the period 2012-2014, the labor market strategy for 2015 and the national employment action plan for 2011-2013. In addition, the authorities embarked on a high-level accession dialogue (HLAD) with the EU, which provided another platform for accelerating accession-related reforms in the economy. Cooperation with the International Financial Institutions (IFIs), such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) continued. Structured dialogue with the business community continued. 2.1 Macroeconomic Indicators About 2011 and 2012 The economy grew by about 3% in 2011, but shrank by about 1% year-on-year in the first half of 2012, compared with growth of nearly 5% in the first half the year before. Rather resilient private consumption helped to prevent a sharper slowdown, while the reduction in public consumption had a negative contribution to growth. Indicators on domestic production point to a marked year-on-year deceleration during the reporting period, with industrial production being on average nearly 9% lower since October 2011 than in the same period the year before. Average per capita GDP improved in relation to the EU average, increasing from 35% of the EU average in 2010 to 36% in 2011. (Ministry of Finance of RM, Annual Economic Report 2011/2012; www.finance.gov.mk). External imbalances declined, but their financing deteriorated. In the first half of 2012, the current account deficit was at about -2.8% of the estimated full-year GDP, compared to 3.5% of GDP the year before. The most important factor for the improvement was a further increase of current transfers to about 10% of the estimated full-year GDP. The trade balance of goods and services deteriorated slightly, reaching -12% of estimated full-year 1 Source of the selected data‟s: State Statistical Office of Macedonia, www.stat.gov.mk, and the Ministry of Finance of RM, www.finance.gov.mk 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo GDP, compared to -11% of GDP the year before, mainly as a result of weaker export revenues. The capital and financial account surplus shrank to a similar extent, declining to about 2.6% of GDP by June 2012, compared to a surplus of 4% a year before. FDI inflows and other investment declined to about 1% of the estimated full-year GDP and 0.6% of GDP respectively, compared to 2% of GDP and 4% of GDP a year before. As a result, the financing of the current account deficit was less based on investment inflows but on external credits. (Ministry of Finance of RM, Annual Economic Report 2011/2012; www.finance.gov.mk) Unemployment was very high at 31.2% and remained largely unchanged year-on-year in the second quarter of 2012, while during winter it had been about 1 percentage point higher than in the year before. Employment was about 1% higher than a year before but its impact on unemployment was limited, as most newly employed persons appear not to have been registered in the labor market before. The main sectors with employment growth in the second quarter of 2012 were education, the textile industry and municipal services. Youth unemployment increased slightly, from 54.6% in the second quarter of 2011 to 54.9% in the second quarter of 2012. The young account for about 10% of the labor force, but their share in unemployment rose from 18.5% in the second quarter of 2011 to 18.8% in the second quarter of 2012. Unemployment among the less-well educated, who makes up nearly 30% of the labor force, has declined, from 39% in the second quarter of 2011 to 36% in the second quarter of 2012. Employment in the public sector increased by about 1% year-on-year, mainly in the education sector. However, as a share in total employment the share of public sector employment has declined from 22% in mid-2011 to 21% in mid2012. (Ministry of Labor and Social Policy of RM, www.mtsp.gov.mk) Monetary policy cautiously supported the gradual recovery, while the exchange rate policy remained geared to maintaining price stability and the de facto peg to the euro. The Central Bank has slightly lowered its key policy rate, from 4% to 3¾%. In order to support the lending activities of the financial sector, the Central Bank amended the rules on minimum reserve requirements and collateral. It also introduced a number of measures to stimulate financial market activity, such as establishing new monetary instruments, a new overnight deposit facility and a one-week deposit facility, a standing 7-day repo facility and by lowering the interest spreads between overnight deposit rates and Central Bank bills. (Central Bank of RM, Annual Report 2012, www.nbrm.mk) Inflation was markedly lower than a year before, with an average inflation in the first eight months of 2012 of 2.4%, compared to 4.4% the same period a year before. However, during recent months, inflationary pressures have increased. The main sources for the increase lie in higher energy prices, but also rising food prices and rent costs. Prices for food and beverages account for about 40% of the consumer basket. Core inflation, which excludes the impact of energy and food prices on the overall price level, remained fairly stable and below 2%. (Ministry of Finance of RM, Annual Economic Report 2011/2012; www.finance.gov.mk) The published central government deficit for 2011 was in line with the 2.5% of GDP target. Revenue, which accounts for some 30% of GDP, was some 7.5% lower than initially expected. In order to meet the deficit target, spending was reduced by about 7%, mainly on purchases of goods and services, which were kept some 19% below their initial budget target. Capital investment was also kept some 16% lower than originally planned. However, as a share of GDP capital spending rose, from 3.5% in 2010 to 3.8% in 2011, 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo while overall spending declined from 32.0% of GDP to 31.2%. In 2012, revenues have so far remained below forecasts and dropped by 3% in real terms. To compensate for the shortfall, the authorities adopted a supplementary budget and raised the deficit target for 2012 from -2.5% of GDP to -3.5%. So far, the main area of spending cuts was again capital spending, accounting in July for about 1.8% of the estimated full-year GDP, compared to 2.4% a year before. In the first seven months of 2012, published data point to a deficit of about 2% of the estimated full-year GDP, which is a similar level as the year before. The government debt ratio rose to about 30% of GDP in July 2012, compared to around 25% the year before, mainly due to increased domestic lending. (Ministry of Finance of RM, Annual Economic Report 2011/2012; www.finance.gov.mk) 2.2 The Capacity to Cope with Competitive Pressure and Market Forces During 2012 in Macedonian economy, generally macroeconomic stability has been maintained. Market entry and exit procedures have been improved. Some steps have been taken to strengthen the rule of law. However, so far, those measures have not had significant impact yet. The quality of public finance planning and management has deteriorated and the quality of spending has remained low. Unemployment remains very high, particularly among the young. The business environment continues to suffer from institutional and administrative weaknesses, difficult contract enforcement and corruption. The government has continued its efforts to facilitate market entry and exit. However, partly due to the less supportive international economic environment, the number of newly established companies has declined to slightly below 10% of the total number of enterprises. Limited access to finance is still impeding the growth of many companies, in particular of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The third phase of the „regulatory guillotine‟ project, which focuses on reducing administrative burdens, is being implemented and the fourth phase, concentrating on measures for SMEs, has started. Further progress has been made towards closing down non-operating companies. In the period October 2011 and August 2012, the number of bankruptcy procedures was some 32% higher than a year before. The average duration of company liquidation has been reduced. (Ministry of Economy of RM, www.economy.gov.mk) There were no major changes in the area of restructuring enterprises. Network industries are dominated by a very small number of incumbent suppliers, which often undermines effective competition. SMEs continue to be by far the biggest group of companies, providing more than 80% of private-sector employment or nearly 60% of total employment. Access to finance improved, partly thanks to additional international credit facilities, primarily provided by the European Investment Bank (EIB). Furthermore, the government continues to subsidy interest costs for SME loans, although on a declining scale in the 2012 budget. (Ministry of Economy of RM, www.economy.gov.mk) The Republic of Macedonia has a small, open economy, and advanced trade integration with the EU. About 64% of all exports currently go to the EU-27 and about 56% of imports originate there. The country‟s second largest trading area is the CEFTA, which accounts for around 24% of exports and around 11% of imports. The export structure has improved, with an increase in the share of higher unit value commodities, such as car emission catalysts. However, textiles, clothing and manufactured iron products still account for more than one third of total exports. FDI accounts for about 50% of GDP, with 80% of the investment stock 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo coming from the EU. The exchange rate against the euro has remained stable in nominal terms. Price competitiveness has remained largely unchanged. This is reflected in the largely unchanged real effective exchange rate, which in mid-2012 was some 1% lower than a year before. Generally in 2012, trade integration with the EU is well advanced. The commodity composition of exports has improved, although traditional products, such as textiles, clothing and steel, still predominate. International price competitiveness remained largely unchanged. (Ministry of Finance of RM, Annual Economic Report 2011/2012; www.finance.gov.mk) 3. Conclusion Experience shows that transition economies including all the “new” as well as the Western Balkan candidate countries have by and large met the first of the two Copenhagen economic criteria. All these countries, including Macedonia, are functioning market economies. The differences among them are much larger with respect to the second sub criteria, the ability to cope with the competitive pressures of the single EU market. The economic results achieved by the Republic of Macedonia during the transition are far lower than the achievements in the South-eastern European countries. The numerous noneconomic events in the country and the region in the 1990‟s and the beginning of the century also contributes to this. With a low inflation rate of 2.5% in last years and a stable exchange rate (with one devaluation of 16% in 1997), Macedonia was a leader among the transition countries in terms of the macroeconomic stability, but numerous non-economic events in the country and the region led to a low average growth in the entire transition period. In the recent years, the Republic of Macedonia generally meets most of the Maastricht criteria. The single bigger problem that the country is facing is the non-existence of a long term 10-year bond used as a reference instrument when defining the interest rate. In this period, the Maastricht criteria are not obligatory for the Republic of Macedonia but they still have great significance for approximation of our economy to the European Union. Having in mind the present situation within the EU, regarding the negative atmosphere for enlargement, the implementation of Copenhagen and Maastricht criteria will simply not be good enough for candidate countries such as Macedonia. Knowing that in the past a decision for accession was often made for geo-strategic reasons, obtaining political support is even more important factor for the Macedonian accession to the EU. Taking into consideration this fact, it is a need Macedonia to solve the name issue with Greece. References Вернер Вајденфелд, Волфганг Веселс, Европа од А до Ш, Издадено во Baden-Baden, 2009 Државен завод за статистика, Годишни извештаи 2008-2012 European Commission, Progress Report of the FYR Macedonia 2012, Brussels 11 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Ласкомбе, М.& Ванденриеш, Х., Јавни финансии, Скопје, 2006 година Ministry of Finance of RM, Annual Economic Report 2011-2012 Народна банка на Република Македонија, Годишни извештаи 2008-2012 Секретаријат за европски праша (Влада на Република Македонија), Национална програма за усвојување на правото на ЕУ – ревизија 2012, Скопје Рен, Оли: Следните граници на Европа, Скопје, 2007 година Студија, Приближување кон Европската Унија: предизвици и можности, Скопје, 2009 година Трпески, Проф.д-р Љубе: Пари и банкарство, второ дополнето и изменето издание, Economy Press, Скопје, 2005 година Treaty of European Union, Maastricht, 07.02.1992 TREATY establishing the European Economic Community, 29.07.1992 Werner Weidenfeld & Wolfgang Wessels, Europa von A bis Z, Bonn, 2002 Internet sources: 1. http://europa.eu/ 2. http://ec.europa.eu 3. http://www.delmkd.ec.europa.eu 4. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs_en.htm 5. http://eurotreaties.com 6. http://ecb.int 7. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat 8. http://europa.eu/abc/obj/treaties/index_en.htm 9. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm 10. http://worldbank.org 11. http://imf.org 12 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1458 Title A name given to the resource Economic Views of the EU Integration Process of Macedonia Author Author MAMUTI, Agim Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this research is to provide a general overview of the accession process with a special reference to the economic integration and the challenges of the Republic of Macedonia in the road of joining the European Union. The Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) between the Republic of Macedonia and the EU was signed in April 2001 and entered into force in April 2004. The Council adopted the Accession Partnership for the country, including key priorities for reform, in February 2008. In October 2009, the Commission recommended to the Council to open negotiations with the country, as well as to move to the second phase of SAA Implementation. These recommendations were reiterated in 2010. The Council has not yet concluded its deliberations on the Commission's proposals. Visa liberalization for citizens travelling to the Schengen area has been in force since 19 December 2009. The decision of the European Council of December 17, 2005 granting the candidate status for EU membership is an event of historical importance for the Republic of Macedonia as deserved recognition for the efforts and results achieved in the way of achieving the strategic goal - EU membership. During the last years, the macroeconomic stability of the country has been maintained despite the continued global economic turbulence. Market entry and exit procedures have been improved and the rule of law has been strengthened. However, structural imbalances on the labor market are still very pronounced and the business environment is still suffering from slow judiciary, and a number of weak and not fully independent regulatory and supervisory institutions. The exchange rate against the euro has remained stable in nominal terms. Price competitiveness has remained largely unchanged. Trade integration with the EU is well advanced, but exports remain concentrated on a few price-sensitive products. Keywords: Economic Criteria, Market Economy, EU, Macedonia, Western Balkan Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/191935ca4a46237ca52f76b6ad9f0cd2.pdf 076aa00cda5db17a2aabff72d8818511 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Cyberspace and Virtual Reality Tools of Advertising in the Real World: a New Paradigm in Marketing Communication Begüm Maral Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey begum.maral@gediz.edu.tr Neval Tuna Gediz University, İzmir, Turkey neval.tuna@gediz.edu.tr Literature in advertising and new technological information systems suggests that internet network technologies generate new integrated applications. Day after day, computer-based cyberspace programs with realistic shadows and reflections take the attention of different sectors such as, biology, medicine, and advertising etc. At the first times, virtual reality and cyberspace advertisements are seemed to be a manifest. Recently, advertisements which use virtual reality technologies are seemed to be new marketing trend. Advertisements and marketing applications which are arranged through virtual reality are generated with the help of these integrated applications, called Cyberspace. ‘Cyberspace’ is an artificially generated automated system which can be visited simultaneously by many people via network computers. Cyberspace advertisements are generated through bundle of rays or holograms. With the virtual reality advertisements, cyberspace, which is one of the dimensions of postmodern world, is now a new tool for reaching customer’s mind, attracting more attention, creating more awareness and support the consumption stage. Multi-sensory computer-based programs which are used for cyberspace and interactive advertising in the consumer’s minds are now seemed to change the current consumer behavior and profiles. At the same time these systems, undoubtedly support the creative advertisement creation process. Therefore, the traditional marketing practices between producers and consumers start to become more interactive. With these new creative applications, customers are involved in the virtual reality marketing process interactively which in turn expected to create a new paradigm in marketing practices. Thereby, new virtual reality advertisement and marketing applications in Cyberspace world are now increasing and expected to be in advance of 55 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo conventional marketing applications. These new technologies also affect the advertisers, advertising agencies and marketing practitioners. This study aims to introduce the new concepts of cyberspace and virtual reality advertising in the light of new technologies and marketing and secondly aims to determine the differences between conventional marketing techniques and cyberspace marketing throughout the Semiotics Approach. The research method of the paper is to analyze the real world applications of virtual reality advertisements throughout the world with using semiotic approaches and this paper offers a framework for understanding how virtual reality advertising is used in marketing communication by using Semiotic Research Methods. Keywords: Cyber, Cyberspace, Virtual Reality, Cyberspace Advertising, Virtual Reality Advertising. 56 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1492 Title A name given to the resource Cyberspace and Virtual Reality Tools of Advertising in the Real World: a New Paradigm in Marketing Communication Author Author MARAL, Begüm TUNA, Neval Abstract A summary of the resource. Literature in advertising and new technological information systems suggests that internet network technologies generate new integrated applications. Day after day, computer-based cyberspace programs with realistic shadows and reflections take the attention of different sectors such as, biology, medicine, and advertising etc. At the first times, virtual reality and cyberspace advertisements are seemed to be a manifest. Recently, advertisements which use virtual reality technologies are seemed to be new marketing trend. Advertisements and marketing applications which are arranged through virtual reality are generated with the help of these integrated applications, called Cyberspace. ‘Cyberspace’ is an artificially generated automated system which can be visited simultaneously by many people via network computers. Cyberspace advertisements are generated through bundle of rays or holograms. With the virtual reality advertisements, cyberspace, which is one of the dimensions of postmodern world, is now a new tool for reaching customer’s mind, attracting more attention, creating more awareness and support the consumption stage. Multi-sensory computer-based programs which are used for cyberspace and interactive advertising in the consumer’s minds are now seemed to change the current consumer behavior and profiles. At the same time these systems, undoubtedly support the creative advertisement creation process. Therefore, the traditional marketing practices between producers and consumers start to become more interactive. With these new creative applications, customers are involved in the virtual reality marketing process interactively which in turn expected to create a new paradigm in marketing practices. Thereby, new virtual reality advertisement and marketing applications in Cyberspace world are now increasing and expected to be in advance of conventional marketing applications. These new technologies also affect the advertisers, advertising agencies and marketing practitioners. This study aims to introduce the new concepts of cyberspace and virtual reality advertising in the light of new technologies and marketing and secondly aims to determine the differences between conventional marketing techniques and cyberspace marketing throughout the Semiotics Approach. The research method of the paper is to analyze the real world applications of virtual reality advertisements throughout the world with using semiotic approaches and this paper offers a framework for understanding how virtual reality advertising is used in marketing communication by using Semiotic Research Methods. Keywords: Cyber, Cyberspace, Virtual Reality, Cyberspace Advertising, Virtual Reality Advertising. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/49310cf4c9e5955802faea0d8242666b.pdf 20222e9345ea809cdcc8a1aebd9b8de1 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Thinking "I" And "The Company" Were the Same Ensar Mekic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina emekic@ibu.edu.ba Emina Mekic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eminaheric@gmail.com The main objective of this paper is not only to explain and discuss managerial problem known as „I and company are the same“, but also to propose adequate solution that will be beneficial for managers in their practice. By using literature review methodological approach, several factors that are strongly related to this problem have been identified. Beside power and influence as important factors to consider, there are so called „shadows that leaders fail to recognize“, that are responsible for misleading manager to the point where he identify company by himself. At the end, there are guidelines based on specific literature which are useful for avoidance and solving this problem. Keywords: Management, Leadership, Power, Influence, Mistake. 102 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/68e4baef16273086d9d0a44c474269d1.docx 0074d501f50747f95e317d3a98413692 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e22c38546ea3e623297a940b99ecbfdf.pdf 89fd89b7d54db075552f2a3b972f30dc PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Thinking "I" And "The Company" Were the Same EnsarMekic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina emekic@ibu.edu.ba EminaMekic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eminaheric@gmail.com Abstract The main objective of this paper is not only to explain and discuss managerial problem known as „I and company are the same“, but also to propose adequate solution that will be beneficial for managers in their practice. By using literature review methodological approach, several factors that are strongly related to this problem have been identified. Beside power and influence as important factors to consider, there are so called „shadows that leaders fail to recognize“, that are responsible for misleading manager to the point where he identify company by himself. At the end, there are guidelines based on specific literature which are useful for avoidance and solving this problem. Keywords: Management, Leadership, Power, Influence, Mistake. Introduction Intention of this paper was to emphasize both, the positive and negative side of leadership in business by paying special attention to the later. To realize this, literature review has been prepared and the work was divided into three parts. Since topic is closely related to companies, and this essay is not only about management, but about leadership as well, in the first part of reflection paper, differences and also inseparable linkages between leaders and managers were emphasized. For one company, having a good manager is of great importance, but having a leader is its competitive advantage. In the second part you will be able to discuss the power as strength and power as threat for a company. This issue leads to two faces of leadership, positive one, and dark one. In the last, third part, we explained how dark side of using power can lead to the point when manager thinks that he/she and company were the same. This point is example of mature stage of improper usage of power in business, and it represents huge managerial failure. Also, this paper proposes solutions and advices for how to avoid such a failure, and how to become great manager by being a good leader. Literature Review Paper written by Patrick A. Duignan (1988) is paper that discusses management as an art or a science? This article argues very strongly that management is, in fact, an art, and raises interesting distinctions between management and leadership. Maybe the most important part of his work which contributes to this paper is sub title „Management and Organisational Structures Can and Should Facilitate Leadership“ in which he stated that through the organisational structures, and the management processes and procedures, leadership act finds concrete expression (Patrick A Duignan, 1988). 187 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Leadership is present in all aspects of management. Sonny Nwankwo and Bill Richardson (1996) discussed Quality management through visionary leadership and concluded that visionary leaders focus on quality, and exemplify the critical leadership competence in quality management, as a basis for successful strategic development (Sonny Nwankwo and Bill Richardson, 1996). Inseparable linkage of leadership and management has been discussed always and from various perspectives of different authors. However, some concepts remained unclear. From 1988, we go to new literature written after second millenium (after 2000) and see this fact in reality. Hester Nienaber (2010) wrote a paper with purpose to explore the concepts of management and leadership. He founf through literature review that the concepts of management and leadership are intertwined. Accordingly, the word “management” has French and Italian roots, while the word “leadership” has Greek and Latin roots. He stated that in essence, these words are synonymous. All of the tasks fall within the boundaries of management, while leadership tasks overlap with management. Unlike management, leadership has no distinct task that falls exclusively within its boundary (Hester Nienaber, 2010). Prudence A. Clarke (2009) discussed the differences between management and leadership within the project environment. His paper highlights the need not only to understand the difference between project management and leadership, but also to use this differentiation in the identification, assessment and development of project services providers and as an integral part of organisational and people development for all companies involved in sponsoring, supporting or delivering projects (Prudence A. Clarke, 2009). According to Erwin Rausch (2003), there are eight questions that provide comprehensive system that can help managers to become more competent as managers, and as leaders. Those questions are simply about goals, communications, participation, competence, satisfaction, cooperation, norms and reviews (Erwin Rausch, 2003). Leadership vs. Management Since the topic of this paper is closely related to companies, and companies are managed by managers, we will firstly go through definitions, differences and inseparable linkages between managers and leaders. If we refer to comprehensive definition by Gary Yukl who said: “Leadership is a process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives.”, we will recognize some managerial functions within of it. Process of influencing others to understand and agree, for managers can mean motivating employees to perform well, making sure that each one of them properly understand his/her duties, have skills and knowledge to achieve their job related tasks. The last part of definition which says that leadership is a process of facilitating individual and collective efforts, from managerial perspective would be providing support in terms of equipment, trainings and everything else they need to be effective and efficient. Also, the fact that in the book “Leadership in Organizations”, Yukl is using terms “leader” and “manager” as synonyms, shows inseparable linkage between these two. According to Ricky W. Griffin, management is set of activities consisted of Planning and Decision Making, Organizing, Leading and Controlling. Those whose primary responsibility is to carry out mentioned activities are called managers. After we defined these two terms we 188 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo can conclude that every leader is a manager, but not every manager is a leader. Leadership is of great importance for management because they are connected and complementary. Of course, there are some differences between managers and leaders. According to Yukl, while managers value stability, order, efficiency and plan in the short-term, leaders value flexibility, innovation, adaptation and they plan in the long-term. However, all of mentioned characteristics are important in specific situations and specific life cycle stages of every organization. In the end, we can conclude that having a manager with leadership characteristics is great advantage for every company. Power and influence, strength or threat? Yukl stated that power refers to capacity of one party (the “agent”) to influence another party (the “target”). Since there are different sources of power, there are different types of power as well. Managers can have power by their position (legitimate, reward, coercive, information and ecological) and person (referent and expert power). Each one of mentioned power types can be used in good and bad way and manager has to know exactly where to use specific type of power, and how much to use. When it comes to manager’s intentions, power can be used for wealth of organization, but also for personal wealth. This opens a door to discuss two sides of leadership, or “Two faces of leadership” as John B. Washbush and Christine Clements say in their article. In the abstract, they mentioned psychologist David McClelland, who mentioned two types of power in his studies of managerial motivation: egoistic (using others for personal gain) and social (facilitating group cooperation and effort for the achievement of the general good). John B. Washbush and Christine Clements also said that leadership as influencing skill can have positive and negative results, and because of that it is not good always to define it as „doing the right thing“. Authors defined the positive face of leadership as the one who necessarily involves moral purpose. Dark side of it is of course the opposite and it refers to situations when agent with personal power seeks to use position and charisma for personal gain. Important thing to bear in mind is that leadership is instrumental in promoting social good, but it can lead to social disaster as well. Most often, theory and education focuses only on positive side of leadership, and dark side is being neglected. As John B. W. and Christine C. mentioned, bad decision making, frustration, dysfunctional organizations, unintended consequences, wasted resources, ruined careers, organizational decline or dissolution are not always accidents, they are very often consequences of leadership's dark side. Parker Palmer (1994, pp. 25-6) was emphasizing need to inside the leaders and prepare them spiritually firstly, and than focus on development of their skills to manipulate external world. Unfortunately, most of leadership development programs neglect spiritual preparation, and create threats for companies and society. Shadows that leaders fail to recognize In the essay Leaders, Fools and Imposters written by Kets de Vries (1993), it is mentioned that leaders actually often have no idea about the dangerous side of leadership they are exposed to. Such a shadows by Kets de Vries mentioned in article of John B. W. and Christine C. are: a) Mirroring refers to leaders' tendency to see themselves through the eyes of subordinates. They are actually focusing on how followers see them, and they are trying to satisfy all their projections. In other words, they forgot that Leadership is 189 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo two ways traffic. This can be extremely dangerous in a case of actions with serious and negative consequences for company. b) Narcisismrefers to leader's tendency to need power, prestidge and enjoy manipulation of others. This can lead to very negative leader behavior suci is: intolerant of criticism, unwilling to compromise, and frequently surrounding themselves with sychopants. c) Emotional illiteracy is inability to differentiate and verbalize emotion. Such a people have lack of emotional ability to empathize, energize, foster creativity and respond appropriately to conflict. d) Fear of losing the position is strong ego identification with a leadership position. In the head of such a person, losing the position is being equal with nothing. The fear that their legacy will be destroyed motivates them to hold on power as long as possible. Once again, these shadows are reminding us that leaders needs to understand themselves, their personalities, be open to all forms of information and feedback and have right extent of being sensitive to what subordinates are telling them. If they don't do this, they will be slaves of leadership shadows we mentioned above, and they will come to point in which they will think that they are the company, they are the organization, and nothing else is important. Thinking „I“ and „The Company“ were the same “I am the state.”(Louis XIV) Leah Brown, CEO of A10 Clinical, which runs clinical trials for new drugs and conducts health research said: “During the start-up phase, I had so much passion behind the business that I would measure my self-worth based on how well the company was doing. This is totally the wrong way to think. The entrepreneur is a human being. The business is an entity. I had to learn to separate the two; otherwise I found myself down in the dumps when things went wrong with the business. When things don’t go according to plan, this is the most crucial time for the entrepreneur to be inspiring, enterprising, fearless, and most importantly self-assuring to oneself and the team.”i When we read this quotation and then turn back to John B. W. and Christine Clements' article, we can easily notice the parallel. In the beginning of their article, authors in context of McClelland's work (1970, 1976) said that people who employ personal power see followers as utilitarian tools, incapable of independent thought, and captured by the magnetism of an overwhelming personality. Such managers are not open to any kind of feedback, they do not have exchange with subordinates, they do not explain their requests, they even exceed their scope of authority, they don't offer rewards, they are not calm and they can't avoid appearance of hostility, sometimes they use punishments that are not legitimate and fair, they do not act supportive etc. Of course, as we already mentioned, behaviors like this will lead to bad decision making, frustration, dysfunctional organizations, wasted resources, ruined careers, organizational decline and similar negative consequences. In conclusion, we can say that manager's thinking that he is the same as the company, is one of the biggest and one of the most dectructive managerial mistakes he can make. 190 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Proposals for Solving the Problem The best solution always is avoidance of the problem, most often it means cutting the root. Since the root of this problem is of internal nature which means that it is within the manager (leader), theorists will have to focus on dark side of leadership to same extent they are focusing on leadership as “doing the right things”. The mentioned concern of Parker Palmer is very important in creating solution for this problem. Leaders’ trainings should be prepared in a way that they firstly prepare them spiritually, and then prepare them to influence external world. In other words, leaders should be firstly aware of what is the purpose of their power, where they should use it, how they should use it, and to which extent they should use it. Additionally, we can mention some guidelines and advices by Yukl when it comes to proper usage of power. These guidelines should be always in mind of every manager: - Make polite clear requests, and explain the reason for request, - Don’t exceed your scope of authority, and verify authority if necessary, - Follow up proper channels, - Insist on compliance if appropriate, - Offer types of rewards that people desire, and that are fair and ethical, - Use rewards symbolically (not in a manipulative way), - Explain rules and requirements, and ensure that people understand them, - Don’t show favoritism when responding to infractions, - Investigate to get the facts before using punishments, and avoid jumping to conclusions, - Provide verbal warnings before punishments, and administer such a warnings in private, - Use only punishments that are legitimate, fair and according to seriousness of infraction, - Act supportive and helpful, - Do unsolicited favors, - Make self-sacrifices to show concern, Conclusion History taught us that power in wrong hands leads to disaster. Every leader is a manager but every manager is not a leader. Manager with leadership characteristics is better for company than manager without them. However, leadership has its traps, and only those who are always aware of their own skills, competencies and leadership characteristics, companies’ strategic objectives, stakeholders and their needs, and of importance to have sustainable and moral approach to leadership, they will be great managers. This study shows what happens in opposite situation. More accurately said, it shows us how person can come to position when he/she is not aware of his/her activities and what kind of consequences can arise if he/she is neglecting this small, but important list. Of course, not less important contribution by this paper is solution for such a problems based on literature review. Another aim of this work is to be incentive for paying more attention on potential negative side of leadership by theorists and academics in education process so failures can be avoided. 191 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo References Erwin Rausch, (2003) "Guidelines for management and leadership decision", Management Decision, Vol. 41 Iss: 10, pp.979 – 988 Gary Yukl. Leadership in organizations, Pearson, New York. Hester Nienaber, (2010) "Conceptualisation of management and leadership", Management Decision, Vol. 48 Iss: 5, pp.661 – 675 John B. W., Christine C. (1999). The two faces of leadership, Career Development International,Vol. 4 Kets de Vries, M.F.R. (1993), Leaders, Fools and Imposters: Essays on the Psychology of Leadership, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. Patrick A. Duignan, (1988) "Reflective Management: The Key to Quality Leadership", International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 2 Iss: 2, pp.3 – 12 Prudence A. Clarke, (2009) "Leadership, beyond project management", Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 41 Iss: 4, pp.187 – 194 Ricky W. Griffin. Management, New York Sonny Nwankwo, Bill Richardson, (1996) "Quality management through visionary leadership", Managing Service Quality, Vol. 6 Iss: 4, pp.44 – 47 i http://www.forbes.com/sites/groupthink/2012/01/13/seven-mistakes-promising-companies-make/2/ 192 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1574 Title A name given to the resource Thinking "I" And "The Company" Were the Same Author Author MEKIĆ, Ensar MEKIĆ, Emina Abstract A summary of the resource. The main objective of this paper is not only to explain and discuss managerial problem known as „I and company are the same“, but also to propose adequate solution that will be beneficial for managers in their practice. By using literature review methodological approach, several factors that are strongly related to this problem have been identified. Beside power and influence as important factors to consider, there are so called „shadows that leaders fail to recognize“, that are responsible for misleading manager to the point where he identify company by himself. At the end, there are guidelines based on specific literature which are useful for avoidance and solving this problem. Keywords: Management, Leadership, Power, Influence, Mistake. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f30623d9779a3551d818234679066a2c.pdf 1cc95ce1cc3f8ab3a1148a907538c247 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Could burnout be a reason behind airlines accident? An Empirical Study in Turkish Airlines Companies Cengiz Mengenci Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey cengiz.mengenci@yalova.edu.tr Şenay Yürür Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey senyurur@gmail.com Ömür Gündüz Topçu Turkish Airlines Company, İstanbul, Turkey Competitive advantage is highly important factor in all sectors. It would be said that having and sustaining competitive advantage in airlines companies depend on safety of flight and quality of services in flight and on the ground. Pilots and flight attendants, in good mental, psychological and physical health give passengers guaranty of safe flight and also high quality of services. On the other hand, research results show that % 60 to % 80 of aircraft accidents happen due to human factor. Researchers try to figure out where human factor makes mistakes. Stress and fatigue were defined one of the reason behind human mistakes and aircraft accidents. According to literature, Burnout syndrome might cause companies workers to have negative, callous and dehumanized responses to their customer, increase turnover intention, high stress, job dissatisfaction and decrease the quality of services. This syndrome might be the reason that cockpit and cabin crew live and suffer from stress and fatigue, cause for accident and low quality service in airlines companies. In this study aims to figure out burnout relationship with stress and supervisory support and how much burnout differ according to professional position difference in cockpit and the cabin of the aircraft. To collect data, Peeters, Buunk ve Schaufeli’s (1995) supervisory support survey, House and Rizzo-(1972) stress survey and Maslach burnout inventory survey will be used. Surveys will be delivered to Turkish Airlines Companies. Data will be collected from pilot, copilot and flight attendants. To analysis survey data, correlation and regression analysis will be used. According to the hypothesis developed, the relationships between burnout, stress and supervisory support will be analyzed and findings will be reported. This study will contribute to the literature with empirical findings about relationship between burnout, stress and supervisory support especially in Turkish Airlines Companies. Keywords: Burnout, Stress, Supervisory support, Professional Position. 77 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1513 Title A name given to the resource Could burnout be a reason behind airlines accident? An Empirical Study in Turkish Airlines Companies Author Author MENGENECI, Cengiz YURUR, Senay GUNDUZ TOPCU, Omur Abstract A summary of the resource. Competitive advantage is highly important factor in all sectors. It would be said that having and sustaining competitive advantage in airlines companies depend on safety of flight and quality of services in flight and on the ground. Pilots and flight attendants, in good mental, psychological and physical health give passengers guaranty of safe flight and also high quality of services. On the other hand, research results show that % 60 to % 80 of aircraft accidents happen due to human factor. Researchers try to figure out where human factor makes mistakes. Stress and fatigue were defined one of the reason behind human mistakes and aircraft accidents. According to literature, Burnout syndrome might cause companies workers to have negative, callous and dehumanized responses to their customer, increase turnover intention, high stress, job dissatisfaction and decrease the quality of services. This syndrome might be the reason that cockpit and cabin crew live and suffer from stress and fatigue, cause for accident and low quality service in airlines companies. In this study aims to figure out burnout relationship with stress and supervisory support and how much burnout differ according to professional position difference in cockpit and the cabin of the aircraft. To collect data, Peeters, Buunk ve Schaufeli’s (1995) supervisory support survey, House and Rizzo-(1972) stress survey and Maslach burnout inventory survey will be used. Surveys will be delivered to Turkish Airlines Companies. Data will be collected from pilot, copilot and flight attendants. To analysis survey data, correlation and regression analysis will be used. According to the hypothesis developed, the relationships between burnout, stress and supervisory support will be analyzed and findings will be reported. This study will contribute to the literature with empirical findings about relationship between burnout, stress and supervisory support especially in Turkish Airlines Companies. Keywords: Burnout, Stress, Supervisory support, Professional Position. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564