155 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/57511de7d445d5d0d98a45649f3521a0.pdf b9cda18f0d0d1f44fdaa11e2ba5697cc PDF Text Text PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 INVESTIGATION OF A BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEM BASED ON ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS Abbas Alpaslan Kocer1, Yunus Emre Yuksel2, Murat Ozturk3 1 Uluborlu Selahattin Karasoy Vocational School, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta Turkey, alpaslankocer@sdu.edu.tr 2 Department of Science and Education, Education Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyon, Turkey, yeyuksel@aku.edu.tr 3 Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta Turkey, muratozturk@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Biomass gasification procedure is a very complex process and it is influenced by many physical and chemical factors such as biomass gasification temperature and gasifier type. Thermodynamic assessment methodology based on the energy and exergy analysis can be used to evaluate the system performance and environmental impacts. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis of the biomass gasification system is given for the whole system and its components. The parametric studies reveal the effects of design and operating indicators on the exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rate. The result shows that the gasification temperatures for the biomass gasification system change significantly with the type of the gasifying medium. Keywords: Biomass gasification, energy analysis, exergy analysis, parametric study. 187 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS 1. Introduction Energy is a key indicator for social, cultural and economic development of any country, and also is evaluated as an important aspect for sustainable development. It has been clearly seen that the energy production and consumption rate of a country is proportional to its economic status. By extension, the development of a country can be quantified as a ratio of its energy consumption per capita. Fossil energy sources, such as crude oil and natural gas, have been and refined to serve a dramatic growth in world population especially since the 1970s. Nevertheless, it is usually indicated that fossil energy sources are not sufficient to meet the constantly expanding needs of humanity. Conventional energy sources are non-renewable; they draw on finite sources that will finally dwindle, becoming more expensive or environmentally damaging to retrieve. Actually, at the nowadays consumption rate, conventional energy sources are reaching a natural discharge limitation with ongoing depletion [Ozturk et al., 2008]. Moreover, having relied merely on conventional energy sources has exhibited different significant environmental damages. Renewable energy sources are one of the most promising solutions for this energy demand. Alternative energy sources should preferentially be more environmentally and economical than conventional fossil energy sources in order to present wide scale applications. On the other hand, global warming, air pollution, acid precipitation, ozone depletion, forest destruction, and emission of radioactive substances are among the significant environmental problems [Ozturk et al., 2009]. Clean energy conversion and production variations with lower environmental concern should be obtained by considering all mentioned issues simultaneously [Dincer, 2000]. The usage of alternative energy sources provides a clean way to reduce the emissions of poisonous gases, such as CO, CO2, NOx and SOx. As an important example, in Turkey, approximately 25% of greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by usage of renewable energy sources. Many developed and developing countries installed intensive search plans in the before 1970s to install renewable energy technologies and change fossil energy sources [Ozturk et al., 2011]. The renewable energy technologies are the flat-plate solar panel installation for roofs of the residential and commercial building for heating and hot water production applications; photovoltaic (PV) system, wind turbine and ocean system for the electricity production; water splitting for hydrogen output; and biomass or bio-waste for conversion to gaseous fuel sources via gasification system for heat, steam or electricity generation. Biomass is a large potential renewable energy sources, supplied from plants and animal wastes. It is one of the oldest renewable energy sources and has been used by humankind for daily needs since centuries [Toonssen et al., 2008]. To produce energy from biomass, the most preferred method is conventional combustion of biomass. This technique is not only valid in Turkey but also throughout the World. According to method which produces energy from biomass, biomass techniques are classified as classic and modern biomass. Classic biomass is the most popular method until now and this procedure consists of burning biomass such as wood, plant residues, and animal dung. Modern biomass technologies are new relative to classic ones and modern biomass is still on the development stages. In modern biomass technique, biomass is converted into solid, liquid or gas fuels by means of bio-chemical and thermo-chemical processes. Investigations of the thermodynamic system are complex processes and involve consideration of the system components and their characteristic, chemical reaction and thermodynamic loss. Energy conversion technologies such as biomass gasification system should be investigated for their performance by using the first and second laws of thermodynamic (or energy and and exergy analysis). The use of exergy analysis should allow the determination of the processes 188 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 having the greatest irreversibilities, as well as the causes and locations of the irreversibilities. Exergy analysis also would allow exergy efficiencies to be determined for whole system and its components. These important indicators should be used in design or retrofit of the process for increasing system performance. In this paper, energy and exergy analysis of the biomass gasification system and energy and exergy efficiencies of the system components are investigated for better system design. The simulations have been performed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software program. The following is a general outline of the present study;  To investigate the effects of temperature and pressure of the gasifier, and biomass concentration variation on the biomass gasification system.  To develop a theoretical model based on the thermodynamic laws performed in order to study in greater detail the effect of process flows on gasification system and investigate its performance.  To calculate the exergy content for the system components including the chemical exergies for the biomass gasification plant.  To investigate the performance assessments of the gasification system. 2. Properties of Biomass Each biomass fuel has significantly different fuel properties, and the gasification chamber properties should be designed by using fuel properties. The specific properties of biomass sources are given in Table 1. Generally, biomass energy sources have less carbon, more oxygen and moisture contents than coal sources. Because of higher moisture and oxygen content, the lower heating values (LHV) and higher heating values (HHV) of biomass fuels are significantly lower than coal sources. The LHV and larger particle size of biomass sources cause storage difficulties. But, biomass sources have lower nitrogen and sulphur contents than coal sources, which are clearer, based on greenhouse gas emissions. The HHV of biomass sources is calculated from the following equation [Loo and J. Koppejan, 2008]; (1) where subscript B is biomass fuel, C, H, S, N, O and A are the carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and ash content of biomass sample in weight %, respectively. Proximate and ultimate analysis (wt%) of biomass examples are given in Table 2. Table 1. Specific properties of biomass sources Specific properties Density (kg/m3) Particle size (mm) SiO2 Contents (wt% of dry ash) K2O (wt% of dry ash) Fe2O3 (wt% of dry ash) Al2O3 (wt% of dry ash) Lower Heating Value (kJ/kg) Values ~480-520 ~2.8-3.2 ~23-49 ~4-48 ~1.5-8.5 ~2.4-9.5 ~14,000-21,000 189 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Table 2. Proximate and ultimate analyses (wt%) of biomass sources Beech bark Oak wood Sawdust Switch Grass Straw Almond shell Proximate analysis (received basis) VM FC M A 67.5 17 8.4 7.1 73 20 6.5 0.3 55.1 9.3 34.9 0.7 70.8 12.8 11.9 4.5 64.3 13.8 12.4 9.5 69.5 20.2 7.2 3.1 Ultimate analysis (dry ash free basis) C O H N S 51 41.8 6 0.7 0.11 50 42.9 6.1 0.3 0.10 49 43.4 6.1 0.7 0.11 49 43.4 6.1 0.7 0.11 48 44.5 5.6 1 0.13 50 42.5 6.2 1 0.05 CI 0.11 0.01 0.08 0.54 0.06 3. System Design Figure 1 shows a schematic of the biomass gasification system, modeled for the theoretical investigation. Both air and the biomass fuels enter the gasifier at the environment temperature and pressure. Gasification takes place in the gasification chamber and the flue gases after exchanging the heat with the feed water exit through the stack at 155 °C. The most of the ash, which is assumed approximately as 80% fly ash, exits the gasifier with the flue gases by the chimney. Gasification technology converts biomass fuels into product gases that should be used in energy conversation technology as an input gas fuel. The product gases are generally consists of CO, CO2, CH4 and H2, and combusted to generate heat and shaft work. The produced gasses are also used as feedstock for the production of synthesis gas, liquid fuels and different chemicals. The lower heating values of the produced gases should be determined via the gasses composition data. The outputs of the biomass gasification chamber also include unused materials, such as particulars, tar, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Produced Gases, T=TR Biomass fuels Biomass gasifier (Tbg) Particular, tar, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide T=T0 Air T=T0 Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the biomass gasification system The biomass gasification reaction for 1 kg dry biomass source should be written as follows; (2) Here, c, h, o and n values are used as kmol/kg, and mass fraction. 190 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 4. Thermodynamic Analysis Thermodynamic analysis of a biomass gasification system and its components requires special consideration of multiple aspects, such as fluid dynamics, gasifier design, gas-dynamics and thermodynamics of expanding flows with non-linear behavior and heat transfer. The proposed mathematical model for a biomass gasification system includes the conservation of mass, energy and exergy. To mathematically describe the biomass gasification system, a comprehensive knowledge of physical and chemical exergy content for processes is required. Mass, energy, entropy and exergy balance equations should be written for system components and for the whole system under the assumption of steady state operation. This is done in regard to a selected working fluid in a given cycle configuration and imposed operating conditions of source. A general balance equation for any quantity in a system can be written as [Dincer and Rosen, 2013]; Input + Generation – Output- Consumption = Accumulation The general mass, energy, entropy and exergy balance equations for system thermodynamic analysis on control volumes of process components are written as follows, respectively; Mass balance equation; (3) Energy balance equation; (4) Entropy balance equation; (5) where T is the temperature at where heat transfer cross the system boundary. Exergy balance equation; (6) where is the exergy destruction rate. Exergy analysis should be given as the highest content of work that should be derived by investigating processes that bring the system into equilibrium [Szargut et al., 1988; Rosen, 1986]. 4.1 General efficiency equations The energy efficiency ( ) of the investigated system should be given as the ratio of useful energy produced by the process to the total energy input. The useful produced energy represents the desired results produced by the system components, such as electricity, heating and cooling, hot water, hydrogen and other chemicals. The energy efficiency for steady-state processes should be written as follows: 191 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS (7) Exergy efficiency of the system components and whole system give the main effectiveness of each process of the system. The exergy efficiency ( ) of the investigated system can be given as the divided of exergy output rate ( ) that is created by the considered system to the overall exergy inlet rate ( ) that is cross the boundaries of the system. The exergy efficiency for steady-state processes should be written as follows: (8) 5. Assumptions The chosen assumptions for this paper are given as follows:  All the system components and whole system operate at steady state conditions.  All the proses gases are considered as ideal gases.  References ambient temperature and pressure are chosen as 25 oC and 1 atm, respectively.  Ambient reference air considerations are considered as 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen on the volume basis.  Heat loss via radiation and convection from the gasifier to the environment is 1-2% of fuel energy input [Basu et al., 2000; Fauklker and de Saouza-Santos, 2010].  Kinetic and potential energy impacts are neglected. 6. System Analysis The exergy contents of flowing material have two indicators, such as physical exergy part and chemical exergy part. In the gasification system, both physical and chemical exergy indicators should be required because chemical reactions take place in the gasifier while only physical exergy is combined by the steam process elements. The specific exergy for an investigated state should be written as follows; (9) The physical exergy or specific flow exergy should be given as follows; (10) The chemical exergy contents of ideal gas should be given as follows; (11) where, zi is the mole fractions of the ith components and is the molar chemical exergy at the given reference temperature and pressure, and should be given as follows [Kotas, 1980]; (12) 192 | P a g e �PROCEEDINGS th ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ ISSD 2014 where , and T are standard molar chemical exergy of ith chemical composition, formation enthalpy and gasifier temperature, respectively. The specific values of standard molar chemical exergies of the various substances given in the theoretical investigation are given in Table 3 [Cengel and Boles, 2006]. Table 3. Standard enthalpy and chemical exergy of various substances Substance O2 (g) N2 (g) CO2 (g) H2O (g) H2O (l) SO2 (g) NO (g) NO2 (g) Standard enthalpy (MJ/mol) 0 0 -393.52 -241.82 -285.83 -297.10 90.59 33.72 Standard chemical exergy (MJ/mol) 3.97 0.72 19.87 9.5 0.9 313.40 88.90 55.60 The exergy balance equation of the gasification chamber should be given as follows; (13) where , , , and are exergy rate of biomass fuels, air, heat, hot product gases and exergy destruction rate of gasifier, respectively. Biomass fuels and air enter the gasifier at reference temperature and pressure, therefore their physical exergies equal zero. In this paper, specific chemical exergies of biomass fuels are calculated using the method which proposed by Szargut [2005], and this methology should be given as follows; (14) where w is weight percent (w%) of moisture in fuel and is the specific chemical exergy of water at ambient temperature and pressure. The coefficient f is derived from experimental results, and should be calculated as follows; (15) The chemical exergy of the air should be determined as follows; (16) where Aa is air molar flow rate, nitrogen, respectively. and are specific chemical exergy of oxygen and 7. Results and Discussion In this paper, Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software program utilized to investigate the modeling biomass gasification system based on the thermodynamic assessment methodology. 193 | P a g e �th ISSD 2014 The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Also, EES contains built in library of thermodynamic data for many chemical substances. Exergy destruction rate, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the biomass gasification system components are investigated in the present paper, besides the assessment of system components performance. Heat is lost from the gasifier to the environment during the process that has been approved in many papers. Heat transfer through the temperature difference always increases the entropy generation or exergy destruction rate. In order to investigate the gasifier efficiency, analysis results of exergy destruction rate can help to identify the defect within the gasification plant, and the system efficiency should be improved via modification of the biomass gasification plant from considering reduction of heat losses in the further system design. Energy contents of matters are the measure of quantity, but exergy contents of matters are measure of both quantity and quality of energy contents. Exergy values of biomass fuels are approximately 20% greater than energy values by exergetic indicator (). In addition to that, exergetic indicators of biomass fuels are higher than coal samples. The system performances have been investigated in terms of key indicators. Gasifier temperature, ambient temperature and pressure, work output, exergy destruction rate and main losses are used for efficiency analysis of the biomass gasification system. It is also observed that moisture contents of biomass fuels have more important effects on the decrease of gasifier outlet temperatures than ash contents. The effects of varying ambient temperature from 10 °C to 30 °C on the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency of the biomass gasification system are given in Figure 2. According to the Figure 2, the exergy destruction rate of the biomass gasification system decreases with rising ambient temperature. On the other hand, exergy efficiency of the biomass gasification system increases with increasing ambient temperature. 0.462 340.5 0.4618 340 0.4616 339.5 0.4614 339 0.4612 y gasifier (%) ExD,gasifier (MW) 341 Ex D,gasifier 338.5 338 10 0.461 y gasifier 14 18 22 26 0.4608 30 T0 (oC) Figure 2. Variations with ambient temperature of the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency for the biomass gasification system Figure 3 shows that, the exergy destruction rate of the gasifier decreases with increasing gasifer temperature from 625 °C to 850 °C, but its exergy efficiency increases. The variations of exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiencies of gasifer remain almost linear depending on the ambient and gasifier temperature. These results are expected since the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency of the process are usually inversely proportional properties. 194 | P a g e �th PROCEEDINGS ______ The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ 326 ISSD 2014 0.502 0.5 0.498 0.496 325 0.494 0.492 324.5 ExD,gasifier 0.49 y gasifier 324 625 y gasifier (%) ExD,gasifier (MW) 325.5 650 675 700 725 750 775 800 825 0.488 850 o T gasifier ( C) Figure 3. Variations with gasifier temperature of the exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency for the biomass gasification system 8. Conclusions The main objective of the present study is to investigate the biomass gasification system operating characteristics that provide power for various operating conditions by using parametric analyses. The parametric analyses compare the system components and their responses to variations in selected operating conditions, such as ambient temperature and gasifer temperature. In addition to that, exergy efficiency of the biomass gasification is investigated to indicate how the gasification process reaches the real operating conditions. The main conclusions of the present paper should be given as follows;  Mass, energy and exergy balance equations for the system components and whole system are necessary to investigate the gasification system performance.  The parametric studies are very useful to investigate the variations of system efficiency for changing operating indicators.  Decreasing the exergy destruction rate of biomass gasification system components and whole system, and increasing the energy and exergy efficiency result in decreased greenhouse gas emissions, less environmental impacts and increased sustainability.  Important cause for higher exergy destruction rate or lower exergy efficiency in the present paper is highly irreversible chemical reaction in the biomass gasifier. 9. References Basu, P., Kefa, C., & Jestin, L. (2000). Boilers and Burners: Design and Theory. Springer, New York. Cengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (2006). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. Fifty Edition, Boston: McGraw Hill. Dincer, I. (2000). Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 4,157-175. Dincer I., & Rosen M. A. (2013). Exergy, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, First ed.: Elsevier. 195 | P a g e �ISSD 2014 th The 5 International Symposium on Sustainable Development_______ PROCEEDINGS Fauklker, L., & de Saouza-Santos, M. L. (2010). Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification. Second Edition, CRC Press. Kotas, T. J. (1980). Exergy concepts for thermal plant: First of two papers on exergy techniques in thermal plant analysis. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 2(3);105-114. Loo, S. V., & Koppejan, J. (2008). The Handbook of Biomass Combustion and Co-firing. London: Earthscan. Ozturk, M., Bezir, N. C., & Ozek, N. (2008). Energy Market Structure of Turkey. Energy Sources Part B. 3, 384-395. Ozturk, M., Bezir, N. C., & Ozek, N. (2009). Hydropower-Water and Renewable Energy in Turkey: Sources and Policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, 605-615. Ozturk, M., Ozek, N., & Yuksel, Y. E. (2011). Energetic and Exergetic Performance Assessment of Some Coals in Turkey for Gasification Process. International Journal of Exergy, 8(3), 297-309. Rosen, M. A. (1986). The development and application of a process analysis methodology and code based on exergy, cost, energy and mass, Toronto: University of Toronto. Szargut, J. (2005). Exergy Method: Technical and Ecological Applications, Southhampton, U.K: WIT Press. Szargut J., Morris D.R., & Steward F.R. (1988). Exergy Analysis of Thermal,Chemical, and Metallurgical Processes, New York: John Benjamins Publishing Co. Toonssen, R., Woudstra, N., & Verkooijen, A. H. M. (2008). Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen Production Plants Based on Biomass Gasification‖, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33, 4074–4082. 196 | P a g e � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2527 Title A name given to the resource INVESTIGATION OF A BIOMASS GASIFICATION SYSTEM BASED ON ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS Author Author KOCER, Abbas Alpaslan YUKSEL, Yunus Emre OZTURK, Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. Biomass gasification procedure is a very complex process and it is influenced by many physical and chemical factors such as biomass gasification temperature and gasifier type. Thermodynamic assessment methodology based on the energy and exergy analysis can be used to evaluate the system performance and environmental impacts. In this paper, thermodynamic analysis of the biomass gasification system is given for the whole system and its components. The parametric studies reveal the effects of design and operating indicators on the exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rate. The result shows that the gasification temperatures for the biomass gasification system change significantly with the type of the gasifying medium. Keywords: Biomass gasification, energy analysis, exergy analysis, parametric study. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-05-15 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-36-3 Q Science (General),QH301 Biology,QH426 Genetics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/da5dbe9253e35225b63e89a415bf7f91.docx 64fac304bea0a41c55a71f08473e00c6 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60facb05ce02a03022882dae5f622273.pdf d5ba3dfcf3fe5bd8e6a1435b51963ddb PDF Text Text INVESTIGATION OF AGING TEST METHODS ON ADSS CABLES İbrahim Güneş Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey gunesi@Istanbul.edu.tr Keywords:Dryband Arcing, ADSS Cable, Aging, Insulation material. ABSTRACT All dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) fiber optic cables have been installed in power transmission lines. As time passed, ADSS cable failures started to occur since ADSS cables, placed under transmission lines, have been subjected to a high electrical field. Dry band arcing is one of the electrical phenomena that causes most of these failures and it is a common problem in industry. In order to investigate the reasons of cable failures, several studies have been carried out and a new testing method was developed for the IEEE 1222 standard. This new method simulates the actual field conditions for ADSS cables, and at the same time, it determines the dry band arcing resistance. Rather than defining the insulation strength of the cable, the IEEE 1222 method decides the quality of the cable insulation material. In this study; two different dry band arcing test method is used to investigate the surface behavior of ADSS cables. At first cables were tested according to IEEE 1222 test standart then at the same laboratory conditions, ADSS cable samples studied for the first time under the sag conditions. The results taken from the experimental work were studied with weibull statistics. The reliability, unreliability failure rate and probability density functions (pdf), variations acquired and discussed for two different test set up. The statistical comparison gives us that the aging behavior of the ADSS cables is the same under different experimental conditions. ADSS optical cables have so far shown an acceptable performance on lines up to 150 kV. Nonetheless, failures have occurred with ADSS cables installed on lines with a higher voltage. These failures are caused by electrical phenomena, such as corona, sparking and dry band arcing, since the cables are exposed to the strong electrical field environment. The basic concept of the arc resistance test is that the energized cable is sprayed by salt water for few minutes. This produces conducting wet layer on the cable surface and initiate leakage current. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2079 Title A name given to the resource INVESTIGATION OF AGING TEST METHODS ON ADSS CABLES Author Author GUNES, Ibrahim Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Dryband Arcing, ADSS Cable, Aging, Insulation material. ABSTRACT All dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) fiber optic cables have been installed in power transmission lines. As time passed, ADSS cable failures started to occur since ADSS cables, placed under transmission lines, have been subjected to a high electrical field. Dry band arcing is one of the electrical phenomena that causes most of these failures and it is a common problem in industry. In order to investigate the reasons of cable failures, several studies have been carried out and a new testing method was developed for the IEEE 1222 standard. This new method simulates the actual field conditions for ADSS cables, and at the same time, it determines the dry band arcing resistance. Rather than defining the insulation strength of the cable, the IEEE 1222 method decides the quality of the cable insulation material. In this study; two different dry band arcing test method is used to investigate the surface behavior of ADSS cables. At first cables were tested according to IEEE 1222 test standart then at the same laboratory conditions, ADSS cable samples studied for the first time under the sag conditions. The results taken from the experimental work were studied with weibull statistics. The reliability, unreliability failure rate and probability density functions (pdf), variations acquired and discussed for two different test set up. The statistical comparison gives us that the aging behavior of the ADSS cables is the same under different experimental conditions. ADSS optical cables have so far shown an acceptable performance on lines up to 150 kV. Nonetheless, failures have occurred with ADSS cables installed on lines with a higher voltage. These failures are caused by electrical phenomena, such as corona, sparking and dry band arcing, since the cables are exposed to the strong electrical field environment. The basic concept of the arc resistance test is that the energized cable is sprayed by salt water for few minutes. This produces conducting wet layer on the cable surface and initiate leakage current. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b51c71fd48aa198a147ca5e2b8ac316d.pdf 3340fa7d58d784ecbefbf99d342de1a8 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Investigation of Cluster Analysis in Surface Water in Yesilirmak River Nurgul Ozbay Engineering Faculty, Bilecik University, Bilecik, TUR KEY nurgul.ozbay@bilecik.edu.tr Suheyla Yerel Bozuyuk Vocational School, Bilecik University, Bilecik, TUR KEY suheyla.yerel@bilecik.edu.tr Huseyin Ankara Department of Mining Engineering, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, TURKEY hankara@ogu.edu.tr Abstract: The main aim of this study is focused on surface water quality classification of the Yesilirmak River (Turkey) and evaluation of pollution dataset obtained by the monitoring stations. The study shows the application of selected statistical technique to the pollution monitoring dataset, namely, cluster analysis. Cluster analysis is an exploratory data analysis tool for solving classifications problems. Its objective is to sort cases into clusters so that degree of association is strongly members of the same cluster and weak between members of different clusters. The analysis of the monitoring stations identified two clusters. It was concluded that agricultural pollution strongly effected Stations II and Station III. Finally, it was believed to help surface water management to water quality issues and determine priorities to improve surface water quality. 1. Introduction The surface water quality is a matter of serious concern today. Rivers, due to their role in carrying off the municipal and industrial wastewater and runoff from agricultural land in their vast drainage basins, are among the most vulnerable water bodiesto pollution. The surface water qualityin a region islargely determined both by the natural process and the anthropogenicinfluence of water quality (Carpenter etal.,1998, Singh et al., 2005; Yerel, 2009). The particular problem in the case of water quality monitoring has a complexity associated with analyzing thelarge number of measured variables. The data sets contain richinformation aboutthe behavior of the water resources. The classification and interpretation of monitoring stations are the most important steps in the assessment of surface water quality.In orderto determine the data structure,to classify and modelthe data sets, to reveal time trends and to identify the contribution of pollution etc. cluster analysis should be applied. Some applications of the cluster analysis have also been carried out. Muri (2004) has investigated basic physical and chemical characteristics of water in lakes using cluster analysis. Although the water quality has deteriorated in some lakes, most of the lakes are stillin a good condition. Boyacioglu and Boyacioglu (2008) suggested that cluster analysis was applied to assess water quality. In their study, cluster analysis can be used to understand complex nature of water quality issues and determine priorities to improve water quality. The aim of this study was to examine whether or not the monitoring stations were similar by using single linkage cluster analysis. 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Dataset Surface water quality dataset covers a year and contains the values of selected pollution indicators for three monitoring stations from the Yesilirmak River in Turkey. Coordinates of the monitoring stations were 237 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo depicted in Tab. 1 and selected pollution indicators were given in Tab. 2,respectively. Station No X Y Station I 299530 4470025 Station II 287150 4468680 Station III 271125 4463355 Table 1. Coordinates ofthe monitoring stations Parameter Symbol DO Units mg/l Cl− mg / l SO −42 mg / l A m monium NH +4 − N mg / l Nitrite nitrogen NO −2 − N mg / l Nitrates NO3− − N mg / l Total phosphorus P-tot mg/l Total Dissolved Solid TDS mg/l Dissolved oxygen Chloride Sulfate Table 2. Selected pollution indicators 2.2. Cluster analysis Cluster analysisis an exploratory data analysistool for solving classification problems. Its objective is to sort cases into groups or clusters, so that the degree of association is strong between members of the same cluster and weak between members of different clusters. Each cluster thus describes, in terms of the data collected, the class to which its members belong; and this description may be abstracted through use from the particular to the general class type (Einax et al., 1998; Kowalkowski et al., 2006). Itis evident that the cluster analysisis usefulin offering reliable classification of surface waterinthe whole region and would make possible to design a future spatialsampling strategy in an optimal manner. Thus,the number of observation stationsin the monitoring network will be reduced, hence cost without loosing any significance of the outcome (Singh et al., 2005). In this case of cluster analysis,the similarities-dissimilarities are quantified through Euclidean distance measurements,the distance between two objects,iand j,is given as; d = ∑ ( zik − z jk ) m 2 ij where k =1 2 (1) d ij2 donates the Euclidean distance, z ik and z jk are the values of variable k for object i and j, respectively, and m is the number of variables (Kowalkowskiet al., 2006; Yerel, 2009). Euclidean distance and the Single linkage cluster method were used to obtain dendrograms. 238 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 3. Application of cluster analysis to monitoring stations Cluster analysis organizes sampling entities into discrete groups, such that within-group similarity is maximized and among-group similarity is minimized according to some objective criteria (McGarial et al., 2000).Inthis study monitoring stations classification was performed by the use of single linkage cluster method. Two major clusters were formed by treating all the by clustering. The dendrogram of the monitoring stations model resulting from the single linkage cluster method of measured surface water quality datasetis presented in the fig. 2. Figure 2 Dendrogram of the single linkage cluster method The dendrogram shows that all the monitoring stations may be generally grouped into two clusters. Cluster 1 correspond to Station I. Cluster 2 corresponds to Stations II and III. The classification to those clusters varies with the significance level.Itis shows that Cluster 1 is characterized by the biggest Euclidean distance to the Cluster 2. The dataset of the surface water quality parameters were to compare the aspects of the variation in surface water samples collected from three monitoring stations as shown in fig. 3. Among the mean concentrations, all parameters were found very high at monitoring stations II and III. Figure 3 Water quality parameters mean values at Yesilirmak River 239 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo 4. Conclusion In this study, cluster analysis were applied to dataset obtain from Yesilirmak River in Turkey. This analysis is important to intercept misinterpretation of monitoring stations dataset due to uncertainties. Cluster analysis grouped three monitoring stationsinto two clusters of similar water quality characteristics. Based on the above results,it was concluded that agricultural pollution strongly affected Cluster 2. Thus,this study show that usefulness of cluster analysis in water quality assessment, determination of pollution sources with a view to get betterinformation aboutthe monitoring stations. 5. References 1. Boyacioglu, H., & Boyacioglu, H. (2008). Water Pollution Source Assessment by Multivariate Statistical Methods in the Tahtali Basin, Turkey. Environmental Geology. 54, 275-282. 2. Einax, J.W., Truckenbrodt, D., & Kampe, O. (1998). River pollution data interpreted by means of chemometric methods. Microchem. J., 58, 315-324. 3. Carpenter, S., Caraco, N. F., Correll, D. L., Howarth, R. W., Sharpley, A. N., & Smith V. H. (1998). Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol. Appl,. 8(3),559-568. 4. Kowalkowski, T., Zbytniewski, R., Szpejna, J., & Buszewski, B. (2006). Application of chemometrics in river water classification. Water Research, 40, 744-752. 5. McGarial, K., Cushman, S., & Stafford, S. (2000). Multivariate statistics for wildlife& ecology research, Springer, New York. 6. Muri, G. (2004). Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Lake Water in 14 Slovenian Mountain Lakes. Acta Chim. Slov. 51, 257-272. 7. Singh K.P., Malik A. & Sinha, S. (2005). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques—a case study. Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 538. 8. Yerel, S., (2009). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical analysis techniques: A case study from Tahtali dam, Turkey, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 21, 4054- 4062. 240 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 468 Title A name given to the resource Investigation of Cluster Analysis in Surface Water in Yesilirmak River Author Author Ozbay, Nurgul Yerel, Suheyla Ankara, Huseyin Abstract A summary of the resource. The main aim of this study is focused on surface water quality classification of the Yesilirmak River (Turkey) and evaluation of pollution dataset obtained by the monitoring stations. The study shows the application of selected statistical technique to the pollution monitoring dataset, namely, cluster analysis. Cluster analysis is an exploratory data analysis tool for solving classifications problems. Its objective is to sort cases into clusters so that degree of association is strongly members of the same cluster and weak between members of different clusters. The analysis of the monitoring stations identified two clusters. It was concluded that agricultural pollution strongly effected Stations II and Station III. Finally, it was believed to help surface water management to water quality issues and determine priorities to improve surface water quality. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7d1a7dc04c2b6ce5ef9ef7de2f8ab3cd.pdf 2847d62263f1c74d7df342b73cf396cc PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies Investigation of Development Indicators in the Balkan Countries for the Post-Socialist Period Fatih ÇELEBİOĞLU Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Kütahya, TURKEY fcelebi@dumlupinar.edu.tr ABSTRACT Since the collapse of central economic planning in the world, former Iron Curtain Countries have been changing as social, economic and political structures. Some former socialist countries (such as Bulgaria, Slovenia and Romania) and Greece became full members of the EU. Some Balkan countries (such as Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) lived through difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for the economic, social and political reconstruction process. Each country in the Balkan Peninsula wants bigger real per capita income, a better welfare level, and generally to become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in the development process. The aim of this paper is to analyze Balkan countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP, population growth, life expectancy, consumption potential, education, national income and income distribution in the period of the 2000’s. In addition, new suggestions for accelerating the development process will be discussed at the end of the study. Keywords: Balkan Countries, Development, Development Indicators Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 111 �Fatih ÇELEBİOĞLU Introduction The Balkan Peninsula is an important area, having witnessed important historical and political experiences and incidents for ages. But it has been living through a historical alteration in recent decades. Although some Balkan countries (such as Turkey and Greece) were relatively stable in the 1990’s, there was war in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia. Some former socialist countries (Bulgaria, Slovenia and Romania) and Greece became full members of the EU. The others have been struggling toward this goal. Although Kosovo declared independence in 2008, many countries have not accepted this situation. Nevertheless the Balkan Peninsula is in a relatively stable condition nowadays, compared with the last ten years. All the Balkan Countries, especially those which have gained independence in recent decades, want to become rapidly developed. But all Balkan countries have some political, economic and social problems in this process. After a long war and an unstable political period, the Balkans has now seized the opportunity for their development process. This region has been gaining stable structures over time and this stable period has been supporting development indicators. In this paper, the Balkan countries will be analyzed in terms of development indicators such as education, population, national income and income distribution in the 2000’s. Conceptual Analysis of Development1 Since World War II, one of the important discussion subjects has been development. However, generally the development concept is accepted as a problem of underdeveloped countries. Underdeveloped countries which have not gone through the industrial revolution do not experience the evolution process that it brings, and do not fulfill the necessities of the development process. Development is used sometimes instead of concepts such as improvement, modernization, structural changing, and industrialization. This semantic shift complicates the definition of the development concept. According to Peet and Hartwick (2009:1), development as a better life for most people means, essentially, meeting basic needs: sufficient food to maintain good health; a safe, healthy place in which to live; affordable services available to everyone; and being treated with dignity and respect. Anther definition of development is innovative changes resultant in the socio-economic structure of a country. It can be understood from these definitions that development is related not only to economic paradigms but also social life, health systems, educational and vocational structures, democracy, freedoms, human rights etc. For this reason, it is multidimensional and it extends over a very long time. Development is also related to economic growth. A stable economic growth process is very important for development. Unstable economic conditions negatively affect this process. On this point, a stable economic structure comes into question. When there is a stable economic structure, economic growth supports the development process. This concept is more important for developing countries. For example, Turkey had big problems with unstable economic and political structures in the 1970’s and 1990’s. Also, almost all the Balkans experienced unstable political and economic periods in the 1990’s. 112 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Investigation of Development Indicators in the Balkan Countries for the Post-Socialist Period There are also new approaches to the development concept. The most important of these belongs to Amartya Sen, who won the Nobel Economics Prize in 1998. Amartya Sen (1993:3) defines development “as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy”. Again according to SEN, development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states (Sen, 1993:3). The approach of Sen combines two important concepts: freedoms and development. Also he recommends developing freedoms before other indicators. Main Development Indicators For years, many indicators have been used by economists in order to explain different levels of development among countries. However, which indicators are the best explanatory indicators of development levels? We need to investigate indicators that are being used to explain the development process by international institutions such as the World Bank (especially World Development Indicators-WDI Online Database) and the UN (United Nations, especially UNDP-United Nations Development Programme, 2010a). The World Bank uses more than 331 indicators from the World Development Indicators (WDI) covering 209 countries. These indicators fall under 16 headings such as Agriculture & Rural Development, Infrastructure, Aid Effectiveness, Labor & Social Protection, Economic Policy and External Debt, Poverty, Education, Private Sector, Energy & Mining, Public Sector, Environment, Science & Technology, Financial Sector, Social Development, Health, and Urban Development (for details look at The World Bank, WDI Online Database). UNDP calculates the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI includes some special data such as life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates, gross primary-secondary and tertiary enrolment, and GDP (gross domestic product) per capita (PPP - Purchasing Power Parity). HDI distinguishes three subgroups as developed (high development), developing (middle development), and underdeveloped (low development) countries. According to Map 1, Africa, Middle East, South Asia and some South American countries have big problems in terms of the level of human development. Especially in Africa, the level of human development is lower than other regions of the world. Map 1. World Map Indicating the Human Development Index Based On 2007 Data, Published On October 2009 Source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/, 25.04.2010 Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 113 �Fatih ÇELEBİOĞLU Again UNDP (United Nations Development Programme, 2010b) uses eight topics to determine the development level of each country (particularly developing countries): eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership for development in scope of Millennium Development Goals (for details look at UN - Millennium Development Goals 2009 Report). Also, each country collects some data on development by using international standards. Hundreds of variables are used by official statistical institutions for this purpose. Some of these variables are per capita GDP, literacy rate, tertiary education, unemployment rate, urban population, population growth rate, public expenditure on education, number of doctor, electric power consumption, number of computer and internet users, final consumption expenditure, daily newspaper, fertility rate, foreign direct investment, life expectancy at birth, etc. Also the Human Development Index and Democracy Index2 are used to determine the level of development in a country. The next section offers an analysis of development indicators in the Balkan countries by using some of these variables. Analysis of Development Indicators for Balkan Countries In this section, the situation of Balkan countries in terms of some indicators of development will be investigated. But due to the wars and unstable political period in the Balkans, not all Balkan countries reached full independence in the same year. For this reason, we have data that has a different initial year for each country (especially in the 1990’s). This problem has been almost solved in the 2000’s. But Kosovo’s independence is not accepted by many countries. This situation complicates the comparison all Balkan countries. According to UNDP statistics, all Balkan counties (excluding Slovenia and Greece) are within the High Human Development classification. Slovenia and Greece are within the Very High Human Development classification (UN, 2009). According to current economic development literature, the best indicator of development is value of per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in a country. Mostly Balkan countries have low per capita GDP. For example Albania had $1677 per capita GDP in 2007; Bosnia and Herzegovina had $2044; Bulgaria had $2401; Macedonia had $2061; Montenegro had $2269; Romania had $2595 and Serbia had $1780. Exclusively Greece ($15052), Croatia ($5794), Slovenia ($13333) and Turkey ($5053) had relatively bigger per capita GDP than the aforementioned countries’ (see Chart 1). It is possible that the global crisis in 2008-2009 and the financial crisis in Greece have changed these figures. The other important indicator of development is final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). High levels of final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) refer low level or intermediate product expenditure, capital goods (% of GDP) in a country. According to Chart 2, we can say that especially Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and partially Albania have high level final consumption expenditures. These countries also have low level saving rates. For this reason the investment amount 114 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Investigation of Development Indicators in the Balkan Countries for the Post-Socialist Period in these countries is lower than in the other Balkan countries. Education3 level is a very effective indicator of development. Literacy rates are very close to percent 100% (excluding Turkey). Turkey has 88.66%. This figure shows that Turkey is the worst country in terms of literacy rate in the Balkans (see Chart 3). Another important variable is life expectancy at birth. According to Chart 4, Greece has the best figures with 79.7 years. Turkey has the lowest number with 71.8 years. Life expectancy level in the Balkans is on average lower than in the Euro area (80.4 years) and higher than the world average (68.7 years). Population growth rate is very slow in the Balkans. Especially Bosnia & Herzegovina (-0.14), Bulgaria (-0.48), Croatia (-0.04), Romania (-0.16) and Serbia (-0.43) have negative level population growth figures (see Chart 5). Others (excluding Turkey and Slovenia) have figures very close to zero. This situation is dangerous for the coming years. The demographic structure will be very old in the next decades. This can bring social security problems similar to those of Germany and the other Western European countries. Nowadays foreign direct investment (FDI)4 has been accepted by many countries as a fact of the development process. When Chart 6 is investigated, we can see that Serbia (3.95) and Slovenia (3.34) have the best figures of foreign direct investment (FDI). Macedonia has the lowest FDI with (-0.01). The lowest value of per capita electric power consumption is in Albania with 976.1 kWh. The highest value is in Slovenia (7123.5 kWh). Greece has the second highest value of per capita electricity power consumption with 5372.1 kWh (see Chart 7). In order to comprehend the relation between electric consumption and development, Yuan et al. (2007) can be consulted. Unemployment5, as a percentage of the total labor force, is an important indicator of economic development. Macedonia (36.02%) and Bosnia & Herzegovina (31.09%) had very high unemployment figures in 2006. The third highest unemployment figure is in Serbia with 20.84%. But the global crisis may have changed these figures in the Balkan countries as it has in the world generally. For example, the unemployment figure is 14% in Turkey in 2009 (see Chart 8). Income distribution6 is another considerable variable of development. The highest value of the GINI index is in Turkey with 43.2. Macedonia (39.0), Bosnia & Herzegovina (35.8) and Greece (34.3) respectively follow Turkey. Croatia has the lowest value of the GINI Index with (29.0). The share of the poorest 10% of population in the GDP is in Turkey with 1.9%. Again Turkey has the highest value in terms of the share of the richest 10% of the population in the GDP with 33.2%. The highest share of income in the poorest 10% is in Croatia (3.6%) and the lowest share of income in the richest 10% is also in Croatia with (23.1%). We can say that Croatia has the best figures in the Balkans in terms of income equality (see Table 1). Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 115 �Fatih ÇELEBİOĞLU Table 1. Share of Income or Expenditure (%) and Inequality Measures in Balkan Countries in 2007 Share of income or Inequality measures expenditure (%) Poorest 10% Richest 10% Richest 10% to poorest 10% Gini Index Greece 2.5 26.0 10.2 34.3 Slovenia 3.4 24.6 7.3 31.2 Croatia 3.6 23.1 6.4 29.0 Bulgaria 3.5 23.8 6.9 29.2 Romania 3.3 25.3 7.6 31.5 Albania 3.2 25.9 8.0 33.0 Macedonia 2.4 29.5 12.4 39.0 Bosnia & Herz. 2.8 27.4 9.9 35.8 Turkey 1.9 33.2 17.4 43.2 Note 1: The GINI index lies between 0 and 100. A value of 0 represents absolute equality and 100 absolute inequalities. Note 2: Data was compiled from UNDP Human Development Index Industrial production index is frequently used an indicator of development. When the industrial production index values of Balkan countries are investigated, Romania (120.6) has the highest value of industrial production index and Greece (101.1) has the lowest value (see Table 2). It is interesting that Serbia has lost industrial production capacity, because Serbia had 113.1 index values in 1998, but Serbia had a 108.6 score in 2007. Also Greece has lost production capacity. Besides, we haven’t got Albania’s index value. Table 2. Industrial Production index (2005=100) in Balkan countries 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Albania 97.0 111.5 124.8 100.0 110.7 86.6 81.9 .. .. .. Bosnia & Herz. 53.7 59.3 64.8 72.8 79.6 83.3 94.4 100.0 107.4 117.3 Bulgaria .. .. 68.6 70.0 73.3 82.9 93.5 100.0 106.0 116.2 Croatia 80.5 79.5 80.7 85.5 89.7 92.7 95.6 100.0 104.1 109.3 Greece 95.1 95.1 100.8 98.7 99.3 99.8 100.8 100.0 100.8 103.4 Montenegro 91.4 84.4 87.6 87.0 87.5 89.6 101.9 100.0 101.0 101.1 Romania 76.3 74.4 97.0 100.8 100.9 100.5 102.9 100.0 109.3 120.6 Serbia 113.1 84.1 93.7 93.8 95.5 92.6 99.2 100.0 104.7 108.6 Slovenia 81.6 81.1 86.2 88.7 90.9 92.1 96.6 100.0 105.7 113.3 Turkey 77.8 74.9 79.4 72.5 79.4 86.3 94.7 100.0 105.8 110.6 Explanation: Data comes from UNECE Statistical Division Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD) official sources. 116 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Investigation of Development Indicators in the Balkan Countries for the Post-Socialist Period Economic indicators are necessary, but not by themselves sufficient for the comparison of all the Balkan countries. For this reason we need other pointers. We investigate Human Development Index values and Democracy Index values for Balkan countries. Table 3 shows HDI ranks and values for Balkan countries in 2003 and 2009. The highest value belongs to Greece with 0.892 and its rank in HDI was 24 in 2003. Again Greece has the highest values of human development index with 0.942 and its rank is 25 in the world in 2009. Turkey (0.806) has the lowest value of HDI in 2009 and its HDI rank was 79. When 2009 ranks are compared with 2003, Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Bosnia & Herzegovina lost their former positions. But Croatia, Romania, Albania and Turkey obtained better positions. Table 3. Situation of Balkan countries in Human Development Index Values Greece 24 Human development index value 2003 0.892 Slovenia 29 0.881 29 0.929 Croatia 47 0.818 45 0.871 Bulgaria 57 0.795 61 0.840 Romania 72 0.773 63 0.837 Montenegro - - 65 0.834 Serbia - - 67 0.826 Albania 95 0.735 70 0.818 Macedonia 60 0.784 72 0.817 Bosnia & Herz. 66 0.777 76 0.812 Turkey 96 0.734 79 0.806 Country Name HDI rank in 2003 HDI rank in 2009 Human development index value 2009 25 0.942 Explanation: Data was compiled from UNDP Human Development Report 2009 (calculating with 2007 values) and UNDP Human Development Report 2003 (calculating with 2001 values) Another important subject for development is the democracy level in country. We can investigate the democracy index to understand this relation. The Democracy Index is calculated by The Economist Intelligence Unit based on the answers to 60 questions for 167 countries (EIU, 2008). According to Table 4, Greece is the strongest democracy in the Balkans. According to Table 4, the weakest democracy in the Balkans belongs to Turkey. While Greece and Slovenia have full democracy; Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Turkey have hybrid regimes. This situation is generally parallel to economic development levels. Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 117 �Fatih ÇELEBİOĞLU Table 4. Democracy Index (2008) Country Name Rank in the Index Kind of Democracy Greece 22 Full Democracy Slovenia 30 Full Democracy Romania 50 Flawed Democracy Croatia 51 Flawed Democracy Bulgaria 52 Flawed Democracy Serbia 63 Flawed Democracy Montenegro 65 Flawed Democracy Macedonia 72 Flawed Democracy Albania 81 Hybrid Regime Bosnia & Herz. 86 Hybrid Regime Turkey 87 Hybrid Regime Explanation: Data comes from The Economist, Economist Intelligence Unit Score 8.13 7.96 7.06 7.04 7.02 6.49 6.43 6.21 5.91 5.70 5.69 When Democracy Index (2008) values are accommodated in the Map 2 for each country, lighter colors show more democratic countries and darker areas represent authoritarian countries. Especially North America and West Europe have lighter colors. Africa, the Middle East, and Asian countries have mostly darker colors. Balkan countries have average values. After analysis of indicators in Balkan countries, we discuss how can accelerate the development process of Balkan countries in the next section. Map 2. World Map Indicating the Democracy Index (2008). Look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index, 01.05.2010 118 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Investigation of Development Indicators in the Balkan Countries for the Post-Socialist Period Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 119 �Fatih ÇELEBİOĞLU Discussion of the Development Process in Balkan Countries When the special position of the Balkans (multicultural, multi-religious and multi-ethnic) is considered, it is quite difficult to offer new suggestions. Even so, we explain some ideas for the Balkan countries below. The Balkans has had important problems throughout its history. Especially after the Ottoman Empire, an unstable politic and economic life began in all the Balkan Peninsula. With socialism, there came a relatively stable political and economic life. However, after the collapse of socialism, war, blood, tears, and unstable politic and economic life came back to the Balkans. Nowadays the Balkans has been living more stable days. We know that development is closely related to stable politic and economic structures. For this reason, the first and the most important stage are strengthening of the stabilization process. To strengthen the stabilization process, first of all, the European Union’s full membership process should be accelerated for Balkan countries that are not members of the EU. Secondly, by considering the ethnic, religious and cultural structures of the region, bilateral goodwill (bona fides) agreements should be signed among countries. Thirdly, some countries in the region should play a part in this process as mediators. For example, Turkey invited the presidents of Bosnia & Herzegovina and Serbia to talk about the problems between the two countries last April. After that, all Balkan countries should be invited to international institutions. For example, Bosnia & Herzegovina was invited to NATO last April, 2010. The invitation of Bosnia & Herzegovina is necessary, but it is not enough by itself. For this reason, all Balkan countries that are not members of NATO should be invited. And by protecting cultural, ethnic and religion diversity, an interior peace law agreeable to different parts of society should be composed. EU trade policy should be accepted by all Balkan countries. Free trade should also be improved in the Balkans. Tariffs and other arrangements should be reciprocally dropped. Visa applications should be facilitated to improve trade among Balkan countries, especially for businessman and scientists. Bilateral trade agreements should be improved. Collective science, education and R&D agreements should be signed. A Balkan Commonwealth that includes all Balkan countries should be established in the near future. A substructure of information and communication technologies should be developed. Manufacture and service sectors should be supported by governments. Productivity levels of industry should be accrued. To support industrial production, transfer of technology should be allowed. Barriers to foreign direct investment should be decreased. A tax system with progressive rates should be established to decreasing GINI Index and social benefits for poor populations should be improved. A banking system should be developed and its trustworthiness level should be boosted. Barriers to touristic travel should be diminished. Especially visa application should be facilitated. Countries that have insufficient capital for investment need foreign direct investment to accelerate economic development. For this, foreign direct investment for whole sectors should be allowed. Democratic reforms such as human rights, constitutional state, economic freedoms, and freedom of thought should be carried out, particularly in Turkey, Albania, and Bosnia & Herzegovina. A bigger part of budgets should go to education and productive investment. 120 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �Investigation of Development Indicators in the Balkan Countries for the Post-Socialist Period When compared with developed countries, Balkan countries (excluding some full members of the EU such as Greece and Slovenia) have important problems in economic development. Many countries in this region have less level GDP figures. Also human development and democratic levels are not sufficient. Nowadays, the Balkan Peninsula has some opportunities related to the development process after the war and an unstable politic and economic life. These opportunities can be realized in the forthcoming periods. But this is depends on better orientation and management of economic, politic and social processes. Also, protecting and improving the stabilization process will be important in the next decades. It is a reality that war and unstable politic and economic conditions encourage backwardness, poverty and anti-democratic applications of governments. Conversely, peace, trade, and stable politic and economic life will cause better conditions for all nations in the Balkans. References Chen C, Chang L., Zhang Y. (1995) The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in China’s Post-1978 Economic Development. World Development. Volume 23. Issue 4. April. pp 691-703. Foster J. and Sen A. (1997) On Economic Inequality. Oxford University Press. New York. Online Etymology Dictionary, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=develop&searchmod e=none, 08.04.2010. Özay M. (1995) Employment Creation and Green Development Strategy. Ecological Economics. Volume 15. Issue 1. October. pp. 11-19 Peet R. and Hartwick E. (2009) Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives, 2nd edition, The Guilford Press, New York. Przeworski A. & Alvarez M.E. & Cheibub J.A. & Limongi F. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. CambridgeUniversity Press. Saviotti P.P. and Pyka A. (2004) Economic Development, Qualitative Change and Employment Creation. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. Volume 15. Issue 3. September. pp. 265-287. Self S. and Grabowski R. (2003) Education and Long-run Development in Japan. Journal of Asian Economics. Volume 14. Issue 4. August. pp. 565-580. Sen A. (1999) Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press, New York. The Economist Intelligence Unit –EIU (2008), Democracy Index, http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20 Index%202008.pdf, 01.05.2010 The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Statistical Division Database, http://www.unece.org/stats/stats_h.htm, 24.04.2010 Volume 1 Number 1 January 2011 121 �The World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator, 22.04.2010 The World Bank, WDI (World Development Indicators) Online Database UN (2009), The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, New York. UNDP (2003), Human Development Report 2003, Oxford University Press, New York. UNDP (2009), Human Development Report 2009, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. UNDP (2010a). Human Development Reports, http://hdr.undp.org/en/, 25.04.2010 UNDP (2010b). Human Development Statistics, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/, 18.04.2010 Yuan J., Zhao C., Yu S. and Hu Z. (2007) Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in China: Cointegration and Co-Feature Analysis. Energy Economics. Volume 29. Issue 6. November. pp. 1179-1191. Endnotes Note 1: According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, Development concept was used for the first time in 1756, “an unfolding, from develop + -ment). Of property, with the sense “bringing out the latent possibilities” is from 1885. The meaning “state of economic advancement” is from 1902. The meaning “advancement through progressive stages” is from 1836. Note 2: See Przeworski et al. (2000). They investigate relations between democracy and development. Note 3: Self and Grabowski (2003) examine the relationship between education and long-term development. Note 4: See Chen C, Chang L., Zhang Y. (1995). They examine the role of FDI in China’s economic development process. Note 5: Özay (1995) analyzes the job-creating development concept. Also Saviotti and Pyka (2004) investigate the relationship between employment and development. Note 6: For detailed information about income inequality, see Foster and Sen (1997). In this study, Foster and Sen investigate measures of inequality. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1061 Title A name given to the resource Investigation of Development Indicators in the Balkan Countries for the Post-Socialist Period Author Author ÇELEBİOĞLU, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. Since the collapse of central economic planning in the world, former Iron Curtain Countries have been changing as social, economic and political structures. Some former socialist countries (such as Bulgaria, Slovenia and Romania) and Greece became full members of the EU. Some Balkan countries (such as Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) lived through difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for the economic, social and political reconstruction process. Each country in the Balkan Peninsula wants bigger real per capita income, a better welfare level, and generally to become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in the development process. The aim of this paper is to analyze Balkan countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP, population growth, life expectancy, consumption potential, education, national income and income distribution in the period of the 2000’s. In addition, new suggestions for accelerating the development process will be discussed at the end of the study. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-01 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d22bf44085cbc96c2f36d66d6fe90015.doc fe0cfc03b176b1360a1d537e5054348a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ec4e09f9d88c5d74ee62d91833c8b200.pdf d5476c95039f4772b9e701fb3299badc PDF Text Text Investigation of Development Indicators in the Balkan Countries for the Post-Socialist Period Fatih ÇELEBİOĞLU Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Kütahya, TURKEY fcelebi@dumlupinar.edu.tr Abstract: Since the collapse of central economic planning in the world, former Iron Curtain Countries have been changing as social, economic and political structures. Some former socialist countries (such as Bulgaria, Slovenia and Romania) and Greece became full members of the EU. Some Balkan countries (such as Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, BosniaHerzegovina, and Macedonia) lived through difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for the economic, social and political reconstruction process. Each country in the Balkan Peninsula wants bigger real per capita income, a better welfare level, and generally to become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in the development process. The aim of this paper is to analyze Balkan countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP, population growth, life expectancy, consumption potential, education, national income and income distribution in the period of the 2000’s. In addition, new suggestions for accelerating the development process will be discussed at the end of the study. Key Words: Balkan Countries, Development, Development Indicators �Introduction The Balkan Peninsula is an important area, having witnessed important historical and political experiences and incidents for ages. But it has been living through a historical alteration in recent decades. Although some Balkan countries (such as Turkey and Greece) were relatively stable in the 1990’s, there was war in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, BosniaHerzegovina, and Macedonia. Some former socialist countries (Bulgaria, Slovenia and Romania) and Greece became full members of the EU. The others have been struggling toward this goal. Although Kosovo declared independence in 2008, many countries have not accepted this situation. Nevertheless the Balkan Peninsula is in a relatively stable condition nowadays, compared with the last ten years. All the Balkan Countries, especially those which have gained independence in recent decades, want to become rapidly developed. But all Balkan countries have some political, economic and social problems in this process. After a long war and an unstable political period, the Balkans has now seized the opportunity for their development process. This region has been gaining stable structures over time and this stable period has been supporting development indicators. In this paper, the Balkan countries will be analyzed in terms of development indicators such as education, population, national income and income distribution in the 2000’s. Conceptual Analysis of Development1 Since World War II, one of the important discussion subjects has been development. However, generally the development concept is accepted as a problem of underdeveloped countries. Underdeveloped countries which have not gone through the industrial revolution do not experience the evolution process that it brings, and do not fulfill the necessities of the development process. Development is used sometimes instead of concepts such as improvement, modernization, structural changing, and industrialization. This semantic shift complicates the definition of the development concept. According to Peet and Hartwick (2009:1), development as a better life for most people means, essentially, meeting basic needs: sufficient food to maintain good health; a safe, healthy place in which to live; affordable services available to everyone; and being treated with dignity and respect. Anther definition of development is innovative changes resultant in the socio-economic structure of a country. It can be understood from these definitions that development is related not only to economic paradigms but also social life, health systems, educational and vocational structures, democracy, freedoms, human rights etc. For this reason, it is multidimensional and it extends over a very long time. Development is also related to economic growth. A stable economic growth process is very important for development. Unstable economic conditions negatively affect this process. On this point, a stable economic structure comes into question. When there is a stable economic structure, economic growth supports the development process. This concept is more important for developing countries. For example, Turkey had big problems with unstable economic and political structures in the 1970’s and 1990’s. Also, almost all the Balkans experienced unstable political and economic periods in the 1990’s. There are also new approaches to the development concept. The most important of these belongs to Amartya Sen, who won the Nobel Economics Prize in 1998. Amartya Sen (1993:3) defines development “as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people �enjoy”. Again according to SEN, development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: poverty as well as tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of public facilities as well as intolerance or overactivity of repressive states (Sen, 1993:3). The approach of Sen combines two important concepts: freedoms and development. Also he recommends developing freedoms before other indicators. Main Development Indicators For years, many indicators have been used by economists in order to explain different levels of development among countries. However, which indicators are the best explanatory indicators of development levels? We need to investigate indicators that are being used to explain the development process by international institutions such as the World Bank (especially World Development Indicators-WDI Online Database) and the UN (United Nations, especially UNDP-United Nations Development Programme, 2010a). The World Bank uses more than 331 indicators from the World Development Indicators (WDI) covering 209 countries. These indicators fall under 16 headings such as Agriculture & Rural Development, Infrastructure, Aid Effectiveness, Labor & Social Protection, Economic Policy and External Debt, Poverty, Education, Private Sector, Energy & Mining, Public Sector, Environment, Science & Technology, Financial Sector, Social Development, Health, and Urban Development (for details look at The World Bank, WDI Online Database). UNDP calculates the Human Development Index (HDI). HDI includes some special data such as life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates, gross primary-secondary and tertiary enrolment, and GDP (gross domestic product) per capita (PPP - Purchasing Power Parity). HDI distinguishes three subgroups as developed (high development), developing (middle development), and underdeveloped (low development) countries. According to Map 1, Africa, Middle East, South Asia and some South American countries have big problems in terms of the level of human development. Especially in Africa, the level of human development is lower than other regions of the world. Map 1. World Map Indicating the Human Development Index Based On 2007 Data, Published On October 2009 0.950 and Over 0.900–0.949 0.850–0.899 0.800–0.849 0.750–0.799 0.700–0.749 0.650–0.699 0.600–0.649 0.550–0.599 0.500–0.549 0.450–0.499 0.400–0.449 0.350–0.399 under 0.350 not available Source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/, 25.04.2010 Again UNDP (United Nations Development Programme, 2010b) uses eight topics to determine the development level of each country (particularly developing countries): �eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality and empower, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop a global partnership for development in scope of Millennium Development Goals (for details look at UN - Millennium Development Goals 2009 Report). Also, each country collects some data on development by using international standards. Hundreds of variables are used by official statistical institutions for this purpose. Some of these variables are per capita GDP, literacy rate, tertiary education, unemployment rate, urban population, population growth rate, public expenditure on education, number of doctor, electric power consumption, number of computer and internet users, final consumption expenditure, daily newspaper, fertility rate, foreign direct investment, life expectancy at birth, etc. Also the Human Development Index and Democracy Index 2 are used to determine the level of development in a country. The next section offers an analysis of development indicators in the Balkan countries by using some of these variables. Analysis of Development Indicators for Balkan Countries In this section, the situation of Balkan countries in terms of some indicators of development will be investigated. But due to the wars and unstable political period in the Balkans, not all Balkan countries reached full independence in the same year. For this reason, we have data that has a different initial year for each country (especially in the 1990’s). This problem has been almost solved in the 2000’s. But Kosovo’s independence is not accepted by many countries. This situation complicates the comparison all Balkan countries. According to UNDP statistics, all Balkan counties (excluding Slovenia and Greece) are within the High Human Development classification. Slovenia and Greece are within the Very High Human Development classification (UN, 2009). According to current economic development literature, the best indicator of development is value of per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in a country. Mostly Balkan countries have low per capita GDP. For example Albania had $1677 per capita GDP in 2007; Bosnia and Herzegovina had $2044; Bulgaria had $2401; Macedonia had $2061; Montenegro had $2269; Romania had $2595 and Serbia had $1780. Exclusively Greece ($15052), Croatia ($5794), Slovenia ($13333) and Turkey ($5053) had relatively bigger per capita GDP than the aforementioned countries’ (see Chart 1). It is possible that the global crisis in 2008-2009 and the financial crisis in Greece have changed these figures. The other important indicator of development is final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). High levels of final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) refer low level or intermediate product expenditure, capital goods (% of GDP) in a country. According to Chart 2, we can say that especially Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and partially Albania have high level final consumption expenditures. These countries also have low level saving rates. For this reason the investment amount in these countries is lower than in the other Balkan countries. Education3 level is a very effective indicator of development. Literacy rates are very close to percent 100% (excluding Turkey). Turkey has 88.66%. This figure shows that Turkey is the worst country in terms of literacy rate in the Balkans (see Chart 3). Another important variable is life expectancy at birth. According to Chart 4, Greece has the best figures with 79.7 years. Turkey has the lowest number with 71.8 years. Life expectancy level in the �Balkans is on average lower than in the Euro area (80.4 years) and higher than the world average (68.7 years). Population growth rate is very slow in the Balkans. Especially Bosnia & Herzegovina (-0.14), Bulgaria (-0.48), Croatia (-0.04), Romania (-0.16) and Serbia (-0.43) have negative level population growth figures (see Chart 5). Others (excluding Turkey and Slovenia) have figures very close to zero. This situation is dangerous for the coming years. The demographic structure will be very old in the next decades. This can bring social security problems similar to those of Germany and the other Western European countries. Nowadays foreign direct investment (FDI)4 has been accepted by many countries as a fact of the development process. When Chart 6 is investigated, we can see that Serbia (3.95) and Slovenia (3.34) have the best figures of foreign direct investment (FDI). Macedonia has the lowest FDI with (-0.01). The lowest value of per capita electric power consumption is in Albania with 976.1 kWh. The highest value is in Slovenia (7123.5 kWh). Greece has the second highest value of per capita electricity power consumption with 5372.1 kWh (see Chart 7). In order to comprehend the relation between electric consumption and development, Yuan et al. (2007) can be consulted. Unemployment5, as a percentage of the total labor force, is an important indicator of economic development. Macedonia (36.02%) and Bosnia & Herzegovina (31.09%) had very high unemployment figures in 2006. The third highest unemployment figure is in Serbia with 20.84%. But the global crisis may have changed these figures in the Balkan countries as it has in the world generally. For example, the unemployment figure is 14% in Turkey in 2009 (see Chart 8). Income distribution6 is another considerable variable of development. The highest value of the GINI index is in Turkey with 43.2. Macedonia (39.0), Bosnia & Herzegovina (35.8) and Greece (34.3) respectively follow Turkey. Croatia has the lowest value of the GINI Index with (29.0). The share of the poorest 10% of population in the GDP is in Turkey with 1.9%. Again Turkey has the highest value in terms of the share of the richest 10% of the population in the GDP with 33.2%. The highest share of income in the poorest 10% is in Croatia (3.6%) and the lowest share of income in the richest 10% is also in Croatia with (23.1%). We can say that Croatia has the best figures in the Balkans in terms of income equality (see Table 1). �Table 1. Share of Income or Expenditure (%) and Inequality Measures in Balkan Countries in 2007 Share of income or expenditure (%) Inequality measures Richest 10% Poorest Richest to poorest Gini 10% 10% 10% Index Greece 2.5 26.0 10.2 34.3 Slovenia 3.4 24.6 7.3 31.2 Croatia 3.6 23.1 6.4 29.0 Bulgaria 3.5 23.8 6.9 29.2 Romania 3.3 25.3 7.6 31.5 Albania 3.2 25.9 8.0 33.0 Macedonia 2.4 29.5 12.4 39.0 Bosnia & Herz. 2.8 27.4 9.9 35.8 Turkey 1.9 33.2 17.4 43.2 Note 1: The GINI index lies between 0 and 100. A value of 0 represents absolute equality and 100 absolute inequalities. Note 2: Data was compiled from UNDP Human Development Index Industrial production index is frequently used an indicator of development. When the industrial production index values of Balkan countries are investigated, Romania (120.6) has the highest value of industrial production index and Greece (101.1) has the lowest value (see Table 2). It is interesting that Serbia has lost industrial production capacity, because Serbia had 113.1 index values in 1998, but Serbia had a 108.6 score in 2007. Also Greece has lost production capacity. Besides, we haven’t got Albania’s index value. Table 2. Industrial Production index (2005=100) in Balkan countries 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 97.0 111.5 124.8 100.0 110.7 86.6 81.9 .. .. .. 53.7 59.3 64.8 72.8 79.6 83.3 94.4 100.0 107.4 117.3 .. .. 68.6 70.0 73.3 82.9 93.5 100.0 106.0 116.2 Croatia 80.5 79.5 80.7 85.5 89.7 92.7 95.6 100.0 104.1 109.3 Greece 95.1 95.1 100.8 98.7 99.3 99.8 100.8 100.0 100.8 103.4 Montenegro 91.4 84.4 87.6 87.0 87.5 89.6 101.9 100.0 101.0 101.1 Romania 76.3 74.4 97.0 100.8 100.9 100.5 102.9 100.0 109.3 120.6 113.1 84.1 93.7 93.8 95.5 92.6 99.2 100.0 104.7 108.6 81.6 81.1 86.2 88.7 90.9 92.1 96.6 100.0 105.7 113.3 Albania Bosnia & Herz. Bulgaria Serbia Slovenia 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Turkey 77.8 74.9 79.4 72.5 79.4 86.3 94.7 100.0 105.8 110.6 Explanation: Data comes from UNECE Statistical Division Database, compiled from national and international (CIS, EUROSTAT, IMF, OECD) official sources. Economic indicators are necessary, but not by themselves sufficient for the comparison of all the Balkan countries. For this reason we need other pointers. We investigate Human Development Index values and Democracy Index values for Balkan countries. Table 3 shows HDI ranks and values for Balkan countries in 2003 and 2009. The highest value belongs to Greece with 0.892 and its rank in HDI was 24 in 2003. Again Greece has the �highest values of human development index with 0.942 and its rank is 25 in the world in 2009. Turkey (0.806) has the lowest value of HDI in 2009 and its HDI rank was 79. When 2009 ranks are compared with 2003, Greece, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Bosnia & Herzegovina lost their former positions. But Croatia, Romania, Albania and Turkey obtained better positions. Table 3. Situation of Balkan countries in Human Development Index Values HDI rank in 2003 Human development index value 2003 HDI rank in 2009 Human development index value 2009 Greece 24 0.892 25 0.942 Slovenia 29 0.881 29 0.929 Croatia Bulgaria 47 57 0.818 0.795 45 61 0.871 0.840 Romania 72 0.773 63 0.837 Montenegro - - 65 0.834 Serbia - - 67 0.826 Albania 95 0.735 70 0.818 Macedonia Bosnia & Herz. 60 0.784 72 0.817 66 0.777 76 0.812 Country Name Turkey 96 0.734 79 0.806 Explanation: Data was compiled from UNDP Human Development Report 2009 (calculating with 2007 values) and UNDP Human Development Report 2003 (calculating with 2001 values) Another important subject for development is the democracy level in country. We can investigate the democracy index to understand this relation. The Democracy Index is calculated by The Economist Intelligence Unit based on the answers to 60 questions for 167 countries (EIU, 2008). According to Table 4, Greece is the strongest democracy in the Balkans. According to Table 4, the weakest democracy in the Balkans belongs to Turkey. While Greece and Slovenia have full democracy; Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Turkey have hybrid regimes. This situation is generally parallel to economic development levels. Table 4. Democracy Index (2008) Country Name Rank in the Index Kind of Democracy Score Greece 22 Full Democracy 8.13 Slovenia 30 Romania 50 51 Full Democracy Flawed Democracy 7.96 7.06 Flawed Democracy 7.04 52 Flawed Democracy 7.02 Serbia 63 Flawed Democracy 6.49 Montenegro 65 Flawed Democracy 6.43 Macedonia 72 Flawed Democracy 6.21 Albania 81 Hybrid Regime 5.91 Bosnia & Herz. 86 Hybrid Regime 5.70 Croatia Bulgaria Turkey 87 Hybrid Regime 5.69 Explanation: Data comes from The Economist, Economist Intelligence Unit �When Democracy Index (2008) values are accommodated in the Map 2 for each country, lighter colors show more democratic countries and darker areas represent authoritarian countries. Especially North America and West Europe have lighter colors. Africa, the Middle East, and Asian countries have mostly darker colors. Balkan countries have average values. After analysis of indicators in Balkan countries, we discuss how can accelerate the development process of Balkan countries in the next section. Map 2. World Map Indicating the Democracy Index (2008). Look at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index, 01.05.2010 �Discussion of the Development Process in Balkan Countries When the special position of the Balkans (multicultural, multi-religious and multi-ethnic) is considered, it is quite difficult to offer new suggestions. Even so, we explain some ideas for the Balkan countries below. The Balkans has had important problems throughout its history. Especially after the Ottoman Empire, an unstable politic and economic life began in all the Balkan Peninsula. With socialism, there came a relatively stable political and economic life. However, after the collapse of socialism, war, blood, tears, and unstable politic and economic life came back to the Balkans. Nowadays the Balkans has been living more stable days. We know that development is closely related to stable politic and economic structures. For this reason, the first and the most important stage are strengthening of the stabilization process. To strengthen the stabilization process, first of all, the European Union’s full membership process should be accelerated for Balkan countries that are not members of the EU. Secondly, by considering the ethnic, religious and cultural structures of the region, bilateral goodwill (bona fides) agreements should be signed among countries. Thirdly, some countries in the region should play a part in this process as mediators. For example, Turkey invited the presidents of Bosnia & Herzegovina and Serbia to talk about the problems between the two countries last April. After that, all Balkan countries should be invited to international institutions. For example, Bosnia & Herzegovina was invited to NATO last April, 2010. The invitation of Bosnia & Herzegovina is necessary, but it is not enough by itself. For this reason, all Balkan countries that are not members of NATO should be invited. And by protecting cultural, ethnic and religion diversity, an interior peace law agreeable to different parts of society should be composed. EU trade policy should be accepted by all Balkan countries. Free trade should also be improved in the Balkans. Tariffs and other arrangements should be reciprocally dropped. Visa applications should be facilitated to improve trade among Balkan countries, especially �for businessman and scientists. Bilateral trade agreements should be improved. Collective science, education and R&D agreements should be signed. A Balkan Commonwealth that includes all Balkan countries should be established in the near future. A substructure of information and communication technologies should be developed. Manufacture and service sectors should be supported by governments. Productivity levels of industry should be accrued. To support industrial production, transfer of technology should be allowed. Barriers to foreign direct investment should be decreased. A tax system with progressive rates should be established to decreasing GINI Index and social benefits for poor populations should be improved. A banking system should be developed and its trustworthiness level should be boosted. Barriers to touristic travel should be diminished. Especially visa application should be facilitated. Countries that have insufficient capital for investment need foreign direct investment to accelerate economic development. For this, foreign direct investment for whole sectors should be allowed. Democratic reforms such as human rights, constitutional state, economic freedoms, and freedom of thought should be carried out, particularly in Turkey, Albania, and Bosnia & Herzegovina. A bigger part of budgets should go to education and productive investment. When compared with developed countries, Balkan countries (excluding some full members of the EU such as Greece and Slovenia) have important problems in economic development. Many countries in this region have less level GDP figures. Also human development and democratic levels are not sufficient. Nowadays, the Balkan Peninsula has some opportunities related to the development process after the war and an unstable politic and economic life. These opportunities can be realized in the forthcoming periods. But this is depends on better orientation and management of economic, politic and social processes. Also, protecting and improving the stabilization process will be important in the next decades. It is a reality that war and unstable politic and economic conditions encourage backwardness, poverty and anti-democratic applications of governments. Conversely, peace, trade, and stable politic and economic life will cause better conditions for all nations in the Balkans. �References Chen C, Chang L., Zhang Y. (1995) The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in China's Post1978 Economic Development. World Development. Volume 23. Issue 4. April. pp 691-703. Foster J. and Sen A. (1997) On Economic Inequality. Oxford University Press. New York. Online Etymology Dictionary, http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=develop&searchmode=none, 08.04.2010. Özay M. (1995) Employment Creation and Green Development Strategy. Ecological Economics. Volume 15. Issue 1. October. pp. 11-19 Peet R. and Hartwick E. (2009) Theories of Development: Contentions, Arguments, Alternatives, 2nd edition, The Guilford Press, New York. Przeworski A. & Alvarez M.E. & Cheibub J.A. & Limongi F. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. CambridgeUniversity Press. Saviotti P.P. and Pyka A. (2004) Economic Development, Qualitative Change and Employment Creation. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. Volume 15. Issue 3. September. pp. 265-287. Self S. and Grabowski R. (2003) Education and Long-run Development in Japan. Journal of Asian Economics. Volume 14. Issue 4. August. pp. 565-580. Sen A. (1999) Development as Freedom, Oxford University Press, New York. The Economist Intelligence Unit –EIU (2008), Democracy Index, http://graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20Index%202008.pdf, 01.05.2010 The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Statistical Division Database, http://www.unece.org/stats/stats_h.htm, 24.04.2010 The World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator, 22.04.2010 �The World Bank, WDI (World Development Indicators) Online Database UN (2009), The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009, New York. UNDP (2003), Human Development Report 2003, Oxford University Press, New York. UNDP (2009), Human Development Report 2009, Palgrave Macmillan, New York. UNDP (2010a). Human Development Reports, http://hdr.undp.org/en/, 25.04.2010 UNDP (2010b). Human Development Statistics, http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/, 18.04.2010 Yuan J., Zhao C., Yu S. and Hu Z. (2007) Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in China: Cointegration and Co-Feature Analysis. Energy Economics. Volume 29. Issue 6. November. pp. 1179-1191. Endnotes Note 1: According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, Development concept was used for the first time in 1756, "an unfolding, from develop + -ment). Of property, with the sense "bringing out the latent possibilities" is from 1885. The meaning "state of economic advancement" is from 1902. The meaning "advancement through progressive stages" is from 1836. Note 2: See Przeworski et al. (2000). They investigate relations between democracy and development. Note 3: Self and Grabowski (2003) examine the relationship between education and longterm development. Note 4: See Chen C, Chang L., Zhang Y. (1995). They examine the role of FDI in China’s economic development process. Note 5: Özay (1995) analyzes the job-creating development concept. Also Saviotti and Pyka (2004) investigate the relationship between employment and development. Note 6: For detailed information about income inequality, see Foster and Sen (1997). In this study, Foster and Sen investigate measures of inequality. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2352 Title A name given to the resource Investigation of Development Indicators in the Balkan Countries for the Post-Socialist Period Author Author ÇELEBİOĞLU, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. Since the collapse of central economic planning in the world, former Iron Curtain Countries have been changing as social, economic and political structures. Some former socialist countries (such as Bulgaria, Slovenia and Romania) and Greece became full members of the EU. Some Balkan countries (such as Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) lived through difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for the economic, social and political reconstruction process. Each country in the Balkan Peninsula wants bigger real per capita income, a better welfare level, and generally to become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in the development process. The aim of this paper is to analyze Balkan countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP, population growth, life expectancy, consumption potential, education, national income and income distribution in the period of the 2000’s. In addition, new suggestions for accelerating the development process will be discussed at the end of the study. Key Words: Balkan Countries, Development, Development Indicators Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-01-30 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed JZ International relations https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5388e292703591b76966dfffaf6ef513.pdf 1d924d9fa533e1683eb54378f5438692 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MertS.,KaluçE. (2003). Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağında kullanılan takımlardaki gelişmeler.TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri Odası Kaynak Teknolojisi IV.Ulusal Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 103-ll5 (in Turkish) http://tech.plymouth.ac.uk/sme/UoA30/ Weld_Microstructure.PDF Investigation Of Fracture Toughness Of Calcium Phosphate Coating Treated Onto Ti6A14V Substrate İbrahim Aydın1, Hakan Cetinel2, Ahmet Pasinli3 1Celal Bayar University, Vocational Collage, Machine Programme Manisa, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Manisa, Turkey 3Ege University, Vocational Collage, Machine Programme İzmir, Turkey E-mails: ibrahim.aydin@bayar.edu.tr, hakan.cetinel@bayar.edu.tr, ahmet.pasinli@ege.edu.tr Abstract In this study, we aimed to investigate the fracture toughness of the calcium phosphate (CaP) coating, that was formed with Vickers indentation method, by the new method with the new patent. The activation process was done with NaOH + H2O2 on the Ti6Al4V material surface. Elasticity module, hardness values and coating thickness of the CaP coating that is formed by activation process was calculated. SEM micrographs and EDS analysis were gathered of the coating. Fracture toughness was determined by Vickers indentation. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. Keywords: Calcium phosphate, coating, vickers indentation, fracture toughness Ti6Al4V. 1. INTRODUCTION Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) hip prosthesis is a material used in orthopedic implant production just as widely as bone plates and bone screws (Hench, 1991). Hydroxiapatite (HA) coatings are used in Ti6Al4V alloys in implant materials in 14 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo order to increase the biocompatibility. Phosphate based HA that forms the inorganic structure of the human bone and teeth is being used in dentistry since 1970 [Li at all, 2002; Kokuba at all, 1999). The most important property of HA is its excellent biological compatibility. HA forms a direct chemical bond with sclerenchyma. In placing the HA particles or posed blocks to bones; the new tissue forms in 4 to 8 weeks (Bajpai, 1990). HA pored structure, as the cells grow into the pores, helps the tissues grow into the implants. Also, acting as a canal system, pores in the HA structure help blood and other important body fluids reach the bone structure. HA has an absorption rate of 5-10% a year. Studies show that HA implants are first covered with fibrovascular tissues, and the grown lamella in the tissue turns into bone (Yetkin, 2001). Osteoconductive properties of HA helps in attaching to the bone. Also HA is known to have powerful chemical bonding tendencies for bone proteins (Bajpai, 1985). Body reactions are minimum because of the non-toxic properties of HA (Capello at all, 1997). There are many methods for HA coating. Kokuba et al. were the first to be able to coat HA on different biomaterials in synthetic body fluids (SBF) (Taş and Bhaduri, 1999). Tas by changing the values that are prepared by SBF, obtained calcium HA ceramic dust at the high chemical homogeneity and purity in pH 7.4 and 37 0C biomimetic conditions (Pasinli at all, 2008). Different methods such as “R-curve” and “Indentation Fracture Toughness” (on Vickers hardness device) are used in determining fracture toughness. “Vickers Indentation” method is prefered, as it is easier for sample preparation and conduction of the study than the other methods (Neil, 1983; Kim and Kim, 1990). Zhang et al. (Zhang at all, 2008), Mohammadi et al. (Mohammadi at all, 2007) and Bharati et al. (Baharati at all, 2009), calculated fracture toughness values on hidroxyapatite flourated, plasma-sprayed and hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti6A14V, respectively by using Vickers Indentation method. In this study, CaP coatings were produced by patented two different activation processes including NaOH + H2O2 solutions (Pasinli at all, 2010). Elasticity modules, hardness values and coating thicknesses of the CaP coatings were measured. Fracture toughness values were calculated by using Vickers indentation method. It was concluded that coatings produced by the patented new method had higher fracture toughness values. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Preparation and characterization of the coatings Biocompatible CaP coatings were deposited onto Ti6Al4V as substrate dimension in 10 x 10 x 1.2 mm. The chemical composition of titanium alloy is shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. Chemical composition of Ti alloy substrate (Pasinli at all, 2010) 15 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Element (wt %) N 0.0030 C 0.0050 H <0.0005 Fe 0.1000 O 0.0900 Al 6.2100 V 3.8700 Y <0.0010 Others <0.3000 Ti Balance Firstly, Ti6A14V substrates were washed by detergent water, purified water, and lastly acetone. In activation process, purified materials were held in 100 mL 5M NaOH + 0.5 mL H2O2 (30%) solution and 100 mL 5 M NaOH solution in 60 0C for 24 hours, separately. Then they were washed with purified water and dried in 40 0C for 24 hours. In CaP coating process, implant materials pretreated in the solution that was prepared as pH 7.4 with lactic acid/lactate buffer according to SBF values as in Table 2. Meanwhile, fresh SBF fluid was emitted in with peristaltic pump 150 mg/day. At the end of the process, materials were washed with purified water and dried in 60 0C for 24 hours. TABLE 2. Preparation of 2.5 X Lac-SBF (total 2.5 L) (Pasinli at all, 2010) Reagents Amount (g) CaCl22H2O 2.2973 MgCl26H2O 0.7625 0.9325 12.0533 1.1125 0.1775 5.6708 10.4573 KCl NaCl Na2HPO42H2O Na2SO4 NaHCO3 Na-lactate 1.385) (70-72%, Lactic acid (1 M) 16 d:1.375- 40.0 (mL) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo XRD analyses were performed in order to characterize the coatings. SEM images and IR spectrums were obtained from the coated surfaces. Thicknesses of the coatings were measured by using optical microscopy and image analysis techniques. 2.2. Mechanical properties In Vickers indentation technique, a certain load is applied onto coating surface by a diamond pyramid tip. Cracks form in the corners of the indentation track. Diagonal lengths of the mark and the size of the crack are measured and the fracture toughness is calculated with the help of Equation 1 (Ponton and Rawlings at all, 1989). 9.80 N of force was applied on the coating for 10 seconds by using HVS-1000 Digital Display Microhardness Tester as seen on Figure 1a. As a result, Vickers hardness value determined and the lengths of cracks were measured. The crack seen on Figure 1b appeared and the (C) distance of this crack was measured. Fracture toughness values of the coatings are calculated by using Equation 1 (Mohammadi at all, 2007; Baharati at all, 2009): K IC E   H  1/ 2  P  C 3/ 2    (1) According to the Equation 1, P is load, E is Young’s modulus measured by using Shimadzu DUH-211 Dynamic Ultra Microhardness Tester, HV is Vickers hardness value and C is crack length (Figure 1b). The α value was taken from the literature as 0.016 (Dukino and Swain, 1992; Chen and Bull, 2006; Shikimaka and Grabco, 2008). FIGURE 1. (a) “P” Applied load on the coating and (b) “C” crack length at the coating. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Characterization of the coatings The thicknesses of the CaP coatings on the Ti6Al4V substrates were measured as 65 μm for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. Figure 2 shows the SEM micrograph of coating surfaces treated and Figure 3 shows the existence of Ca, P, Ti and V elements on the coating composition determined by EDS analyses. 17 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo FIGURE 2. SEM micrographs of the CaP coating FIGURE 3. EDS analysis of the CaP coating 3.2. Mechanical properties Table 3 shows Young’s modulus and Vickers hardness values of the CAP coatings determined by using Shimadzu DUH-211 Dynamic Ultra Microhardness Tester and HVS-1000 Digital Display Microhardness Tester, respectively for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. Additionally, average immersion depths and standard deviation values are shown on Table 3. TABLE 3. Young’s modulus and Vickers hardness of the coatings and average depth (μm) and standard deviation (μm) in ultra microhardness tests. Coating E (GPa) CaP coating on NaOH+H2O2 treated 5.26 substrates 18 HV (GPa) Average(μ m) Standard Deviation (μm) 1.18 17.04 1.61 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In Figure 4, the load-depth curves obtained by using Shimadzu DUH-211 Dynamic Ultra Microhardness Tester can be seen for the NaOH + H2O2 activation process. FIGURE 4. The load-depth curves of the CaP coatings on NaOH+ H2O2 treated substrate. Loads applied on coating materials with HVS-1000 Digital Display Microhardness Tester device and lengths of the resulting cracks (C) and calculated fracture toughness (K1C) values are shown in Table 4. 9.807 N load was applied on coating materials. The crack length (C) on CaP surface was 83.69 μm for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. TABLE 4. Applied load, crack length and fracture toughness values of the coatings Coating P (N) CaP coating on NaOH+H2O2 treated 9.807 substrates C (μm) K1C (MPam1/2) 83.69 0.43 Fracture toughness (K1C) values of the CaP coatings were calculated as 0.43 MPa m1/2 for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes by using Equation 1. On their studies, Mohammadi et al. and Bharati et al. have calculated the fracture toughness values of plasma-sprayed HA coatings on Ti6A14V substrates [13] and fracture toughness values of HA coating on Ti6A14V materials, respectively. Similar to ours, Zhang et al. have found the fracture toughness values (K1C) of HA flourideted coating on Ti6A14V substrate to be, ~0.12 MPa m1/2, ~0.26 MPa m1/2 and 0.31 MPa m1/2. 19 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, fracture toughness (K1C) values of the newly patented CaP coatings are determined as 0.43 MPa m1/2 for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. At the end of this study CaP coatings on the Ti6Al4V substrates produced by new patented activation methods have higher fracture toughness values than that of the coatings of Zhang et al. REFERENCES Hench LL. J Am Ceram Soc 1991;74:1510. Li, F., Feng, L., Cui, F.Z., Li, H.D., Schubert, H. A Simple biomimetic method for Calcium phosphate coating. Surf Coat. Tech. 154 (2002) 88-93. Kokubo, T., Kim, H.M., Miyaji, F., Takadama, H., Miyazaki, T. Ceramic- metal and ceramic- polymer composites prepared by a biomimetic process. Comp. Part A: App. Sci. and Man., 30 (1999) 405-409. Bajpai, P.K., 1990. Ceramic Amino Acid Composites for Repairing Traumatized Hard Tissues. In: Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, vol.II: Ca-P and HA Ceramics. Yamamuro, T., Hench, L.L., and Wilson-Hench, J., Eds. p. 255-270, CRC Pres, Bato Raton, FL, 1990. Yetkin, H., 2001. Ortopedi ve Travmatolojide Biomateryaller. 8th Biomedical Science and Technology Symposium (BİOMED8), IL02, METU Ankara/TURKEY, September 5-8, 2001. Bajpai, P.K., Fuchs, C.M., 1985. Development of a hydroxyapatite bone grout. In: proceedings of the firet annual scientific session of the academy of surgical research. San Antonio, Texas, Hall, C.W. Ed. p. 50-54, Pergamon Pres, New York, NY, 1985. Capello, W.N., D'Antonio, J.A., Finberg, J.R., Manley, M.T., 1997. HA-coated total hip femoral components in patients less than fifty years old., Jour. of Bone Joint Surg., 79A, 1023-1029, 1997. Tas, A.C., Bhaduri, S.B. Rapid coating of Ti6Al4V at room temperature with a calcium phosphate solution similar to 10 x SBF, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 19 (1999) 2573- 2579. Pasinli, A., Yıldız, H., Çelik, E., Aksoy, R.S., 2008, Mechanical Properties of Calcium-Phosphate Coatings on Ti6Al4V Implant Materials by Biomimetic Method, Electronic Journal of Machine Tecnologies, (4) 1-10, 2008. Neil, N.A., Raw materials for refractories SiC and Si3N4, Ceramic Engineering Science and Proceeding, 1983,4[1-2], 186-193. Kim, D.H. and Kim,C.H., Toughening behaviour of silicon carbide with additions of yttria and alumina, Journal of American Ceramic Society,1990,73,1431-1434. Zhang, S., Wang, Y.S., Zeng, X.T., Khor, K.A., Weng, W., Sun, D.E,Evaluation of adhesion strength and toughness of fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings. Thin Solid Films 516 (2008) 5162–5167. 20 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mohammadi, Z., Ziaei-Moayyed, A.A., Mesgar, S.M, Adhesive and cohesive properties by indentation method of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. Applied Surface Science 253 (2007) 4960–4965. Bharati, S., Soundrapandian, C., Basu, D., Data, S,Studies on a novel bioactive glass and composite coating with hydroxyapatite on titanium based alloys: Effect of γ-sterilization on coating. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 29 (2009) 2527–2535. Pasinli, A., Yuksel, M., Celik, E., Sener, S., Tas, C.A., 2010. A new approach in biomimetic synthesis of calcium phosphate coatings using lactic acid-Na lactate buffered body fluid solution. Acta Biomaterialia 2010: DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.013. (WO/2009/145741) Calcium Phosphate Coating of Ti6Al4V by a Na-Lactate and Lactic Acid-Buffered Body Fluid Solution - Pub. No.: WO/2009/145741 International Application No.: PCT/TR2009/000052 Applicants: Pasinli, A., Yuksel, M., Havitcioglu, H., Tas, A.C., Aksoy, R.S., Celik, E., Yildiz, H., Toparli, M., Canatan, A., Sener, S. Ponton, C.B., Rawlings, R.D., Vickers indentation fracture test. Part 1 Review of literature and formulation of standardized indentation toughness ewuations, Mater SCI Tech Ser,1989,Vol.5,Pages:865-872, ISSN:0267-0836. Dukino, D. R. and Swain, M. V., Comparative measurement of fracture toughness with berkovich and vickers indenters. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1992, 75, 3299–3304. Chen, J. and Bull, S. J., Assessment of the toughness of thin coatings using nanoindentation under displacement control. Thin Solid Films, 2006, 494,1–7. Shikimaka, O. and Grabco, D., Deformation created by Berkovich and Vickers indenters and its influence on surface morphology of indentations for LiF and CaF2 single crystals. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2008, 41, 1–6. 21 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1222 Title A name given to the resource Investigation Of Fracture Toughness Of Calcium Phosphate Coating Treated Onto Ti6A14V Substrate Author Author İbrahim, Aydın Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, we aimed to investigate the fracture toughness of the calcium phosphate (CaP) coating, that was formed with Vickers indentation method, by the new method with the new patent. The activation process was done with NaOH + H2O2 on the Ti6Al4V material surface. Elasticity module, hardness values and coating thickness of the CaP coating that is formed by activation process was calculated. SEM micrographs and EDS analysis were gathered of the coating. Fracture toughness was determined by Vickers indentation. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. Keywords: Calcium phosphate, coating, vickers indentation, fracture toughness Ti6Al4V. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2a4f0fe661bfa396ae387b8a65759570.pdf 0c343c8d5b62a103de7b606704a31dd8 PDF Text Text Investigation of Growth Features of Perch (Perca fluviatilis L. 1758) Population in Urkmez Dam Lake(Izmir-Turkey) Cenkmen R. Beğburs Akdeniz University, Fisheries Faculty, Department of Fishing and Processing Technology, Antalya/ Turkey begburs@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract: In this study, the growth properties of perch (Perca fluviatilis L. 1758) population living in Urkmez Lake were investigated. The ages of 876 fish specimen which was caught from june 1997 to May 1999 ranged from I-IV. The population was composed of 52.78 % females and 47.22 % males. The fork lengths and weights of caught samples on female and male varied from 15.97 to 32.01 cm, and 15.87 to 31.43 cm and 79.69 to 697.83 g and 80.87 to 674 g, respectively. Length-weight relationships were found as W= 0.0082*L3.2716 for males, W= 0.01*L3.2097 for females and W=0.0082*L3.2716 for combined sex. Growth parameters were estimated as; L∞= 49,621 k=0.205, to= -0835 for males, L∞= 49.983, k=0,212, to= -0.838 for females and L∞= 51.16, k=0,199, to= -0,865 for combined sex. Key Words :Growth, Perca fluviatilis, Length-weight, Urkmez Dam Lake Introduction Perch (Perca fulivatilis) is existent in different regions in Turkey. Geldiay and Balık (1988) announced that this species is existent in Marmara, Black Sea basin, Sapanca and Küçük Çekmece Lakes, Lake Ladik, Samsun, Terma, Northern Anatolia Region, and in rivers between Bafra-Terma. This species, which is mainly found in fresh water lakes in the Black Sea and Marmara Regions, has not been for in Aegean Region. However, Perca fluvatilis has been introduced to Ürkmez Dam Lake in western Turkey. When various studies are examined, it is seen that it was examined in various aspects in different countries. For example; Karas (1996) gave information about entrance into the inventory of perches in Baltic Shores, Gutti (1993) about its growing and feeding, Zeh et al. (1989) about spawning and the growing of the eggs, of the perches in the Lake Zürich, and Wheller (1969) about its feeding; Gutti (1993) studied on about its death rate, growing and feeding , Jamet J.L (1994) on its feeding activities, Jamet, J.L., Desmolles, F. (1994) on its growing, breeding and condition. Many studies have been made on this species like the examples provided. However, it is seen that there are not many studies on this species carried out in Turkey. For example, Kır, Đ., and Polat ( 1996-1997) studied on the feeding, Polat, N., and Kır, Đ(1996-1997) on the nutiritions of it. There are also few other studies. Need for studies on this species was felt because of reasons like there have not been many studies on it and especially it was brought into Urkmez Dam Lake subsequently. These studies were needed to monitor its evolution after the dam reservoir was fertilized with perch. Some growing features of the perch existent in Urkmez Dam Lake were tried to be determined in this study. Materials and Method Ürkmez Dam Lake is located 25 kilometers away from the town Menderes in its south eastern part, in the city of Đzmir in the Aegean Region in Turkey, where the study was carried out (Figure 1). This dam built for irrigation was put into operation in 1991. The study was carried out between 1997-1998. Samples were collected with trammel nets and the net existent in the reservoir. The widths of the spaces on the inner wall were 22, 28, 32 and 36 mm and those of the outer wall were 180 and 250 mm. 180 mm outer wall were used for 22 and 28 mm inner wall and 250 mm trammel nets were used for 32 and 36 mm tor nets. Perches were brought to the laboratory following every fishing, after explanatory information like the catching date, the type of fishing gear and the place of catching was noted. A fish ruler with a sensitivity ± 1 mm was used to measure the length of the perches and a digital scale with a sensitivity of 0.01 g was used to measure the weight of the perches. 693 �Otoliths were evaluated for the determination of age. The otoliths of the samples measured were taken and put to envelopes and kept dry. Afterwards, the otoliths were put into a NaOH solution of 3% in order to clean the particles on them and they were kept in this solution for 15-20 minutes until they are clean. After they are cleaned they were taken out of the solution and put into an alcohol series of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% respectively. In the end, they were dried with blotting paper and their ages were determined with binoculars on a black ground in a petri plate including with water in order to make it easy to see the age circles. Allometric growth equation of W=aLb was used to observe the relation between length-weight (Gulland, 1969). W=aLb Where : W= The total body weight (g) L= The fork length (cm) a and b = Constants Growth equations developed by von Bertalanffy were used in the calculation of the growth parameters of perches in the reservoir (Sparre and Venema, 1989; Beverton and Hold. 1957). Growth equation of von Bertalanffy is as follows: [ Lt = L∞ 1 − e − k (t −to ) [ ] Wt = W∞ 1 − e −k ( t −to ) ] b L∞ = The length of the fish, it is assumed to have in the eternity (asymptotic length), cm L∞ = The weight of the fish, it is assumed to have in the eternity, g. Lt = The length of the fish at the age t, cm Wt = The weight of the fish at the age t, g. K = Brody growth coefficient, depending on the speed of the fish to reach the asymptotic length e = Natural logarithm base b = Regression constant in the relation of length-weight to = The age when the length of the fish theoretically zero. Proportional increase in weight and proportional increase in length, and absolute length and absolute weight were calculated as they are defined by Erkoyuncu (1995). For proportional increase in length; OL= [Lt-(Lt-1)]/(Lt-1)*100, Proportional increase in weight; OW= [Wt-( Wt-1)]/(Wt-1)*100 For absolute growth in length MB= L2 – L1 For absolute growth in weight; MB= W2 – W1 Results 876 perches were caught in this study carried out in Ürkmez Dam Lak. 47.72% of the samples examined were male, 52.28% was female. Sex ratio was determined as 1:1.09. Sex ratios according to age groups are shown on Table 1. Male Age Groups I II III IV Total N 142 209 64 3 418 %N 16,21 23,86 7,31 0,34 47,72 Female N %N 142 16,21 233 26,60 77 8,80 6 0,67 458 52,28 Male + Female N %N 284 32,42 442 50,46 141 16,09 9 1,03 876 100 Table 1. Distribution of Age, Sex, and Percentage in the Population of Perca fluviatilis in Ürkmez Dam Reservoir 694 �The individuals at the ages of I-IV among the samples takes were determined. The reason for not encountering older individuals is that 4 years had passed after this species was put into the reservoir. Considering the distribution ratio as seen in Table 1, the densest group together with females and males is the group of twoyear-old individuals with a ratio of 50.46%. The sparsest group is four-year-old individuals with a ratio of 1.03%. Average lengths according to age groups and sex were determined considering the length distributions of the samples in every age group and average lengths were calculated (Table 2). Age Groups I II III IV Male Observed 15,87 22,41 26,78 31,43 Sx 0,25 0,15 0,45 1,99 Calculated 16,12 22,46 27,61 31,78 Relative increase 15,87 6,54 4,37 4,17 Female Observed 15,97 22,97 27,79 32,01 Sx 0,21 0,13 0,33 0,74 Calculated 15,95 22,39 27,62 31,85 Relative increase 15,97 7 4,82 4,22 Table 2. Average Length Distribution Values Observed and Calculated According to Age Groups and Sex in the Perch Population (cm) (Sx: standard error) Von Bertalanffy growth equation parameters in the perch population hunted were calculated separately according to male, female and female+male individual groups (Table 3). L∞ was calculated as 49.621 at males, as 49.983 at females and as 51.160 at males and females together. Sex Male Female Male + Female K to(Yıl) Von Bertalanffy Growth equation L∞ (cm) 49,621 0,205 -0,835 Lt =49.62[1-e 49,983 51,160 0,212 0,199 -0,838 -0,865 Lt =49.983[1-e ] -0,1997(t-0,8653) Lt =51.16[1-e ] -0,2054(t-0,8353) ] -0,2126(t-0,8332) Table 3. Von Bertalanffy Growth Parameters Calculated in the Perch Population (L∞ Eternal length, kGrowth constant, to- The age of the fish when its length was zero) Average weights according to age groups and sex were determined considering the distributions of the fish in every age group and average weights were calculated (Table 4). I Observed Sx Calculated Relative increase 80,87 3,82 72,01 80,87 Age Groups III Male 225,23 411,71 5,35 22,8 224,83 424,51 144,36 199,60 Female II 695 IV 674 96,94 656,04 231,53 �Observed Sx Calculated Relative increase 79,69 3,29 73,41 79,69 Observed Sx Calculated Relative increase 80,28 2,53 73,25 80,28 224,94 4,43 218,29 145,25 459,94 16,89 427,98 235 Male + Female 225,10 435,825 3,31 14,57 214,21 418,81 144,82 210,73 697,83 61,18 676,59 237,89 685,91 52,50 663,60 250 Table 4. Average Weight Values Observed and Calculated According to Age Groups and Sex in the Perch Population (g). As a result of measurements of the samples taken, Von Bertalanffy growth increase equations for female+male, male and female individuals are shown on Table 5. K Sex W∞(g) 49,621 Male Female Male Female 49,983 + 51,160 to(Yıl) 0,205 Von Bertalanffy Growth equations -0,2054(t-0,8353) 3,3379 Wt =2624,05[1-e -0,835 0,212 0,199 ] -0,2126(t-0,8332) 3,2097 Wt =2872,611[1-e ] -01997(t-0,8653) 3,2716 Wt =3013,12[1-e ] -0,838 -0,865 Table 5. Von Bertalanffy Growth Parameters Calculated in the Perch Population (L∞ Eternal weight, kGrowth constant, to- The age of the fish when its length was zero) Regression parameters and the length-weight relation equation calculated according to male, female and male+female individuals caught in the Ürkmez Dam Reservoir in the study are shown on Table 6. Length-weight relation among all individuals caught without sex discrimination is shown on Table 2. Sex a 0,0066 0,01 0,0082 Male Female Male +Female Growth Parameters b r 3,3379 r= 0,9387 3,2097 r =0.9341 3,2716 r =0,9385 Length-Weight Relation Equations W=0.0082 L3.3379 W=0,01 L3,2097 W=0,0082 L3,2716 Table 6. Length-Weight Relation Equation and Correlation Coefficient of Perces According to Sexes. It was determined that the difference among groups is insignificant as a result of the comparison of the values measured and calculated in the every age group for male, female and male+female individuals (Table 7). Male Female Male + Female Age N Sx I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV 142 209 64 3 142 233 77 6 284 442 141 9 0,25 0,15 0,45 1,99 0,21 0,13 0,33 0,74 0,16 0,1 0,27 0,59 Observed LF 15,87 22,41 26,78 31,43 15,97 22,46 27,79 32,01 15,93 22,44 27,33 31,82 696 Calculated LF 16,12 22,46 27,61 31,78 15,95 22,39 27,62 31,85 15,96 22,34 27,57 31,84 LF2LF1 +0,15 +0,05 +0,83 +0,35 -0,02 -0,07 -0,17 -0,16 +0,03 -0,10 +0,24 +0,02 T-Test P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 �Table 7. Importance Check of the Length Distribution Measured among Perca fluviatilis Samples and Calculated According to von Bertalanffy and the Difference among Them. It is observed that considering the average length and the proportional increases in length of the P. fluviatilis population measured and calculated according to von Bertalanffy, measured and calculated length values are close to each other, however, proportional increases in length decreases as age increases (Table 8). Similarly, it is observed that considering the measured and calculated weights, the values are close to each other, however, proportional increases in weight decreases as age increases (Table 9). Male Female Male + Female Age I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV N 142 209 64 3 142 233 77 6 284 442 141 9 FL 15,87 22,41 26,78 31,43 15,97 22,46 27,79 32,01 15,93 22,44 27,33 31,82 Observed Lt-Lt1 _ 6,54 4,32 4,65 _ 6,49 5,33 4,22 _ 6,51 4,89 4,49 OL _ 41,21 19,28 17,36 _ 40,64 23,73 15,19 _ 40,87 21,18 16,43 FL 16,12 22,46 27,61 31,78 15,95 22,39 27,62 31,85 15,96 22,34 27,57 31,84 Calculated Lt-Lt1 _ 6,34 5,15 4,17 _ 6,44 5,23 4,23 _ 6,38 5,23 4,27 OL _ 39,33 22,93 15,10 _ 40,38 23,36 15,31 _ 39,97 23,34 15,49 Table 8. Proportional Lengths and Proportional Increases in the Lengths of Perca fluviatilis Measured and Calculated According to van Bertalanffy (Lt-Lt1 = Annual Increase in Length, OL= Proportional Increase in Length) Age I II Male III IV I II Female III IV Male I + II Female III IV N 142 209 64 3 142 233 77 6 284 442 141 9 W 80,87 225,23 441,71 674 79,69 224,94 459,94 697,83 80,24 225,10 435,83 685,91 Observed Wt-t1 OW _ _ 144,36 178,51 186,48 82,79 262,29 63,70 _ _ 145,25 182,27 235 104,47 237,89 51,72 _ _ 120 114,29 210,73 93,62 250,08 57,38 W 72,01 224,83 424,51 656,04 73,41 218,29 427,98 676,59 73,25 214,21 418,21 663,60 Calculated Wt-Wt1 _ 152,82 199,68 231,68 _ 144,88 209,69 248,61 _ 140,96 204,6 244,79 OL _ 212,2 88,81 54,54 _ 197,36 96,36 58,21 _ 192,44 95,51 58,44 Table 9. Proportional Weights and Proportional Increases in the Weights of Perca fluviatilis Measured and Calculated According to van Bertalanffy (Lt-Lt1 = Annual Increase in Weight, OL= Proportional Increase in Weight) The importance check of difference of the values was carried out as a result of the calculations of weights calculated and measured on all of the male, female, male+female individuals of the perch population in Ürkmez Dam Reservoir. As a result, it was determined that the difference insignificant (Table 10). Age Groups Male I II III N 142 209 64 Sx 3,82 5,35 22,8 Observed W1 80,87 225,23 411,71 697 Calculated W2 72,01 224,83 424,51 T-Test W2-W1 -8,86 -0,4 +12,8 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 �Female Male + Female IV I II III IV I II III IV 3 142 233 77 6 284 442 141 9 96,94 3,29 4,43 16,89 61,18 2,53 3,31 14,57 52,17 674 79,69 224,94 459,94 697,83 80,28 225,10 435,83 685,91 656,04 73,41 218,29 427,98 676,59 73,25 214,21 418,81 663,60 -17,96 -6,28 -6,65 -31,96 -21,24 -7,03 -10,9 -17,02 -22,31 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 P>0.05 Table 10. The Weight Measured on the Perca fluviatilis Samples and Calculated According to von Bertalanffy and the Importance Check of the Difference. Discussion Sex ratio changes according to species. It changes between two different populations of the same species from year to year, among age groups and according to the reaction of the species to environmental conditions. In general, male:female ratio of many species is 1:1 (Nikolski, 1980; Çetinkaya, 1989; Erkoyuncu, 1995). Çetinkaya (1989) states that the male:female ratio of perch populations may differ between 1:1 and 1:9. It was observed in this study that male:female ratio of the 876 individuals is 1:1,09. Çetinkaya (1989) stated that females are more dominant in the perch populations. Although there is not an apparent difference, females are also more dominant in this study. Treasurer (1993) revealed male:female ratios of perches in three different lakes separately. According to the study stated, male:female ratio is determined as 1:0,95 in Lake Loirston, as 1:0,81 in Lake Sand and as 1:0,89 in Lake Lowers. It is observed that they are close to the values in Lake Ürkmez. Çetinkaya (1989) stated that perches can live until the age of 13. The oldest perches found in the Ürkmez Dam Resevoir are IV years old. The reason for this is the fact that those fish were brought to this dam reservoir subsequently and there were no individuals older than IV years of age in the hunting period. Treasurer (1993) determined the average length value distributions of perches according to ages in his study in the lakes of Northeastern Scotland. According to this study, the average age distribution of I year of age in Lake Loriston was 5.81cm and that of II years of age was 11.81 cm. The average age distributions of the older individuals in this lake were not stated. It was stated as 6.20 cm in I-year-old age group, 12.82 cm in II-years-old age group, 18.25 cm in III-years-old age group in Lake Sand. It was stated as 8.03 cm in I-year-old group group, 15.69 cm in II-years-old age group, 20.61 cm in III-years-old age group and 24.2 cm in IV-years-old age group in Lake Lower, his another area of study. Average length in Lake Ürkmez was calculated as 15.93 cm in I-yearold age group, 22.44 cm in II-years-old age group, 27.33 cm in III-years-old age group and 27.33 cm in IVyears-old age group. Comparison of those values shows that the average length of the perches in the Lake Ürkmez is longer than the others. One of the reasons for that is the fact that as is known, water temperature affects the growth of fish. Ürkmez Dam Reservoir in Turkey is in far south of the lakes in Scotland and is in a warmer region. This may have caused the perches in Turkey to grow more. Salatenko (1955-56) stated this species as 10,75 cm at the age of I, 18.63 cm at the age of II, 24.33 cm at the age of III and 27.80 cm at the age of IV, however, as there was no explanation about the place, no comments could be made. The average weights according ages were determined as 80.24 g. at the age of I, 225.10 g. at the age of II, 435.83 g. at the age of III and 689.91 g. at the age IV. Çelikkale, 1994 and Slastenenko, 1955-56 stated that this species weighed 45 g. at the age I, 145.5 g. at the age of II, 277.3 g. at the age of III and 522 g. at the age of IV. As it is the case in their lengths, the weights of the perches in Ürkmez Dam Reservoir are more than those values. The fact that they are in this warm region and so they grow faster and probably the fact that they do not have nutrition problems result in their fast growth. Treasurer (1993) calculated the L∞ values of the perches in Loirston, Send and Lower Lakes. At the end of his study, he calculated the L∞ values of only the female individuals in Loirston as 31.6 and calculated the L∞ values of only the male individuals in Lower as 29,0. He made calculations for both of the sexes in Lake Sand; found the L∞ value of the male individuals as 37.9 and the L∞ of the female individuals as 35.1. The L∞ value of the male individuals was found to be 49.62 and the L∞ value of the female individuals was found to be 49.98 in Ürkmez Dam Reservoir. The reason for the fact that L∞ value of the perches in this lake is higher than the other lakes is predicted to stem from biotic and abiotic factors of the lake. Berg ( 1965) stated that the maximum length this species can reach can be between 30-51 cm. Wheller (1969), Geldiay and Balık (1988) stated that the maximum length of this species can reach up to 50 cm. As a result of the calculations performed, the L∞ value for Ürkmez Dam lake is found to be close to the maximum value of 51 cm determined by (Berg 1965). 698 �Considering the values obtained as a result of the study, this species can grow fast according to the conditions of the water it is in. That is why; this species can be utilized by the pisciculture of it. However, as it is a carnivorous species, pisciculture areas of it should be selected well. It should be carried out in risk free places as the fish may escape The fact that it is carnivorous may be a disadvantage for pisciculture areas but it will create an advantage for sport fishing. References Berg, L, S., (1965). Freshwater Fıshes of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries (Translation by Omry Ronen) Vol. III, Israel Program Scientific Translations Ltd., Jerusalem, 510p. Beverton, R. J., H. ve Hold, S., J., (1957). On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations, Fisheries Investment Series 2, vol. 19, U.K. Mins. Agricul. And Fish., London. 539p. Çetinkaya, O., (1989) Balıklçılık Biolojisi ve Populasyon Dinamiği (Ders Notları). Akdeniz Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Yüksek Okulu. Eğirdir, 65s. Erkoyuncu, Đ., (1995). Balıkçılık Biyolojisi ve Populasyon Dinamiği. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi yayınları. Yayın No:95, Sinop. 265s. Geldiay, R., and Balık, S., (1988). Türkiye Tatlısu Balıkları. E.Ü. Fen Fak. Kitapları Serisi, No. 97. Pag. 449 Guti, G., (1993), Mortality, Growth and Diet of Perch Percha fluviatilis L. in the Cikola Branch System of the Szigetköz Area, River Danube. Arch. Hydrobiol. 128,3, Stutgart, 317-327 Jamet, J.L., 1994, Feeding Activity of Adult Roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)), Pech (Perca fluviatilis (L.)) in eutrophic Lake Aydat (France). Aquatic Sciences 56/4: 366-387 Jamet, J.L., Desmolles, F., 1994, Growth, Reproduction and Cındition of Roach ( Rutilus rutilus L.)), Perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) and Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus (L.)) in Eurrophic Lake Aydat (Franca). Int.Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 79, (2): 305-322 Karas, P., 1996, Recruitment of perch ( Perca fluviatilis L.) from Baltic Coastal Waters. Arch. Hydrobiol. 138, Stuttgart, pag. 99-121 Kır, Đ., and Polat, N., (1996-1997). Suat Uğurlu Baraj Gölünde Yaşayan Tatlısu Levreği (Perca fluviatilis L. 1758) nin Sindirim Sisteminde Tespit Edilen Fitoplanktonik Organizmalar. Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergis Sayı 5. Süleyman Demirel Basım Evi. Isparta , Pag 67-82 Nikolskii, G. V., (1980). Theory of Fish Population Dynamics As the Biological Background for Rational Exploitation and Management of Fishery Resources. (Trans. By Bradley.J.E.S., Edited by Jones. R.). Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh (India) and Otto Koeltz Science Publishers (Germany). Delh.. Pag. 323 Polat, N., and Kır, Đ., (1996-1997). Suat Uğurlu Baraj Gölünde Yaşayan Tatlısu Levreği (Perca fluviatilis L. 1758) nin Besin Organizmaları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergis Sayı 5. Süleyman Demirel Basım Evi. Isparta , Pag 52-67 Slasteneko, E., (1955-56). Karadeniz Havzası balıkları. Et ve Balık Kurumu Umum Müdürlüğü yayınları. Đstanbul, pag.711 Sparre, P., Ursin, E. ve Venema, S. C., (1989). Introduction to Tropical Fish Stock Assessment (Part I- Manual). FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. No: 306/1, Rome, Pag.337. Treasurer, J.W., (1993) Some Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Perch Perca fluviatilis L. Fecundity, Maturation and Spawning Behaviour, J. Fish Biol. 18: 729 – 740 Wheller, A.,(1969) The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe, Printed in Great Britain by J. Mackay ve Co Ltd. Chatham. Zeh, M., Ritter, E., ve Ribi G., (1989) Spawning and Egg Deveopment of Perca fuliviatilis in Lake Zürich. Zoologisches Museum, Winterhurerstr. 190,8057 Zürich, Switzerland, pag. 100-106. 699 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 619 Title A name given to the resource Investigation of Growth Features of Perch (Perca fluviatilis L. 1758) Population in Urkmez Dam Lake(Izmir-Turkey) Author Author R. Beğburs, Cenkmen Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the growth properties of perch (Perca fluviatilis L. 1758) population living in Urkmez Lake were investigated. The ages of 876 fish specimen which was caught from june 1997 to May 1999 ranged from I-IV. The population was composed of 52.78 % females and 47.22 % males. The fork lengths and weights of caught samples on female and male varied from 15.97 to 32.01 cm, and 15.87 to 31.43 cm and 79.69 to 697.83 g and 80.87 to 674 g, respectively. Length-weight relationships were found as W= 0.0082*L3.2716 for males, W= 0.01*L3.2097 for females and W=0.0082*L3.2716 for combined sex. Growth parameters were estimated as; L∞= 49,621 k=0.205, to= -0835 for males, L∞= 49.983, k=0,212, to= -0.838 for females and L∞= 51.16, k=0,199, to= -0,865 for combined sex. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/aac3db8abc7ffe125c3870eda4cba134.pdf 17ec3290c30256028935df1df8d392b7 PDF Text Text Investigation of Live Weights at Different Ages by Cluster Analysis in Konya Merino Sheep Birol Dağ Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya, Turkey bdag@selcuk.edu.tr Đsmail Keskin Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya, Turkey ikeskin@selcuk.edu.tr Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the live weights at birth (BW), weaning (WW), sixth (SW), twelfth (TW) and eighteenth (EW) months of age by cluster analysis in Konya Merino sheep. k-means clustering methods was used for the cluster analysis. Clusters were obtained differently according to sex and birth types. Effects of dam age on BW, WW (P<0.01) and SW (P<0.05) were found to be significant and its effects on TW and EW were not significant in single born females. Dam age did not affect BW, WW, SW, TW and EW in twin born females and single born males. In twin born males, dam age affected only SW (P<0.05). By the statistically analyses different cluster numbers were determined as 6, 5 and 4 for single born females, twin born females, single and twin born males respectively. The differences between the clusters in respect of live weights at the same ages were statistically significant (P<0.01). At the end of the study, according to live weights at eighteenth month of age, the third cluster for twin males and the first cluster for single females gave the highest values. Keywords: Cluster Analysis, k-means, Konya Merino Introduction The relationships among birth weight which is an indicator of prenatal growth and weaning weight and also its relation to lamb survival rate up to weaning period and body weights at later ages are well known. Birth weight is one of the features that can be detected early. Lamb body weight at the onset of fattening period generally refers to weaning weight. The cluster analysis is one of the multivariate statistical analysis and the main goal of it is to dividing a data set in hand into two or more clusters by taking into account a certain similarity measure. This splits are desired as homogenous within cluster and heterogenic between clusters (Hair et al., 1998). This study was conducted to examine the body weights at various periods of Konya Merino sheep with cluster analysis. Materials and Methods Data from 162 Konya Merino lambs born in 2002 (57 males and 105 females) were used. The sheep were maintained at the Bahri Dağdaş Agricultural Research Institute farm in the Konya Province in central o ' o ' Turkey (37 , 51 N and 32 , 48 E). This province has approximately 1.6 million head of sheep, which represents 6% of the sheep population of Turkey. The province’s average annual rainfall is between 250 400 mm; the mean temperature 11.5 °C; and the average elevation 1016 m. 179 �The flock consisted of 400 ewes and 25 rams. Animals were maintained under semi-intensive conditions. Age at first lambing was approximately 24 months. Ewes lambed between 1 January and 15 February. The lambs were weaned at 75 days of age. Ewes were grazed from April to December and kept indoors throughout the winter. Live weight data were recorded monthly from birth to 16 months of age. Lambs were weaned at approximately 75 days of age and body weights at weaning, 6th, 12 th and 18th months of age were measured with an accuracy of 100 g. After 16 months the animals were kept for breeding purposes and no further weights were recorded. Least square analysis were used to determine the dam effect on BW, WW, SW, TW and EW. It has been assumed that there is no interaction between the factors examined and the influences was determined by using the following statistical model in Harvey’s (1987) package program. Yij = µ + ai + eij In the model; Yij : observation for each trait, µ : mean, ai : effect of dam age, eij : random residual effect. In clustering methods, there are two basic methods called hierarchical and nonhierarchical clustering methods are used when the units or variables are appropriately grouped according to clustering approach (Özdamar, 1999). Different approaches are applied to combine the units each other in hierarchical clustering methods. These methods are commonly used and known are follows. 1. Single Linkage Method, 2. Average Linkage Method, 3. Complete Linkage Method, 4. McQuitty Linkage Method, 5. Centroid Linkage Method, 6. Median Linkage Method, 7. Ward Linkage Method. In respect of having stronger theoretical basis than hierarchical clustering method and having prior information about cluster number provide preferring the nonhierarchical clustering methods to the hierarchical methods (Doğan, 2002). The most used methods among nonhierarchical methods are maximum likelihood, k-means. K-means method were used in this study. Cluster number were determined by using the following equation. k= n 2 Where; n: number of units divided into clusters and k: cluster number (Tatlıdil, 1996). When dividing variables into clusters, Mahalanobis distance is used as distance measure (Doğan, 2002). Mahalanobis distance is a generalized form of Euclid distance. Euclid distance between the units of a n*p dimensional data matrix is: P d (i, j ) = S ( X ik − X jk ) 2 k =1 i = 1, 2,.....n, j = 1, 2,.....n, Where; n: number of units, p: number of variables, Xik and Yjk represent the values of kth features of ith and jth units. Mahalanobis distance, d 2 (i, j ) = ( X i + X j ) t S −1 ( X i − X j ) X i : observation vector of ith units, X j : observation vector of jth units, t: vector transpose, S-1 shows the inverse of similarity matrix. In order to understand whether or not the used method constitute different clusters from each other, analysis of variance were made separately for all variables. Minitab 10.0 statistical software program were used for both clustering and analysis of variance. 180 �Results and Discussion At the end of the study, dam age on BW, WW (P<0.01) and SW (P<0.05) were found to be significant and its effect on TW and EW were not significant in single born females. Dam age did not affect BW, WW, SW, TW and EW in twin born females and single born males. In twin born males, dam age affected only SW (P<0.05). This study in which the Konya Merino lambs divided into clusters by k-means method, cluster analysis were made by considering both sex and birth type which can affect clusters. Clustering results obtained by k-means method for single born female Konya Merino lambs were given in Table 1 and for twin born female lambs in Table 2. It is possible that both single and twin born female lambs can be selected for the investigated traits by taking into account the clusters. If body weight is important for breeding, the first cluster for single born female lambs must be selected in respect of BW, WW, SW, TW and EW. But for twin born females in terms of BW and WW; SW; TW and EW, the third, fifth, first and fifth clusters must be chosen respectively. Clustering results obtained by k-means method for single born male Konya Merino were given in Table 3 and for twin born male lambs in Table 4. In terms of BW, WW, SW, TW and EW the first cluster for single born males must be selected. If both body weight and litter size are taken into consideration, the third cluster must be must be chosen from twin born males in terms of BW, WW, SW, TW and EW. In order to understand whether the used method really divided into different clusters from each other, analysis of variance were made separately for all traits. The results of variance analysis showed that the difference between the formed clusters for both sex and birth types were statistically (P<0.01). Cluster 1 2 3 4 5 6 BW 5.20±0.566 4.38±0.476 4.77±0.320 3.78±0.085 4.24±0.349 4.57±0.890 WW 23.60±0.994 22.10±2.268 17.81±1.818 15.84±1.688 16.830±1.787 20.81±1.834 SW 38.9±1.984 34.36±2.161 30.23±1.098 25.46±2.144 25.88±2.821 30.86±1.710 TW 56.40±0.231 48.92±2.517 44.18±1.632 31.54±2.952 39.98±2.389 41.39±2.263 EW 63.85±2.763 56.52±2.971 52.76±2.188 38.52±3.065 46.92±2.811 46.87±1.442 Table 1. Means and their Standard Deviations (Female/Single) Cluster 1 2 3 4 5 BW 3.46±0.424 4.10±0.447 4.39±0.383 2.80±0.361 3.96±0.422 WW 17.47±1.260 16.99±2.093 21.23±2.016 16.17±1.288 21.97±1.798 SW 28.72±2.692 24.17±2.582 31.30±1.784 25.87±3.249 36.44±2.468 TW 45.06±2.046 39.31±2.357 43.94±2.209 37.87±1.372 50.98±2.289 EW 53.52±2.448 45.01±2.909 54.84±3.504 43.33±1.361 58.03±1.628 Table 2. Cluster Means and their Standard Deviations (Female/Twin) Cluster 1 2 3 4 BW 5.45±0.296 4.54±0.197 2.70±0.021 4.78±0.612 WW 26.67±1.514 23.02±3.441 14.00±0.145 20.45±4.669 SW 43.20±4.025 36.65±1.925 21.90±0.188 32.07±4.092 TW 58.42±4.307 56.08±2.590 32.00±0.204 48.92±3.129 Table 3. Cluster Means and their Standard Deviations (Male/Single) 181 EW 70.18±2.332 71.39±4.592 47.30±0.237 60.70±5.012 �Cluster 1 2 3 4 BW 3.63±0.231 3.96±0.493 4.67±0.577 3.87±0.363 WW 15.20±0.222 19.81±1.869 25.10±2.972 18.05±1.777 SW 25.60±3.298 32.45±2.146 39.33±1.502 30.79±2.215 TW 43.93±5.525 55.00±3.960 65.33±1.865 45.40±2.985 EW 54.33±3.791 68.74±3.003 77.50±1.412 57.90±3.881 Table 4. Cluster Means and their Standard Deviations (Male/Twin) Conclusion The first cluster not only has the highest value for BW, but also has the highest values WW, SW, TW and EW. According to this result, it can be said that the selection which will be made for BW can give reliable outcomes for the further age body weights. If the third cluster for twin born males and the fifth cluster for twin born females are selected in respect of BW, also the highest values for WW, SW, TW and EW could have been chosen. In conclusion, it can be said that because of the advantages in terms of time, labor and cost, using the cluster analysis for the selection purposes would be appropriate than the other methods. References Doğan, Đ. (2002). Kümeleme Analizi Đle Seleksiyon (Selection by Cluster Analysis). Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 26: 47-53. Hair, F.H., Andersen, R.E., Tahtam, R.L. & Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Harvey, W.R. (1987). User’s Guide for LSMLMW PC-1 Version Mixed Model Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program. Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Mimeo. Minitab, (1995). Minitab Reference Manual, Release 10 Xtra. Minitab Inc. State Coll., PA 16801, USA. Özdamar, K. (1999). Paket Programlar ile Đstatistiksel Veri Analizi (Çok Değişkenli Analizler) II (Multivariate Analysis) . Kaan Kitabevi (2. Baskı), Eskişehir. Tatlıdil, H. (1996). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli Đstatiksel Analiz (Applied Multivariate Analysis), Ankara. 182 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 370 Title A name given to the resource Investigation of Live Weights at Different Ages by Cluster Analysis in Konya Merino Sheep Author Author Dağ, Birol Keskin, İsmail Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this study was to investigate the live weights at birth (BW), weaning (WW), sixth (SW), twelfth (TW) and eighteenth (EW) months of age by cluster analysis in Konya Merino sheep. k-means clustering methods was used for the cluster analysis. Clusters were obtained differently according to sex and birth types. Effects of dam age on BW, WW (P<0.01) and SW (P<0.05) were found to be significant and its effects on TW and EW were not significant in single born females. Dam age did not affect BW, WW, SW, TW and EW in twin born females and single born males. In twin born males, dam age affected only SW (P<0.05). By the statistically analyses different cluster numbers were determined as 6, 5 and 4 for single born females, twin born females, single and twin born males respectively. The differences between the clusters in respect of live weights at the same ages were statistically significant (P<0.01). At the end of the study, according to live weights at eighteenth month of age, the third cluster for twin males and the first cluster for single females gave the highest values. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b2ea08904a04f37dbebb17b4363575ae.pdf cd2e4b4193d090dce8754626c24241e7 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kundur, D. and Hatzinakos, D. (1998) Digital watermarking using multiresolution wavelet decomposition. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2969-2972. Langelaar, G., and Lagendijk, R. (2001) Optimal differential energy watermarking of dct encoded images and video. IEEE Transactions on image Processing, 148–158 Xia, X., Boncelet, C., and Arce, G. (1997) A Multiresolution Watermark for Digital Images. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, vol. I, 548-551. Investigation Of Seismic Performance Of Existing Building Strengthened With Cfrp Ali Demir1, Hakan Başaran2, Duygu Dönmez Demir3 1Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey 2Department of Turgutlu Vocation School, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey 3Department of Mathematics, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey Abstract In this study, the seismic performance of the Merkez Efendi hospital building was determined with CFRP strengthening methods according to the Turkish Earthquake Code-2007. Firstly, the building was considered with the masonry walls and without masonry walls and the effect of the masonry walls to the performance of the building was investigated. Afterwards, the building was strengthened with CFRP plates to get the required seismic performance level. Consequently, the seismic performances of the hospital building were compared for these three cases. Keywords: Strengthening, Masonry Wall, CFRP, Seismic Performance 1.INTRODUCTION Buildings are subjected to earthquake, wind, fire etc. during their lifetimes. Sometimes, addition of a story and change in the purpose of using occur. For these reasons, the performances of the buildings should be investigated according to the present earthquake codes of the countries. If the performance of the building is insufficient, it must be rehabilitated. The Turkish Earthquake Code-2007 (TEC-2007) gives alternative rehabilitation methods. One should choose the most suitable method for buildings. Chapter 7 of TEC-2007 entitled “Assessment and Strengthening of Existing Buildings” and sets standards for 336 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo assessment and rehabilitation of existing buildings (Sucuoglu 2006). Recently, there have been some studies about linear and non-linear procedures in TEC-2007 and concluded that results of linear procedures are more conservative than non-linear ones (Sengoz 2007, Tuncer et al. 2007, Kalkan and Kunnath 2007). In this study, the seismic performance level of the Merkez Efendi hospital building with and without masonry walls is determined according to TEC-2007. The some masonry walls are strengthened with CFRP plates for rehabilitation of building. The capacity curves and performance levels of the strengthened buildings are determined with incremental static pushover analysis and compared. 2.DESCRIPTION OF THE HOSPITAL BUILDING The hospital building has ground floor and three stories. The height of the ground floor is 3.70 m and the heights of the other floors are 3.20 m. The building has dimensions 34.90 m by 14.70 m in plan. The building has two shear walls, columns and beams (Fig.1). The building is situated in the 1.seismic zone and Z3 local site class. The standard compressive strength of the concrete of the building is determined from the samples taken from the columns as 11 MPa (Fig.2.b). Material properties are 220 MPa for the yield strength of both longitudinal and transverse reinforcements. A (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (60/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) Y (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (60/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (40/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60) (30/60)(30/60) 595 (30/60) (60/60) 280 (60/60) X C 595 (240/30) 1470 B (30/60) 345 1 330 2 330 3 (240/30) 490 4 330 5 3490 330 6 330 7 330 8 330 9 Figure 1: The plan of ground and first floor of the existing building 337 D 345 10 11 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo a) The hospital building b) The coring Figure 2: Existing Building The existing hospital building was modeled with the present masonry walls and without the masonry walls and they were shown in Figure 4.a and 4.b. After the existing hospital building is rehabilitated with CFRP plates (Fig 4.c). The masonry walls of the hospital building were compared to trusses according to FEMA and Mainstone who had recommend the formulas Equation 1, 2 and 3. According to TEC2007 the elasticity modulus of the masonry walls and compression strength were determined as 1000 MPa, 1 MPa, respectively. 338 �d : Diagonal length t : Width of masonry wall Wef : Effective wal width Em : Modulus of elasticity (Masonry) Es : Modulus of elasticity (Frame) R : Bearing capacity H` : Length of masonry wall H : Story height L` : Net span width L : Span width θ : Angle of diagonal compressive bar Ic : Moment of inertia of columns Figure 3: Diagonal compression region in masonry wall under lateral load and equivalent virtual diagonal compressive bar element that represents the masonry wall d  H2  L2 (1) w  0.175(1  H)0.4  H2  L2 (2) 1  E  t  sin 2  4 1   m   4  Es  Ic  h  339 (3) �The strengthening with CFRP plates is seen in Fig.4.c. The width of the CFRP plates is 100 mm and the thickness is 1.4 mm, the modulus of elasticity of CFRP is 210000 MPa. The three CFRP plates are bonded to the masonry walls side by side. The performance levels of this rehabilitation are compared with the existing building performance. The connection details of CFRP are shown in Fig.5. H-EB = Existing Hospital Building H-EBMW = Existing Hospital Building with Masonry Walls H-CFRP = Strengthened Hospital Building with CFRP a) H-EB b) H-EBMW c) H-CFRP Figure 4: The existing and strengthened hospital buildings with CFRP method Bolt Beam Column Masonry Wall CFRP Plate Figure 5: The connection details of CFRPs 3.METHODS 340 �The incremental static pushover analysis was employed for the performance assessments. The incremental equivalent static lateral force analysis is limited to 8 story buildings with total height not exceeding 25 m, and not possessing torsion irregularity. Nonlinear flexural behaviour in frame members are confined to plastic hinges, where the plastic hinge length Lp is assumed as half of the section depth (Lp= h/2). Pre-yield linear behaviour of concrete sections is represented by cracked sections, which is 0.40EIo for beams and varies between (0.40-0.80)EIo with the axial stress for columns. Strain hardening in the plastic range may be ignored, provided that the plastic deformation vector remains normal to the yield surface. The objective is to carry out nonlinear static analysis under incrementally increasing lateral forces distributed in accordance with the dominant mode shape in the earthquake excitation direction. Lateral forces are increased until the earthquake displacement demand is reached. Internal member forces and plastic deformations are calculated at the demand level. A capacity diagram is obtained from the incremental analysis which is expressed in the “base shear force - roof displacement” plane. The reference design spectrum in the Code has 10% probability of exceeding in 50 years. Based on Turkish strong motion data, it is estimated that the spectral ordinates for 50% probability of exceeding in 50 years are half of the reference spectrum whereas the ordinates for 2% probability of exceeding in 50 years are 1.5 times that of the reference spectrum. Building earthquake performance level is determined after determining the member damage states Evaluation of the investigated buildings is performed using the recently published TEC-2007. Three performance levels, immediate occupancy (IO), life safety (LS), and collapse prevention (CP) are considered as specified in this code and several other international guidelines such as ATC-40, FEMA-273, FEMA-307, FEMA-356(ASCE 2000), FEMA-440, EC-8 and NZS-2003. The rules for determining building performance in TEC2007 are given for each performance level. Immediate Life Collapse Occupancy Safety Prevention IO LS CP Displacement () Performance Levels of the Members Moment Base Shear (VT) Performance Levels of the Building Immediate Life Collapse Occupancy Safety Prevention IO LS CP Plastic Rotation ( P Figure 6: Performance levels for members and buildings 341 �4.RESULTS Modal properties of the first mode of the building are given in Table 1. The effect of the rehabilitation method with CFRP plates on the dynamic properties of the building are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Period values of the hospital building Type of Building H-EB H-EBMW H-CFRP X direction 0.566 0.517 0.528 Y direction 0.555 0.511 0.520 The capacity curves (base shear-displacement) of the buildings are obtained for x and y directions with incremental static pushover analysis and shown in Figure 7. 16000 14000 8000 Base Shear (kN) Base Shear (kN) 10000 6000 4000 2000 H-EB 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Displacement (m) 0.4 0.5 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0.00 H-EBMW 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0.00 H-CFRP 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 Displacement (m) Capacity Curve-X Direction Capacity Curve-Y Direction 0.25 Figure 7: The capacity curves of the building 342 0.15 Displacement (m) 10000 Base Shear (kN) 12000 �According to TEC-2007, the seismic performance points of the hospital building are obtained with incremental static pushover analysis and shown in Table 2. While the base shears of the strengthened building and having masonry walls increase according to the existing building without masonry walls, it is observed that displacements are same levels. Table 2: Performance points for incremental static pushover analysis H-EB H-EBMW H-CFRP X Y X Y X Y 6233 5703 9809 8537 8182 7470 Displacement (m) 0.073 0.050 0.071 0.053 0.070 0.050 Base Shear (kN) According to TEC-2007, the member damage states are determined and shown in Table 3, 4 and 5. Since the existing building does not provide life safety level, it is strengthened with CFRP plates. The seismic evaluations of the building are calculated for each state with the TEC-2007. Table 3: Performance level of H-EB for incremental static pushover analysis <IO IO LS CP Story Beams Columns Beams Columns Beams Columns Beams Columns 1 0(%0) 0(%0) 10(%29) 19(%43) 18(%53) 12(%27) 6(%18) 13(%30) 2 0(%0) 44(%100) 1(%3) 0(%0) 14(%41) 0(%0) 19(%56) 0(%0) 3 0(%0) 44(%100) 3(%9) 0(%0) 20(%59) 0(%0) 11(%32) 0(%0) 4 0(%0) 44(%100) 20(%59) 0(%0) 14(%41) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) Evaluation Life Safety Level X Global performance level of the building is given for incremental static pushover analysis in Table 3. In first story, in the direction of the applied earthquake loads, 29% of the beams 343 �and 43% of the columns are in the immediate occupancy states. 53% of the beams and 27% the columns are life safety states in this story. 18% of the beams and 30% the columns are collapse prevention states in this story. In this situation, the building performance does not satisfy life safety (LS) level. Table 4: Performance level of H-EBMW for incremental static pushover analysis <IO IO LS CP Story Beams Columns Beams Columns Beams Columns Beams Columns 1 0(%0) 0(%0) 10(%29) 19(%43) 18(%53) 12(%27) 6(%18) 13(%30) 2 0(%0) 44(%100) 1(%3) 0(%0) 14(%41) 0(%0) 19(%56) 0(%0) 3 0(%0) 44(%100) 3(%9) 0(%0) 20(%59) 0(%0) 11(%32) 0(%0) 4 0(%0) 44(%100) 20(%59) 0(%0) 14(%41) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) Evaluation Life Safety Level X Table 5: Performance level of H-CFRP for incremental static pushover analysis <IO IO LS CP Story Beams Columns Beams Columns Beams Columns Beams Columns 1 27(%79) 39(%89) 5(%15) 3(%7) 2(%6) 2(%4) 0(%0) 0(%0) 2 29(%85) 44(%100) 3(%9) 0(%0) 2(%6) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 3 34(%100) 44(%100) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 4 34(%100) 44(%100) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) 0(%0) Evaluation 344 Life Safety Level √ �5.CONCLUSIONS In this study, the seismic performances of the Merkez Efendi Hospital building are determined according to the conditions of TEC-2007. Since the seismic performance of the existing building is insufficient, CFRP method is used for the rehabilitation and the results are compared. As a result of the performance analyses:      The existing hospital building does not satisfy the life safety level for the earthquake that may be 2% probability of exceeding in 50 years. The performance analyses of the building were considered with the masonry walls and without the masonry walls. The lateral load capacity of the building with the consideration of the masonry walls was 57% more than that of the without masonry walls. However, the displacements were the same for two cases. The strengthening members (CFRP) are designed according to the minimum standards of the TEC-2007. Although lateral load carrying capacity of strengthened building increase, horizontal displacement at the roof for the building is same with existing building. As the member damage conditions are investigated, the performance of the strengthening method according to the conditions of TEC-2007 is satisfactory.  As a result of this work: Once the effect of the masonry walls is taken into account in structural analyses, the buildings are designed more economic. The application of CFRP plates should be detailed very good and applied very well. As a result, it can be said that the CFRP method recommended in the TEC-2007 can be applied with confidence. REFERENCES FEMA-356 (2005) Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington. Kalkan E. and Kunnath S.K. (2007) Assessment of current nonlinear static procedures for seismic evaluation of buildings, Engineering Structures, 29, 305–316. Mainstone, R.J. (1974) Suplementary Note on the Stifness and Strengths of Infilled Frames, Building Research Station, UK, Feb. 345 �Sucuoglu, H. (2006) The Turkish seismic rehabilitation code, First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Geneva, Switzerland, 3-8 September. Sengoz, A. (2007) Quantitative evaluation of assessment methods in the 2007 Turkish Earthquake Code, Master Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, METU, Ankara. TEC 2007, Specifications for buildings to be built in seismic areas, Turkish Earthquake Code 2007. Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, Turkey.Tuncer O. Celep, Z. Yılmaz, M.B. (2007) A comparative evaluation of the methods given in the Turkish Seismic Code, WCCE–ECCE– TCCE Joint Conference: EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI. Medical Decision Support System for Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases using DWT and k-NN Emina Alickovic, Abdulhamit Subasi International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mails: ealickovic@ibu.edu.ba, asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Heart disease is a cardiovascular disorder that is most widespread cause of death in many countries all over the world. In this work, k-Nearest Neighbor machine learning tool was used to classify Electrocardiography (ECG) signals and satisfactory accuracy rate was achieved in classification of ECG signals. The model automatically classifies the ECG signals into 5 different kinds: normal, Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC), Atrial Premature Contraction (APC), Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB) and Left Bundle Branch Block (RBBB). The best averaged performance over randomized percentage-split is also obtained by k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) classification model. Some conclusions concerning the impacts of features on the ECG signal classification were obtained through analysis of different parameters of kNN. The analysis suggests that kNN modeling is satisfactory performances in at least three points: high recognition rate, insensitivity to overtraining and computational time it takes for classification. The combined model with DWT and k-NN achieves the good. Obtained result shows that the suggested model have the potential to obtain a reliable classification of ECG 346 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1183 Title A name given to the resource Investigation Of Seismic Performance Of Existing Building Strengthened With Cfrp Author Author Ali , Demir Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the seismic performance of the Merkez Efendi hospital building was determined with CFRP strengthening methods according to the Turkish Earthquake Code-2007. Firstly, the building was considered with the masonry walls and without masonry walls and the effect of the masonry walls to the performance of the building was investigated. Afterwards, the building was strengthened with CFRP plates to get the required seismic performance level. Consequently, the seismic performances of the hospital building were compared for these three cases. Keywords: Strengthening, Masonry Wall, CFRP, Seismic Performance Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6d5787d8e760deea3b763187bde865a5.pdf 1555a714af1c49b8b757e939a29ed6f5 PDF Text Text Investigation of Temperature Parameter on the Sinterability of Magnesia Bengü Köknal Dokuz Eylul University, Mining Eng., Mineral Processing Dep., Buca, Izmir, Turkey bengukoknal@hotmail.com Turan Batar Dokuz Eylul University, Mining Eng., Mineral Processing Dep., Buca, Izmir, Turkey turan.batar@deu.edu.tr Akın Altun Dokuz Eylul University, Metallurgical & Materials Eng. Dept., Buca, Izmir, Turkey akin.altun@deu.edu.tr Abstract: A sintering procedure in constant heraus muffle furnace was carried out at an interval of 1600-1900 oC for 50 min dwelling time and 5 oC min-1 cooling rate to improve the grain growth of magnesia. The effects of temperature on the grain growth and microstructural examination of samples were investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The average grain size was also determined separately by an intercept measurement method. According to the findings, crystal size and bulk density were enhanced significantly as a linear relationship with the increasing temperature. For the samples sintered at 1900 oC, a maximum average grain growth (~100 µm ) has been obtained. In this paper, the effects of temperature on the crystal size and bulk density of the treated magnesia and its marketability were evaluated. Key words: Sintering, grain size, bulk density, purchasability Introduction Grain size, impurities, porosity, sintering temperature and practice shape play an important role in controlling many physical, mechanical and chemical properties of magnesia-based bricks (Kingery, 1984, Itatani, Nomura, Kishioka, Kinoshita, 1986, Rice, 1972). It is known that porosity can alter or eliminate the appearance of grain-size control of strength (Itatani, Nomura, Kishioka, Kinoshita, 1986). As grains grow, grain boundaries sweep past many pores, which are then within the grains not at grain boundaries. This commonly results in an additional regular pore shape, which may well decrease stress concentrations. The size of the MgO crystals within the magnesia grains is critically an important factor in controlling the resistance to corrosive attack of basic bricks (Aksel, Rand, Riley, Warren, 2002). When the size of the crystals increases, a corresponding decline occurs in crystal surface area and open porosity (Aksel, Rand, Riley, Warren, 2002). Furthermore, as the mean MgO grain size increases, the wear rate as a result of corrosive slag attack decreases (Lee, Rainforth, 1994). Magnesia-based refractories with a large grain size (>100 mm) are used comprehensively where the corrosion resistance is required. On the contrary, a high thermal shock resistance in fused magnesia grain requires a fine crystal size and a compromise may be required in applications where thermal shock resistance is important (Williams, Taylor, Soady, 1990) Critical microstructural factors affecting properties and performance of a brick are basically density, grain size, impurities and CaO/SiO2 ratios (Aksel, Rand, Riley, Warren, 2002). Currently, researchers focused on the improvement in the resistance of corrosive attack of sintered magnesite with the greatest grain growth. As the grain size increases, the penetration of slag through the grain boundaries can be minimised. The enlargement in grain size leads to a high resistance to fracture and corrosion. To reach the optimum grain size increases the quality and performance of the refractory material, leading to an economical benefit and longer service life for industrial applications in terms of corrosion and thermal shock resistance. In this study, under optimum test conditions in the literature (Marechal, 1991) such as constant dwelling time (19 min) and the cooling rate (5 oC min-1), crystal size and bulk density is separately determined according to rising temperature. The role of temperature on the enlargement of grain size and bulk density were also 508 �evaluated by SEM analysis. Furthermore, Crystal size and bulk density, which have a pronounced effect on quality and purchasability, are investigated It is considered that this paper will provide a platform to improve understanding of relationships between microstructure and those parameters, affecting grain size of the sintered magnesite significantly. Experimental procedures The magnesite concentrate was provided from Kümas Magnesite Mine Inc, Kütahya. The representative sample was crushed and classified into -5 +3 mm particle size. Mineralogical characterization by X-ray diffraction spectrometry evidenced MgO while main additional minerals were Fe2O3, SiO2, CaO and Al2O3. Quantitative chemical analysis of the elements by emission spectroscopy technique revealed that MgO content is 48, 53 % [Table 1]. MgO, % SiO2, % CaO, % Fe2O3, % Al2O3, % LOI*, % 49.56 0.30 1.10 0.30 0,04 48,70 *LOI: loss on ignition Table 1. Chemical analysis of magnesite concentrate A sintering procedure close to industrial situation was performed in the constant heraus muffle furnace at interval 1600-1900oC for 50 min dwelling time and 5oC min-1 cooling rate 7. Sintered samples were placed in polyethylene moulds by a mixture of epoxy resin and hardener. Surfaces of samples were ground using progressively finer SiC papers. The polishing of specimens for SEM was carried out using a “Metcom Forcipol 1V” grinder polisher. Chemical etching was then carried out in a HNO3 and CH3OH (3:2) diluted solution at room temperature for ~25 min (Aksel, Kasap, Sesver, 2005). Microstructural examination of the regarding samples was carried out using JEOL JSM-6060 SEM. Grain sizes of polished and chemically etched surfaces were then measured from photographs taken in SEM, using an intersecting grain numbers method (Clinton, Freer, 1987). Similar results were achieved by standard lines mean method (Köknal, Eyüboğlu, Özmen, 2008). Average grain size was determined from intercept measurements on the observed plane, by using the following formula: − D = (n * l ) ( Z * M ) (1) − where D is the average grain size, n number of lines, l intersecting grain numbers and M is the magnification unit, taken over 2000 grains and measured on the plane of polish. Supposing for the grain size variables, in order to identify an average grain size, were that the structure consisted of nontextured, equiaxed grains of ordinary polyhedral shape. All the values calculated for each sample were the average value of ~300 measurements of seven SEM micrographs. According to those values, the improvement in grain growth was investigated for each sample based on the effect of temperature. After sintering, bulk density values were measured using the standard water immersion method (Mendelson, 1969). The rise in sintering temperature to 1900oC for 19 min, using cooling rate of 5 oC min-1, resulted in maximum grain growth (~100 µm ). Microstructure of sinter magnesia Sintering process was carried out in the range temperatures of 1900 and 1600 oC. At 1900 oC, crystal grains formation ranging from large and coarse to fine have been observed [Fig 1a]. Maximum and minimum crystal sizes have ranged from 20 to 200 µm and average size has also been calculated as approximately 100 µm utilizing intersection method. At the duration of sintering process, many particles up to 200 µm were , formed by the combination of 2 or 3 grains. Though crystal size is differential at 1850 oC, relatively steady and homogenous distribution is observed. Locked particles, more than one grain, in range of 120 µm have also been seen [Fig 1b]. Crystal forming at 1800 oC sintering temperature show a more homogenous distribution compared to ones formed at 1850 oC. 509 �a b c d e f Fig 1. SEM micrographs of sintered magnesia at various temperatures (a: 1900 oC, b: 1850 oC, c: 1800 oC, d: 1700 oC, e: 1650 oC, f: 1600 oC) Associated particles of 120 µm size are also observed at this temperature. Despite the homogenous distribution, µm . The average crystal size was calculated as 53 µm [Fig 1c]. At µm . The average size was calculated as 31 µm . Fewer blocked between 42-25 there are many finer particles around 17 1700 oC, crystal size varies particles have been observed in this group of tests [Fig 1d]. Maximum and minimum crystal size varies between 35-12 µm at temperature of 1650 oC. The average size was calculated as 23 µm [Fig 1e]. At 1600 oC, sintering temperature maximum, minimum and average crystal sizes were determined as 32, 10 and 17 [Fig 1f]. µm respectively Result and Discussion It is known that density and crystal contact surface area increase with the increase in the crystal size of sintered magnesia. Refractory materials produced from high quality magnesia have high resistance to acid, moisture and loads at high temperatures (BS 7134, 1989). Product quality is directly affected by crystal size and 510 �bulk density, therefore a small increase in those values can be considered as a big step as far as purchasability is concerned. Therefore, crystal size of magnesia, density, MgO and silica content are important parameters. Magnesia-based refractories with a large grain size (>100 mm) are used extensively where the corrosion resistance is required. In contrast, a high thermal shock resistance in fused magnesia grain requires a fine crystal size and a compromise may be required in applications where thermal shock resistance is important. In this study, the changes in the crystal size and cast density of magnesia as a function of temperature and the effect of these changes on the purchasability of magnesia were investigated. According to the findings of the study, which are in agreement with the literature (Marechal, 1991, Köknal, Eyüboğlu, Özmen, 2008, Mendelson, 1969, Erdoğan, Yıldız, 1995, Hara, Kusunose, Kenmochi, 1986), crystal size and cast density of magnesia increase with temperature [Fig 2]. Under identical cooling conditions (5 oC min-1), the temperature dependent increase in the crystal size is clearly linear. 110 3,7 Crystal Size Specific Gravity 100 3,6 90 )3 3,5 80 70 3,4 60 3,3 50 40 3,2 Specific Gravity (g/cm Crystal Size (microns) 30 3,1 20 10 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 Temperature ( 1800 O 1850 1900 3,0 1950 C) Fig 2. The change in crystal size and density with temperature The literature shows that density and crystal contact surface area show a parallel increase with crystal size (Köknal, Eyüboğlu, Özmen, 2008). As the particles grow in size, the resulting porosity increase causes an improvement in the resistance of the refractory material to acid and moisture (Kingery, 1984, Itatani, Nomura, Kishioka, Kinoshita, 1986, Rice, 1972). These additional beneficial properties, in turn, raise the saleability of the product. Saleability shows a small improvement with particle size and density; increases with every increase in density, but remains constant after a particle size of 150 microns [Fig 3]. 70 60 50 40 30 Purchase Probability (%) 20 Crystal Size (microns) 10 78 100 125 150 Density (g/cm 3,39 3,41 3,43 3 200 ) 3,45 3,47 Fig 3. The effect of parameters affecting quality of refractories on purchasability 15 511 �The quality perception of magnesia has changed with the advances in the refractory materials technology. For example, a magnesia product with a density of 3.36 g/cm3 was considered high quality; today’s specifications expect a density of 3.47 g/cm3. Considering these facts, it is expected that magnesia products manufactured at temperatures above 1850 oC should have a strong place in the market. Conclusion A high quality sinter magnesia should have a number of specifications such as low B and SiO2, coarse crystal size, ideal CaO/SiO2 ratio (~1.86) and high bulk density (>3.40 gcm-3). Magnesia product like this can be easily sold in the market. Under optimum test conditions in the literature such as constant dwelling time (19 min) and the cooling rate (5 oC min-1), crystal size and bulk density is separately determined according to rising temperature. Saleability of each product is separately evaluated. The results obtained are summarized; 1. The rise in the sintering temperature up to ~1600 oC improved the densification and gave rise to maximum enhancement in grain size. The values of 17 µm and 3.03 gcm-3 at 1600 oC have risen to 100 µm and 3.57 gcm-3 respectively at 1900 oC. 2. 3. 4. As values of 80 µm , ≥ 3.40 gcm-3, specified for good quality magnesia in the literature, are taken into account 1850 oC temperature is just about sufficient. At this temperature the bulk density is within the acceptable limits however the crystal size remains below the saleability limit. At lower temperatures (such as 1800 oC), quality magnesia of required bulk density is obtained. On the other hand needed crystal size can not acquired. At 1900 oC temperature, saleable quality magnesia (100 µm > 78 µm , 3.57 gcm-3> 3.40 gcm-3) could be obtained According to experiment results, the temperature was subsequently found to be major parameter improving grain growth and specific gravity of magnesite substantially. References Aksel C, Kasap F & Sesver A, Investigation of parameters affecting grain growth of sintered magnesite refractories Ceramics International, 31 (2005) 121–127. Aksel C, Rand B, Riley, F L & Warren P D, Mechanical properties of magnesia–spinel composites, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 22 (5) (2002) 745–754. Batar T, Kemal M, Erdoğan N & Yavuz A S, Refrakter Üretiminde Kullanılacak Yüksek Kalitedeki Magnezyanın Seçimi ve Pazarlama Koşullarını Belirleyen Özellikler, Geosound, No 40, 2002. BS 7134, Methods for determination of density and porosity, British Standard Testing of Engineering Ceramics, Part 1, Section 1. 2, 1989. Clinton D J & Freer R (Ed.), A Guide to Polishing and Etching of Technical and Engineering Ceramics, The Institute of Ceramics, Middlesex, UK, 1987. Erdoğan N & Yıldız R, Magnezit ve Bazik Refrakter Malzeme Teknolojisi, Book, Kütahya, Turkey, 1995. Hara K, Kusunose H & Kenmochi I, Tokunaga, Study for improvement of spinel bricks, Taikabutsu Overseas 8 (1) (1986) 31–32. Itatani K, Nomura M, Kishioka A & Kinoshita M, Sinterability of various high-purity magnesium oxide powders, J. Mater. Sci. 21(1986) 1429–1435. Kingery W D, Structure and Properties of MgO and Al2O3 Ceramics, Advances in Ceramics, vol. 10, The American Ceramic Society, Inc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA, 1984. Köknal B, Eyüboğlu A K & Özmen T, Sinter magnezyanın mikroyapı incelemeleri, DEU Eng., Fac., Graduate Thesis, Izmir, Turkey, 2008. 512 �Lee W E & Rainforth W M., Ceramic Microstructures Property Control by Processing, Chapman & Hall, UK, 1994. Marechal P, Thermal shock resistance of electrofused magnesia grains, Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc. 70 (11) (1991) 1780–1782. Mendelson M I, Average grain size in polycrystalline ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 52 (1969) 443–446. Rice R W, Strength/grain-size effects in ceramics, Proc. Br. Ceram. Soc. 20 (1972) 205–257. Van der Ven, A & Kimman, J H M., Billiton Refracteries B.V., A.E. Veendam, Netherlands. Williams P, Taylor D & Soady, J S, Proceedings of Conference on Refractories for the Steel Industry, Commission of European Community, Elsevier, 1990. 513 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 579 Title A name given to the resource Investigation of Temperature Parameter on the Sinterability of Magnesia Author Author Köknal, Bengü Batar, Turan Altun, Akın Abstract A summary of the resource. A sintering procedure in constant heraus muffle furnace was carried out at an interval of 1600-1900 oC for 50 min dwelling time and 5 oC min-1 cooling rate to improve the grain growth of magnesia. The effects of temperature on the grain growth and microstructural examination of samples were investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The average grain size was also determined separately by an intercept measurement method. According to the findings, crystal size and bulk density were enhanced significantly as a linear relationship with the increasing temperature. For the samples sintered at 1900 oC, a maximum average grain growth (~100μm) has been obtained. In this paper, the effects of temperature on the crystal size and bulk density of the treated magnesia and its marketability were evaluated. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General)