153 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b517d0cfdf76eb9847da31af187e7aff.pdf cd8bdebe949276cdc1cab7fcd3416ae6 PDF Text Text Internet as a means of Developing Health Status: A Research on Internet Usage of Users and Their Expectations Mustafa Demirel Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, School of Health, Burdur -Turkey mdemirel@mehmetakif.edu.tr Ayşe Tekin Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, School of Health, Burdur -Turkey aysetekin@mehmetakif.edu.tr Sercan Özbek Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, School of Health, Burdur -Turkey sozbek@mehmetakif.edu.tr Esin Kaya Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, School of Health, Burdur -Turkey ekaya@mehmetakif.edu.tr Abstract: Internet is a communication network and source of knowledge used extensively in many areas. Its use in healthcare field is increasing day by day. Internet users search for a lot of subjects such as medical knowledge, diseases, treatment options, drugs, etc. Increasing number of health sites, whose numbers increase in parallel with those of internet users in healthcare field, is an important means of sustaining individual health and increasing healthcare quality of the individual. On the other hand, the quality, reliability of them and their possible potentials to harm ones health are being discussed. The aim of the research is to determine for why internet users use internet and what their expectations from these sites are. The research was conducted with 586 internet users over the age of 18 who applied to polyclinics of Burdur Public Hospital and Burdur Maternity and Pediatric Hospital between 10.03.2008 and 01.07.2008. Of 586 internet users participated in the research, 556 (94,9%) had searched for healthcare at least for a time. Internet users mostly searched for diseases (66,2%),food, nutrition and dieting (45,7%). 30,4% of internet users say that the information they get via internet is very influential on their decisions, 62,4% say them it is less influential, while 7,2% say it not influential at all. The most important expectations of internet users (73,6%); however, is that web sites be designed and arranged by doctors or specialist of the related fields. Keywords: E-Health, Health Related Web Sites, Internet Users 1. Introduction Internet is an interactive means of information and communication. Its basic feature is its accessibility and interactivity. Internet renders information to be universal via a computer with internet connection. At the same time, it enables to create a connection between people regardless of time and place and an interaction by which simultaneous communication and direct feedback are shaped. (Korp 2006) One of the main reasons for its use is its being an encyclopedic source of information. Incessantly carried out researches show that 60-80% of web users commonly search for healthcare sources of information via internet all over the world. Internet has the potential of healthcare services, self-aid groups and empowerment and education of its users by providing information on healthcare issues (Powell et al. 2003). The interest in internet, which is a means of information and interaction for healthcare issues, has greatly increased in recent years. As well as the number of the sites which provide medical information, the 373 �number of those that focus on healthy life style matters has also been increasing. General healthcare sites such as these which take peoples’ attention provide a large sum of information for various health issues (Korp 2006). Internet users prefers internet for many various reasons related to health. We can list the most important of these as follows (Craan & Oleske 2002): • To get information on some certain diseases and their treatments, • To gain information which will be helpful in the choice of doctors and hospitals, • To search for new or alternative ways of treatment, • To understand the reasons and phases of a diagnosed disease, • To get information about the drugs they use, • To search for support groups and interact with them, There are health sites on internet which any users of any age group or education level can understand easily in terms of language and content. People have the opportunity to easily reach any internet sites which are prepared with a clear and precise language as well as with the expert one. In developed countries where there are educated users, especially in USA and Europe, health web sites are the key targets for those who want to get information about diseases, treatment ways and drugs(Erdal et al.2004). The rise in the use of internet and other communication tools and carrying healthcare knowledge to home bring about changes in health systems (Erdal et al.2004). Internet is also an important source of information for health professionals. Clinists and researchers can provide benefits from the increase of proof, technique, guidance, experience and vocational developments. The continuous increase in health database and its getting easier provide an important support for researchers (Powell et al. 2003). Health information obtained via internet is also seen as an empowerment source for the patients (Jacobson 2007). Empowerment is defined as providing a group of people to be more effective by providing their attendance to decision making, giving them autonomy and with similar techniques (www.tkgm.gov.tr). In health field, empowerment is argued as a new notion which gives new roles to the patient in terms of sharing the responsibilities between health personnel and the patients. As Roberts stated in his work, “Patient Empowerment” is a term that refers to the patient’s interactions with health professionals and taking their own health responsibility, and it also refers to the role of the patient in a power-share varying between doctor and patient (Jacobson 2007). In traditional model, patients get information initially from the doctors about the progress of the disease, and its treatment. These patients are usually those who take the doctors’ advice as it is and don’t ask question about their determined treatment ways. In this hierarchic model, patients are in the pacific receiver position of the information that is filtered and given by healthcare providers. For the last decade, there has been a passage from paternalist model towards a mutual relationship model which shares decision-making process and in which there are “educated patients” who actively take part in their self-healthcare. The smoothening and prevailing facts for reaching information enables to search for clinical state of the patients, allow them to obtain materials that are necessary to evaluate medical data, and increasing patients’ autonomy contributes to the participation of the patients for decision making process about themselves (Woolf et al. 2005). As a result of this, we come across a new decision making model in which doctors participate as partner and a model in which necessities are accepted through “making choice by being informed” (Eysenbach & Jadad, 2001). Health information that is obtained via internet makes the patient more active in patient-doctor relations; since they know much about the disease and its procedure, the patients can discuss with doctors. This, usually, can be seen as a problem by doctors who are used to being in a position where they cannot be questioned in their superiority of knowledge (Pemberton & Goldblatt, 1998). Murray and his friends, in a scientific research to which 150 doctors participated, stated that while 75% of doctors think positively about the increase of health information via internet; only 38% of them stated that patients’ internet usage would create a positive effect for clinic interviews (Murray et al. 2003a). Health information on internet is explained to be able to make the patients more knowledgeable, make healthcare results better, and provide a more suitable use of health services, improve doctor-patient relationship in a better way. However, health information on internet, though, due to misdirection or misinterpretation, can result in health attitudes that will end up with danger or demanding unsuitable offers from doctors in clinical interviews (Murray et al. 2003b). Health professionals have anxiety such as the flexible and unreliable nature of medical information, loss of human touch, and at the same time, ant the problematic perceptions of educated patients (Akerkar 2004). Especially, the possibility of the risk that patients may obtain information from inaccurate and unreliable sources and being remote to medical terms, and since they are hard to understand or liable to misinterpretation increase the anxiety. Doctors say that health information on internet creates confusion with some patients or cause them t have problems or lead them self-diagnose which is harmful or an inclination for self treatment. Doctors attribute this to patients to self-evaluation of too much health information on internet sites, and limited abilities to be able to spare them for private use and to interpret. Doctors think that it is necessary to explain the information which 374 �the patients bring to their interviews. Doctors, thanks to their experiences, usually believe that they are on the best position to explain the patients the information they bring to the interview, do synthesis and link the information. They think they have important missions for educating them with an uncritical approach toward the patients who obtained information via internet. Although doctors feel that these effects load them with new roles in their clinic responsibilities, they usually dislike this newly added responsibilities since they see them as a load on them in terms of time, consumer and consequently on their routine clinical responsibilities(Ahmad et al. 2006). The anxiety on the insufficiency of online health information and its harmful effects on healthcare are increasing day by day. Internet can be an important source of information for users, at the same time it includes much information of various qualities. Anyone can send information via internet without specifying his/her private information, identity and aim. Web sites can be prepared by inexpert people of the field many times. As a result, people approach to the information with skepticism. In a work for the accuracy of the information, it was found out that, of 18 most popular web sites about healthcare; they have with a proportion of %63 precise and accurate information on chest diseases, 36% on infant asthma, 44% on depression and 37% on obesity (Berland 2001). In another work conducted over 60 sites published by traditional medical sources, only 12 sites (20%) have been found to show parallelism with current Pediatric American Academy’s suggestion about infant period diarrhea(McClung et al., 1998:2). The differences of the reliability of conducted researches in various sites justify the anxiety. The determination of guidance providing strategies in their choosing accurate and reliable web sites and creating mechanism to provide inspections by those who prepare these sites will help reducing the insufficient and inaccurate information. 2. Methodology The aim of this research is to determine why internet users use health-related sites and what their expectations are from. This work, which was planned to be descriptive, was conducted with 586 internet users over the age of 18 who applied to polyclinics of Burdur Public Hospital and Burdur Maternity and Pediatric Hospital between 10.03.2008 and 01.07.2008. In the research, sampling technique wasn’t employed, the research was carried out with 586 people aged of 18 and over who use internet and accepted to participate in the research. 546 (93,2%) people who applied to Burdur Public Hospital and 40 (6,8%) people who applied to Burdur Maternity and Pediatric Hospital have been interviewed. Questionnaire form which was developed by researchers as a means of Data obtaining method was employed in the research. Collected raw data was evaluated on computer environment with SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 15.0) program which was developed by social scientists. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1.Demographic Features of Participator Users n=586 Age 18-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 Age of 55and Over Gender Female Male Literacy Elementary School Middle School and Equal Level Number Percentage (%) Cluster Differentiation (%) 272 98 71 60 35 29 15 6 46,4 16,7 12,1 10,2 6,0 4,9 2,6 1,0 46,4 63,1 75,3 85,5 91,5 96,4 99,0 100,0 284 302 48,5 51,5 24 34 4,1 5,8 375 4,1 9,9 �High School and Equal Level Associate Degree * Bachelor Degree * Master Degree * Doctorate 185 108 204 30 1 31,6 18,4 34,8 5,1 ,2 41,5 59,9 94,7 99,8 100,0 Table 1. Demographic Features of Participator Users (* Graduated or still having education.) 3.2. Healthcare Information Searching Status via Internet of Users Who Participated in the Research N=586 Searched for healthcare information at least for once via internet Never searched health information Before Total Number Percentage (%) 556 30 586 94,9 5,1 100,0 Table 2. Healthcare Information Searching Status via Internet of Users Who Participated in the Research Among the participators, the proportion of those who “searched for healthcare information at least for once via internet” is 94,9%, while 5,1% “never searched” at all(Table 2). Our research’s being conducted by interviewing with those who applied to hospitals can be related to the fact that the rate of getting information about healthcare is high. In America, the rate of internet users for healthcare issues is 80% (Fox, Online Health Research 2006), in Europe, this rate was found out to be 66%. (Sillence et al., 2007) 3.3. The Aims of Internet Users in Using Internet for Healthcare Purposes N=556 Number Diseases Foods-nutrition and dieting Treatment techniques and options Individual healthcare Get some foreknowledge about existing diseases. Get information about the choice of doctors and hospitals Sports and keep healthy Alternative science (such as acupuncture, spa and herbal treatments) Child-care Reading published material and literature Pregnancy Get information about drugs with or without prescription. Get online advice about the disease and patient’s health state Communicate with the other patients Buy drugs with or without prescription Other* 368 254 252 207 202 172 171 132 96 58 54 53 41 24 20 23 Percentage (%) 66,2 45,7 45,3 37,2 36,3 30,9 30,8 23,7 17,3 10,4 9,7 9,5 7,4 4,3 3,6 4,1 Table 3. The Distribution of Internet Users’ Aims for Healthcare Purposes *Such as taking appointment from hospital, getting information about medical products. 66,2% of those who search for healthcare issues search information about diseases; 45,7% of them search for food-nutrition, dieting; 45,3% of them search for cure techniques and options; 37,2% of them search for individual healthcare. Of the participators, 36,3% use internet to get some foreknowledge about existing disease; 30,8% use it to do sports and keep healthy(Table 3). 376 �In another work, the proportion of getting information about a specific disease and problem is 64%; that of getting information about medical treatment or its procedure is 51%; for dieting-nutrition, vitamin, and dieting support, this proportion is 49%; sport and exercise is 44% and that of getting information about drugs with or without prescription is found 3.7%(Fox, Online Health Search 2006). 3.4. Factors which are Effective for the Choice of Internet Users on Healthcare Web-Site Preferences. N=556 Number Medical personnel advice Close-friends/relatives advice Visual-written media Internet search engine Forums, internet support groups Advertisement on other web sites 73 125 205 395 75 49 Percentage (%) 13,1 22,5 36,9 71,0 13,5 8,8 Table 4. Factors which are Effective for the Choice of Internet Users on Healthcare Web-Site Preferences. 71% of internet users reach internet sites by using internet search engines (Table 4). In the research conducted by Schwartz and the others (Schwartz 2006), the proportion of those who find information by using search engines such as Google or Yahoo is found 82,5%. In another similar work, internet search engines are turned out to be the most preferred way (66%) in searching information (Fox, Online Health Research, 2006;5). This proportions’ being high can be attributed to the fact that only “key words” are written in the search engine and the search are done in this way in a very short time. Furthermore, the lower proportion (13,1%) of users whom the medical personnel direct to use web sites shows that the users cannot obtain necessary support from medical workers and they make web sites preferences mostly thanks to the references of visual and written media. 3.5. The Reliance Status of Internet Users to the Information They Obtained from Healthcare Web Sites That They Visited N=556 I trust them all I trust some of them I trust none of them Total Number Percentage (%) 93 457 6 556 16,7 82,2 1,1 100,0 Table 5. Whether Internet Users Rely on the Information They Obtained from Healthcare Web Sites That They Visited In our work, internet users’ proportion being high (82,2%) for the proposition that “I trust some of them” gives us an idea that at least they do not trust to all internet sites related to healthcare (Table 5). Murray stated in his wok that 72% of the patients have doubts about the information that they obtained via internet (Murray et al. 2003b). In USA, the finding of a survey examining web sites, shows us there are web sites hard to comprehend, misdirecting, including missing information and this fact cause this doubts to be right. 3.6. The Reasons Which Set the Ground for the Doubts about Health Web Sites N=556 Internet site’s being imprecise Unspecified information in the site about where the information was obtained from. 377 Number Percentage (%) 143 273 25,7 49,1 �Commercial interest of the site rather than providing accurate information Site’s not being owned by a reliable organization (such as the Ministry of Health, WHO) The information obtained from those sites is not compatible with those obtained from the doctor. Site’s including information known to be wrong. Other* 172 30,9 138 24,8 70 12,6 67 1 12,1 0,2 Table 6. The Reasons Which Set the Ground for the Doubts about Health Web Sites * Directing to another site When we look at the reasons why the health internet sites create doubts, most of the participators (49,1%), state that the unspecified information in the site about where the information was obtained from create doubts. The second reason for the doubts is (30.9%) commercial interest of the site rather than providing accurate information (Table 6). In our research, the most important reason creating doubts is shown as the unspecified information in the site about where the information was obtained from (Table 6). Again, the reliability and quality of the information in the foreground is questionable. Two dimensions for the quality of the information on web have attracted notice: first, health materials are not prepared by health personnel; second, there is a border between approaches to health and other approaches. 3.7. The State of the Information Obtained Via Internet in Effecting Healthcare Decision Making N=556 Very effective Little effective Not effective Total Number Percentage (%) 169 347 40 556 30,4 62,4 7,2 100,0 Table 7. Whether the Status of the Information Obtained Via Internet Affects Healthcare Decision Making or Not In our work, 30,4% of internet users stated that the information they obtained via internet is “very effective”, 62,4% said “little effective”. The proportion of those who say that the information they obtained via internet is “not effective” is 7,2% (Table 7). According to another work, 68% of the internet users says that this has a little effect on their decisions in terms of health. (Fox and Rainie 2002). 3.8. Practicing Status of Internet Users In Accordance With the Information They Obtain From HealthIntended Internet Sites N=556 Yes No Total Number Percentage (%) 278 278 556 50,0 50,0 100,0 Table 8. Practicing Status of Internet Users In Accordance With the Information They Obtain From HealthIntended Internet Sites In our work, it is seen that half of the health-intended internet users pactice the information they obtain (Table 8). During the interviews, especially such practices as dieting, exercise, massage, skin care, balanced 378 �nutrition, quitting smoking, healthy herbal use have been specified to be done frequently. Such programs related to health problems as quitting smoking, weight control, diabetes, insomnia, depression and anxiousty have been shown in various works. (Strecher 2007). 3.9. The Expectations of Health-Intended Internet Site Users from Health-Care Web Sites N=556 Preparation of web-sites by doctors or field experts Arrangement by reliable foundations Availability of web-sites through which she/he can Communicate with her/his own doctor. More comprehensible information on web sites Web-sites’ design should be more attracting and easier to use Assurance for private information’s security on web sites Regular updates of information on the sites Other * Number Percentage (%) 409 382 210 73,6 68,7 37,8 212 128 182 219 10 38,1 23,0 32,7 39,4 1,8 Table 9. The Expectations of Health-Intended Internet Site Users from Health-Care Web Sites * Requirement for membership, swift reply, specifying sources. When we examine internet users’ expectation from health-care web sites, we see that, “preparation of web-sites by doctors or field experts” (73,6%) or “arrangement by reliable foundations”(68,7%) has importance for most of the participators. Among other expectations of users are “regular updates of information on the sites” (39,4%); “more comprehensible information on web sites” (38,1%); “assurance for private information’s security on web sites” (32,7%); “web-sites’ design should be more attracting and easier to use” (23%). (Table 9) The most important expectation of internet users about health is to set up a reliable ground. Site’s organizational identity, accuracy of the information on the site, updated information and specifying sources, security of private information and its use, privacy should all be provided at first hand for the users. Moreover, the internet sites which appeal at more educated and sophisticated users in comparison with the former ones should be at a satisfying level (Erdal et al.2004). Acknowledgements : This study has been supported by the Scientific Searching Projects Commission of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University (Project No: 0016-NAP-07) References Ahmad, F. et al., “Are Physicians Ready for Patients With Internet-Based Health Information?”, J Med Internet Res. 2006; 8(3), <http://www.jmir.org/2006/3/e22>, Date of Access: 23.03.2008. Akerkar, S.M.; Bichile, L.S., (2004). Doctor Patient Relationship: Changing Dinamics in the Đnformation Age, J Postgrad Med, 50, (2) 120-122. Berland, G.K. et al. (2001) Health information on the Internet: Accessibility, quality, and readability in English and Spanish”, JAMA, 285, (20) , 2612–2621. Craan, F. and Oleske D.M.(2002) Medical Information and The Internet: Do You Know What You are Getting? Journal of Medical Systems, 26 ( 6), 511-518. Erdal, S., Erdal M. ve Araman A. (2004) E-Sağlık; Bilişim Teknolojileri Perspektifinden Đlaç ve Pazarlama Teknikleri, Dünya ve Avrupa Birliği Kapsamında Yasal Düzenlemeler, Filiz Kitapevi, Đstanbul, 379 �Eysenbach, G., and Jadad A.R., Evidence-Based Patient Choice and Consumer Health Informatics in the Internet Age., Journal of Medical Internet Research 3.2, 2001, http://www.jmir.org/ 2001/2/e19/html, Date of Access: 23.03.2008. Fox, S. and Rainie, L., “Vital Decisions”, The Pew Internet And American Life Project, <http://www.Pewinternet.Org/Reports/Pdfs/PIPVitalDecisionsMay2002.Pdf>, Date of Access: 23.02.2008. 2002, Fox, S. “Online Health Search 2006.” The Pew Internet and American Life Project. 29 Oct. 2006.20Nov.2006, http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/pip_online_health_2006.pdf>, Date of Access: 23.02.2008. Jacobson P. “Empowering The Physician-Patient Relationship: The Effect Of The Internet”, Partnership: The Canadian Journal Of Library And Information Practice And Research, Vol.2, No.1, 2007, <http://journal.lib.uoguelph.ca/index.php/perj/article/view/244/345>, Date of Access: 10.02.2008. Korp P.(2006). Health On The Internet: Đmplications For Health Promotion, Health Educatıon Research, Theory & Practice, 21(1), 78–86. Mcclung, H.J., Murray R.D. & Heitlinger L A.(1998). The internet as a source for current patient information, Pediatrics, 101 (6),1-6. Murray, E., et al.(2003a) The Impact of Health Information on the Internet on the Physician-Patient Relationship: Patient Perceptions, Archives of Internal Medicine, 163 (14), 1727-1734. Murray, E. et al.(2003b). The impact of health information on the internet on health care and the physician-patient relationship: national U.S. survey among 1,050 U.S. physicians”, J Med Internet Res, 5:e17 Pemberton, P. J.; Goldblatt, J. (1998) The Internet and the changing roles of doctors, patients and families, The Medical Journal of Australia, 169, 594-59. Powell J.A. et al.(2003). The Doctor, The Patient and The World-Wide Web: How The Internet is Changing Healthcare, Journal of The Royal Society of Medicine, 96, 74-76. Schwartz, K. L.(2006) Family Medicine Patients’ Use of the Internet for Health Information: A MetroNet Study, JABFM, 19 (1), 39-45. Sillence E., Briggs P., Haris iP.R., Fishwick L.(2007). How do patients evaluate and make use of online health information? Social Science & Medicine, (64), 1853-1862. Strecher, V.(2007). Internet Methods for Delivering Behavioral and Healtssassszszh-Related Interventions (eHealth), Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3.53-76. Woolf, S.H. et al.(2005). Promoting Informed Choice: Transforming Health Care to Dispense Knowledge for Decision Making, Annals of Internal Medicine, 143 (4), 293-300. 380 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 531 Title A name given to the resource Internet as a means of Developing Health Status: A Research on Internet Usage of Users and Their Expectations Author Author Demirel, Mustafa Tekin, Ayse Özbek, Sercan Kaya, Esin Abstract A summary of the resource. Internet is a communication network and source of knowledge used extensively in many areas. Its use in healthcare field is increasing day by day. Internet users search for a lot of subjects such as medical knowledge, diseases, treatment options, drugs, etc. Increasing number of health sites, whose numbers increase in parallel with those of internet users in healthcare field, is an important means of sustaining individual health and increasing healthcare quality of the individual. On the other hand, the quality, reliability of them and their possible potentials to harm ones health are being discussed. The aim of the research is to determine for why internet users use internet and what their expectations from these sites are. The research was conducted with 586 internet users over the age of 18 who applied to polyclinics of Burdur Public Hospital and Burdur Maternity and Pediatric Hospital between 10.03.2008 and 01.07.2008. Of 586 internet users participated in the research, 556 (94,9%) had searched for healthcare at least for a time. Internet users mostly searched for diseases (66,2%),food, nutrition and dieting (45,7%). 30,4% of internet users say that the information they get via internet is very influential on their decisions, 62,4% say them it is less influential, while 7,2% say it not influential at all. The most important expectations of internet users (73,6%); however, is that web sites be designed and arranged by doctors or specialist of the related fields. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/05b64899a5617fbd01075ac0708179f8.pdf eb8941f32c6aa9c852c4e1ed92b88fca PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Interpretacija divanske poezije u nastavi bosanskog jezika i knjiţevnosti kroz poetiku islamskog simbolizma, a posredstvom primijenjene lingvistike Jasmin HodţiĤ Department of Bosnian Language and Literature University of Dņemal BijediĤ Mostar, BiH lingvostop@yahoo.com Saņetak: U radu se putem primjene znanja o etimolońkom znaĦenju rijeĦi daju odreħene smjernice za interpretaciju divanske poezije u nastavi bosanskog jezika i knjiņevnosti. Dekodiranju hermetĦke poetike islamskog simbolizma pristupa se interdisciplinarno; etimologija je polazińte koje nas upuĤuje na suńtinu odreħenih pojmova koji su kontekstualno vezani za ovu vrstu poezije, pri Ħemu se uzima u obzir i lingvostilistiĦki, semantiĦki, pragmatiĦki i sociolońki pristup u interpretaciji pojedinih simbola, pojmova i termina, a tako i ove poetike u cjelosti. KljuĦne rijeĦi: etimologija, semantika, divanska poezija, metafora, simbol Uvod Uslijed mińljenja da je poetika islamskog simbolizma u divanskoj knjiņevnosti dosta znaĦenjski neprohodna, onostrana, hermetiĦna i nerazumljiva, nasuprot tome postoje i brojna tumaĦenja simbola ove poetike, razraħena do u tanĦine i dovedena do potpune jasnoĤe. Interpretacija divanske poezije pri tom za polaznu taĦku uzima najĦeńĤe simbol, koji se kao osnova poetskog iskaza dekodira, i tako dalje interpretira. Pod poetikom islamskog simbolizma podrazumijevamo sufijsku liniju u divanskoj poeziji, onu koja je nastala na elementima islamske filozofije. ZnaĦenje tih utvrħenih simbola u divanskoj poeziji oscilira u krugu nekoliko opet za nas apstraktnih pojmova koji se odnose na predmet poetskog iskaza, a ti pojmovi su: ljubav, ljepota, tuga, čeţnja, volja, sreća, prijatelj i sl. Zato Ĥemo ovom prilikom krenuti korak dalje i uz pomoĤ etimolońke analize pomenutih nekoliko tematskih odrednica zapravo pobliņe odrediti pojmove na koje se simboli u divanskoj poeziji ( a tako i cijela ta poetika) najĦeńĤe svode, i time ovu poetiku dovesti do joń veĤe shvatljivosti. Defincija divanske knjiţevnosti Divanska knjiņevnost je „umjetnička knjiţevna produkcija (prvenstveno poetska), stvarana u duhu islamskih kulturnih naslaga― ( Nametak, 1997) . Kako se prvenstveno misli na poeziju kada je rijeĦ o divanskoj knjiņevnosti, prikladan je i termin divanska poezija, ńto Ĥemo imati u vidu kada budemo birali izvore primjera za interpetaciju. Kada je u pitanju znaĦenje rijeĦi divan, treba znati da - „Sama riječ DIVAN ušla je u jezik islamskih naroda iz perzijskog jezika, u osnovnom značenju SKUP, ZBIR― ( Nametak, 1997). Isto tako, ova rijeĦ je uńla i u nań jezik, tako da je biljeņe rjeĦnici. Na HJP 224 Ħitamo sljedeĤe leksikolońko odreħenje ove rijeĦi: dìvān m 〈G divána〉 1. pov. sredińnje drņavno raĦunovodstvo u Omejadskom i Abasidskom kalifatu (od 7. st.) 2. pov. u Osmanskom Carstvu a. skupina ljudi koji raspravljaju o nekom pitanju; skupńtina, savjet, vijeĤe b. carsko ili vezirsko vijeĤe; drņavni savjet 3. pov. a. carski dvor (ili dvor, kuĤa kakva uglednika — vezira, pańe) b. carsko prijestolje 4. reg. razgovor, rijeĦ 5. vrsta sofe; otoman, seĤija 6. zbornik ili zbirka (orijentalnih) pjesama ✧ tur. ← arap. dīwān ← perz. Vidimo da je znaĦenje rijeĦi dosta (naizgled) ńiroko postavljeno. Primijetili smo da se nekim razlozima i u prevodu Kur'ana na nań jezik Ħesto koristi ova rijeĦ. U kur'anskom tekstu Ħitamo ajete koji sadrņe ovu rijeĦ, a svi ti ajeti imaju jedan zajedniĦki koncept - grupa okupljenih u vrtovima edenskim. Takvi skupovi, ili skupovi sliĦni njima, dņennetske su oaze na zemlji – a to su mjesta u kojima se okupljaju vjernici zarad spominjanja i sjeĤanja na svoga Stvoritelja, Allaha dņ.ń. Upravo je dņennet od ovosvjetskih stvari zadrņao samo to, spominjanje Allaha dņ.ń. : 1. ―I Mi ćemo zlobu iz grudi njihovih istisnuti, oni će kao braća na divanima jedni prema drugima sjediti...― (Odaje, 47) 2. „...čekaju sigurno edenski vrtovi, kroz koje će rijeke teći, u njima će se narukvicama od zlata kititi i u zelena odijela od dibe i kadife oblačiti, na divanima će u njima naslonjeni biti. Divne li nagrade i krasna li boravišta!― (Pećina, 31) 224 RjeĦniĦka baza hrvatskog jeziĦkog portala: www.hjp.srce.hr , koja je podesna za pretraņivanje i ovaj tip prouĦavanja te prouĦavanje jezika inaĦe. 671 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. „oni i ţene njihove biće u hladovini na ukrašenim divanima naslonjeni,...― (Ja-Sin, 56) „...na divanima, jedni prema drugima,...― (Redovi, 44) „Biće naslonjeni na divanima poreĎanim, a vjenčaćemo im hurije dţennetske.― (Gora, 20) „...na divanima izvezenim,...― (DogaĎaj, 15) „...naslonjeni na divanima, oni u njemu ni mraz ni ţegu neće osjetiti,...― (Vrijeme, 13) ĥesto spominjano sjedenje na divanima uokvireno je opisom dņennetske bańĤe, sa svih popratnim zgodama, iz Ħega se otvara jedna ńira dimenzija u znaĦenju ove rijeĦi. (U arapskom izvorniku iskorińtena je rijeĦ ‫سزُر‬ ُ koju bismo u slobodnom prevodu interpretirali kao kauč,sofa, i sl.) ZnaĦenja koja Ħitamo iz rjeĦniĦke baze HJP metonimijski su izvedena iz osnovnog znaĦenja rijeĦi divan. Naravno da SKUP predstavlja i SKUP LJUDI, a to dalje moņe da bude SKUPŃTINA. Na SKUPŃTINI se raspravlja, razgovara, pa time je izvedeno znaĦenje RAZGOVORA. Razgovor je i RASPRAVA, ili DIJALOG. On se podrazumijeva pri SJEDENJU na nekom skupu. To se vidi i iz izvedenih rijeĦi od rijeĦi divan. Takve su rijeĦi divanhana, divaniti, divandţija; koje po bazi HJP imaju sljedeĤi leksikolońki opis: divanàna (divanhàna) ţ 〈G mn divanánā〉 1. arhit. veĤa prostorija u kuĤama orijentalne gradnje za boravak, razgovor i puńenje 2. lokal. natkriveni dio balkona na jednom zidu proĦelja ili oko cijele drvene kuĤe domaĤe gradnje; trijem ✧ tur. divan-hane: kuĤa, mjesto za razgovor divániti ( ) nesvrš. 〈prez. dívānīm, pril. sad. -nēĤi, gl. im. -njēnje〉 1. govoriti 2. razgovarati, priĦati ✧ vidi dìvān divàndţija m 〈N mn -e〉 reg. onaj koji je nazoĦan divanu (4) i lijepo govori; kozer, zabavljaĦ, duhovit Ħovjek ✧ vidi dìvān PrimijeĤujemo da se opis izvedenica poklapa s nańom postavkom o metonimijskom karakteru izvedenih znaĦenja u spektru znaĦenja koja se odnose na samu rijeĦ divan. 672 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Divanska poezija i društveno okruţenje - Tematski okviri divanske poezije Tematski okviri divanske poezije izgraħeni su po uzusima druńtvenog miljea u kojem je ona nastajala. Druńtveno okruņenje u kojem je divansko pjesnińtvo nastalo temelji se na islamskoj tradiciji a institucionalno i drņavniĦki uokviruje Osmanskom carevinom. Zato su Kur'an, Hadis i islamska filozofija kao temelji osmanskog druńtvenog ureħenja samim tim prevashodno i glavne koordinate tematskog odreħenja divanske poezije. Ipak, tu su i neke druge taĦke po kojima moņemo razvrstati motive u divanskoj poeziji: „... divanska knjiţevnost se formirala na osnovama stare turske narodne knjiţevnosti, pod snaţnim utjecajem islamske kulture i već formirane klasične perzijske knjiţevnosti.― ( Nametak, 1997: 9) . Mi Ĥemo se, kako je veĤ reĦeno, pozabaviti ovom prvom komponentom i time osvrnuti na poetiku islamskog simbolizma utemeljenu na islamskoj filozofiji, zato ńto je poezija koja je proistekla iz nje „ pisana jezikom alegorije i puna je simbola koji traţe pojašnjenje.― ( HaņiosmanoviĤ, Antologija...:13). Dalje je istaknuto da su to „pitanja univerzalnog značenja, to je svevremeni govor o tajnama svijeta, ţivota, čovjekovog postojanja. Kroz odgovore pjesnik pročićava svoju dušu, traţeći da dospije do Ljepote, Svjetlosti, što su sinonimi za Boga.― (HaņiosmanoviĤ, Antologija... :10), u Ħemu moņemo nazrijeti i glavne motive preokupacije divanskih pjesnika. Pońto je islamska filozofija tesavvufa utemeljena na pravcu koji se zasniva na putu ljubavi, u konkretnom sluĦaju Ljubavi, dakle, ljubavi prema Bogu, a u svojoj podlozi ima Kur'an i Hadis, tako se isto za divansku poeziju moņe kazati da je to ljubavna poezija usmjerena prema Bogu, koja za svoj objekt voljena u konaĦnici ima Gospodara, Stvoritelja Allaha dņ.ń., a naravno podrazumijeva Ħistu ljubav u najńirem smislu rijeĦi, ukljuĦujuĤi i ljubav prema poslaniku Muhammedu, s.a.w.s. i ljubav prema svim stvorenjima. Znano je da su „osnovni simboli tesavvufske poezije : ljubav, vino, i ljepota― ( HaņiosmanoviĤ, Antologija...:13) pri Ħemu se ljepota uzima samo kao odraz Apsolutne Ljepote, a vino kao simbol opijenosti, odnosno, ljubavi i mudrosti. MetaforiĦno uzeto, ljubavni parovi leptira i svijeće te slavuja i ruţe, koncpti su ljubavnih odnosa koji su posluņili kao motiv divanskim pjesnicima. Kao u svakoj vrsti ljubavi, krajnji cilj je sjedinjenje s Ljepotom. Motiv povratka Gospodaru je centrali motiv u viziji divanskih pjesnika, ńto je ujedno i kur'anska gnoma, gledajuĤi u poruke kur'anskog teksta „ A ti o dušo smirena, vrati se Gospodaru svome zadovoljna, a i On tobom zadovoljan― (Kur'an, EL-Fedņr), isto kao ńto je čišćenje duše centralni motiv u islamskoj filozofiji. IĤi Gospodaru moņe se samo Ħiste duńe. A, duńa se Ħisti spominjanjem Gospodara, koje se u divanskom pjesnińtvu simboliĦno izraņava pićem, pijenjem pića ljubavi, izgovaranjem Allahovih imena, sjeĤanjem, zikirom. Primjeri analize Divanski pjesnici pjevaju o ljubavi Kazali smo da je ljubav u divanskom pjesnińtvu usmjerena prema Apsolutnoj Ljepoti. Koncept tog ljubavnog odnosa je takav da, kao ńto to inaĦe biva, postoji i prepreka za ostvarenje te ljubavi. NajveĤa prepreka na putu do Gospodara je vlastiti ego, koji se Ħisti, nakon Ħega se duńa dovodi do sedmog stepena, spremna na susret s Gospodarom. ĥiĦĤenje duńe od egoizma ima vińestruku ulogu. Time se ona, osim ńto je spremna na Ħistu ljubav, spremno pokorava, lińava nas vlastite osobnosti, stavljajuĤi nas u sluņbu Gospodaru. Koncept takve ljubavi najbolje odraņava uvodni pjev Mevlaninih stihova u Mesneviji, Najnama. Parafrazirano, naj, otrgnut iz svoje pradomovine, bańĦe, iz Najistana, tuguje zbog rastanka, ĦeznuĤi za sastankom, izgara vatrom ljubavi. Bez sviraĦa naj je samo obiĦna ubrana trska, lińena osobnosti, koja oņivljava nakon ńto se oĦisti iznutra, i zatim propjeva boņanskom ljubavi. To je alegorija koja podsjeĤa na nań rastanak od Gospodara joń od prapočetka, Ezela, kad su duńe stvorene. Moņe li se poruka Najname nazrijeti donekle veĤ u samom izrazu za rijeĦ ljubav ? ljúbav ţ 〈G -i, I -i/-lju〉 1. snaņan osjeĤaj naklonosti, strastvene privrņenosti, duhovna i/ili spolna privlaĦnost jednog biĤa prema drugome [ljubav na prvi pogled; nesretna ljubav] 2. meton. ljubljena osoba 3. jaki osjeĤaj privrņenosti ńto ga jedni za druge osjeĤaju Ħlanovi iste obitelji ili iste zajednice [majčinska ljubav] 4. jaka sklonost prema Ħemu [ljubav prema poslu; ljubav prema domovini; radim iz ljubavi; vene od ljubavi] 5. a. rel. osjeĤaj bliskosti i pripadnosti Bogu, svaka sklonost prema dobru b. kat. teolońka vrlina Etimolońki, ljubav je izvedena od ljubiti. Mi u nańem jeziku imamo izraz priljubljen u znaĦenju spojen s nečim, a ljubiti znaĦi spojiti usne. Zato Ĥe rijeĦ ljubav etimolońki znaĦiti spajanje odnosno veza. To je uostalom i njena definicija: privrţenost, privlačnost, sklonost, bliskost; a kad se dvoje vole, kaņemo da su u vezi. 673 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Dakle, ljubav kao apstraktna kategorija ipak iz samog izraza pokazuje svoje suńtinsko znaĦenje. To je čeţnja za spajanjem – ńto je istinski element svake vrste ljubavi. Divanski pjesnici pjevaju o ljepoti Ljepota je kao pojam dosta usko povezana s pojmom ljubavi. Voli se ono ńto je lijepo. U divanskoj poeziji svaka ljepota je odraz Apsolutne Ljepote, kao ńto svaka Ħista ljubav vodi Ljubavi, ljubavi prema Bogu. Isto kao i ljubav, ljepota je u ņivotu apstraktni pojam s konkretnom praktiĦnom stranom u manifestaciji iste. Pitamo li se ńta je ljepota? Lingvistika daje svoj odgovor. Ljepota je izvedenica od onog ńto je lijepo: lijȇp1 prid. odr. -ī, komp. ljȅpńī 1. a. koji pruņa ugodan estetski doņivljaj, koji se sviħa oku [lijep krajolik; lijep cvijet; lijepa kuĤa]; divan, krasan, oĦaravajuĤi, opr. ruņan b. Ħiji fiziĦki izgled, posebno lice, odgovara odreħenim kriterijima ljepote [lijepa ņena] 2. a. koji izaziva osjeĤaj divljenja ili zadovoljstva [lijepa gesta] b. koji je jako dobar, koji je zanimljiv, ugodan [lijepa utakmica; lijepo putovanje] 3. sunĦan, bez oblaka (o vremenu) 4. koji je (po)velik [lijep komad mesa; lijepa svota]; znatan 5. (u raznim vezama rijeĦi) a. koji je dobar [lijepa prilika]; povoljan b. koji je poticajan, inventivan, koji obeĤava [lijepa zamisao; lijepa ideja] c. koji je oĦit, jasno prisutan kao poņeljno svojstvo, svestrano izraņen [lijepa sposobnost (za ńto)] Etimolońki, izraz lijep ima sljedeĤi opis: prasl. i stsl. lěpъ (rus. lépyj, polj. lepszy: ljepńi) ≃ v. lijepiti (izvorno znaĦenje bilo je: koji pristaje, odgovara) pa veĤ naziremo njeno suńtinsko znaĦenje. Dakle, suńtinski gledano, ljepota je sve ono ńto nas privlaĦi, odnosno, lijepi za sebe. Ljepota je kao ljepilo. Divanski pjesnici pjevaju o Ħeţnji ĥeņnja za Voljenim, kako je veĤ reĦeno, u divanskom pjesnińtvu integralni je dio motiva ljubavi. Meħutim, lingvistika nam daje odgovor o prirodi ove rijeĦi, u kojem se taĦno vidi isti onaj koncept ljubavi i Ħeņnje koji je stvarna karakteristika Ħeņnje u divanskoj poeziji. Zaljubljeni Ħezne za Voljenim, da se sastane, da se spoji. Ljubavni parovi leptira i svijeće i slavuja i ruţe posluņili su za metaforiĦko obiljeņje i alegoriju ove Ħeņnje. Leptir Ħezne za svjetlom, spaja se s njim, i u svjetlu nestaje, sagori. Imamo li to znaĦenje opisano u rijeĦi čeţnja? Ħȅznuti (za kim, za Ħim) nesvrš. 〈prez. -nēm, imp. Ħȅzni, gl. im. ĦeznöĤe〉 jako priņeljkivati ńto, ginuti za Ħim, patiti za kim ili za Ħim, silno ņeljeti (koga ili ńto) ✧ prasl. i stsl. Ħeznǫti (rus. dijal. Ħéznut': nestati, polj. szcezną) Dakle, pogledamo li bolje u etimologiju čeţnje, vidimo da ona ima znaĦenje nestajanja, odnosno, iščeznuća, ńto je drugi oblik za oznaĦavanje nestanka; glagol izčeznuti i imenica iščeznuće znaĦe nestanak. Zato Ĥe izraz – čeznem za tobom osim znaĦenja ţelim te, znaĦiti i topim se, nestajem, ńto frazeolońki takoħer imamo u svakodnevnoj upotrebi. Divanski pjesnici pjevaju o sreĤi 674 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo ĥovjek je odraz Boņije Svjetlosti, i istraņuje puteve sreĤe, da bi se ponovo susreo s Gospodarom. Divanski pjesnici pjevaju i o sreĤi. Pokuńajmo odgonetnuti ovu za nas apstraktnu kategoriju, kakvo je i njeno funkcionalno znaĦenje: dosta apstraktno?! Znamo li ńta je sreĤa? Svako ima svoju definciju. Ipak, etimologija nudi jedan odgovor. Pogledajmo analizu. Po HJP, etimologija je sljedeĤa: sreĤa ✧ prasl. *sъrętja: dogaħaj, susret (stsl. sъreńta, rus. vstréĦa, slov. sreĦa) Dakle, sreća ima znaĦenje susreta. Kako bi se reklo: Sretni su oni koji se sreću. Gledano ńire, i Kur'an nas upuĤuje na znaĦenje ove rijeĦi. A srećni će u dţennet; dok je nebesa i Zemlje, u njemu će boraviti, - osim ako drukčije Gospodar tvoj ne odredi; biće to dar koji će neprekidno trajati. (Hud, 108) I nesrećni će u dţehennem, u njemu će teško izdisati i udisati; (Hud, 106) SreĤni su dakle oni koji sjede na divanima. Divanski pjesnici pjevaju o rastanku Kontekstualno, divanska poezija u najńirem pjeva o rastanku i sastanku. Rastanak je tuga, sastanak je sreĤa. NajveĤa sreĤa jeste sastanak s Allahom. Rastanak koji se Ħesto spominje u ovom pjesnińtvu, odnosi se u prvom redu na prapoĦetak, Ezel, i na vrijeme prvog sastanka. Zato pjesnici divanske poezije Ħeznu za povratkom, za ponovnim susretom! ( Vidi Hafizov DiVAN, predgovor) sàstanak m 〈G -ānka, N mn -ānci〉 1. susret s kim, opr. rastanak 2. skup vińe osoba radi dogovora [sutra je sastanak upravnog odbora] ✧ vidi sàstati Kako je samo lijepa nańa rijeĦ sastanak, sa svoja dva znaĦenja. Oba upotpunjuju znaĦenje sreće. Sastanak s kim podrazumijeva i razgovor s njim. Najbolji je sastanak ( u znaĦenju razgovora) onaj sastanak s Allahom, a to je namaz (molitva) . U konaĦnici, postoji krajnji sastanak, u znaĦenju susreta. Takav je opisan u Mevlaninom Gazelu o smrti. Divanski pjesnici pjevaju o piĤu Imamo jednu zanimljivost. U nańem jeziku sastanak znaĦi i spajanje. Etimologija nas upoznava s Ħinjenicom da spajanje ima veze s pićem, a piĤe u divanskoj poeziji ima veoma vaņnu ulogu kao termin. Dakle, ✧ s (a)- + *pojiti (rus. paját': spajati, češ. pojiti) ≃ v. piti (prvotno znaĦenje iz kovaĦke terminologije: Ħiniti da tekuĤa kovina »pije« pri spajanju) uĦiniti teĦnim-pa pomijeńati! Spajanje dakle podrazumijeva i miješanje, taĦnije reĦeno stapanje. Isto tako, spajanje i sastanak podrazumijevaju i uvezivanje, ili jednostavno reĦeno vezu. U nańem jeziku, kad smo u vezi s kime s njim smo u ljubavi. Ovakav izraz se svakodnevno koristi. Divanski pjesnici pjevaju o sudbini Potpuno preda(va)nje Allahu dņ.ń. ( sadrņano u rijeĦi islam) podrazumijeva apsolutnu sluņbu, odnosno robovanje Njemu. K tome u prilog svakako ide Ħovjekovo pomirenje sa sudbinom, odnosno, Allahovom odredbom. Pitanje sudbine ( kao uostalom i pitanje ljubavi) jedno je od velikih svjetskih pitanja cijelog ljudskog roda. LingvistiĦko odreħenje sudbine je sljedeĤe: sȕdbina ţ 1. sila koja prema mnogim vjerovanjima, upravlja ņivotom ljudi i odvijanjem dogaħaja 2. sve ńto je u skladu s takvim vjerovanjem, predodreħeno da se Ħovjeku dogodi; fatum, sudba 3. neumitan slijed u ņivotu Ħovjeka ili u odvijanju dogaħaj ùdes m 1. ono ńto je odreħeno providnońĤu; sudbina 675 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 2. nesretan sluĦaj; sudar [prometni udes] Sudbina je dakle ono ńto je presuħeno, odreħeno, poznato. Ilustracije radi, ovog puta uzeĤemo etimolońku odrednicu iz engleskog jezika225, odnosno, etimolońku vezu meħu rijeĦima destination i destiny: destiny mid-14c., from O.Fr. destinée (12c.) "purpose, intent, fate, destiny; that which is destined," fem. pp. of destiner, from L. destinare "make firm, establish" (see destination). The sense is of "that which has been firmly established," as by fate. destination 1590s, "act of appointing," from L. destinationem (nom. destinatio) "purpose, design," from pp. stem of destinare "determine, appoint, choose, make firm or fast," from de"completely, formally" (see de-) + -stinare, related to stare "to stand," from PIE base *sta- "to stand" (see stet). Modern sense (1787) is from place of destination, where one is "destined" to go. Vidimo da je potpuno ista etimologija ( potpuno ista rijeĦ) iskorińtena za mjesto kao destinaciju i za sudbinu kao neńto ńto je odreħeno. Zato se rijeĦ destinacija kod nas prevodi kao odredište. Sudbina je ono ńto je odreħeno. Divanski pjesnici pjevaju o zikiru Zikir je u divanskoj knjiņevnosti odraz pokornosti i ljubavi spram Stvoritelja a ujedno i sredstvo ĦińĤenja duńe. Kao odraz ljubavi, spominje se ime voljenog. Ono ńto voli, to se spominje. Zikir se prevodi kao sjeĤanje, spominjanje. Spominjati nekoga znaĦi izgovarati njegovo ime. spoménuti svrš. 〈prez. spòmēnēm, pril. pr. -ūvńi, prid. trp. spòmēnūt〉 1. (koga, ńto) a. govoreĤi ili pińuĤi dotaknuti se koga ili Ħega b. podsjetiti na koga ili ńto 2. (se) dozvati u pamet, prisjetiti se [»spomeni se, ĦovjeĦe, da si prah«] Etimolońki, spominjanje vodi porijeklo od rijeĦi spomen, ńto znaĦi da spominjanje i uspomena stoje u bliskoj vezi. Dakle, u vezi su rijeĦi spominjanje, sjećanje i uspomena. SjeĤajuĤi se nekog, mi ga spomenemo, prizivajuĤi svoju uspomenu na njega. U konkretnom sluĦaju, to je uspomena na Stvoritelja. spȍmēn m 1. sjeĤanje na koga ili na ńto, uspomena [spomen na velikog borca] 2. predmet koji izaziva uspomene 3. spominjanje [o tome ni spomena; biti (ne biti) vrijedan (vrijedno) spomena biti (ne biti) znaĦajan, vrijedan da se spominje] SjeĤanje je u uskoj vezi i s jednom drugom rijeĦi, koja opet stoji u tematskom saglasju s poetikom divanske poezije. Etimolońki, sjeĤanje vodi porijeklo od rijeĦi sjeta. sjȅta ţ 〈G mn sjȇtā〉 duńevno stanje blage tuge i Ħeņnje ili sjeĤanja na drago, lijepo ili izgubljeno; melankolija ✧ prasl. *sěta (stsl. sětovati: tugovati, rus. sétovat') ≃ stir. sáith: tuga Tuga je dakle, organski dio sjete i ne mora neminovno imati negativnu konotaciju; tugovati za nekim ustvari znaĦi isto ńto i Ħeznuti za nekim. Divanski pjesnici pjevaju o putevima pribliţavanja Bogu Pribliņavanje Bogu odvija se posredno veĤ samim ĦińĤenjem duńe, zikirom. A, svaka molitva je odraz pribliņavanja Bogu. Oni koji su Mu bliski, oni su Njegovi prijatelji, evlije. 225 SliĦno veĤ pomenutom HJP, postoji online rjeĦniĦka baza engleskog jezika: www.etymonline.com 676 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Ńta znaĦi biti prijatelj? Da li je prijatelj konkretna ili apstraktna kategorija? prȉjatelj m 1. blizak poznanik s kojim se u druņenju njeguju pońtovanje, povjerenje i ljubav [intimni prijatelj; prijatelj iz djetinjstva] 2. etnol. otac jednoga od braĦnih drugova prema ocu drugoga 3. poklonik, zańtitnik Ħega [društvo prijatelja ţivotinja] 4. biti prijatan, ugodan [prija mi razgovor]; goditi Uħemo li u etimologiju glagola prijati, vidjeĤemo da se opet suńtina te rijeĦi odnosi na usmjerenje koje nalazimo u poetici divanske knjiņevnosti : ✧prasl. i stsl. prijati: biti sklon (rus. priját', polj. przyjaĤ) ← ie. *priHo-: drag, voljen. Dakle, Allahovi prijatelji su oni koji su Mu naklonjeni, dragi i voljeni. U prevodu Kur'ana Ħitamo: „I neka se ničega ne boje i ni za čim nek ne tuguju Alla hovi prijatelji ; oni koji budu vjerovali i koji se budu Allaha bojali, za njih su radosne vijesti i na ovom i na onom svijetu – Allahove riječi niko ne moţe izmjeniti – to je, zaista, veliki uspjeh .― (Junus, 62-64.) Divanski pjesnici znaju šta znaĦi voljeti Direktno za pojam ljubavi i ljepote veņe se i osjeĤaj iskazivanja te ljubavi sadrņan u glagolu voljeti. Koja je stvarna priroda, odnosno, koja je suńtina ovog osjeĤaja? Sigurno je svakome poznat dijalog koji se odvija izmeħu prodavaĦa i kupca, izmeħu konobara i gosta, ili sliĦnim dijalozima usluţne djelatnosti, kada Ħujemo ono zvonko i ljupko: Izvol'te, šta ţelite? Tu se direktno vidi veza izmeħu glagola voljeti i glagola ţeljeti. Pogledajmo ńta kaņe lingvistika. vòljeti (koga, ńto, se) nesvrš. 〈prez. vȍlīm, pril. sad. vȍlēĤi, prid. trp. vȍljen, gl. im. vȍljēnje〉 1. 2. 3. osjeĤati ili iskazivati naklonost, privrņenost, odanost, prijateljstvo koje se osniva na zajednici ideala, krvnog srodstva i sl. [oni se uzajamno vole; voljeti obitelj] osjeĤati prema kome ljubav, osjeĤati strastvenu privlaĦnost prema kome [voljeti momka/djevojku] biti sklon Ħemu, rado Ħiniti, sluńati, Ħitati, gledati, sluņiti se Ħim, imati sklonost prema zanimanju, poslu, igri 1. ljudsko racionalno svojstvo, sposobnost duha da ńto hoĤe, da se moņe odluĦiti na ńto 2. jako htijenje, Ħvrstina odluke, snaga duha, ustrajnost, upornost duha 3. izraņena odluka, koja se ne mora izvrńiti [posljednja volja oporuka, testament] 4. ņelja za Ħim [dobiti, imati volju za što ņeljeti ńto postiĤi] ✧ prasl. i stsl. volja (rus. vñlja, stpolj. wola), lit. valia ← ie. *wel-: htjeti (lat. velle, stvnjem. wala: izbor) Glagol voljeti izveden je od izraza volja koji podrazumijeva ţelju, izbor. Zato je nevolja neņeljena. vȍlja 〈G mn vȏljā〉 ţ Dakle, sada moņemo povezati znaĦenje glagola voljeti i znaĦenje glagola ţeljeti. U divanskoj poeziji predmet volje, predmet izbora, objekt Ħeņnje, sreĤe, i konaĦno, ljubavi, ujedno je objekt krajnjeg cilja i svih nastojanja. Ţelja, volja, ljubav, sreća i čeţnja, stapaju se u jedno. S istim ciljem, suńtinom, i znaĦenjem. ZakljuĦna razmatranja Divanska poezija – put ljubavi U ovom radu etimolońki je interpretirano nekoliko motiva na koje se svodi predmet divanskog pjesnińtva. Pokazano je da su svi ti motivi u konaĦnici povezani jednom jedinom odrednicom, a to je ljubav. 677 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Molitva je osnovni izraz ljubavi prema Bogu, kao odraz privrņenosti i naklonosti. Ta ljubav izraņava se posredno: ljubavlju prema Muhammedu s.a.w.s., jer oni koji njega vole sposobni su slijediti njegovu praksu; te ljubavlju prema Allahu dņ.ń., izraņenu zikirom i namazom, odnosno molitvom. UĦenjem salavata na Muhammeda a.s. jaĦa ljubav prema Poslaniku, a praksom molitve u formi namaza postiņemo blizinu i ljubav prema Stvoritelju. Napomenimo da nańa rijeĦ ljubav znaĦi veza, spajanje. ImajuĤi u vidu prethodni pasus koji pokazuje koje su konkretnije forme iskazivanja ljubavi, ukazujemo da arapska rijeĦ salat koja se koristi da oznaĦi molitvu u formi namaza, isto tako etimolońki oznaĦava vezu. Takoħer, blagoslov na Poslanika oznaĦava rijeĦ salavat. Ta rijeĦ je mnoņina od rijeĦi salat, i takoħer u svom osnovnom znaĦenju podrazumijeva vezu. KonaĦno, ono ńto je u Stvoritelj u Kur'anu rekao: „Allah i meleki Njegovi donose salavate na Vjerovjesnika. O vjernici, blagosiljate ga i vi i šaljite mu pozdrav!― (Saveznici, 56) - a zatim i rijeĦi Poslanika: „Ko donese na mene salavat, Allah na njega donese deset." (Muslim) - odańilju sveopĤu harmoniju ljubavi. ImajuĤi u vidu znaĦenje rijeĦi salavat, time donošenje salavata moņemo slobodnim prevodom iskazati kao uvezivanje. Posljedice: Putem salavata Allah i meleki se povezuju ( su u ljubavi) s Poslanikom – Ljudi su povezani s Poslanikom – Allah je povezan s ljudima. Svaka ova veza ( ljubav) je opet naravno dvosmjerna. Da putevi ljubavi nemaju granica pokazuje i etimolńka veza izmeħu rijeĦi „safe― i „salutation― u engleskom jeziku i arapskih rijeĦi „salat― i „salavat―. Engleski pridjev „safe― u znaĦenju: siguran, nepovrijeħen, neozlijeħen, zdrav, potpun, vodi porijeklo od latinskog SALVUS. Engleska imenica „safe―, u znaĦenju: spremanje, spašavanje, Ħuvanje, vodi porijeklo od francuskog SAUF, ili latinskog SALVUS. Engleski „salute―, u znaĦenju: pozdrav, vodi porijeklo od latinskog SALUTARE u znaĦenju: pozdraviti, a povezano sa SALUS, SALVUS. Ima znaĦenje bilo koje vrste LJUBAZNOSTI i pońtovanja. Englesko „salutation“ zato ima znaĦenje pozdrava.226 References HasanbegoviĤ, F. (1996): Čitanka za II razred gimnazije, Sarajevo Memija, E. i Hadiziosmanovic, L. (1995): Poezija bošnjaka na orijentalnim jezicima, Peeporod, Sarajevo 226 Podaci su preuzeti s online baze etimologije engleskog jezika (www.etymonline.com ): safe (n.) "chest for keeping valuables," early 15c., save, from M.Fr. en sauf "in safety," from sauf (see safe (adj.)). Spelling with f- first recorded 1680s, from influence of safe (adj.). safe (adj.) late 13c., "uninjured, unharmed," from O.Fr. sauf, from L. salvus "uninjured, healthy, safe," related to salus "good health," saluber "healthful," all from PIE *solwos from base *sol- "whole" (cf. L. solidus "solid," Skt. sarvah "uninjured, intact, whole," Avestan haurva- "uninjured, intact," O.Pers. haruva-, Gk. holos "whole"). Meaning "not exposed to danger" is attested from late 14c.; of actions, etc., "free from risk," first recorded 1580s. Safe-conduct (late 13c.) is from O.Fr. sauf-conduit (13c.). salute (v.) late 14c., earlier salue (c.1300), from L. salutare "to greet," lit. "wish health to," from salus (gen. salutis) "greeti ng, good health," related to salvus "safe" (see safe). The noun is attested from c.1400 as an utterance, gesture, or action of any kind. The military and nautical sense of "display flags, fire cannons, etc., as a mark of respect" is recorded from 1580s (the noun in this sense is from 1690s); sense of raising the hand to the cap in the presence of a superior officer is from 1832 (n.), 1844 (v.). 226 Podaci su preuzeti s online baze etimologije engleskog jezika (www.etymonline.com ): safe (n.) "chest for keeping valuables," early 15c., save, from M.Fr. en sauf "in safety," from sauf (see safe (adj.)). Spelling with f- first recorded 1680s, from influence of safe (adj.). safe (adj.) late 13c., "uninjured, unharmed," from O.Fr. sauf, from L. salvus "uninjured, healthy, safe," related to salus "good health," saluber "healthful," all from PIE *solwos from base *sol- "whole" (cf. L. solidus "solid," Skt. sarvah "uninjured, intact, whole," Avestan haurva- "uninjured, intact," O.Pers. haruva-, Gk. holos "whole"). Meaning "not exposed to danger" is attested from late 14c.; of actions, etc., "free from risk," first recorded 1580s. Safe-conduct (late 13c.) is from O.Fr. sauf-conduit (13c.). salute (v.) late 14c., earlier salue (c.1300), from L. salutare "to greet," lit. "wish health to," from salus (gen. salutis) "greeti ng, good health," related to salvus "safe" (see safe). The noun is attested from c.1400 as an utterance, gesture, or action of any kind. The military and nautical sense of "display flags, fire cannons, etc., as a mark of respect" is recorded from 1580s (the noun in this sense is from 1690s); sense of raising the hand to the cap in the presence of a superior officer is from 1832 (n.), 1844 (v.). 678 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Memija, E. i Hadiziosmanovic, L. (1997): Antologija bosnjacke poezije na orijentalnim jezicima, Alef Nametak, F. ( 1997): Divanska knjiţevnost bošnjaka, Orijentalni institut u Sarajevu, Sarajevo Nametak, F. ( 2007): Pojmovnik divanske i tesavvufske knjiţevnosti, Orijentalni institut u Sarajevu, Sarajevo RjeĦniĦke baze: www. hjp.srce.hr, i : www.etymonline.com 679 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 101 Title A name given to the resource Interpretacija divanske poezije u nastavi bosanskog jezika i knjiţevnosti kroz poetiku islamskog simbolizma, a posredstvom primijenjene lingvistike Author Author Hodžić, Jasmin Abstract A summary of the resource. U radu se putem primjene znanja o etimolońkom znaĦenju rijeĦi daju odreħene smjernice za interpretaciju divanske poezije u nastavi bosanskog jezika i knjiņevnosti. Dekodiranju hermetĦke poetike islamskog simbolizma pristupa se interdisciplinarno; etimologija je polazińte koje nas upuĤuje na suńtinu odreħenih pojmova koji su kontekstualno vezani za ovu vrstu poezije, pri Ħemu se uzima u obzir i lingvostilistiĦki, semantiĦki, pragmatiĦki i sociolońki pristup u interpretaciji pojedinih simbola, pojmova i termina, a tako i ove poetike u cjelosti. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3412 Title A name given to the resource INTERPRETATION OF ENGLISH DERIVED NOMINALS AND THEIR ASPECTUAL PROPERTIES Author Author Rizvić-Eminović, Edina Abstract A summary of the resource. The class of English nouns which are referred to as derived nominals is not a homogenous class. Namely, derived nominals can further be classified into process and result nominals. A group of properties owing to which such a classification is currently accepted are aspectual properties the derived nominals inherit from their corresponding verbs, which are investigated in this paper. It is acknowledged in the relevant literature that the interpretation of derived nominals as result or process nominals primarily depends on their argument structure, more specifically on the presence or absence of the of-phrase complement (Grimshaw, 1990, Alexiadou, 2007). Based on the tests conducted among a group of native English speakers, the paper argues that what is relevant for the interpretation of derived nominals, in addition to the argument structure, are their aspectual properties reflected in the adverbial expressions that occur in the phrases or clauses containing the derived nominals. The tests include phrases and clauses with derived nominals ending with the suffixes al, ance, -ment, -tion, and -ure. The phrases used originate from the COCA corpus and are modified with suitable aspectual phrases, such as take a long time and be long, in an hour and for an hour, went on and on and lasted for days. Keywords: derived nominal, aspectual properties, aspectual phrases Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7cd0f5f20612954d0e53f3fb65c67508.pdf 91f7be2e1a3238fe3b50e6a9f4baf35e PDF Text Text Interpretation of Navoi’s Image in the Uzbek Poetry during the Years of Independence Gulbakhor Ashurova Tashkent State Pedagogical University Named After Nizami, Uzbekistan Abstract: This article is dedicated to the issue of the interpretation of Navoi’s image in Uzbek poetry during the years of independence. It also sheds light on how this issue is presented in the works of modern Uzbek poets. Keywords: Alisher Navoi, Uzbek poetry during the years of independence, Navoi’s image, Navoi’s personality, creative work, ailment, spirit, spirituality, perfection. 1. Introduction There are quite a lot of works in the Uzbek poetry devoted to Alisher Navoi, a great thinker, a statesman, who had made a considerable contribution to the progress of science, culture, literature and art of his epoch, to his image and his unique character. Through the image of Alisher Navoi, depicted in different styles, one can visualize the spiritual world of this master of words from new horizons. Since the times of Navoi, many hundreds of poets have written emulations, hemistiches and studies devoted to his works. The world of imagination and astonishment, figurativeness and artistic merit of Navoi are so strong that one cannot help become inspired by them. It goes without saying that the unique personality of this thinker and poet is behind all these achievements. Navoi is not an ordinary personality. Apart from being a promoter of the ideas of humaneness, he was an active and courageous man who tried to implement them into real life. This is why he became a hero of poems and tales during his lifetime. Special research has been devoted to the image of Navoi in people’s thoughts and interpretations (Ahmedov N. Mangu barhayot obraz “Eternal image”. SharqYulduzi. 1988, No4; Ahmedov N. Tarixiy shaxs talqini.“About historical personality”. Tashkent, publishing house named after G. Gulom, 1989). Alisher Navoi is an incomparable son, thinker and poet of not only the Uzbek people, but he is a representative of all the Turkic-speaking peoples as well. Studying his personality and creative work closely helps to understand and resolve many such important issues related to life, epoch, time, nation and human destiny. 2. Analysis �After Uzbekistan gained independence, interest in Navoi’s personality and artistic work increased even further. In this article, we are going to focus our attention on poems devoted to Alisher Navoi’s image in Uzbek poetry during the years of independence. The creative approach of the people’s poet of Uzbekistan (state honorary title) and a hero of Uzbekistan Abdulla Oripov to the image of Navoi is unique: according to him, the poet is our national pride, honor and dignity, because “Such a name called Uzbek has become known to the world thanks to Navoi.” We could feel Abdulla Oripov’s special love towards Alisher Navoi. For Abdulla Oripov, Alisher Navoi is the greatest of great people, the master of masters and his “creative work and activities are equal to an entire ocean” (Oripov A. Selected works. Four volumes. – Tashkent: Adabiyot va san’at, 2001. Fourth volume.– p 129). Because Navoi “used his creative work and artistic merit and poems not only for the sake of art, but in order to implement his ideas, goals and wishes” (Oripov A. Selected works. Four volumes. – Tashkent: Adabiyot va san’at, 2001. Fourth volume.– p 130). More than five centuries have passed since the times of Navoi and the poets of the XXI century are still inspired by his poems. They stress that, “as a one thousand-year-old man makes the history speak, he speaks about poet Navoi that he never parted with the works of such poets like Nizami and Fuzuli”. Abdulla Oripov’s poem called “The Navoi Street” is devoted to a street named after Navoi: Streets are also like people sometimes. They have their name, fate and honor. Some of them are called O’rda, others like a sacred place, Some of them carry nation’s honor. This is the history of a street, which still has the footprints of such great people like (writers) Oybek and Mirtemir, (actors) Olim Xo’jayev and Shukur Burxonov … All of them are dear to the motherland. The nation will never forget them. Though Alisher was always in the lead. People like Majdiddin dared to challenge him. One could feel that Navoi’s image, his spirit and views are living in one of the ancient streets of the capital. It is always crowded day and night. In the poem we could see clearly how Navoi is living with the nation and the people of Tashkent, which is expressed by means of comparison, transference and description. For the generation of young poets, going back to Navoi is felicity. A poem called “My poetry” by the people’s poet Sirojiddin Sayyid is full of these feelings: I am on earth but my master is in the skies. �My university is Navoi. I am like a straw in his ocean. I just love its waves. His poem called “Mutolaa” (“Reading”) speaks about a generation who has read Navoi’s works and is inspired by them: Your passes shine by the light. Your skies are so blue. And Navoi enters our hearts. Like an ocean and like skies. In his poem called “ Mir Alisher” he describes Navoi using such comparisons like “the dawn of Turkic people,” “the loud sound of being alive,” “the color of greatness,”“the great ocean,” “endless motherland” and “eternal like motherland.” Whereas his poem called “Navoini o’qish” (“Reading Navoi”) stresses that everyone who is afraid of ignorance “should read Navoi.”“In order not to be second to anyone,” in order to control one’s own desires, to learn to not to be ashamed of and to blessed by the people, one should read Navoi Beruni and Avicenna, Ulugbek and Babur Mirza. Have left so many magnificent buildings, So, young hearts should beat stronger, And should read Navoi! What if Uzbeks stop reading Navoi? People’s poet Erkin Vohidov has described such a tragedy in this way: If Uzbeks stop reading Navoi, There will be no more golden heads. If they love Demyan Bedniy (a Russian poet) instead of Bedil, There will be no black hair, just yellows. If Uzbeks stop reading Navoi, It is the time for crying. �If they make fun and ignore education, It is equal to singing when someone is dying. If an Uzbek knowsUzbek knows himself perfectly, That means he acted thumbs up. He would tell the entire world, That he is the descendant of Navoi. One has to work hard to learn Navoi. Not only the Uzbek people, but the peoples of the entire world and representatives of various nations should also read Navoi! He is a great poet of not only one nation or people. He is an incomparable creator of the universe and humanity. It is not for nothing that his monuments have been erected in such cities asMoscow, Baku and Tokyo. In order to be with Navoi, we should at least try to study and understand him. The poem above, by the people’s poet Erkin Vohidov, proves this truth clearly. We learn humanity from Navoi. As if our hearts become calm, our feelings controlled and our faces shine. People’s poet of Karakalpakistan Guliston Matyoqubova’s poem called “Ziyoga botayotgan daryo” (“The river getting filled with knowledge”) expresses endless gifts, restless thoughts of a lyric hero whose feelings are like a river. Due to a “secret that makes your heart feel sad,” “me” who “has become pale” and “busy with his own thoughts” imagines that he is standing next to Navoi . “… I am alone on the river shore. You are my world, you are in my heart. I am like a star in a heart’s night, You are the dream of this helpless heart.” The lyric hero who is looking for Navoi with the aim of telling him about his “pains floating on the water,” talks to him in his thoughts, “his heart trembles in his voice” like a “seven-day-old moon.” As if the eyes of the lyric hero “smile full of shine”. While entering the world of poetry, he feels as if “his heart is left” with roads through which Navoi passed once. Like Navoi, her feelings flow over the banks of Amu Darya and “pains float” on the water … The lyric hero “through wings made of great hopes sees the view of his own city.” She says with pride that “with the help of a great force and free love, we walked with Navoi.” �In his poem called “Alisher Navoi”, one of the young poets G’ulom Fathiddin expresses his endless respect and admiration for the master of words in the following way: No one can carry Navoi’s weight, He opened a thousand doors to hearts. I am speechless how a cradle, Could embrace such a great heart?!!! He compares the greatness of Navoi’s heart with mountains and stresses that his life, words, image, the way he loves life, his spiritual heritage left for the motherland, are given to him from the Almighty. Thanking the Almighty for giving such a gift to generations, he expresses his final amazement in a high tone: “Tell me how the earth and the sky could embrace such a nation which grew up such a great scholar?” The poet’s poem called “The valley of amazement” begins with the description of the birthday of the great thinker: girls from heaven, angels bring a cradle, stars sing lullabies, no sound of dangerous swords and the night is quiet, the morning of Khorasan is lit with a rainbow and mother Turkestan expressing thanks… Wishing you all good deeds. Angels bring milk from heaven’s river. And a kingly decorated cradle. Calmly rocks with pleasure. The author describes Navoi’s childhood by means of a poem, and we clearly imagine for ourselves the childhood of a genius before who,“there were many wet-nurses, and many authors gave up before your talent”; at seven he learnt by heart the Koran, Hadith and Mantiqut-Tayr, stood on the path of gaining knowledge, gifted by God and who surprised the world. Unwillingly, we can imagine communication between young Alisher and Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi, and relations between teacher Jami and Navoi. This historical truth is described in a poem in the following way: Praised for him in pleasant surprise. Even teacher Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi Lutfi was also amazed many times, Jami looks shocked at this young child. The author, when he was young, wanders around the world. �After he was expelled by Mirza Abu Said, in his dreams he travels across Saikhun, Jaikhun, Taft, Herat, Mashhad, Astrabad, Bukhara and Samarkand, which had seen the sufferings of the poet. And while traveling he tries to understand Navoi’s thoughts about missing the fatherland, kith and kin and friends. And gives him his due. In his poems inspired by the spirit and prayers of teachers, connects himself with Lutfi and Jami, Yassavi and Khoja Ahrar, Farididdun Attar, and by showing respect to them tries to draw the image of the poet, who created in the blossoming valley and cured hearts suffering from love”. A part of the poem called “Ishq vodiysi ichra…” (“Through the valley of love”) in a poetic way describes the great love of Navoi: Every moment and every time, You were supported by great love and by great beauty. About what kind of “great love” is the author talking about? In this case the author is talking about “divine love”, peculiar to Navoi’s creative work, which has a higher meaning than images of “flower and nightingale”, “lover and beloved”. As Navoi began to know himself through the stairs of perfection and describes the lover moving towards the “divine love” through mystic ideas, the author of the poem also colorfully revived the image of the poet whose heart was filled with the ideas of Sufism. Those who followed Navoi, from beggars to kings, “flew to highest levels of perfection.” You have Lutfi’s look in your hearts, You have a belt given to you by Jami. In the first of these two lines, if Sufism in Navoi’s creative work has links with Lutfi’s spiritual world; then the “belt” presented by Jami means firmness of the person in love towards divine love, his will and courage, and proves his decisiveness in achieving his goals. This is why, every line written by Navoi is filled with spirit and gives our hearts divine light. The author describes Navoi’s creative field in the following way: You have entered this space like a lion,/ You created your works driven by inspiration. You read sufferings of deer in their eyes. You create cloth for divine spirits. While describing the quality of the great master of words with the help of such poetic methods like comparison, transferring, metaphor, metonymy, the author stresses proportionality between the figure and image. The attention of the reader is focused on the spiritual world of a great person and a perfect master who had achieved the happiness of both worlds. By the image of “deer” we understand agile, elegant and graceful people. �Like human beings, signs of sufferings could be seen in their eyes, too. For Navoi, this means sufferings of people moving towards “divine love” through the stairs of perfection. 3. Conclusion Coming back to Navoi is an ongoing and inspiring process. Studying its continuity also helps to make exemplary conclusions. This is why, from the times of Navoi till the present times works have been written praising Navoi’s image. The life and creative work of Navoi is truly a school of example for us. For any talent acting, based on the experience of this thinker and poet, improves his knowledge and skills, ensures creative success. Because, of Navoi’s exemplary life, his great personality and attractive inspiration are still of the utmost importancetoday. References: “Abadiyat gulshani” (“The blossoming land of eternity”): Second book; Devoted to the 575th anniversary of Alisher Navoi’s birthday. The manager of the project is O’. Rahmatov, -T.:”Sharq”,2016. – p 192 Karimov I.A. “Yuksakma’navitat – yengilmas kuch” (“High spirituality – invincible power”). T.:”Ma’naviyat”, 2008. – p 176. Sirojiddin Sh. “Alisher Navoi: manbalarning qiyosiy-tipologik, tekstologik tahlili” (“Alisher Navoi: comparative-typological, textual analysis of sources”). T.: “Akadem nashr”, 2011. – p 328. Yusuv Chetindog. Alisher Navoi. T.: “Muharrir”, 2013. – p 156. Haqqulov I. “Navoiga qaytish” (“Back to Navoi”). T.: The Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, “Fan”, 2007. – p 224. Almaz Ulvi. “Alisher Navoi hayoti va ijodi namuna maktabi” (“The life and creative work of Alisher Navoi as a school of example”). Materials of a national conference. T.: 2016, 26 February. Ahmedov N. “Mangu barhayot obraz” (“Eternal image”). SharqYulduzi. 1988, No4. Oripov A. Selected works. Four volumes. – Tashkent: Adabiyot va san’at, 2001. Fourth volume. – p 384. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3278 Title A name given to the resource Interpretation of Navoi’s Image in the Uzbek Poetry during the Years of Independence Author Author Ashurova, Gulbakhor Abstract A summary of the resource. This article is dedicated to the issue of the interpretation of Navoi’s image in Uzbek poetry during the years of independence. It also sheds light on how this issue is presented in the works of modern Uzbek poets. Keywords: Alisher Navoi, Uzbek poetry during the years of independence, Navoi’s image, Navoi’s personality, creative work, ailment, spirit, spirituality, perfection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dc356f89c4e75876bb92dc072252dc18.docx 3f3b6abf6fbc00c7ece43b356996250c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8040e1a88f14db8f5d5b570b438287ca.pdf df0305774548f7b83ca2a7648778c5da PDF Text Text Interteaching Versus Lecture in Esl Teacher Education Program Izabela Dankić University of Mostar / Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: interteaching, ESL teacher education ABSTRACT Interteaching is one of the latest methods of college classroom instruction with promising results. It is based on the well established psychological models of behavior analysis. In the last ten years since interteaching was introduced, its effectiveness at increasing student learning in comparison to lecture as the most dominant college and university teaching method was confirmed in laboratory studies and in limited settings. In this study we offer an overview of interteaching and examine its effectiveness relative to the lecture as a traditional form of graduate classroom instruction in an applied setting of ESL teacher education. The subjects were graduate students in the ESL teacher education program at the Mostar University in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They attended the Second Language Acquisition course. We alternated conditions of interteaching and lecture, as it was done in experimental studies. Test scores after interteaching were higher than test scores following lecture. Majority of students also reported a preference for interteaching relative to traditional lecture. This study suggests that interteaching can be an effective alternative to lecture in ESL teacher education program. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1820 Title A name given to the resource Interteaching Versus Lecture in Esl Teacher Education Program Author Author DANKIC, Izabela Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: interteaching, ESL teacher education ABSTRACT Interteaching is one of the latest methods of college classroom instruction with promising results. It is based on the well established psychological models of behavior analysis. In the last ten years since interteaching was introduced, its effectiveness at increasing student learning in comparison to lecture as the most dominant college and university teaching method was confirmed in laboratory studies and in limited settings. In this study we offer an overview of interteaching and examine its effectiveness relative to the lecture as a traditional form of graduate classroom instruction in an applied setting of ESL teacher education. The subjects were graduate students in the ESL teacher education program at the Mostar University in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They attended the Second Language Acquisition course. We alternated conditions of interteaching and lecture, as it was done in experimental studies. Test scores after interteaching were higher than test scores following lecture. Majority of students also reported a preference for interteaching relative to traditional lecture. This study suggests that interteaching can be an effective alternative to lecture in ESL teacher education program. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/44fc3f272eacf27b209ae9c1190823c6.pdf 60c88906d75418cc7c2f914f87783d98 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Intrapreneurship in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Mehmet AYGÜN Assoc. Prof.,Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey maygun@yyu.edu.tr Süleyman ĠÇ Dr. , Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey icsuleyman@yahoo.com Mehmet KIZILOĞLU Res. Assist., Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey kiziloglu20@hotmail.com Abstract: Begining from the second half of the 1980s the concept of intrapreneurship found an intense interest in the academic and business fields. It is seen that numerous academic studies which are related with intrapreneurship have been done during that time. Although intraprenurship is attempted to be defined in different ways, the most general sense of intrapreneurship is considered to be entrepreneurship within an existing organization. In this sense, intrapreneurship is regarded as individuals‘ being involved in the form of entrepreneurial activities within an existing organization. In this study, firstly we defined the concept of intrapreneurship then information about the requirements and dimensions of intrapreneurship, process of creating intrapreneursship, comparison of executives and intrapreneurship, motivation of intrapreneurship, differences of domestic and foreign entrepreneurs and intrapreneurship in SMEs. Finally we were measure intrapreneurship in SMEs by questionnaire at our last part of study. Key words : Intrapreneurship, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise (SMEs) Introduction While the socio-economic development is realized, there takes place periods when societies alter themselves from top to bottom. The first period out of these having left its traces in the history of mankind is that connected prople to the domestic life and during which soil was accepted as the most valuable factor for production. This period marks the beginning of agricultural communities. The second of them is the transmission from agricultural community to industrial community, where mass production and consumption gained value and the concept of colonialism was dominant. The third one is information community marked by the transmission from industrial community to what is experienced today, when, besides classic production methods, information is conceptualized as the most essential factor for production and the capital of human is given more importance (Aygün, 2004). Together with the process of transmission to information community, the rising competition has made people working in organizations even more important. The businesses that want to get advantages in competition have started to allow their workers the oportunuties to elicit their creative features. The concept of Intrapreneurship has been given great interest since the second half of 1980‘s in academic and business fields. During the period, numerous academic studies have been carried out regarding the topic. In these studies having been carried out, the fact that intrapreneurship activity is a very important factor for the businesses to maintain their existence, grow and make profit was brought out (Jarna and Kaisu, 2003 : 1). In our study, primarily, intrapreneurship is theoretically discussed in detail. After mentioning about intrapreneurship in SMEs the methodology, data and versions are defined in practice part. In result part, the results of the survey are evaluated. Entrepreneurship, Administration And Intrapreneurship The concepts of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship are used today to a great extent in the literature and discussions of administration (Luchsinger and Bagby 1987 : 10). The eminence of entrepreneurship and intrepreneurship began to increase in USA wih the interest in productivity. 217 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The entrepreneur is defined as somebody who has an independent capacity and who can take over the risk of starting a fruitful activity and maintaining it (Luchsinger and Bagby 1987 : 10). Intrapreneurs are the creative individuals who have the entrepreneur soul within an instutition, who see the opportunities for innovation and catch it, and who not only innovate but also can turn their ideas and models into increase for their instutition‘s profits and competitive power. Pinchott defines entrepreneur as the dreamer who takes over the responsibility for each kind of creativity within an organization. An intrapreneur is a person who moves with a entrepreneural spirit in a big organization. Intrapreneurs are leaders in converting new ideas to realities (Parboteeah, 2000 : 48). They are action – focussed and goal – oriented. Whatever happens, they are ready to achieve their aims. They are not only good thinkers, but also planners. When face to face with a success, they present an optimist attitude. They regard unsuccess as a latency that is temporary. They do not blame people for their failure, but instead, they focus on how they can do better (Kuratko and Hodgetts, 2000 : 213). Pinchott states that intrapreneurs have their peculiar principles and puts forward 10 conditions related to an intrapreneur. These are (Kuratko and Hodgetts, 2000 : 14): 1- Coming to work in high excitement and willingness everyday, 2- Nobady‘s preventing their dreams, 3- Preparing projects for work despite their not being necessary, 4- Creating networks to help people, 5- Constructing team – spirit, 6- Curiosity for inventions, 7- Dedicatedness to work and honesty, 8- Being forgiving, 9- Being realists regarding goals, and 10- Having a strong vision. Although the concepts of entrepreneur and intrepreneur have similar qualities, there are nuances between them. The most important difference is that, the intrapreneur acts in an environment in an already present organization whereas the entrepreneur prepares his/ her environment for him/ herself. Another difference is that the entrepreneur takes over more risk than the intrapreneur. Failure might cause an entrepreneur to go bankrupt while the intrapreneur is an employee (Luchsinger and Bagby, 1987 : 12). The studies having been carried out put forward that the entrepreneurs foster a style that is more apt for entrepreneural administration than conventional administration. Actually, investigating the entrepreneur and conventional administrator profiles, the intrapreneur profile shows so many peculiarities that it might be considered as a third type. As an instance of such studies might be shown that of Gifford Pinchot III, which is very inclusive. The narrowed version of this wide analysis investigating the similarities and differences between conventional administration, entrepreneur and intrapreneur is presented in Table 2 (Berber, 2000 : 34-35). 218 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Main motivation factors Activity Conventional Administors Promotion and other conventional company rewards (buro general staff, power, etc.) Assigning rather than direct participation Careful Entrepreneurs Intrapreneurs Freedom, opportunity to be created and money Freedom and the ability to develop in terms of the company rewards Direct participation Direct participation instead of assigning Taking over reasonable risk Not focussed on the conventional company status symbols, willing freedom The tendency not to consider risky projects until being ready May persuade others to reach a dream Satisfies him/herself, customers and sponsors Generally family members that are entrepreneurs, small business owners Based on reciprocal relations in a hierarchy Both inner and outer conditions Solving problems within a system Status Focussed on status symbols Taking over reasonable risk Has no relationwith status symbols Mistake and failures The exertion to run away from mistake and failure Tackling mistakes and failures Decisions Generally in accord with his/her superiors Satisfies others Follows his/her dreams with his/her dreams Satisfies him/herself and customers Generally family members that are entrepreneurs, small business owners Mostly based reciprocal relation and respect Priorly technology and market Running away from the solution of huge problems by leaving them or restarting the solution Risk situation For whom Family background Relations with others Focussing Style to solve a problem Generally family members having worked in tremendous organizations Mostly hierarchical Intraorganizational relations Solving problems within a system Table 1: The Comparision of Conventional Administrator, Entrepreneur and Intrapreneur Profiles Source: Berber (2000 : 34) Intrapreneurs might, above all, be said to have a profile between entrepreneur and conventional administrator. As examples to this might be given; in terms of main motivation factors, intrapreneur‘s desire to pick up instutition‘s rewards as in conventional administrator within the frame of entrepreneur‘s freedom conception; intrapreneur‘s absorbing the direct participation in his/her entrepreneural identity instead of assigning people like a conventional administrator; intrapreneur‘s not running away from mistakes an failures contrary to entrereneur, but at the same time, his/her exertions not to let his/her company see them; intrapreneur‘s peference of reciprocal relations within conventional order of hierarchy. Moreover, while the intrapreneur has the tendency to present conventional administrator features like solving problems within the business system, contrary to a conventional administrator who considers opportunities carefully, acts like an entrepreneur by prefering the way of taking over reasonable risks (Berber, 2000). Intrapreneurship It is known that the concept of entrepreneurship was used for the first time by Richard Cantillon in the midst of the 16th century as an economical term. Contrary to this, we can say that the term, intrapreneurship is a new concept in the literature. Because, it has been put forward that the concept was first used by Ginford Pinchott in 1985. Although the concept is new, we may come across different concepts that corresponds to the same sense in the literature of enterpreneurship. The mostly used among these are Corporate Entrepreneurship, Internal Entrepreneurship, Corporate Venturing‘tir. Corporate Venturing is defined as creating new positions in an already existing organization while Corporate Venturing is defined as the creation of new jobs in an already existing organization for the purpose of taking competitive advantages out of new opportunities (Parboteeah, 2000 : 26). 219 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Even though it has been tried to be defined different ways (Parboteeah, 2000 : 26), Pinchott‘s definition is accepted as the default one in the literature (Kuratko; Hodgetts, 2000; Antoncic; Hisrich, 2000, 2001). To this definition, entrepreneurship is accepted as entepreneurship in an already existing organization. In this sense, entrepreneurship is referred to as the entreprising activities of the workers working in an already existing organization. After this definition by Pinchott, some other writers expanded the definition considering the occuring needs (Kuratko et al. 1990 : 49). Kuratko and Hodgetts (2000 : 95) expanded Pincott‘s definition as the process of starting a new organization or a reform by an individual or a group working in an already existing organization. Zahra (1991 : 260) defines the term as all the official or non-official activities carried our for the purpose of creating new jobs through renewing the products or processes; or developing market in an already existing organization. The Need for Intrepreneurship The concept of intraentrepreneurship became popular through the end of 1980, and since then, it has become a field that has attracted practitioners. Many factors have played roles for the development and expansion of the concept. Kuratko and Hodgetts (2000 : 96) connt some of them as follows: Rapid increase in the number of the existing and new competitors, Serious increases in the amount of ar-ge spendings, Some intelligent and bright people‘s leaving their organizations and becoming entrepreneurs of small businesses. International competition, The shrinking of fundamental organizations, Rapid changes in technology, The desire to make better effectiveness and production. Hisrich et al. (2005) put forward that the actions in the social, cultural and working levels raise the interest to the concept dramatically. It was mentioned that at the social level, the rise of the conception of ―doing what we have‖ was very effective. Hisrich et al. attract the attention towards the people having the heart for intrapreneurship and report that they they trust their abilities supposing that they have the tendency to create new things with what they have. These people want responsibility and need to get the feeling of freedom in their working environments. Unless there exists this freedom in the environment where they are, these people are disappointed. This might lead to their being less efficient and leaving the organization. Intrapreneurship is one of the measures to prevent these from occuring. The Dimensions of Intrapreneurship For the concept of Intrapreneurship to be perceived better, its dimensions must be defined well. Chang (1998 : 187) defines intrapreneurship as the innovations produced internally within the organization. Antoncic, (2000) carrying out researches in the field of intrapreneurship has summarized the literature in the table below. 220 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Authors Name of the concept Miller and Friesen (1983) Innovation Characteristic Dimensions New products Risk taking Proactivitivity Covin and Slevin (1986, 1991) Entrepreuneurial posture Risk taking Innovationism Guth and Ginsberg (1990) Corporate Entrepreneurship Proactivity Internal innovation or venturing Strategic renewal Zahra (1991, 1993a) Corporate Entrepreneurship Innovation and venturing Strategic renewal Lumpkin and Dess (1996) Entrepreneurship Orientation Authonomy Innovationism Risk taking Proacivity Knight (1997) Entrepreneurship Orientation Innovationism Proactivity Definitions The introduction of new products and productionservice technologies Being above the opponents Risk-taking via considering investment decisions and strategic actions Expanding the production renewal frequency and technological leadership Pioneering, aggression The birth of new jobs in an already existing organization The cycling of the key ideas in the organization The creation of new jobs via the market developments The re-defining of job concept and reorganization The independence of an individual or a team for acting Firm‘s supporting and maintaining new ideas Perception of unpredictability… The prospects of harm or negation out of the outcomes Joining new markets and seizing new opportunities The following of the new or creative problems with which the firm faces Anti-reactivity and being more agressive compared with the opponents Table 2 : The Classification of Intrapreneurship At The Organizational Level Source: Antoncic (2000) Given the studies that were carried out in the last years, the concept can be classified under seven dimensions. These are; (New Business Venturing), (2) Product and Service Innovativeness, (3) Process Innovativeness, (4) Self-Renewal, (5) Risk Taking, (6) Proactiveness and (7) Competitive Aggressiveness. New business enterprises or new business partnerships means the firm new jobs and its gains related to its already existing products and markets. New business enterprises are regarded as the most essential dimension of intrapreneurship due to the fact that they might result from the creation of new jobs in an organization by reason of the products and services of the organization being re-defined and new markets being improved. Rather than the new bbusiness enterprises, product/service innovativeness dimension means the business‘ innovation of their products and services due to technological change and development. Intrapreneurship consists of the methods and procedures of new product development, product improvement and new production. 221 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo What is meant by self-renewal is the transformation of the organization and the renewal of the key ideas that are a part of the organization that constitute it. This concept means strategic and organized change and it involves activities such as the redefining the concept of work and its reorganization (Antoncic and Hisrich 2000 : 498). In the broadest sense, risk- taking is defined as the chasing of the opportunities in a fast way and taking brave steps. Since Cantillon, who defines enterpreneurs as the people who take over the risks of profit and loss; risktaking has been regarded as the most essential concept of entrepreneur and entrepreneurship (by such scholars as Knight, Schumpeter and Mc Clelland). Risk- taking is a concept which takes place in the nature of all all the other dimensions. It is argued that risk- taking has a strong relation to the other dimensions. Furthermore, in recent studies, risk- taking has been spotted as a dimension of entrepreneurship or a peculiar characteristic of it in an organization (Anontic, 2000). Proactiveness expresses the presentation of a more aggressive attitude compared with other businesses. A proactive business shows tendency to take risks, and is brage and aggressive in terms of finding opportunities. The tendenct to compete with opponents is expressed within the dimension of competitive aggression. The two terms, proactiveness and competitive aggression are generally assigned the same meaning. Although it is regarded as partly true, while proactiveness refers to responding to the opportunities whereas competitive aggression refers to responding to treats. Stages of Creating Intraentrepreneurship The organizations that wish to sat up an intrapeneural environment must develop a procedure to realize this (Hisrich et al., 2005). Intrapreneurship, which is defined as an entrepreneurship activity in an already existing organization is composed of a 4-stage process. These stages are, in order, job idea, job plan, finding sponsor and team creation (Arıkan, 2003 : 188). Job Idea In order to start an intrapreneurship activity, constituting the job idea is prerequisite. The job idea does not always have to be an idea that the entrepreneur has him/herself developed. The job ideas that are gathered from variable sources like customers and colleagues might be turned into intrapreneurship activities. While, under some circumstances, a job idea might create the willingness to constitute an intrapreneurship, it might also be the willingness of a person for enterprise that directs him/her to look for a job idea. To construct a job idea, one of the essential sources of the entrepreneur is his/her colleagues. Meetings with the colleagues and idea developing methods such as brain storming are the means that might be taken advantage of in the search of the intrapreneurship idea. Job ideas might also pop up during the investigation of the organization‘s present functioning or with the decection of its deficencies. The researches that the firm has not carried out or practiced might give out new job ideas with teir new perspectives. Another important source is the technology the firm has. The technological fields where the firm is superior to the others might bring new and untried alternatives. Job Plan The entrepreneur that has made his/her mind to apply the job idea in the firm should act in a certain job plan for a successful intrapreneurship. He/she should clearly put forward the strategies and the aim of the job plan trial. The obstacles that might occur inside or outside the firm with regard to the implementation of the work plan should be detected and ways to overcome them should be improved. The existance of a good job plan is necessary in terms of defining the budget and the strategies of the intrapreneurship and to follow them during the practice stage. The budget and goals which have been constructed have great importance for the firm administratives to foster the intrapreneurship. The intrapreneurship goals, its structure, its risks and appropriateness for the structure of the firm which have been proposed raise the intrapreneurship proposal‘s chance to be accepted within the firm by being put forward together with the job plan. Finding Sponsor Choosing the right sponsor is one of the most eminent factors for the success of the enterprise. The intrapreneur should not take the full responsibility of the job idea that he/she is going to practice. Sponsors are needed within the firm to solve the problems if sources are to be created for the project. These sponsors might be less superior administrators that might help with the daily problems as well as the high- rank administrators who 222 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo may protect the firm from the main dangers. At this point, the function of the superior administration is essential. The commitment of the administration is one of the compulsory conditions for an entrepreneural activity‘s success. Team Creation and Administrating The idea for enterprise might be one‘s idea, but it is, most of the times, impossible. For this reason, the intrapreneur should construct the best team and direct, administrate his/ her team mates. SMEs in Turkey SMEs play a particularly important role in the Turkish economy, because of their number and because of the large share of the workforce involved. There is no universal definition of SME and the term covers a wide variety of definitions and measures. The most common definition in OECD countries is based on employment figures; correspondingly, an SME has less than 500 employees. The Eurostat definition used in 19 European countries refers to fewer than 250 employees, and it is currently the most widely accepted definition. Some countries use different definitions for manufacturing and services SMEs, with the latter usually defined to be smaller. Some countries distinguish between autonomous SMEs and those connected to a larger enterprise or group, or identify an SME in terms of management structure. In Turkey, the widely accepted definition points to those with 1 to 50 employees as ‗small‘ and those companies with 50 to 100 employees as ‗medium‘. In financial terms, an SME would have less than 15 million USD as revenue. Another criteria for an SME has been accepted as ―an SME should not be owned by a nonSME firm (or ownership should not exceed more than 25%.)‖. Other non-numeric, rather qualitative traits of an SME are adopted as: the owners are usually the managers, the management style is not hierarchic, usually it is a family business, not quoted on stock markets and most of the time they have financing constraints and find it difficult to trade abroad. (Gungen, 2010 ) SMEs constitute 99.6% of all the enterprises in the manufacturing industry, and accounts for 55.6% of the employment and contribute about 40 % to the GDP. Very large shares of SMEs are in the trade, crafts and industry sectors. The basic targets of SME policies are to increase the productivity of the sector, its share in total value added and its international competitiveness. (Country Partnership Strategy -Turkey: 2009-2010) SMEs are generally regarded as providing a friendlier environment where structures and process are and must remain simple, flexible and adaptable (Marchesnay, 1992; Gasse and Carrier, 1992; d‘Amboise and Muldowney, 1988) In SMEs, decision-making is highly centralised (Deeks, 1976; Charan, Hofer and Mahon, 1980; Welsh and White, 1981, MacMillan, 1975). The resulting structural flexibility is reinforced by the small number of hierarchical levels usually found in smaller organizations (Schöllhammer and Kuriloff, 1979; Robinson and Pearce II, 1984; MacMillan, 1975; Van Kirk and Noonan, 1982; Pearce II, Chapman and David, 1982) Potential intrapreneurs are usually very easy identified. In most cases, intrapreneurs quickly make themselves known by bringing their ambitions, idea or projects to the attention of their owner-managers. As a result, the logic governing their emergence tends to be one of matching or convergence rather than detection. This type of complementarity could even be regarded as a critical success factor for intrapreneurship in SMEs. While in large business the structures and systems often constitute important barriers to intrapreneurship, in SMEs the owner-managers themselves may become the main inhibitors or, conversely, the best catalysts in the process. In SMEs employees have easier Access to the entrepreneur or top management. Generally speaking, the intrapreneur-entrepreneur coupling seems at first glance to function more naturally and harmoniously, provided, however, that the intraprenur‘s compartmentalisation is not significant and where functions are rarely overspecialised. Therefore, in their view, promotion often provides an opportunity to extend their field of action, increase their autonomy and more closer to the owner-managers with whom they would like to share the innovative function in the firm. Result In this study, firstly the concept of entrepreneurship, management and intrapreneurship were defined and described the need of intrapreneurship. Then dimension of intrapreneurship explained. And also try to understand the position of the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey and defined the intrapreneurship in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises. 223 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo In the part of application, we used a scale which done by Heoimonen and Korvela. We translated that scale to Turkish and applied this questionaire to 120 manager who work in the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey. Questionaire include 7 factors which are Encouragement by management and organization, Individual Motivation, Transparency, openness and community, Individual Competence, Enabling working environment, Encouragement to innovations, Development. The result is that the level of intrapreneurship in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Turkey are so high and which is a consistent result at the literature. References Antoncic, B. and R. D. Hisrich (2000) ‗‘Intraprenurship Modeling in Transition Economies: A Comparision of Slovenia and United States‘‘, Jouranl of Developmental Enterpreneurship, 5, 1 , 21 Antoncic, Bostjan (2000). ‗‘Intraprenurship: Construct Refinement and An Integrative Model Development‘‘ , Doctoral Theses, Case Western Reserve University. Antontic, B. and R. D. Hisrich (2001). ‗‘Intraprenurship: Construct Refinement and Cross-Cultural Validation‘‘ , Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 495-527. Arıkan, Semra (2004). GiriĢimcilik, Siyasal Kitabevi Chang, Jane (1998). ‗‘Model of Corporate Entrepreneurship: Intrapreneurship and Exopreneurship‘‘, Borneo Review, 9, 2, 187-213 Güngen, Tulay (2010) ―E-Fınance for SMEs in Turkey‖ http://r0.unctad.org/ecommerce/event_docs/xmefinoct2001/gungen.pdf Hisrich ve diğerleri (2005). Entrepreneurship, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Jarna, H. and K. Kaisu (2003). ‗‘How about measuring Intraprenurship‘‘. Kuratko D. F. And R. M. Hodgetts (2000) Entrepreneurship: A Contemorary Approach, Fifth Editon, South-Western Thomsan Learning. Kuratko ve diğerleri (19909. ‗‘Developing an Intrapreneurial Assetsment Instrument for an Effective Corporate Entrepreneurial Environment‘‘ Strategic Management Journal, 11, 5, 49-58 Lunchsinger V. and D. Ray Bagby (1987) ‗‘Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship: Behaviors, Comparisions, and Contrasts‘‘. Advanced Management Journal, 52, 3, 10-13 Porboteeah, K. Praveen (2000) ‗‘Choice of Type of Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Process Model‘‘, Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 6, 1, 28-46 Berber, Aykut (2000). ‗‘GiriĢimci ile Yönetici Profilinin KarĢılaĢtırılması ve GiriĢimcilikten Yöneticiliğe GeçiĢ Süreci‘‘, Ġ.Ü ĠĢletme Fakültesi Dergisi, C:29, 23-46. Country Partnership Strategy -Turkey: 2009-2010 www.tukkk.fi/pki/julkaisut/konferenssit/EISB2003/Heinonen_Korvela_EISB2003.pdf http://www.pinchot.com/MainPages/BooksArticles/Innovation 224 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 161 Title A name given to the resource Intrapreneurship in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Author Author AYGÜN, Mehmet İÇ, Süleyman KIZILOĞLU, Mehmet Abstract A summary of the resource. Begining from the second half of the 1980s the concept of intrapreneurship found an intense interest in the academic and business fields. It is seen that numerous academic studies which are related with intrapreneurship have been done during that time. Although intraprenurship is attempted to be defined in different ways, the most general sense of intrapreneurship is considered to be entrepreneurship within an existing organization. In this sense, intrapreneurship is regarded as individuals‘ being involved in the form of entrepreneurial activities within an existing organization. In this study, firstly we defined the concept of intrapreneurship then information about the requirements and dimensions of intrapreneurship, process of creating intrapreneursship, comparison of executives and intrapreneurship, motivation of intrapreneurship, differences of domestic and foreign entrepreneurs and intrapreneurship in SMEs. Finally we were measure intrapreneurship in SMEs by questionnaire at our last part of study. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 856 Title A name given to the resource Introducing the Bottom up approach in teaching the four language skills in an EFL classroom Author Author Al Fadda, Hind Abstract A summary of the resource. Most language teaching methods have closely adhered to the top-to-bottom order (i.e. listening-speaking-reading-writing). This paper examines a revolutionized way of teaching a foreign language in which the traditional order has been reversed. The Bottom-Up Approach is built on the assumption that the bottom of a language is writing which is a private negotiation with the self. It eliminates fear and anxiety, and creates an atmosphere in the light of which students gain confidence as they progress towards total language (Dornyei, 2001) . This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of such a method to develop the four language skills. An experiment group and a control group participated in the study , 13 students in each group , for six weeks of teaching .. Results showed a noticeable improvement in the skill of listening. It also motivated students to speak more confidently and to read with deeper comprehension. Writing, however, was the least improved skill due to the limitation of time. In line with the results of the study, the EFL teachers are recommended to adopt the Bottom UP method of teaching in classrooms. Also, the researchers recommend the Saudi curriculum designers to adopt the procedures in designing English language books for EFL students. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/991c7df78e8a5b2b8a046dee14445169.docx f518d620d1fae70125c56ff717d11ad2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Intrusion Detection System for Smart Meters in Power Distribution Network Based on Statistical Anomaly Detection Author Author Mirza Šarić Amila Jašari Ammar Arpadžić Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract – Recently, there have been significant changes in the power system operation and management. These changes are driven by deregulation and market liberalization policies and include significant technical innovations and introduction of information and communication technologies to power systems. The introduction of smart meters and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) presents new challanges. Two most sensitive aspects of smart meters are electricity consumption data and remote switch access. This paper presents and overview of security challanges for the smart meters used in power distribution system and proposes a fuzzy intrusion detection system for smart meters in power distribution system based on statistical anomaly detection, based on Mamdani type fuzzy inference system with two input (Elapsed Session Time and Login Frequency) variables and one output variable used as intrusion detection control signal. It is argued that this paper makes a contribution towards understanding and design of comprehensive intrusion detection technologies for smart meters. Keywords Keywords. Keywords - AMI, Power distribution network, fuzzy logic, intrusion detection, risk model, smart meter. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6fe17150b00f57413b6f72d4ff2140af.pdf 4503cb63ab5a461ae07fdf1482578817 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource INVENTORY SYSTEM FOR SMALL BUSINESSES Author Author Luka Bartula Abstract A summary of the resource. Inventory tracking is a critical challenge for small businesses, often relying on error-prone manual processes and lacking real-time visibility. This project proposes the development of a web-based inventory management system tailored for small and mid-sized businesses, aimed at streamlining stock control, sales tracking, and performance monitoring. The system is designed as a full-stack application using React.js for the frontend, Node.js for the backend, and SQLite as the database. Core features include user authentication with role-based access, product and stock management, real-time transaction logging, sales tracking, and low-stock alerts. Backend logic is exposed via RESTful APIs, secured using JSON Web Tokens (JWT), and connected to a responsive user interface for efficient day-to-day usage. The final version of the system is expected to provide full visibility into stock levels and sales performance, allowing admins and staff to carry out inventory tasks easily and securely. Features such as an analytics dashboard and a responsive design are planned to support future scalability and usability. The solution ultimately aims to reduce manual workload, minimize stock-related errors, and support data-driven decision-making in everyday business operations. Keywords Keywords. inventory system, full-stack development, React, Node.js, sales tracking, JWT inventory system sdp web application https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3b5de31232f114135afa8957baec08cb.pdf c919dee0de89961e756eda880be982dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2775 Title A name given to the resource Investigating Croatian Inflation through the Cointegration with Structural Break Approach Author Author Malešević Perović, Lena Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: This paper analyses the inflationary process in Croatia during the period 1992-2011, using a cointegration with structural break approach. Our results indicate that there is a long-run relationship between inflation, exchange rate, unit labour costs and money growth. Currency depreciation and unit labour costs are found to influence inflation positively, and money supply negatively. We argue that the latter occurs because exchange rate targeting policy in Croatia results in a situation where endogenous money moves in the direction opposite to the exchange rate, so as to keep the exchange rate fixed. We, furthermore provide some evidence that money supply need not mean risks to inflation in the presence of declining money velocity. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-02-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory