152 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/52384ce18734c15664424e963aa8ff5a.pdf c018ea1c1be3eb2cdad0a21fd263ad11 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo International Differences In Fınancial Reportıng And Importance Of Harmonizatıon Hilmi KIRLIOĞLU Prof. Dr , Sakarya University, tel: +90 264 2956258 hilmik@sakarya.edu.tr Sema ÜLKÜ Lecturer, Duzce University, tel: +90 380 6817312 semaulku@duzce.edu.tr Abstract:Financial Reporting is reached informations that can be used for making decisions with financial issues by decision makers. Technological developments facilitated to access information but it is not enough. It is more important that financial information can be understood by all relevant. Comparability and transparency requirements in financial reporting and accounting have become more pronounced. Nevertheless, countries‘ financial reporting standards and structures of setting standards have varied. These differences have originated from structures of legal and financial systems, shareholding structure of companies and financial methods. The development of the accountancy profession level is effective on these differences. Harmonization is a process that could reduce differences of accounting practices and accounting regulations. Multinational enterprices have benefitted from harmonization efforts to compare financial reports for providing a competitive advantage. Key Words: Financial Reporting, Harmonization, Accounting Standards Introduction The basic function of accounting is to provide information for internal and external institutions. The institutions analyzing and processing this information, provided by accounting, rapidly achieve success. Rapid development in information technologies, removal of the duties, and decreasing tariffs have accelerated globalization of markets and business firms. Because of the increase in the international investments and multinational enterprises result in financial reports that are prepared through different accounting standarts and rules. Such a situation brings additional costs by money and time. Therefore, the uncertainity increases in international investment actions. Analyzing information to make investment decisions in a global environment is quite important for business success. Harmonizing accounting systems and standards is crucial for ndividuals and institutions in evaluating information provided by the financial statements. Importance Of Financial Reporting Financial reporting, is achieved that the topics which have included financial information that could be used in making decisions by decision makers. The Internet world has lost the concept of time and space their effectiveness and it has allowed to access that the individuals, institutions and organizations, nations or states to each other faster, cheaper and more profoundly. It is much easier than ever before that the economic environment and the financial statement users also needed access to information. But it is not enough that the easy Access to the information alone. It is more important that financial information can be understood by all relevant(Ağca,2003). Comparability and transparency requirements in financial reporting and accounting have become more pronounced. integrated financial reporting standards that responding to this need will increase the efficiency of the global market. Because accounting is an important element of the emerging global market and, it has kept the control of weakening and strengthening the effectiveness of market power. The responsibility for companies, have integration approach that financial reporting regulations which is published for the investors, creditors and auditors. 72 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo The Causes Of Difference In Fınancial Reporting Countries' accounting systems have many reasons to be different. Countries' different histories, traditions and customs, political and economic structures, legal systems differ between countries as a financial accounting and related developments have led to different financial reporting. Causes of differences in accounting systems can be listed like that:  Judicial system  Financial resources  Political and economic developments  Economical crisis  Taxation  Security exchange  National culture  Inflation  Specialization in accounting(Hoyle,2004) The factors that affect the accounting, is contributing to our understanding that the differences and similarities between countries. Do not forget that accounting is a social science and serve the society. Technical and social significance of accounting in order to remain useful, it must respond to the changing needs of society and it must reflect that the country's cultural, economic, legal and social characteristics. A Method For Reduction Of The Financial Reporting Difference: Harmonization Harmonization is a process that could reduce differences of accounting practices and accounting regulations and could compare the financial reports prepared by businesses which is operating in different countries. Standarts reduce the differences between financial reporting and they increase the benefits of the financial reports for user of financial statements. At the same time, standarts are instruments of harmonization to their country. This situation is especially very important for multinational companies. Harmonization standarts take part for solving the problems when the national standarts conflict with each other. There are a lot of factors to make essential the harmonization of international accounting standarts. They are;  The globalization of capital markets  Expansion of multinational corporations  Increasing the efficiency of the independent audit firm  Goal of creating economic union (Bayazıtlı and the others;2006). There are various benefits to canalise the international accounting standarts and harmonization:  They help to provide incremental cost savings in Multinational Companies.  They enhance relevance and comparability comprehensive to cross-border financial reporting  They help spread the High-quality accounting standards and applications to larger areas.  They cause increase the cross-border financing and trading of securities exchanges and the number of registered companies.  They raise to access the multinational corporations to foreign market and they can help increase the rate of recognition by consumers in these markets (Bekçi;2007). Despite these advantages, there are several factors must be taken into account to use the international standarts:  International financial reporting standarts, in countries which use the standarts, are required upgrade the qualifications of accountants and auditors  They must be taken into account on the difficulty of the transition from rules-based accounting to principlebased accounting.  A clear separation of tax legislation, recovery to tax-focused, complexity of international financial reporting standards are the most important factors which can be overcome with education( Aksoy;2005). Not to lag behind developments in the world, to use the same common language with international financial markets, to meet the demands of financial market information effectively and particularly transparency, adapting to the 73 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo principles of corporate governance and the EU in terms, transition to international financial reporting standarts is essential. The Compliance Process Of International Accounting Standards In The World Many studies have been carried for creating a common language in the accounting area and have been able to achieve standardization both at the national level and at the international level. The United Nations Intergovernmental Working Group on Accounting, Accounting Advisory Group of the European Union, The International Organization of Securities Commissions, International Federation of Accountants and International Accounting Standards Board are international organizations who have done important works in this field. In national level, USA, England, Germany, Canada and Japan have done important works for accounting standards(Karabınar,2006). International Accounting Standards Board, who is an conspicuous organization to the process of creating the International Accounting Standarts, have prepared the set of International Financial Reporting Standarts to eliminate different accounting practices around the world. It has aimed that the relevants could study comparable, understandable and responding to the needs of qualified financial figures. In accordance with this purpose, International Accounting Standards Board has included the countries ,which are effective the emergence of accounting standards, and their foundation to the process of creating accounting standards. It works on this point in consultation with all relevants. Also Financial Accounting Standards Board has worked in harmonization of accounting standards. Since 2002, these organizations have started to work together. The aim here is, to harmonize U.S GAAP (United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and IAS (International Accounting Standards) and will be created to prevent different applications to standards in the future. The Critisism Of Harmonization Harmonization helps investors in making the right decisions. Proponents of harmonization adduce that harmonization is an advantage for investors in order to help determine the potential value of investments and to reduce risk in international diversification. Other hand, there are also some comments against harmonization. The most important of these views is the magnitude of the difference about current accounting practice in different countries(Çankaya,2007). Because of National Accounting Standarts‘ practitioners have difficulty in the application of International Financial Reporting Standards, their disabilities about applying standards, excessive costs of the application, political interests and legal regulations, they except the implementation of standards in national accounting systems. Conclusion Nowadays, The differences between the accounting systems of the countries have directed the accounting researchers to determine what the differences are then to resolve the differences. International Accounting Harmonization is the most remarkable proposal among the suggestions. With harmonizatin, companies with financial reporting standards will be able to access capital markets all over the world. Accounting standards which is internationally accepted, to recude costs in preparing consolidated financial reports will be valid anywhere in the world and aduiting of reports is more easier. The use of international accounting standards allows to evaluate multiple alternative about the financial events to reflect in accounting system. In this way, harmonization will provide a significant advantage about selecting the most appropriate method under the current conditions. References AĞCA, Ahmet (2003), ―Uluslar arasi Muhasebe Standartlarının GeliĢmekte Olan Ülkelerde Uygulanabilirliği ve Kabul GörmüĢlüğü‖, YayınlanmamıĢ Doktora Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, SBE, EskiĢehir AKSOY, Tamer (2005), ―Finansal Muhasebe ve Raporlama Standartlarında UyumlaĢtırma ve UMS/UFRS Bazında Küresel Muhasebe Standartları Setine YöneliĢ Eğilimi‖, Mali Çözüm Dergisi, Sayı: 71, Nisan-Haziran, Ġstanbul S: 182–200 74 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo BAYAZITLI, Ercan ve Diğerleri (2006), Türkiye Muhasebe Standartlarına Genel BakıĢ, TESMER, Ankara BEKÇĠ, Ġsmail (2007), ―Muhasebe Meslek Mensuplarının Türkiye Muhasebe Standartları Hakkındaki GörüĢlerinin Değerlendirilmesine Yönelik Bir AraĢtırma‖, Muhasebe ve Denetime BakıĢ Dergisi, Sayı: 22 Mayıs, Ankara S: 27- 40 ÇANKAYA, Fikret (2007), ―Uluslar arası Muhasebe Uyumunun Ölçülmesine Yönelik Bir Uygulama: Rusya, Çin ve Türkiye KarĢılaĢtırması‖, ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 3, Sayı: 6, S: 127-148 HOYLE, B. Joe and The Others (2004), Advanced Accounting, Seventh Edition, Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company, New York KARABINAR, Selahattin (2006), ―Muhasebe Ġklimini Küresel Düzeyde Yönlendiren KuruluĢlar‖ Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi MUFAD, Sayı: 31 Temmuz, Ġstanbul S: 141- 148 75 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 179 Title A name given to the resource International Differences In Fınancial Reportıng And Importance Of Harmonizatıon Author Author KIRLIOĞLU, Hilmi ÜLKÜ, Sema Abstract A summary of the resource. Financial Reporting is reached informations that can be used for making decisions with financial issues by decision makers. Technological developments facilitated to access information but it is not enough. It is more important that financial information can be understood by all relevant. Comparability and transparency requirements in financial reporting and accounting have become more pronounced. Nevertheless, countries‘ financial reporting standards and structures of setting standards have varied. These differences have originated from structures of legal and financial systems, shareholding structure of companies and financial methods. The development of the accountancy profession level is effective on these differences. Harmonization is a process that could reduce differences of accounting practices and accounting regulations. Multinational enterprices have benefitted from harmonization efforts to compare financial reports for providing a competitive advantage. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b8cdcd23b4983134e5800dec6c6b1df6.pdf b0da2ae361f3664c0af7253836640273 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo International English Abbreviations:Manifestation of Proficiency in English Assist. Prof.Dr. Gencer Elkılıç Kafkas University, Faculty of Science and Letters Department of English Language and Literature, Kars,Turkey gencerelkilic1322@hotmail.com Instr. Hayrettin Köroğlu Atatürk University, Kazım Karabekir Education Faculty Erzurum, Turkey hkoroglu08@hotmail.com Abstract: English abbreviations used on an international scale are of vital importance in the daily usage of English not only speaking, but also in listening, reading and writing. In order to be proficient in English, besides knowing the structures, vocabulary and other aspects of the language, EFL learners should be equipped with standard uses of international abbreviations such as WHO, ILO, and UN. To this end, 45 intermediate-level EFL students and 40 advanced students, studying at Kafkas University, Turkey, were assigned as the subjects of the study. The participants were given 20 most commonly used international English abbreviations in written form and they were asked to write how much they know them. The results were evaluated using SPSS 17 for windows. Descriptive statistics and Independent t-test were used for the assessment of the results. According to the result of the study, USA UK ,and NATO were known by the participants (100%) as they are encountered not only in the textbooks and materials but also in the media, however the least known abbreviations were ECHR 0(0%), RSVP 0(0%) and ILO 02(2,4%), respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference between male and female students as well as between intermediate an advanced students (p>0,05). Keywords: International, abbreviations, Kafkas University, EFL, proficiency. Introduction Foreign or second language learning is a process which relies heavily on a continuous study and practice. In this respect, there has been abundant research on the theories of language teaching and learning (Koike, 1980; Bloom, 2000; Foster-Cohen,2001; Diessel, 2004; Blommaert, 2006; Ellis& LarsenFreeman,2006;House, 2006; Lanksmanan, 2006) as well as language transfer (Selinker& Lanshmanan, 1993; Jarvis,2000; Pavlenko, 2000; Odlin, 2003;) and change (Hughes, 1988; McArthur, 1998; Croft, 2000; Fitch, 2005; ) in order to contribute to the acquisition of second or foreign language. In the last three decades English language has been very important all over the world due to partly the power of the US in the military affairs and to partly the scientific developments carried out in English. As Crystal (2003) maintains “you hear it on television spoken by politicians from all over the world. Wherever you travel, you see English signs and advertisements. Whenever you enter a hotel or restaurant in a foreign city, they will understand English, and there will be an English menu” (p.19). For Crystal “There is the closest of links between language dominance and economic, technological, and cultural power, too, and this relationship will become increasingly clear as the history of English is told” (p.7). Therefore, English language is almost the global language of the world. From health issues to environmental, technical matters and internet communications almost everything is in English. Crystal (2003) maintains that “without a strong power-base, of whatever kind, no language can make progress as an international medium of communication. Language has no independent existence, living in some sort of mystical space apart from the people who speak it. Language exists only in the brains and mouths and ears and hands and eyes of its users. When they succeed, on the international stage, their language succeeds. When they fail, their language fails” (p.7). According to McCrum et al., (2002) “today, English is used by at least 750 million people, and barely half of those speak it as a mother tongue. Some estimates have put that figure closer to one billion. 90 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Whatever the total, English at the end of the twentieth century is more widely scattered, more widely spoken and written, than any other language has ever been. It has become the language of the planet, the first truly global language” (pp. 9–10). As English language is so common in the world, it is inevitable that abbreviations of English are also used commonly all over the world. On the other hand, with the exceptions of dictionaries and a few Internet sources, it is difficult to encounter scientific studies on the common international abbreviations. Problem International abbreviations used in the textbooks and media are sometimes given in their long forms and can be understood by language learners easily, however, if they aren’t given in long forms they cannot be understood by Turkish EFL students. Purpose of the Study The aim of the study is to shed light on the importance of international English abbreviations for EFL learners and determine whether Turkish EFL learners know them sufficiently or not. Methodology Subjects 45 intermediate-level EFL students and 40 advanced-level students, studying at Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey participated in this study. Instrument A questionnaire, containing 20 commonly used international abbreviations, formed by the researcher was used in this study. The first part of the questionnaire aimed to solicit information related to the classes and genders of the participants. The second part aimed to elicit information on how much the participants knew the given twenty common international abbreviations and where they learned them from. To this end, a five-point Likert type scale was used (1.Know exactly, 2. Know, 3. Not sure, 4. Don’t know, and 5. Don’t know at all). For the statistics SPSS 17 was used. Data were evaluated through Descriptive Statistics and Independent Sample ttest. Procedure In order to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, a plot study was carried out on 30 students and the reliability Cronbach’s Alpha was computed as 0,67 reliable. As Özdamar (1999, p.522) maintains “if Alpha is higher than 0,60 and lower than 0,80, the scale is very reliable”. Research Questions 1.How much do the EFL students know common international abbreviations? 2.Is there a significant difference between EFL students in relation to their gender? 3.Is there a significant difference between EFL students in relation to their level? Results and Dicussion The genders and levels of the participants have been given in Table 1. Level Intermediate Advanced Total Gender Male N 16 13 29 % 35,6 32,5 44,0 Female N 29 27 56 % 64,4 67,5 66,0 Table 1.Genders and Levels of the Participants 91 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo According to Table 1, 29 (44%) of the students were males and 56(66%) were females. Of 85 students 45(53%) were intermediate level, whereas 40(47%) were advanced level. Source Textbooks and materials TV and similar sources Friends and teachers Total Frequency 32 44 09 85 % 37,6 51,8 10,6 100,0 Table 2. Sources the Participants Learn the International English Abbreviations It is seen in Table 2 that students learn the International abbreviations from TV and similar sources 44(51,8%), textbooks and materials 32(37,6%), and friends and teachers 9(10,6%), respectively. It can be said that textbooks and materials do not contain enough information related with the abbreviations. Answers to the Research Questions Don’t Know Exactly Don’t Know Not Sure Know Abbreviation Exactly Know 1.How much do the EFL students know common international abbreviations? According to the results of the study, participants could mostly know the very common abbreviations used in the textbooks or media, however, they couldn’t know the ones which weren’t found in the textbooks. The frequencies and percentages of the participants responses have been given in Table 3. As seen in Table3, the highest frequencies of their awareness of common international abbreviations are USA 82(96,5%) exactly know, 03(3,5%) know, UK 81(95,3%) exactly know, 04(4,7%) know, NATO 72(84,7%) exactly know, 13(15,3%)know, respectively. F % f % f % f % f % WHO 35 41,2 19 22,4 09 10,6 18 21,2 4 04,7 ILO UN EU NATO UK USA FAO UNESCO PC CV NASA PM MA PhD OPEC VIP ECHR RSVP UNICEF 02 48 57 72 81 82 01 39 48 46 40 03 00 04 02 40 00 00 10 02,4 56,5 67,1 84,7 95,3 96,5 01,2 45,9 56,5 54,1 47,1 3,5 00 4,7 02,4 47,1 00 00 11,8 05 28 19 13 04 03 08 32 13 21 27 3 12 14 03 24 00 01 38 5,9 32,9 22,4 15,3 04,7 03,5 09,4 37,6 15,3 24,7 31,8 3,5 14,1 16,5 03,5 28,2 00 01,2 44,7 14 06 05 00 00 00 46 12 15 10 10 16 16 19 11 01 04 02 30 16,5 07,1 05,9 00,0 00,0 00,0 54,1 14,1 17,6 11,8 11,8 18,8 18,8 22,4 12,9 01,2 04,7 02,4 35,3 45 03 04 00 00 00 30 02 09 08 08 48 43 40 49 12 42 38 06 52,9 03,5 04,7 00 00 00 35,3 02,4 10,6 09,4 09,4 56,5 50,6 47,1 57,6 14,1 49,4 44,7 07,1 19 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 08 20 08 39 44 01 22,4 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 16,5 09,4 23,5 09,4 45,9 51,8 01,2 Table 3.Frequencies and Percentages of the Responses of Participants 92 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo The lowest ones are ECHR 00(0%) exactly know, 00(00%) know, RSVP 00(0%) know exactly, 01(1,2%) know, and ILO 02(2,4%) exactly know, 05(5,9%) know, respectively. It is clear that the highest frequencies belong to the items used in daily life almost everyday in the textbooks, media and vice versa. However, even though used commonly in the world, the abbreviations ECHR, RSVP , and ILO do not exist in the textbooks so often, therefore participants mustn’t have learned them. 2.Is there a significant difference between EFL students in relation to their gender? Gender N Male Female 29 56 X 52,21 52,00 S sd t p 7,07 6,12 83 ,140 ,89 Table 4.Aswers of the Students and their Genders It is clear in table 4 that there is no significant difference between male and female students in answering the abbreviations, t(83)=,140, p>,05. 3.Is there a significant difference between EFL students in relation to their level? Gender N Intermediate Advanced 45 40 X 53,27 50,73 S sd t p 7,10 5,33 83 1,85 ,07 Table 5. Aswers of the Students and their Levels It can be seen in Table 5 that there is no significant difference between intermediate and advanced level students, t(83)=1,85, p>,05. It can be inferred that since the same abbreviations are mostly given in the textbooks and materials implicitly, both intermediate and advanced students know similar, if not the same, abbreviations. Conclusion Knowing a language proficiently is a challenging process as it requires micro skills as well as macro skills. Therefore, Turkish EFL students learning English should learn the structures, vocabulary, cultural norms, proper pronunciations, dialectical variations, and formal and informal uses of English language in order to be proficient enough. The result of the study showed that Turkish EFL students could know the common English international abbreviations if they encounter in their textbooks and materials, yet if they do not encounter in the textbooks and materials, they couldn’t know. There was no significant difference between intermediate and advanced students (p>0,05) in relation to knowing international abbreviations. It is clear that students do not go beyond surface level of them even they study years. Therefore, in order for them to understand such abbreviations students 1. should be given abbreviations explicitly. 2. should realize the importance of them. 3. should be given textbooks and materials aiming to instruct such abbreviations. 93 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo References Bloom, P. (2000). How children learn the meanings of words. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Blommaert, J. (2006) Discourse: A Critical Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Croft, W. (2000). Explaining language change: an evolutionary approach. London: Longman. Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language, second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Diessel, H. (2004). The acquisition of complex sentences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ellis, N. C. & Larsen-Freeman, D. (2006). Language emergence: Implications for applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics 27(4): 558–589. Fitch, W. T. (2005). The evolution of language: a comparative review. Biology and Philosophy 20: 193–230. Foster-Cohen, S. 2001. First language acquisition ... second language acquisition: ‘What’s Hecuba to him or he to Hecuba?’. Second Language Research 17: 329–344. House, J. (2006). Constructing a context with intonation. Journal of Pragmatics 38(10): 1542–1558. Hughes, G.(1988). Words in time. Oxford: Blackwell. Jarvis, S. (2000).Methodological rigor in the study of transfer: Identifying L1 influence. Language Learning 50: 245–309. Koike, I. (1980). Second Language Acquisition of Grammatical Structures and Relevant Verbal Strategies. PhD dissertation, Georgetown University. Lakshmanan, U. (2006). Child second language acquisition and fossilization puzzle. In Studies of Fossilization in Second Language Acquisition, Z. Han & T. Odlin (eds.), 100–133. Clevedon: MultilingualMatters. McArthur, Tom. (1998). The English languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McCrum, R., Cran, W. and Macneil, R. (2002) The Story of English, third edition, London: Faber and Faber/BBC Books. Odlin, T. (2003). Cross-linguistic influence. In The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, C. Doughty & M. Long (eds.), 436–486. Oxford: Blackwell. Özdamar, K.(1999).Paket Programlarla Đstatistiksel Veri Analizi I. 2.Baskı.Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi. Pavlenko, A. (2000). L2 influence on L1 in late bilingualism. Issues in Applied Linguistics 11: 175–205. Selinker, L. & Lakshmanan, U. (1993). Language transfer and fossilization: The “Multiple Effects Principle.” In Language Transfer in Language Learning (rev. ed.), S.Gass & L. Selinker (eds.), 197–216. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 94 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 401 Title A name given to the resource International English Abbreviations:Manifestation of Proficiency in English Author Author ELKILIÇ, Gencer Köroğlu, Hayrettin Abstract A summary of the resource. English abbreviations used on an international scale are of vital importance in the daily usage of English not only speaking, but also in listening, reading and writing. In order to be proficient in English, besides knowing the structures, vocabulary and other aspects of the language, EFL learners should be equipped with standard uses of international abbreviations such as WHO, ILO, and UN. To this end, 45 intermediate-level EFL students and 40 advanced students, studying at Kafkas University, Turkey, were assigned as the subjects of the study. The participants were given 20 most commonly used international English abbreviations in written form and they were asked to write how much they know them. The results were evaluated using SPSS 17 for windows. Descriptive statistics and Independent t-test were used for the assessment of the results. According to the result of the study, USA UK ,and NATO were known by the participants (100%) as they are encountered not only in the textbooks and materials but also in the media, however the least known abbreviations were ECHR 0(0%), RSVP 0(0%) and ILO 02(2,4%), respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference between male and female students as well as between intermediate an advanced students (p>0,05). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/47698c9e5743c2bc0233c875f89e1a6d.pdf 3e1fd4c51f0e4c379a09874e0e9d52fb PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo International Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance Outcomes in Export Markets Aytuğ Sözüer Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey sozuer@hotmail.com Gültekin Altuntaş Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey altuntas@İstanbul.edu.tr Fatih Semerciöz İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey fsemerci@İstanbul.edu.tr Global economic integration with the diffusion of information and communication technologies forces many business enterprises to internationalize. This evolution brings opportunities and threats to business management, as well opens up new fields for academic research. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of firms’ international entrepreneurial orientation on their export market performances. Based on the literature, which implies entrepreneurial orientation is critical for market success; this research intends to evaluate the phenomenon for Turkish exporter firms. From year 2000 to 2011, Turkey increased its world share in outward foreign direct investment stock by 146% (UNCTAD, 2012). Besides, Turkey’s total merchandise import and export volume is around USD 400 billions, which constituted 1% of world trade in 2011 (World Trade Organization, 2012). In respect to the emergence of Turkish enterprises in world business, it is assumed that their international entrepreneurial orientation would be remarkable to investigate. International entrepreneurship, being considered as the subset of international business and entrepreneurship areas, is defined as “the discovery, enactment, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities – across national borders- to create future goods and services” (Oviatt and McDougall, 2005). The study of international entrepreneurship is gaining momentum since 1990s. Prestigious academic journals such as Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (1996), Academy of Management Journal (2000), International Business Review (2005), and European 47 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Management Journal (2008) published special issues on the subject. So, it is evident that international entrepreneurship is an establishing and a wellreceived field of interest in management science. While studies on international entrepreneurship seem increasing, there is still a need to develop measures for this construct. Dimitratos et al. (2012) operationalized international entrepreneurship based on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) research. They developed a scale labeled “international entrepreneurial culture” (IEC) that is composed of six dimensions: (i) international market orientation, (ii) international learning orientation, (iii) international innovation propensity, (iv) international risk attitude, (v) international networking orientation, and (vi) international motivation. This study intends to take this IEC scale for measuring international entrepreneurial orientation as the independent variable. The dependent variable of the research is export market performance. Deriving from the valid scales developed by Zou, et al. (1998), Lages and Lages (2004), Diamantopoulos and Kakkos (2007); export market performance will be measured by firms’ sales revenue, increase of sales, profitability, market share, and new product penetration in the export markets. On the other hand, firms’ international business experience, size, and industry would be evaluated as the control variables. Within this framework, the scope of the research is exporting companies in Turkey. By purposive sampling, a total of 660 members of export association boards under Turkish Exporters Assembly would be inquired. Retrieved data will be analyzed with Spearman and Pearson correlations, as well with multiple linear regressions. As a matter of fact, this abstract is submitted to the International Conference on Economic and Social Studies 2013. The research is at early stage and in case of its acceptance to the Conference; it will indeed advance through further discussions by peer scholars in management. Keywords: International Entrepreneurship, Export Performance, Turkey. 48 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1495 Title A name given to the resource International Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance Outcomes in Export Markets Author Author SOZUER, Aytug ALTUNTAS, Gultekin SEMERCIOZ, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. Global economic integration with the diffusion of information and communication technologies forces many business enterprises to internationalize. This evolution brings opportunities and threats to business management, as well opens up new fields for academic research. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of firms’ international entrepreneurial orientation on their export market performances. Based on the literature, which implies entrepreneurial orientation is critical for market success; this research intends to evaluate the phenomenon for Turkish exporter firms. From year 2000 to 2011, Turkey increased its world share in outward foreign direct investment stock by 146% (UNCTAD, 2012). Besides, Turkey’s total merchandise import and export volume is around USD 400 billions, which constituted 1% of world trade in 2011 (World Trade Organization, 2012). In respect to the emergence of Turkish enterprises in world business, it is assumed that their international entrepreneurial orientation would be remarkable to investigate. International entrepreneurship, being considered as the subset of international business and entrepreneurship areas, is defined as “the discovery, enactment, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities – across national borders- to create future goods and services” (Oviatt and McDougall, 2005). The study of international entrepreneurship is gaining momentum since 1990s. Prestigious academic journals such as Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (1996), Academy of Management Journal (2000), International Business Review (2005), and European Management Journal (2008) published special issues on the subject. So, it is evident that international entrepreneurship is an establishing and a wellreceived field of interest in management science. While studies on international entrepreneurship seem increasing, there is still a need to develop measures for this construct. Dimitratos et al. (2012) operationalized international entrepreneurship based on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) research. They developed a scale labeled “international entrepreneurial culture” (IEC) that is composed of six dimensions: (i) international market orientation, (ii) international learning orientation, (iii) international innovation propensity, (iv) international risk attitude, (v) international networking orientation, and (vi) international motivation. This study intends to take this IEC scale for measuring international entrepreneurial orientation as the independent variable. The dependent variable of the research is export market performance. Deriving from the valid scales developed by Zou, et al. (1998), Lages and Lages (2004), Diamantopoulos and Kakkos (2007); export market performance will be measured by firms’ sales revenue, increase of sales, profitability, market share, and new product penetration in the export markets. On the other hand, firms’ international business experience, size, and industry would be evaluated as the control variables. Within this framework, the scope of the research is exporting companies in Turkey. By purposive sampling, a total of 660 members of export association boards under Turkish Exporters Assembly would be inquired. Retrieved data will be analyzed with Spearman and Pearson correlations, as well with multiple linear regressions. As a matter of fact, this abstract is submitted to the International Conference on Economic and Social Studies 2013. The research is at early stage and in case of its acceptance to the Conference; it will indeed advance through further discussions by peer scholars in management. Keywords: International Entrepreneurship, Export Performance, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6e66c909187716382a85f8ea02bfaa54.pdf 925bb23c85ea665e2424fa2fb8988427 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo International Financial Reporting Standards for Smes and The Applicatıon Process In Turkey Mehmet CĠVAN Assist. Prof., The University of Gaziantep Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Business Administration civan@gantep.edu.tr Mehmet KÖRPĠ Lecturer , The University of Gaziantep Naci Topcuoglu Vocational School of Higher Education korpi@gantep.edu.tr Burcu BUYURAN Vocational School Part Time Lecturer The University of Gaziantep Naci Topcuoglu Vocational School of Higher Education bbuyuran@hotmail.com Abstract: Today, 95% of the world and in our country's economic system occurs from the Small and Medium-Large Enterprises (SMEs) constitute. Only the European Union, more than 25,000,000 and in our country 1.000.000 companies is estimated in the SME status. As shown the SMEs get a large share of sector ,the existence of their special structure, has become inevitable. One of these special structure, is financial reporting. Increasingly widespread use of International Financial Reporting Standards,the issue of how to implement those standards to SMEs, has been brought up. And for this problem in 2009 "SMEs for IFRS''was published. by IFRS. In this context, the basic aim of our study is to investigate and see the implemention proses of ―IFRS for SMEs‖ which resolve the differences of national accounting systems that applied in various countries of the world and will enable to comparison of financial reports and to see how affects and what would bring to Turkey‘s economic system. Keywords: Small and Medium-Large Enterprises (SME), International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), Accounting, Financial Reports 1. Introductıon After the product of the five-year study, International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB") was released on 9 July 2009 ―International Financial Reporting Standards‖ in line with the SME accounting standards ("IFRS for SME's") for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises ("SME") that estimated approximately 95% of all businesses on the world. In the development of Accounting standards on SMEs; SME Commission be formed from forty person, working like counselling to establish the contents of standards and in order to measure of the SME-oriented approach to the final draft ,the draft was published in five different languages. More than fifty meetings arranged to final draft, pilot applications done more than a hundred enterprises in more than twenty different countries and after be finalized set of draft standarts , the standarts be published The differences between applying national accounting systems in various countries of the world, makes hard to comparability of financial statements and makes difficult for investors the identification of 92 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo investment opportunities in different regions of the world , also slowing foreign capital inflows to emerging economies and investors in the decision making process increases the investment risk. Accounting standards for SMEs is expected to provide, consistently applied globally to a common financial language requirements, that become almost indispensable for the mobility of capital more easily and quickly in with each passing day more integrated capital markets Accounting standards for SMEs, was prepared more simpler, more easily performed and designed with an understandable language than IFRS and according to the needs of enterprises in various parts of the world . SME accounting standards published an independent set of accounting standards from IFRS and countries which IFRS doesn‘t applied will be able to use based their initiatives. Which businesses will be covered by these standards are left to the discretion of the relevant countries. In order to put an end to implement the multi-headed, in Turkey's accounting and financial reporting system ; Turkey Accounting Standards Board (TASB) that have administrative and financial autonomy and public entities has been established. for to create and publish accounting standards TASB have adopted IFRS in order to ensure compliance with European Union legislation and to close the world applications. with this decision TASB) was signed between the copyright and license agreement, by the International Accounting Standards Foundation (IASCF) and has been decided to make an official translation by TASB. As a result of this study Turkey Accounting Standards (TMS) was published in the Official Gazette. Corrections and additions will be made to IFRS are expected to apply by TASB for to continue to ensure full compliance of IFRS and TFRS with the order. 2. SMEs (Small and Medium-sized enterprises) Definition and Criteria Financial Reporting Standards published for SMEs is defined SMEs as ―SMEs are Bussinesses without Public accountability obligations and publish general purpose financial statements for external users‖. External users stated in definition are;  Business owners that are not in business management  Lenders or potential lenders of business  Ġnformation users such as Credit rating agencies Standard, was sort obligation to account to the public situations like the following: a.Company's debt and equity instruments (stocks), domestic or foreign capital market or over the counter market, including local and regional markets the public in an open market transactions, or that such a market process to see these instruments exported in the process of be be. b.Assets, with the title custodian be maintained on behalf of a large mass counterparts. (Banks, Investment Banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, pension companies, pension funds, brokerage companies, factoring companies, leasing companies and other financial institutions, etc.) Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), defined in terms of some criteria are companies that do not exceed a certain size. SME criteria vary between countries. The European Union and Turkey, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce has identified the SME criteria are as follows: Criteria Number of Employees Amount of sales; (Euro) Total assets (Euro) Micro-Scale <10 <2.000.000 <2.000.000 Small-Scale <50 <10.000.000 <10.000.000 Medium- Scale <250 <50.000.000 <43.000.000 Table 1: Valid from 2005, according to EU criteria for SMEs Criteria Number of Employees Amount of sales; (Euro) Total assets (Euro) Micro-Scale <10 <1.000.000 <1.000.000 Small-Scale <50 <5.000.000 <5.000.000 Medium- Scale <250 <25.000.000 <25.000.000 Table 2: Criteria for SMEs according to the Ministry of Industry and Trade 93 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 3. International Financial Reporting Standards For SMEs Financial reporting standard for SMEs, are intended to be used for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is simplified than the full set of accounting standards Standard consists of a total thirty-five chapters. This sections is also included the section of the definition of SMEs and two sections describe concepts and general principles. Ġn this state of standarts it is not true to perceived standards as a miniature set of IFRS. Because to be enhanced that with the standards there are found special solutions apart from IFRS. Ġt is considered by everyone that Special standards for SMEs will be developed to meet the needs of the individual nature of SMEs. In other words, developed a "special standard" must be applied without no dependents set of IFRS. The major criticism of the earlier draft version of the standard is implementation alone regardless of the standard set of IFRS can not be possible. Accordingly, the standard version of the first set of IFRS for application to be able to fully implement, while the new version with a very large extent, this situation has been eliminated. Another major criticism towards IFRS is changing of the standards too often. The changing of Standards very often, makes the implementation of standards for practitioners difficult. While the publication of these standards, updates will be made as possible intermittent (unless absolutely necessary to make updates every three years) have been described in the standard will make it more stable. With the standard of such a policy be presented, especially for SMEs, should be regarded as a positive situation. 4. The Contents of Financial Reporting Standards for SMEs Accounting standards for SME to be prepared by IASB, consisted of three parts.  In Section One, Chapter 35 (standard) and a dictionary  In the Second Section; Implementation Guide (sample financial statements and footnote information to be announced)  In the Third Section, the descriptions of the standards check list is explained. Figure 1. "IFRS for SMEs" according to the latest draft of partitioning 94 �In the full set, Standards are released with a separate standards codes, Ġn SME financial reporting standards as published in the Code section. Each chapter covers one or several standard according to the situation. SME standard consists of 35 sections. Section No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Section Name Small and Medium Sized Entities Concepts And Pervasıve Prıncıples Fınancıal Statement Presentatıon Statement Of Fınancıal Posıtıon Statement Of Comprehensıve Income And Income Statement Statement Of Changes In Equıty And Statement Of Income And Retaıned Earnıngs Statement Of Cash Flows Notes To The Fınancıal Statements Consolıdated And Separate Fınancıal Statements Accountıng Polıcıes, Estımates And Errors Basıc Fınancıal Instruments Other Fınancıal Instruments Issues Inventorıes Investments In Assocıates Investments In Joınt Ventures Investment Property Property, Plant And Equıpment Section No 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Section Name Intangıble Assets Other Than Goodwıll Busıness Combınatıons And Goodwıll Leases Provısıons And Contıngencıes Lıabılıtıes And Equıty Revenue Government Grants Borrowıng Costs Share-Based Payment Impaırment Of Assets Employee Benefıts Income Tax Foreıgn Currency Translatıon Hyperınflatıon Events After The End Of The Reportıng Perıod Related Party Dısclosures Specıalısed Actıvıtıes Transıtıon To The IFRS For Smes Table 3: Department of IFRS for SMEs 5. " IFRS For SMEs " of the United States, European Union and in Turkey Forecast Developed standards, largely to meet the needs of SMEs are expected.Because of no negative opinion to draft text makes strengthening the argument. Primarily for the implementation of standards by SMEs of the country's internal legal system of standards is required to be transferred. USA Status In the United States there is no Standard or standard set developed for SMEs, Besides this Only the Companies following to SEC(U.S. Securities and Exchange Board ) disclosure requirement of their financial statements (Ġn EU ,all capital companies have to publish financial statements )shows the transposition of standards to domestic law is as not easy as estimated . From the perspective of the IASB in the U.S. in dealing with the process currently is uncertain how it will operate.Ġn the process of convergence with USA (Process of USA counterpart is FASB) carried out no plan to develop accounting standards for SMEs for now 5.2.The European Union Status In full integration prosess to EU hhe most important public Works of financial integration practises is due to accounting practises become compatible with EU countries and international scales.For this purpose important Works is done within the EU. EU has a working mechanism to achieve the full integration of accounting practises . �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo While IFRS implementation issues, the EU opened in front of the application, in what direction will be decided for SMEs become obvious in future times . Need to accept that find applications of Ġnternational financial standards in EU have a significiant effects for to be used standards widely in the world. The most tangible results of this implementation has been seen in editing of Implementation of IFRS in listed companies. Union to apply IFRS in the EU to enforce regulations in many counties, including Turkey, in many countries on the implementation of IFRS set of regulations to be made easier. In countries subject to regulations were released for companies that application of IFRS obligation is not set in the EU. Ġn EU countries, it is essential that the 4 and 7 regulations implementing guidelines for companies outside of this arrangement. IASB has published IFRS for SMEs is currently applying for EU countries are not mentioned.Ġn other words, unless the EU adopted the Standard ,this practice will not be mentioned in developed countries within the EU.Unless accepted standards of practice for SMEs in the EU 4. and 7. guidelines will continue to apply. 5.3.Situation in Turkey The Dynamics of IFRS practice in Turkey is Turkey‘s EU accession process.To some extent as a result of this process but largely to the initiative of the authorities concerned since 2005 International Financial Reporting Standards in Turkey with full compliance with IFRS has found applications. Viewed from this angle, the Companies in Turkey, in terms of public AccountAbility IFRS is not a problem for the Implementation of the set. Real challenge for Turkey is how to implement of accounting standards in companies that not obliged to give public accounts (mainly SMEs). Ġt is obvious that The TCC proposal being discussed in Parliament (Bill) and recorded the important progress in this process. .In other words implementing the provisions of the draft IFRS for SMEs that are missing parts will be completed. Bill 88 / (1). The article "real persons and corporations to trade books, the amount while both the individual and consolidated financial statements do editing, just to follow and implement Turkey Accounting Standards Board published by Turkey, Accounting Standards , the conceptual framework in accounting principles and their integral part and the comments of them‖ provision, introduced. Figure 2: Board of Education in Turkey according to the draft Framework for the Implementation of IFRS According to the provisions of the bill, companies will have to apply TFRS keep their accounting records until financial reporting .Ġt is clear that the big companies would not be issues for implementation of this provision . However ,there could be problems in the SME size companies is foreseen. For the same article 3. of in the paragraph “Turkey Accounting standards boards be placed in special and exceptional standards for businesses and industries in different criteria as state regulations allowed in different ways by International Financial Reporting Standards ; those who implement them, status in question, are explained in footnotes of financial statements” provision is included. The draft of these regulations is defined an "exception" for implementation in SMEs TFRS set.This provision is based on for different scale enterprises in case of implementation of specific standards to allow development of specific standards by TASB. Naturally these standarts will have to be developed in full compliance with IFRS. In other words this regulations is reference to developed by the IASB standard of IFRS for SMEs .Because in this case this matter was clearly expressed. IFRS for SMEs developed in Turkey 96 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo for the implementation of SME companies, TASB Turkey by the International Financial Reporting Standards as required to publish. This circumstance is a necessary condition for perspective to TASB activities.. TFRS set and how to implement TFRS standards for SMEs in companies is organized in Turkish Commercial Code and law on Application of the 13/2 (a). Accordingly this article, “Turkey Accounting Standards board may publish Turkey Accounting Standards in line with IFRS for small sized capital companies and all sizes of companies,individual companies,real person transactions or industries.This case referred companies and businesses are applied mentioned specific standards.However,companies and businesses can apply rather than spesific standards withTurkey Accounting Standards fully compatible with IFRS” rule will be implemened by companies Individual / Consolidated Financial Statements Individual / Consolidated Financial Statements Large Capital Stock Companies TFRS SMEs TFRS for SMEs Individual Companies TFRS for SMEs Real Persons TFRS for SMEs Figure 3: Scope of Application TFRS According to the draft TCC Accordingly, the public accountability of corporations (publicly traded companies and banks and insurance companies) naturally will be applied TFRS set , and the Small-scale capital firms and individual companies with real people traders will be applied TFRS standards for SMEs. According to the same provision also non SME sized (Large) capital firms will be applied TFRS set. Such an arrangement be made for Small- Scale companies as the reasons set forth in the relevant articles of the relevant international organization (the IASB) and prepared by the standard issues of SMEs in Turkish law, the legal infrastructure is to be reflected. How many companies will be involved in the regulation of the draft, are unknown. Revenue Administration of the 2008 year-end number of taxpayers are taken into account, the total number of 635 042 SMEs with capital companies and how it is not possible to determine the class will be included. In addition, there is no reliable data for this number is how much active in our hands. 97 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo TYPE OF TAXPAĠRS 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Real People Limited Company Partnership Joint-Stock Company Others Cooperative Unlimited Company Unincorporated Limited Partnership Limited Company with Securities Total 3.212.471 540.153 48.979 95.278 75.303 58.814 5.117 526 3.099.868 509.074 47.272 84.000 77.495 53.419 43.399 393 3.148.767 526.242 47.177 82.734 77.296 51.401 4.002 345 321.707 547.726 46.332 81.714 81.476 49.331 36.682 309 3.221.277 554.377 43.690 80.664 84.142 47.202 3.373 274 56 48 38 2 1 4.027.648 4.035.000 4.036.697 3.876.284 3.938.002 Table 4: Number of active taxpayers As species The process of Implementation of standards in SME sized companies smooth the definition of SME based on a key role. Accordingly, the bill's definition of SMEs should coincide with the IASB definition of SME. In the first section of standards Small and Medium Sized businesses definition explained. Accordingly ,SMEs are defined as ―SMEs are Bussinesses without Public accountability obligations and publish general purpose financial statements for external users‖. A company's public accountability obligations that are Company's debt and equity instruments (stocks), domestic or foreign capital market or over the counter market, including local and regional markets the public in an open market transactions, or that such a market process to see these instruments exported in the process of being and existance . Assets, with the title custodian be maintained on behalf of a large mass counterparts. (Banks, Investment Banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, pension companies, pension funds, brokerage companies, factoring companies, leasing companies and other financial institutions, etc.) 1523. draft of the article describes the capital stock companies according to the scale of companies. Accordingly, 1. Companies that are not exceeded at least two of the following three criteria is considered to be small capital stock companies:  Be found with taken out loss from asset Balance sheet total of six million TL  The last day of the accounting period (balance sheet day) of total sales in the previous twelve months twelve million TL  Fifty people yearly average number of employees. 2. Companies that exceeds at least two criteria of the first paragraph and at least two of the following three criteria are not exceeded two will be considered medium-size capital companies :  Be found with taken out loss from asset Balance sheet total of twenty million TL  The last day of the accounting period (balance sheet day) of total sales in the previous twelve months fifty million TL  Two hundred and fifty-people yearly average number of employees. 3. Cabinet size can be increased up to ten times or ten or one to reduce. 4. In the second paragraph of the criteria for at least two of the largest companies in excess of capital is considered capital firm. A company that its Securities in Turkey securities exchange or traded securities in the list of the countries declared each year from Capital Markets Board or traded to quotas have been or quotation for the reference made in, have not exceeded this clause in the criteria shall be deemed to be even greater capital company. Projects in the SME definition, to the obligation of accountability to the public transmission to the 4. article of the indirect causes are no contradictions between the two definitions. Besides this, the bill is clearly a wider scope of application. Ġt is clear that scope of application of the draft, is the larger than definition. To the effect that for the implementation of standards,the obligation of non public accountability condition in addition to publishing general-purpose financial statements for external users condition. 98 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Accordingly, although the SME scale of a company may not apply this standard if it does not publish general purpose financial statements . This situation could be used as, a "way out" particularly for micro-enterprises. Such a practice is in draft form that is not in question. Implementation of standards in Turkey, an EU accession perspective of Turkey is the other dynamic. Turkey's EU-led negotiations process with regard 12.30.2008 dated Official Gazette "Turkey's EU Acquis Compliance Program" in the Corporate Law with reference the commitment of the standard application process is another decisive factor. Accordingly the TASB have new tasks to publish a new application to comply with the EU's Fourth Directive based on the General Communiqué Accounting System, and to publish a new application in order to adapt EU‘s Seventh Directive. With this published papers for companies that have no obligation to public accountability will have been new arrangements compatible with EU's fourth and seventh directives.In clear terms according to these commitments the Accounting Practice General Communique ' published by the Ministry of Finance that the companies have to follow according to the EU's Fourth Directive to be revised and the consolidation in accordance with the EU Seventh Directive will need to create a new notification. This process is obvious that the bill had predicted structure and the TASB Board of Education 's Financial Reporting Standards in Turkey is against the development perspective. Under Compliance program in the case of arrangements of old accounting system we will not be compatible with the International Financial Reporting Standards.The implementation of accounting standards for SMEs have three dimension such as TCC Bill, Turkey's EU accession process and the perspective of TASB.These three dimension will be balanced or conflicts will be eliminated.But It should be stated that these conflicts are pointed a temporary situation. And This temporary situation largely disappeared with description of EU‘s position and TCC draft be enacted 6. Conclusions Disclosure of financial information of companies that have a full and fair benefit to all parts in the economy. This is the obligation of accountability to the public until the company is also true for the SMEsize companies. In this context, the IFRS for SMEs issued by IASB is assuming a very important function. The financial reporting standards for, SMEs are released SMEs, financial reporting quality, comparability and to recognize information apply the to generate opportunities to all over the world and brings SMEs a chance to open foreign markets. The standard application of the provisions that the simpler from the full set of IAS / IFRS 's, but also largely based on issues similar to the IAS / IFRS CPCs, SMEs when they pass large business class makes a full set of IAS / IFRS applications easier. International Financial Reporting Standards for SMEs are seperated from full set, taken into consideration of SME needs,simplified without leaving IAS and IFRS‘s underlying philosophy,and which introduced in various country.For this reason SMEs in Turkey implement these standards without undue delay so that SMEs can easily find finance sourcing and open foreign markets. Financial reporting standards for SMEs effective application contains a number of potential problems and to have a significant majority of SMEs in the economy makes implementation of standards difficult. First of all for the implementation of the standard needs to be transferred to domestic law. In this issue priorities and preferences of each country is different. In Turkey, the process is no exception. Ġmplementation of standards in Turkey must be enacted in the event of the draft become law of the TCC. References Akdoğan, Nalan.(2010).‖KOBĠ Finansal Raporlama Standartlarına Genel BakıĢ ve Tam Set IAS/IFRS‘lerden Farklılığı‖, http://www.tmsk.org.tr/ makaleler/Diger/N_Akdoğan.pdf Aslan, Sinan.(2007).Küçük ve Orta Büyüklükteki ĠĢletmeler(KOBĠ) Ġçin Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartları (UFRS) Ġle Global Uyum Süreci, The University of Marmara Journal, C.XXIII, S.2,s.203-221. Çelik, Orhan. (2006). Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartlarının KOBĠ‘lerde Uygulanması: Temel Dinamikler ve Potansiyel Sorunlar. Ankara: TESMER Publication No. 73. Çelik, Orhan. (2010). ―Küçük Ve Orta Büyüklükteki ĠĢletmeler Ġçin Uluslar arası Finansal Raporlama Standardı: Genel BakıĢ‖. http://www.tmsk.org.tr/ makaleler/Diger/OrhanÇelik.pdf 99 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Demir,Volkan.(2007).‖KOBĠ‘ler Ġçin UFRS‖nin Son Taslağı ve Değerlendirmeler, Journal of Financial Solutions Year:17, p.80,p.43-58. IFRS For SMEs, International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) for Small and Medium-Sized Entities (SMEs), Internatıonal Accountıng Standards Board (IASB), 2009. Karakaya,Mevlüt.(2010).‖KOBĠ‘lerin Küresel Ekonomik Ġklime Uyumunda Uluslar arası Finansal Raporlama Standartları‖. http://www.tmsk.org.tr/ makaleler/Diger/MEVLUT_KARAKAYA.pdf Sayar,Zafer.(2008).‖Küçük ve Orta Büyüklükteki ĠĢletmelerin ÇağdaĢ Finansal Raporlama Dünyası: KOBĠ Muhasebe Standartları‖.Ankara: TESMER Publication No:79. Türkiye Muhasebe Standartları; TASB, 2010 100 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 188 Title A name given to the resource International Financial Reporting Standards for Smes and The Applicatıon Process In Turkey Author Author CİVAN, Mehmet KÖRPİ, Mehmet BUYURAN, Burcu Abstract A summary of the resource. Today, 95% of the world and in our country's economic system occurs from the Small and Medium-Large Enterprises (SMEs) constitute. Only the European Union, more than 25,000,000 and in our country 1.000.000 companies is estimated in the SME status. As shown the SMEs get a large share of sector ,the existence of their special structure, has become inevitable. One of these special structure, is financial reporting. Increasingly widespread use of International Financial Reporting Standards,the issue of how to implement those standards to SMEs, has been brought up. And for this problem in 2009 "SMEs for IFRS''was published. by IFRS. In this context, the basic aim of our study is to investigate and see the implemention proses of ―IFRS for SMEs‖ which resolve the differences of national accounting systems that applied in various countries of the world and will enable to comparison of financial reports and to see how affects and what would bring to Turkey‘s economic system. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7175edbded5a2c187fe125542c2f4a36.pdf 65bb958bdd15d440e20e8024d0ec91d3 PDF Text Text An Investigation of the Effective E-Learning Criteria for Higher Education Institutions Özcan Asilkan Department of Computer Engineering, Epoka University Tirana, Albania oasilkan@epoka.edu.al Fatih Ersoy Department of Computer Engineering, Epoka University Tirana, Albania afersoy@epoka.edu.al Abstract: The recent advances in Information and Communication Technologies affected education industry as well as other industries all over the world. Over the past decade, higher education institutions have been increasingly utilizing e-learning programs. However, some experiments showed that superficial e-learning systems might result in failure and disappointment. Therefore educational institutions should develop and follow the corporate guidelines so that the courses can be taught effectively and students can feel comfortable to adapt quickly to the other e-learning based courses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness criteria of e-learning for higher education institutions. The study presents some of the previous research findings and supplements them with a survey conducted at Epoka University in Spring semester of 2008-2009 academic year. The findings of this study may be very useful to the higher education institutions who are planning to establish e-learning. Introduction The advancement in ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) and the widespread use of computers have generated a remarkable interest in on-line education in the past decade. This advancement led educational institutions search for alternatives to the traditional education. Consequently, they started to offer online education, or simply “e-learning” which aims to eliminate the dependency to the traditional classrooms and/or improve the learning environment (Eastman & Swift, 2001). There are many definitions of e-learning. For example, Zhang et al. (2004) defined it as “technologybased learning in which learning materials are delivered electronically to remote learners via a computer network”. A very comprehensive one was proposed by Learning and Teaching Support Network (LTSN) Generic Centre: “learning facilitated and supported through the use of information and communication technologies” (Jenkins & Hanson, 2003). Although e-learning is utilized by many educational institutions and companies today, the major beneficiaries are higher education institutions due to their high number of learners whose ages are very suitable for understanding e-learning. Nowadays, a great number of higher education institutions are providing e-learning courses or complete programs to the students. Besides, the number of those higher institutions is continually increasing. It is becoming evident that on-line education will become an integral part of higher education in the foreseeable future (Nakos et al., 2002). Despite this increasing interest in e-learning, some recent studies claimed that e-learning is less popular amongst learners compared with traditional learning and there is less demand for online study than enthusiasts predicted (Mcleod, 2004; Lam & Bordia, 2008). Some other experiments showed that superficial e-learning systems may even result in failure and disappointment. Since e-learning is a new concept and has been popular swiftly, many higher institutions implemented it without determining corporate guidelines and critical success factors, measuring students perception, etc. Actually, an understanding of students’ perception and the factors that drive adoption intention will be very useful to make this mode of learning more acceptable. Additionally, teachers who are experienced in e-learning might be expected to understand what students are looking for when they are choosing their mode of studies (Lam & Bordia, 2008). The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness criteria of e-learning in higher education institutions. The study presents some of the previous research findings and supplements them with a survey conducted at Epoka University which is located in a transition country, Albania. E-learning issues are comparatively little known in Albania and there seems no relevant study researching e-Learning in the higher 249 �education institutions in this small lovely country. Therefore findings of this study may be very useful to the higher education institutions in Albania or other transition countries to establish their e-learning strategies. E-Learning Models E-learning models used at the higher education institutions can be classified according to various criteria. Three major categories are presented below (Eurybase, 2009): 1. The role of e-learning: a) Full e-learning programs – students obtain access to e-learning contents put on an online platform (like web) or distributed on CDs. Students are usually supported by tutors that use various communication tools (chat, discussion forum, e-mail, virtual classroom, videoconferences). Students take presence at the university several times a year, during which they take exams, participate in kick-off classes. This model is being used successfully only by a small set of universities. b) Traditional learning programs supported by ICTs in the area of communication and collaboration – this model is usually used by institutions that haven’t developed e-learning contents yet. c) Blended learning programs – students attend traditional led classes, which are supported with e-learning contents. This is the most popular model today. 2. E-learning content distribution method: a) Computer based training – it is a popular model in universities who are lack of high Internet access. b) Web based training – it is becoming more and more popular due to some improvements in IT infrastructure, as well as the increased availability of cost-effective e-learning solutions. 3. E-learning solutions used: a) Self-developed platforms – they were quite common a few years ago that universities started to develop own solutions instead of purchasing expensive commercial ones. However due to the need for continuous investment in self-developed platform to follow new standards, decreasing prices of commercial solutions, appearance and popularization of open source platforms (e.g. Moodle), only few universities still continue to develop their own platforms. b) Open source platforms – they are commonly used today in many universities. These platforms are usually free and can be easily adapted to the particular needs of a university. One of the most popular platforms is Moodle. Moodle implementations however are rarely integrated with other university systems and their usages lack standardization and coherence between various courses (Please see http://moodle.org/ for a detailed information on Moodle). c) Commercial platforms – they are usually integrated with other university systems and their usage seems to be the most professional compared to self-developed and open source platforms. These platforms are usually preferred by universities who offer a comprehensive set of e-learning courses. E-Learning Pros and Cons Recent developments in ICTs have made e-learning a feasible alternative to access to educational and training opportunities for learners of all ages, at all levels, and in different environments. In contrast to traditional classroom learning, e-Learning has several advantages for learners. First, e-learning provides time and location flexibility. Second, in the long run, e-learning results in cost and time savings for educational institutions. Third, it supports self-directed and self-paced learning by conducting learner-centered activities. Fourth, e-learning offers a collaborative learning environment by linking each learner with physically dispersed experts and peers. Fifth, it allows unlimited access to electronic learning materials. In addition, knowledge stored in a Web repository can be updated and maintained in a timely and effective fashion (Anaraki, 2004). 250 �On the other hand, superficial e-learning systems can result in frustration, anxiety, confusion, and reduced learner interest. Some of the problems that hinder the effectiveness of e-learning are listed below (Lam & Bordia, 2008; Anaraki, 2004). • Lack of forms of communication, body language and voice inflection: Compared to traditional classroom teaching, the electronic experience takes away much of the social and diversity aspects in the elearning class. These important skills are important in the business community and in an individual’s success in interacting face-to-face with others. • Text-based learning materials: The learning materials composed of only text may seem boring to learners and cause them to disengage during online learning. • Unstructured and isolated multimedia content: Many multimedia-based e-learning systems simply post content on the Web without any processing. Postings are usually static, passive and unstructured, without any link to relevant materials in different media. For example, instructional videos and PowerPoint slides of the same lecture are presented separately. Learners may even have to go to two different Web sites to view both of them. • Lack of rich content: A number of e-learning systems lack adequate instructions for students. Some systems provide only PowerPoint slides which may not ensure that learners understand the learning content. It is not uncommon for readers of those slides to fail in understanding what an instructor really means by all those bullet points. • Insufficient interactivity or flexibility: Many current e-learning systems are not quite interactive. Learners have little flexibility to adapt learning content and process to meet their individual needs. For example, it may not be possible to find exactly what is wanted or to skip a portion of content that is already known (Hammond, 1995). In other cases, a student may want to ask a question and get an answer right away instead of sequentially going through an entire instructional video or other multimedia content to find an answer. Most multimedia-based e-learning systems do not provide this capability. Table 1 illustrates the pros and cons of e-learning in comparison with traditional classroom learning (Zhang et al., 2004; Lam & Bordia, 2008; Anaraki, 2004). Advantages Traditional Classroom Learning Immediate feedback ƒ Being familiar to both instructors and students Motivating students ƒ Cultivation of a social community ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Instructor-centered Time and location constraints ƒ More expensive to deliver Disadvantages ƒ Lack of individual interactivity especially in ƒ crowded classes. ƒ ƒ E-Learning Learner-centered and self-paced Time and location flexibility Cost-effective Potentially available to global audience Unlimited access to knowledge Archival capability for knowledge reuse and sharing Lack of immediate feedback in asynchronous elearning Increased preparation time for the instructor Not comfortable to some people Potentially more frustration, anxiety, and confusion Lack of social communication Table 1. Pros and Cons of E-Learning Effective E-Learning Criteria Establishing e-Learning courses is a very complex process that includes many critical success factors. Thus, institutions and educators need to consider these factors to provide effective learning environments. The institution should firstly determine its own corporate guidelines and inform the educators to base their courses on them. This is especially important in order to maintain a common user interface for each course. Here are some examples to corporate guidelines: (Zeidman, 2003; Anaraki, 2004) • • • • • • • Learning objectives must be clearly defined. The course structure must be well thought-out and consistent for each course The user interface must be easy to use and consistent for each course. Courses must be prepared by instruction experts with experience in instructional design. The courses must require regular interaction with the student. The progress must be measured, tracked, and reported. Minimum course materials must be determined (i.e. PowerPoint Slides, Videos, etc). 251 �• • Support tools (labs, references, collaboration, etc.) must be determined. Platform security must be maintained. A very comprehensive and challenging work has been done by Blass and Davis (2003) to explore the eight areas in terms of guiding principles that can be tailored to the needs of the particular student group and faculty. They grouped these principles into four higher order groupings or criteria, with the central concerns of each of these criteria identified (see Table 2). The relationships between the criteria and guiding principles are shown in the flowchart in Figure 1. Guidingprinciples 1Appropriatenessofstafandcontent 2Appropriatenessformarketandstudents .3Learningaspirations 4Cognitveergonomics 5Faculty-studentinteraction 6Student-studentinteraction 7Reinforcementstrategy 8Achievementofpurpose Higherordercriteria Centralconcerns Appropriateness Ise-learningappropriateandsustainable? Design Whatisthetargetpopulationandwhatshouldthee-learninglookandfeelike? Interaction Howwilstudentsandfacultyinteract? Evaluation Howarebothstudentlearningandproduct efectivenessassessed? Table 2. Guiding principles and Higher Order Criteria for E-Learning Development (Source: Blass & Davis, 2003) Figure 1. Relations between criteria and guiding principles. (Source: Blass & Davis, 2003) Obeying the guidelines of the institution, instructors must separately evaluate the student satisfaction towards the online course they are providing. Obtaining ‘feedback’ from students about the design and implementation of the learning environment provided is an essential part of identifying what has worked, and where improvements could be made in the future (Pearson & Trinidad, 2005, p. 396). Although educators may create their own survey forms, we can suggest them to use a qualified and effective survey instruments like OLES, one that was used and presented in the methodology section of this study. 252 �Methodology This study utilized an instrument called Online Learning Environment Survey (OLES). OLES is a webbased instrument for evaluating e-learning environments. Participants of the survey are asked to indicate their ‘actual’ and ‘preferred’ experiences with components of online learning in a course they take. The data collected and the resultant statistics depict the actual and preferred learning environment of learners giving valuable feedback to educators working in these environments. OLES can be administered totally online by the educators. Using the OLES, educators can gather valuable pre-course and post-course data to evaluate the effectiveness of the e-learning environment. Adjustments can then be made accordingly to improve or adjust the learning environment. OLES instrument was developed by Dr. Sue Trinidad and Dr. John Pearson. Additional information about OLES can be obtained from http://www.monochrome.com.au/oles/survey.htm. OLES contains 54 items arranged in nine scales – Computer Usage (CU); Teacher Support (TS); Student Interaction and Collaboration (SIC); Personal Relevance (PR); Authentic Learning (AL); Student Autonomy (SA); Equity (EQ); Enjoyment (EN); and Asynchronicity (AS). Samples of items in each scale are shown in Table 3. Respondents are asked to rate items using a five-point scale (Almost Never; Seldom; Sometimes; Often; Almost Always). OLES is available in two forms: the student version and teacher version. In this paper, only data on the use of the student version has been used. SCALES SAMPLE ITEMS Computer Usage (CU) (6 items) I use the computer to find out information about the course. (3) I use the computer to take part in online discussions with other students. (6) Teacher Support (TS) (8 items) If I have an inquiry, the teacher finds the time to respond. (7) The teacher gives me valuable feedback on my assignments. (10) Interaction & Collaboration I discuss my ideas with other students. (18) I can collaborate with other students in the class. (19) (SIC) (6 items) Personal Relevance (PR) (5 items) I am able to pursue topics that interest me. (22) I link class work to my life outside of this class. (24) Authentic Learning (AL) (5 items) I work on assignments that deal with real-world information. (28) I apply real world experience to the topic of study. (30) Student Autonomy (SA) (5 items) I work during times I find convenient. (32) I play an important role in my own learning. (34) Equity (EQ) (7 items) I get the same amount of help from the teacher as do other students. (37) I receive the same encouragement from the teacher as other students do. (39) Enjoyment (EN) (6 items) Online learning is exciting. (44) I would enjoy my education if more of my classes were online. (47) Asynchronicity (AS) (6 items) I access the discussion forum at places convenient to me. (49) The process of writing and posting messages helps me to think. (52) Table 3. Guiding OLES scales and sample items (Source: Pearson & Trinidad, 2006) The data were collected from OLES that were applied to 13 MBA students taking Supply Chain Management course in Spring 2009 semester at Epoka University. The course included online discussions, assignments and some visual course materials as an adjunct to classroom presentations given by the lecturer every 3 weeks. Of the students 62% were female (n=8) and 38% were male (n=5). Findings The summarized responses of 13 students who completed OLES are shown in Table 4 and Figure 2. As one would expect, ‘preferred’ scores were higher than ‘actual’ scores. Means of scores ranged from 3.11 to 4.45 for ‘actual’ and 3.81 to 4.67 for ‘preferred’. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) revealed significant differences for the Computer Usage (CU), Teacher Support (TS), Personal Relevance (PR), and Authentic Learning (AL) scales in 95% confidence level. These results are giving opportunity to the lecturer of this course to identify unsatisfied aspects and update the e-learning environment supplied to the students. 253 �OLES Scale Computer Usage (CU) Teacher Support (TS) Student Interaction & Collaboration (SIC) Personal Relevance (PR) Authentic Learning (AL) Student Autonomy (SA) Equity (EQ) Enjoyment (EN) Asynchronicity (AS) Actual / Preferred Actual 3,40 Std. Deviation 0,964 Preferred 4,27 0,516 0,143 Actual 3,58 1,007 0,279 Preferred 4,48 0,788 0,218 Actual 3,35 1,287 0,357 Preferred 3,81 1,367 0,379 Actual 3,11 0,889 0,247 Preferred 4,05 1,120 0,311 Actual 3,37 1,110 0,308 Preferred 4,34 0,685 0,190 Actual 3,45 1,138 0,316 Preferred 4,03 1,183 0,328 Actual 4,45 0,606 0,168 Preferred 4,67 0,513 0,142 Actual 3,13 0,884 0,245 Preferred 3,82 1,039 0,288 Actual 3,72 0,939 0,261 Preferred 4,33 0,670 0,186 Mean Std. Error 0,267 F Sig. 8,243 0,008 6,502 0,018 0,785 0,384 5,598 0,026 7,177 0,013 1,650 0,211 1,005 0,326 3,340 0,080 3,708 0,066 Table 4. Statistics between students’ ‘actual’ and ‘preferred’ scores on the OLES scales Figure 2. Graphical Representation of Students’ Actual and Preferred Scores Conclusion This study investigated the effectiveness criteria of e-learning in higher education institutions. Elearning environments can not be effective without considering students’ needs and preferences. Obtaining student feedback is thus crucial for the successful design and implementation of e-learning environment. The study presented important findings regarding the students’ feedback on a sample e-learning course. By the help of effectiveness criteria and empirical results, higher education institutions can plan and implement e-learning strategies and thus improve the e-learning courses they offer to satisfy their students. The findings of this study also showed that OLES is a valuable tool to help higher education institutions and lecturers evaluate the effectiveness of their online courses. The results gathered by OLES or similar tools can be used to make changes to the design of actual e-learning environments. 254 �References Anaraki, F., (2004). Developing an Effective and Efficient eLearning Platform, International Journal of The Computer, the Internet and Management, 12 (2), 57-63. Blass, E. & Davis, A. (2003). Building on Solid Foundations: Establishing Criteria for E-learning Development, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 27 (3), 227-245. Eastman, J. & Swift, C. (2001). New horizons in distance education: The online learner centered marketing class. Journal of Marketing Education, 23, (1), 25-34. Eurybase – Retrieved from the web on May 25, 2009. http://www.easy-elearning.net/downloads/e-learning_in_Polonia.pdf Jenkins, M. & Hanson, J. (2003). E-Learning Series No.1: A guide for Senior Managers. Learning and Teaching Support Network (LTSN) Generic Centre, UK, August 2003. Lam, P. & Bordia, S. (2008). Factors Affecting Student Choice of e-Learning over Traditional Learning: Student and Teacher Perspectives, The International Journal of Learning, 14 (12), 131-140. McLeod, D. (2004). Hefce Pulls the Plug on UK e-University. Education Guardian, March 4. Nakos, G. E., Deis, M.H., & Jourdan, L. (2002). Students’ Perceptions of On-line Courses: An Exploratory Study. Turkish Journal of Online Distance Education (TOJDE), 3 (1). Pearson, J. & Trinidad, S. (2006). Evaluating E-Learning environments in initial teacher education using the online learning environment survey (OLES), ACEC 2006 - The Australian Computers in Education Conference, Cairns, Australia. Zeidman, B. (2003). Guidelines for Effective E-Learning. Chief Learning Officer, 24-31. Zhang, D., Zhao, J., Zhou, L., & Numamaker, J. (2004). Can e-learning replace classroom learning?. Communication of the ACM, 47 (5), 75–78. 255 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 409 Title A name given to the resource International On-Line Degree Programs in Higher Education: Proposals for Albania, Turkey and University Computer Centers Author Author ERSOY, Ahmed Fatih ASILKAN, Özcan Abstract A summary of the resource. Higher education is education provided by universities and other institutions that award academic degrees. Higher education includes both the teaching and the research activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as quaternary education or graduate school). Higher education differs from other forms of post-secondary education such as vocational education. However, most professional education is included within higher education, and many postgraduate qualifications are strongly vocationally or professionally oriented, for example in disciplines such as law and medicine. In this study the trends in higher education, the effects of globalization on higher education, the opportunities presented by communication and information technologies; and the effects of changes in higher education on globalization will be mentioned. At the end of the present study a road map will be presented by taking the suggestions and position of Turkey and Albania as a starting point for computer centers at universities. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8cf5d80135245bc1609e69a9ebc321be.pdf a45cf823c918e60adacc309a2c49b4f8 PDF Text Text International Relations and Policy Development of the Republic of Macedonia Aneta Stojanovska-Stefanova University Goce Delcev-Stip, Republic of Macedonia aneta.stojanovska@ugd.edu.mk Abstract: In order to recapture the essence and justification of this paper, the source of this theoretical review we found it in the definition of statehood. After the end of the thirty years of civil war in Europe and the signing of the peace treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the creation and development of the country began to the form that we know today. In terms of increasing interdependence between the countries, the question of their mutual cooperation is essential. For the states equally important segment with internally arranged relations is the manner on which they concern and regulate the international relations. State boundaries are endpoints to where sovereignty lies within a country. The authorities within it regulate the relations inside and the nature of its international positions. The highest authority, which does not recognize any other form of higher power, is sovereignty. Considering that the law, especially the international, is an active matter open to interpretation, although the basic features of a country are clear, yet there are two types of states divided to a de jure- existing under law and de facto-existing in reality, based on the matter whether and which of the characteristics of statehood they own. Republic of Macedonia, has raised the issue of the international relations high. Confirmation of the said is the chapter VI of the Constitution, which is dedicated to this issue. Except the Constitution, the area of the international relations is stipulated by the Law on Foreign Affairs and the Law of signing, ratification and execution of the international contracts. The Law on Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia, precisely defines the concepts of "foreign affairs" and "foreign policy". Keywords: state, recognition, politics, government, rule, sovereignty, international relations, international development Introduction In any democratic country it is equally important to regulate and develop the internal and international relations. Macedonia is a parliamentary democracy which has a clear model of the triple division of power. The Foreign policy is a domain, constitutionally reserved for the head of the state, the Assembly and the Government. In practice, Mirchev D. (2006) stated that the head of the state performs a little more powers than it is usual in the parliamentary systems, while the government performs the essential functions in the foreign policy, while the Government performs the basic functions of the foreign policy, leaving the Assembly in a rather weaker position. It is suggested that the political, legal, economic and cultural traffic between the subjects of the international law is going through their authorized representatives and through their bodies (Frchkoski Lj. et al., (1995). 7 �The Republic of Macedonia has dedicated the Chapter VI of the Constitution to the regulation of this matter. The international relations are subject to the regulation of the constitutional regulation because the internal law depends on the international law. The best proof of this are those constitutes that contain provisions for the transfer of part of the national sovereignty over the international institutions or stipulating consent for accordance of the internal legal order with the generally accepted rules of the international law. The dependence of the internal law of the international law is in function of the actions of the independent states in the field of protection and promotion of the world peace (Shkarikj S., Siljanovska-Davkova G., (2007). The main sources of the international relations are the mandatory norms of the international law (ius cogens) and the legal principles recognized by civilized nations. With the mandatory norms of the international public law and legal principles recognized by the civilized nations, the international relations of the states become legal relations or values that are developed with the help of the law. In such a context, (Shkarikj S., Siljanovska-Davkova G., (2007) the right appears as a factor of civilized development of the international relations. Tukidit, (1981), stated that the rules of the international public law are often violated, especially this phenomenon is noticeable in time of war when "the strong do what they have power to do, and the weak do what they must accept. The constitution of the Republic of Macedonia from 1991 regulates the international relations with the two types of provisions. First, the international relations are evaluated from the perspective of the generally accepted norms of the international law as a fundamental value of the constitutional order of the Republic of Macedonia and second, with several provisions, contained in a separate section of the normative text of the Constitution. By accepting the generally accepted norms of the international law as a fundamental value, the Republic of Macedonia is committed to respect the sources of the international law: the international customary law; practice of international courts; doctrine or opinion of respectable experts in the field of the international law and ratified international agreements. In the section dedicated to the international relations are regulated several groups of issues: the relation of the ratified agreements against the internal legal order of the Republic of Macedonia; entities responsible for the concluding of the international agreements; association and dissociation of the Republic of Macedonia from alliances or communities with other countries and deciding on association and dissociation of the Republic of Macedonia from membership in international organizations. The international agreements ratified in accordance with the Constitution are part of the internal legal order in the Republic of Macedonia and they cannot be changed by law. With this solution, Shkarikj S., Siljanovska-Davkova G., (2007), argued that the ratified international agreements; association and dissociation of the Republic of Macedonia from alliances or communities with other states and decides on association and dissociation of the Republic of Macedonia from membership in the international organizations. 8 �About the terms “policy” and “foreign policy” In the political theory, there is no unanimity about the definition of the term policy. The policy can be generally defined as achievement of certain ideas essential to a community. Above all they are ideas essential to a community. Above all they are the ideas essential for the common good, justice and the general usefulness. As on an individual plan the man tends to improve more its moral qualities, in that way on the plan of the life in a community, it tends to justice and the common good, i.e. to improvement of its community, argued in Encyclopedia of the political culture (1993). By definition, the foreign policy should be part of a significant portion of the policies that any country or sovereign political entity implements. We name that policy as a foreign policy, but other people call it - international politics, world politics, global politics, international relations, and comparative politics, argued Mirchev (2006). Among several approaches, even more-concepts in the study of the foreign policy, the geopolitics as already mentioned is certainly one of those inevitable. It has a long history and has produced a wealth of academic resources and conceptual criticism. Some authors associate the origin with the analysis of Aristotle for spatial factors that affect the political forms of the ancient Greek cities. Indeed, numerous social thinkers since ancient times until today, which think about politics, had and still have on their tables geographical maps despite their notebooks and pencils. Berridge Geoff R., (2004), stated that until the 17th century the responsibility of the diplomacy in the European countries routinely had been granted on various bureaucracies ("on state authorities") on a geographical basis. Some of those functions have been responsible for some homework (Hamilton and Langhorne, 1995: 72-73). Machiavelli writes almost exclusively about the mechanics of the government, for funds to help of some countries that can become strong, for policies with which countries can become strong, for policies with which they can expand their power, and for mistakes that lead to their rotten and coup. The political and military measures are practically the only object of his interest, and almost completely separate them from religious, moral or social considerations, except as means to achieve political goals. Maleski D., (2000), stated that the aim of politics is to preserve and increase the political power, and the measure with which it appreciates it is the success in achieving this goal. I have already said that any governor should have a good foundation, because if not, he will certainly fail, argued Machiavelli Niccolo, (2009). The international relations are organized around the legal fiction that the states have exclusive jurisdiction over its territory, its people and resources and events that occur on it. The practice, as might be expected, is well behind the idea, as is usually the case with the political principles. However, the basic norms, rules and practices of the contemporary international relations are based on the sovereignty of the state and the formal equality of (sovereign) states. It is suggested that he non-intervention is a duty that correlates with the right of sovereignty. Other states are obliged not to interfere in the international actions of a sovereign state Donnelly J., (2004). 9 �Hans Morgenthau a representative of the Rationalists in the international policy writes that the international policy and politics in general is a power struggle. Of course if you start from the idea that physical survival is of primary importance for every individual, you will come to the conclusion that the power is of primary importance for the states as subjects of the international law, because the national security is of primary importance. Through the prism of the power of the state to promote its national interest which latter it trays to accomplish within the world politics. In the book "God's country", St. Augustin asserts that "the human history is a sinusoidal wave of good and bad events, i.e. from devastating wars, trying to provide a short-term peace, whose utterly meaning is not understandable to the humans, but it is certain by God, (Miler D. 2002). On the other hand, the representatives of the internationalist theory in the international policy advocate for relations between states governed by the norms and behaviours with which had previously willingly agreed, and which would be applicable in war and in peace. The message of Emmanuel Kant that" the state of peace must be established", and that it can be realized through a "free federation" of states is close to the idea of collective security and international organization, characteristic for the institutionalists of our time, Maleski D., (2000). The principle of settlement of the international disputes by peaceful means obliges the states and those who are members of the United Nations and those who are not, all international disputes to be resolved through peaceful means and thus not to be jeopardize the international peace and security Simikj M. (1988). During the debate on the Declaration of non-use of force in 1987, only the United States of America and Australia explicitly intercede for anticipating self-defence; the other countries were in position to keep their positions by simply omitting any provision for self-defence, except the general formula that "The States have the natural right of individual or collective self-defence in case of an armed attack, as it is provided in the UN Charter”, argued Grej 2009. The Swiss lawyer Emmerich de Vatel one of the first intellectual forerunners of the modern internationalism in the book "The Law of the Nations" says "justice is the foundation of every society and it is very important to find a suitable application in the relations between the nations than in the relations between individuals, showed by Williams, Goldstein and Schfritz, (1994). According to the theoretician Schmit Carl, (1979), the essence of the political action is in the distinguishing of friend-enemy. That kind of differentiation according to Schmidt gives political sense of the human activities and motives. The totality of the policy contained in that each area of the human activities (religion, economy, moral, etc.) is subject to such a distinction, i.e. the separation of friends and enemies. Each religious, moral, economic, ethnic or some other contradiction turns into political opposite, when it becomes strong enough to group people of friends and enemies. Mircev (2006) stated that the world politics as a starting point to has the reality of the international community with the established relationships, institutions and the active role of many partners in the determination of the guidelines of this policy, through the instruments of the foreign policy, negotiations, joint ventures and influence. 10 �The analysis of the activities of the holders of the foreign policy of the Republic of Macedonia suggests to the conclusion that in the process of the realization of its own foreign political priorities, our country in the past years from acquiring independence until today is governed by the fundamental tenets of the constitution and the laws and principles of the action of the states in the United Nations. The objectives of the foreign policy of the Republic of Macedonia in recent years have been carried out by the holders of the functions that were elected in free, fair and democratic elections, but they have in a significant extant remained unchanged. However, regarding the characteristics of individuals who perform these functions through the years, the differences are perceptible. This certainly is affected by the development of the parliamentary democracy in the independent states that had been created after the fall of communism in the Eastern Europe, the approach to the execution of the function from the stand of ideological and political profile and of course, the global changes that take place in the international community. The Republic of Macedonia in the implementation of foreign policy is guided by the respect of the Charter of the United Nations, resolving of the conflicts, disputes and outstanding issues between the countries peacefully, adherence to the international and legal principle for permanence of the borders, respect of the policy for improvement of the corpus of Human rights and freedoms, support of the disarmament efforts and ban for all weapons for mass destruction, support to the promotion of the international economic relations in terms of economic globalization. The institute of the international recognition is one of the instruments to develop cooperation with other countries on the basis of common interests. This institute "Recognition of States" is known in the League of Nations and the United Nations. The legal effects of the recognition of the states is limited if they are only reduced to declaratory act, but they can be both constitutive and more serious, if followed by the establishment of other legal and economic pressures, such as insulation or boycott. It is important to emphasize that the recognition of the states has no direct connection with the establishment of the diplomatic relations, namely it can happen a state to be recognized, but with it cannot be established diplomatic relations, while the reverse is not possible, because the establishment of the diplomatic relations implies recognition of that state. Frchkoski et all., (1995) showed that legally seen the act of "recognition" of the state is legal and formal act and has no direct impact on the essential independence and the existence of the state, namely, on the effectiveness of its existence, but often the omission of the recognition of one or more countries could create serious difficulties for the new state and its normal involvement in the international relations. 11 �Competences in the field of the foreign policy in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia from 1991 According to the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia and according to the character whether the conduct of the foreign policy is one of the major responsibilities, authorities for performing foreign affairs can be divided into two groups: primary and secondary. Primary are those authorities that are focused on the major responsibilities in the execution of the foreign policy. Figure 1: Primary Authorities for performing foreign affairs The President of the Republic of Macedonia The Government of the Republic of Macedonia The Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia The Ministry of Foreign Affairs The Minister for Foreign Affairs Source: Authors’ own work Secondary however are, those authorities and institutions which in certain cases and circumstances may participate in the conduct of the foreign policy. Figure 2: Secondary authorities for performing foreign affairs The units of the local selfgovernment Authorities of the state government Source: Authors’ own work 12 �Stojanovska A. (2013) stated that in the area of the foreign policy, the President of the Republic of Macedonia has the following responsibilities: - Appoints and dismisses by decree the ambassadors and MP’s of the Republic of Macedonia abroad - Accepts the credentials and revocable letters of the foreign diplomatic representatives. The Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia has the following responsibilities: - Ratifies international agreements - Makes decisions on association and dissociation from a union or community with other states. While the Government of the Republic of Macedonia has the following responsibilities: - Decides on recognition of states and governments - Establishes diplomatic and consular relations with other countries - Adopts decisions on opening of diplomatic and consular offices abroad - Proposes appointment of ambassadors and MP’s of the Republic of Macedonia abroad and appoints heads of consular offices. Conventionally, the authorities responsible for foreign affairs can be divided into two groups: 1) State authorities whose headquarters is in the state (or internal authorities), and 2) Authorities whose headquarters is in the territory of other countries (foreign authorities). The first group includes the: Head of State (monarch or president of Republic), the President of the Government (Prime Minister), and the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The second group includes the diplomatic and consular representatives and the permanent representatives of the countries in the international organizations. Figure 3: Authorities responsible for foreign affairs Authorities for Foreign Affairs STATE AUTHORITIES FOREIGN AUTHORITIES President of the Republic Diplomatic Authorities Prime Minister Consular Representatives Minister of Foreign Affairs Permanent Representatives of the counties Source: Authors’ own work 13 �Law on Foreign Affairs from 2006 The Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia (2006), in the Law on Foreign Affairs reported precisely and defined the responsibilities of authorities for performing of the foreign work. With the same prescriptive in details normatively is determined the whole process of creation, establishment and implementation of the foreign policy, as well as the relations between the authorities conducting foreign affairs and the state government authorities, in the exercising of the foreign affairs, which reduces the possibility of overlapping or dysfunction. Characteristic of the Law on Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia is that besides the traditional approach towards creating such a norm, it emphasizes the role of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia. Also, by the law it is determined the jurisdiction, structure and operation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which before the adoption of the law was governed by one member of its competence and the Law on the organization and operation of the state administration authorities, i.e. some members in the same law for competences of the management authorities. The great part of the matter for the essential elements of the organization and work of the Ministry before the adoption of the law were moved by-laws. Furthermore, the law defines the diplomatic and consular representations that Republic of Macedonia can open abroad, and the procedure and conditions of appointment of the head of the diplomatic - consular office. More precisely is determined the procedure for revocation of the heads of the missions, and their duties, responsibilities and relations with the authorities for performing of the foreign works. Determined are specific duties and diplomatic - consular officers working in diplomatic - consular offices. The Law on Foreign Affairs in Article 2, precisely determines and delimits the terms foreign affairs and foreign policy. The term "foreign affairs" refers to actions performed by the competent authorities of the state government and the state government management in the exercise and protection of the rights and interests of the Republic of Macedonia in the international relations with the countries, international authorities, organizations and communities. While the term "foreign policy" refers to political objectives and activities of the Republic of Macedonian relations with countries and with international authorities, organizations and communities that protects the interests of the Republic of Macedonia in the international relations and protect the interests of its citizens and the legal entities registered in it. The President of the Republic of Macedonia and foreign policy In determining the term head of state or President meet in more terms. Frchkovski et all. (1995), stated that the head of the state is the authority that represents the state in the country and abroad, namely, it represents the state unity and independence, whereupon it is not 14 �important whether it is a monarch or head of state in the country in the republican establishment, as regardless of whether it is for independent or collective body. It is suggested the term head of state means the authority that has significant powers, but is not a holder of the supreme, legally unlimited power, which belongs to the principle of the Constituent and/or legislative body (Bajaldziev 1999). Another group of theorists define the head of state, as an individual or corporate body who embodies the political community and the long duration of the state and performs ceremonial functions related with the representing of the country at home and abroad, argued Maklin (2002). Gligorov K. (2001), stated that procedure for the election of the President of the Republic of Macedonia is regulated in the Article 80 and 81 of the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, and the Electoral Code. The President of the Republic of Macedonia is elected by direct and immediate elections, by secret ballot, for a period of five years. For President of the Republic a same person can be elected mostly twice. The secondary election is not necessarily to proceed to the previous term, as is the case (e.g., NB) with the Constitution of Slovenia from 1991, argued Shkaric (2004). The powers of the President of the Republic of Macedonia in the execution of the foreign affairs are defined in Article 5 of the Law on Foreign Affairs, according to which the President of the Republic of Macedonia: represents the country in the international relations, in accordance with the international law and its responsibilities; participates in the creation of the foreign policy in cooperation with the Government, through the establishment of general guidelines on the foreign policy, including issues of the international relations with implications on security and defence of the country; monitors the implementation of the foreign policy and the results and any disagreements with other bodies for foreign affairs performing, can inform the Assembly; gives suggestions and participates in the pose of views on some foreign-policy matters within its competence, including the security and defence aspects arising from the international relations; appoints and dismisses by decree ambassadors and representatives of the Republic of Macedonia abroad, in procedure determined by this Law; gives consent to the issuance of agreement of the head of foreign diplomatic office and accepts the credentials and revoked letters of the foreign diplomatic representatives, in the procedure established by this law. International Recognition of States The Institute “recognizing the states” is common and very important legal institution within the International Law initially because of the political circumstances which are determining it. Thomas D. Grant (1999) stated that up until now there is not precise rule according to which one state becomes internationally recognized and has the right of statehood and right to participate as single with the other states from different international organizations. There are some attempts made in order to establish certain universal criteria for acquiring the aforementioned statuses and possibilities but none of them has succeeded to be affirmed as a relevant and respected by all the 15 �states in the world. There are two theories that study this matter. The first one is the Declarative Theory of statehood, originating from the conference held in Montevideo, which is best put in the sentence “the political existence in one state is independent from its recognition by other states”. According to this theory for acquiring statehood, and thus the involvement of the state in international law as its subject, the following four element must be included: territory, population, sovereign power and ability to manage the previous three. Going back to the beginning of this text it can be seen that the largest part of the definition is taken from the Treaty of Westphalia, which means that it is not a novelty in international law, but an existing criteria which although recognized it is not fully accepted and implemented free from discrimination. International law includes Constitutive Theory of statehood. It examines the state recognition by other states as instrumental in acquiring statehood and status of a subject of international law to a new country. The aspects that are covering this theory, which although not formally accepted worldwide but can be considered as realistic are beautifully depicted in the thought of Openheim (L.Oppenheim) that says "International law says that a state does not exist until it is recognized by other, but at the same time it does not exist until it acquires recognition." It can be concluded that the acquisition of independence and international legal subjectivity of a state is formally dependent on its international recognition, which is based on the will of other countries. Sublimating the declarative positions of states as for this subject and reality of the foregoing, it can be concluded that the recognition of a state as a sovereign entity and relevant international law is open to interpretation, there are no rules in this field and any existing state recognized a new state on its own discretion and in accordance with its national interests, while not obligatory adhering to certain customary norms in international behavior. The precedent during the international recognition of states: The Case of Republic of Macedonia The case of the procedure for admission of the Republic of Macedonia in the United Nations is a unique precedent in the history of that organization. This precedent is important not only because of the particular circumstances associated with the Republic of Macedonia, but also as a possible negative example in the procedure, namely depending on the legal assessments of political cobodies and organs of the United Nations. The legal and political arguments did not dominate during the procedure for admission through the bodies of the UN Security Council, UN General Assembly, in the case of Macedonia, but emerged as a theme and an obstacle to the political contestation of one Member State (Greece), which is calling upon the provisions of the Charter for maintaining peace and avoid creating crisis zones around the world. Greece has represented its political attitudes towards Macedonia as a potential threat to peace (the very existence of Macedonia on its northern borders) which actually represented the elevation of a bilateral dispute level "procedural obstacle" to the United Nations. Returning the problem of recognition of Republic of Macedonia in collective manner with admission and with the membership in the United Nations, it was supplemented by another 16 �precedent, namely with a solution that Macedonia is admitted for membership in the United Nations under temporary "label" as "ex Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ", and temporarily not demonstrating its official flag in front of the building and in the bodies of the United Nations. This decision should be in force until a final solution to the "dispute" through the procedure for its solution set by the Secretary General of the United Nations. Stojanovska A. (2013) stated that the precedent is certainly unpleasant for the organization of the United Nations as it refers to the inadmissible and unfounded raise of a bilateral problem to legal and procedural circumstance – that is an obstacle to the realization of fundamental rights of a country to become an international entity with full capacity. The case of Republic of Macedonia for the acceptance in UN there were two additional terms out of the legal sphere and referring to the direct violation of the Charter such as: to accept a descriptive name FYROM and to negotiate with Greece for its constitutional name. The International Court of Justice as one of the principal organs of the United Nations in its history of existence has once discussed the issue of setting additional conditions for membership in the United Nations. In its advisory opinion of 28th May 1948 on the conditions for admission of a State in the membership of the United Nations, the court has taken a legal standpoint (contained in the ICJ Reports, 1948) that the requirements specified in Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Charter for membership " represent an exhausting enumeration , and are not given as simply management principles as an or example. " This refers to the fact that if an applicant fulfils four conditions of article 4, paragraph 1 of the Charter, such State should be admitted to membership in the United Nations. According to the aforementioned judicial opinion from 1948 one state cannot be conditioned prior to admission with previous recognition of legal elements, which is that such conditionality is setting additional conditions which are contrary to Article 4 paragraph 1 of the UN Charter and the setting up of such conditions the court explicitly declares that the UN Charter is violated. Conclusions The characteristics of a modern state, the way it is recognized nowadays are shaped by Peace Treaty of Westphalia, according to which the state is constituted by three main features, territory, population and sovereignty, i.e. absolute power for governing over them. In order to have a better understanding of the process of recognition and various specifics that have occurred throughout history the attention must be paid to the terms sovereignty and statehood first, and thereto sovereignty refers to how a state acquires it as well, and later on the manners through which countries recognize the existence of another state. There are two types of states divided into: de jure- existing according the law and de facto- existing in reality, based on the fact which of the statehood features they own1. 1 Ibid,page.268. 17 �De jure states are those that are fulfilling some of the conditions of statehood but not all three. As an example can be considered a country that has a territory and a population but not full sovereignty over them. Also a good example could be a government in exile as well, or government under which the international community has the right to exercise sovereignty over a territory and a population but because of the occupation can not exercise that right, as is the case with the governments of the Baltic states in the period during World War II while their territories were under Nazi occupation, they are recognized by the countries of the alliance as their legitimate rulers, role which de facto was taken over after the release. Another specific example of recognized sovereignty in the absence of territory in some way but not completely de jure state but rather as de jure government is the sovereignty dealing with "the organization" known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. This "organization" had an authority in Malta in the past, but after the expulsion of its members from the island they continue to exist in Rome. Interestingly, the Order is recognized as sovereign by many countries, a situation that reflects the fact that it has established diplomatic relations with 103 states and 6 entities that are subject to international law, including the European Union whereby they have responded with reciprocity that have established diplomatic relations with the Order. Apart from diplomatic relations the Sovereign Military Order of Malta has few buildings in the city of Rome that the Italian Government has granted their extraterritorial status which means that within the territory / facilities the law is implemented by the Order, and not by Italy, and this is a status reserved exclusively for the embassies of countries. In addition the United Nations does not register the Order of Malta as "a non-member" but as an entity that has received a valid invitation to participate as an observer in the organization. Apart from these typical state features "the organization" has its own army, which is part of the Italian Army, however flying the flag and under the command of the Order; it also has coins that have rather collectors than a symbolic role and uses postal stamps, although not everywhere yet accepted by a number of European and world countries. De facto state is considered the one that is an entity owning a territory and a population and sovereignty, but which lacks a legitimate recognition by a number of other states. This usually happens if a de facto state has been part of another country previously that opposes and denies its sovereignty. Here lies the tangent point between the characteristics of statehood and the need for their recognition as legitimate by other, already existing countries. There are many examples of de facto countries in the world including Taiwan, which the People's Republic of China considers it as part of its territory even though there is no real sovereignty over it, as is the case of Somaliland and Somalia, to some extent Kosovo and Serbia etc. The case of the procedure for admission of the Republic of Macedonia in the United Nations is a unique precedent in the history of that organization. This precedent is important not only because of the particular circumstances associated with the Republic of Macedonia, but also as a possible negative example in the procedure, namely depending on the legal assessments of political cobodies and organs of the United Nations. The legal and political arguments did not dominate during the procedure for admission through the bodies of the UN Security Council, UN General Assembly, in the case of Macedonia, but emerged as a theme and an obstacle to the political contestation of 18 �one Member State (Greece), which is calling upon the provisions of the Charter for maintaining peace and avoid creating crisis zones around the world. Greece has represented its political attitudes towards Macedonia as a potential threat to peace (the very existence of Macedonia on its northern borders) which actually represented the elevation of a bilateral dispute level "procedural obstacle" to the United Nations. Returning the problem of recognition of Republic of Macedonia in collective manner with admission and with the membership in the United Nations, it was supplemented by another precedent, namely with a solution that Macedonia is admitted for membership in the United Nations under temporary "label" as "ex Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ", and temporarily not demonstrating its official flag in front of the building and in the bodies of the United Nations. This decision should be in force until a final solution to the "dispute" through the procedure for its solution set by the Secretary General of the United Nations. References Bajaldziev Dimitar, (1999), Introduction in law-first book, Evropa 92, p.255 Berridge Geoff R., (2004), Diplomacy Theory and practice, Faculty of political sciences, Sveuchilishta in Zgreb, p.5 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia 52/91 Donnelly J., (2004), International human rights, Publishing house Mi-An Skopje, p.34 Electoral codex, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia 40/06 Encyclopedia of the political culture, (1993), Modern administration, Belgrade, p.873 Frchkoski Ljubomir, et al., (1995), International public law, Tabernakul, Skopje, p.58 and 185-186 Gligorov Kiro, (2001), Macedonia is everything that we have, Publishing house TRI, Skopje, p.160 Grej Kristina, (2009), International law and use of force, Fondations of international public law, Prosvetno delo AD-Skopje, p.10 Law on Foreign Affairs, Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia 46/06 Machiavelli Niccolo, (2009), Il Principe, Gjurgja Skopje, p.60 Maklin Ian, (2002), Concise Oxford’s dictionary for Politics, Publishing house MIAN, Skopje, p.385 Maleski D., (2000), International politics, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”-Skopje, p.37 and 332-333 Miler D., (2002), Blackwell encyclopedia of political thought, Publishing house MI-AN, p.9 Mirchev Dimitar, (2006), The Macedonian Foreign Policy 1991-2006, Skopje, Az-buki, p.9, 11, 13, 20 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, (www.nato.int), accessed April 2017 Official website of the European Union, (www.europa.eu), accessed May 2017 Organization for Secuirty and Co-operation in Europe, (www.osce.int), April 2017 Peace of Westphalia, Encyclopedia Britannica (www.britannica.com), accessed July 2013 Reports of judgements, advisory opinions and orders of international Court of Justice, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/3/1821.pdf, accessed October 2015. Schmit Carl, (1979), Der Begriff des Politischen, Duncker und Humbolt, Berlin, p.37 19 �Shkarikj S., Siljanovska-Davkova G., (2007), Constitutional law, Faculty of Law “Iustinianus Primus”-Skopje, p.601-602, 607, 609 Shkarikj Svetomir, (2004), Comparative and Macedonian constitutional law, Matica Makedonska Skopje, p.619 Simikj Miroslav, (1988), Modern International relations and war, Vojnoizdavachki i novinski centar, p.80 Stojanovska A., Master Thesis, “Constitutional-legal and Political Aspects of the Foreign Policy, with Special Retrospection to Republic of Macedonia”, pg. 58. The Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia, (www.sobranie.mk), accessed May 2017 The Crisis of the Sovereign State and the "Privatization" of Defense and Foreign Affairs, Heritage Foundation, (www.heritage.org), accessed April 2012. The Government of the Republic of Macedonia, (www.vlada.mk), accessed May 2017 The Ministy of Foreign Affairs of The Republic of Macedonia, (www.mfa.gov.mk), accessed May 2017 The President of the Republic of Macedonia, (www.pretsedatel.mk), accessed January 2017 The United Nations, (www.un.org), accessed February 2017 Tukidit, (1981), History, Adomir, Moscow, p.344-350 Williams, Goldstein and Schfritz, (1994), Classic Readings of International Relations, Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmond California, p.7 20 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3635 Title A name given to the resource International Relations and Policy Development of the Republic of Macedonia (doi: 10.14706/ICESOS174) Author Author Stojanovska-Stefanova, Aneta Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: In order to recapture the essence and justification of this paper, the source of this theoretical review we found it in the definition of statehood. After the end of the thirty years of civil war in Europe and the signing of the peace treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the creation and development of the country began to the form that we know today. In terms of increasing interdependence between the countries, the question of their mutual cooperation is essential. For the states equally important segment with internally arranged relations is the manner on which they concern and regulate the international relations. State boundaries are endpoints to where sovereignty lies within a country. The authorities within it regulate the relations inside and the nature of its international positions. The highest authority, which does not recognize any other form of higher power, is sovereignty. Considering that the law, especially the international, is an active matter open to interpretation, although the basic features of a country are clear, yet there are two types of states divided to a de jure- existing under law and de facto-existing in reality, based on the matter whether and which of the characteristics of statehood they own. Republic of Macedonia, has raised the issue of the international relations high. Confirmation of the said is the chapter VI of the Constitution, which is dedicated to this issue. Except the Constitution, the area of the international relations is stipulated by the Law on Foreign Affairs and the Law of signing, ratification and execution of the international contracts. The Law on Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia, precisely defines the concepts of "foreign affairs" and "foreign policy". Keywords: state, recognition, politics, government, rule, sovereignty, international relations, international development Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2e3623ff8d78633c6eaf4435523208c6.pdf e2b6bdfbdb66f29ac5e8a8c963e7eaba PDF Text Text PRIKAZ Prikaz međunarodne naučno-stručne konferencije: „Izgradnja modernog pravnog sistema“ International Scientific Conference: „Establishment of a Modern Legal System“ – Review Mensur Zoletić, MA Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta e-mail: mensur.zoletic@ibu.edu.ba (Internacionalni Burč univerzitet, Sarajevo, 24. oktobar 2014. godine) (International Burch University, Sarajevo, 24th of October, 2014) Dana 24. oktobra 2014. godine, na Internacionalnom Burč univerzitetu u Sarajevu održana je međunarodna naučno-stručna konferencija na temu: „Izgradnja modernog pravnog sistema“. Konferenciju su zajednički organizirali Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta, pravni fakulteti iz Bosne i Hercegovine (Sarajevo, Bihać, Zenica, Tuzla, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta „Džemal Bijedić“ u Mostaru i Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Mostaru), te fakulteti za kriminalistiku i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu i Mariboru. Tendencija Centra za društvena istraživanja kao voditelja projekta upravo i jeste u stvaranju čvrste veze među predstavnicima pravnih fakulteta u našoj zemlji, a sukladno tome organiziranju zajedničkih događaja koji će okupljati istaknute pravne praktičare i akademske radnike. Već na prvoj zajedničkoj konferenciji učešće je uzelo preko 250 pravnih stručnjaka i istaknutih imena iz BiH, regiona i država Evropske unije (u daljem tekstu: EU). Na ovom mjestu, prije svega, osjećamo potrebu istaći dolazak vrhunskih stručnjaka poput g. Renate Winter, sudije Specijalnog suda Ujedinjenih nacija za Sierra Leone i članice Komiteta za prava djeteta UN, prof. dr. Alenke Šelih, profesorice sa Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Ljubljani i članice Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Slovenije, prof. dr. Friedera Dünkela sa Univerziteta u Greifswaldu, SR Njemačka, prof. dr. Cirila Ribičiča sa Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Ljubljani, kao i brojnih drugih istaknutih profesora iz BiH i regiona. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 301 �Mensur Zoletić, MA Prema programu rada, nakon svečanog otvaranja konferencije u kojem su se obratili direktor Centra za društvena istraživanja g. Esad Oruč, dekani pravnih fakulteta iz BiH, potom g. Ismet Trumić, direktor Centra za edukaciju sudija i tužilaca FBiH, te g. Meddžida Kreso, predsjednica suda BiH, otvoren je radni dio konferencije sa četiri tematska paralelna panela: a) Restorativna pravda: kretanja u svijetu i Bosni i Hercegovini – prvi panel, b) Zakon o obligacionim odnosima i Konvencija UN o međunarodnoj prodaji robe: dosadašnja iskustva i mogući putevi razvoja - drugi panel, c) Uloga međunarodne zajednice u implementaciji Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma - treći panel i, d) Uloga i značaj pravne države u procesu evropskih integracija – četvrti panel. U okviru prvog panela, organizirano je pet sesija u okviru kojih se raspravljalo o različitim aspektima restorativne pravde. Prvom sesijom je moderirala prof. dr. Alenka Šelih, te se u ovom dijelu govorilo o svjetskim tendencijama i kretanjima u oblasti restorativne pravde. Tako je g. Renate Winter govorila na temu restorativne pravde za maloljetne učinioce krivičnih djela, dok je prof. dr. Dünkel pružio osvrt na temu restorativne pravde i medijacije u krivičnim pitanjima u Evropi. U okviru druge sesije, svoja izlaganja su imali prof. dr. Hajrija Sijerčić-Čolić na temu: restorativna pravda za punoljetne učinioce krivičnih djela – stanje u BiH, mr. iur. Dino Pivac koji je govorio o aspektima restorativne pravde u Republici Hrvatskoj, te g. Nedžad Smailagić na temu kriminalnopolitičkih mogućnosti restorativne pravde. Treća sesija je započeta moderiranjem sudije Suda BiH g. Jasmine Kosović i raspravljanjem o pitanjima vezanim za Zakon o zaštiti i postupanju sa djecom i maloljetnicima u krivičnom postupku – aspekti restorativne pravde. U tom smislu g. Kosović je istakla neophodnost harmonizacije pomenutog zakona sa propisima koji ovu oblast reguliraju u entitetima i Brčko distriktu BiH, te edukacije ključnih aktera krivičnog postupka u kontekstu pravilnog odabira i primjene odgojnih preporuka, posebnog onih restorativnog karaktera. Nakon toga, uslijedila su izlaganja doc. dr. Vedada Gurde sa Pravnog fakulteta u Tuzli (novine u oblasti alternativnih mjera i sankcija u maloljetničkom krivičnom pravu u BiH), g. Smiljke Gavrić, medijatorke Udruženja medijatora BiH (medijacijska praksa u BiH), g. Dragana Uletilovića, sudije Osnovnog suda u Banjoj Luci (primjena medijacije prema Zakonu o zaštiti i postupanju sa djecom i maloljetnicima u krivičnom postupku u RS: normativno i stvarno), g. Aleksandre Jovanović (istraživanje u području restorativne pravde u radu s maloljetnicima: iskustva iz SAD), te g. Merise Nurkić, tužiteljice Kantonalnog 302 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Prikaz međunarodne naučno-stručne konferencije: „Izgradnja modernog pravnog sistema“ tužilaštva TK (osvrt na Zakon o zaštiti i postupanju sa djecom i maloljetnicima u krivičnom postupku u FBiH). U okviru posljednje dvije sesije, svoja izlaganja su imali doc. dr. Dževad Mahmutović (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli) na temu restorativne pravde i prava oštećenog u bosanskohercegovačkom okviru, dr. sci. Sanja Ćopić (Institut za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja Beograd) koja je govorila o zaštiti žrtava i konceptu restorativne pravde sa tog ugla gledišta, mr. sci. Vildana Vranj (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu) na temu GRIP programa kao modela primjene restorativne pravde u zatvorima u BiH, prof. dr. Irma Kovčo Vukadin (Edukacijskorehabilitacijski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu) o prevenciji nasilja u zatvorima, te doc. dr. Darko Dimovski koji je govorio o restorativnog pravdi u zakonodavstvu Republike Srbije. U završnoj diskusiji prvog panela, doneseni su određeni zaključci u vidu preporuka i to: 1) opšte preporuke:      donošenje odgovarajućih zakonskih i podzakonskih propisa o primjeni elemenata restorativne pravde u Bosni i Hercegovini, primjena restorativne pravde za čitavo područje Bosne i Hercegovine, razvijanje potrebne infrastrukture u oblasti krivičnog pravosuđa (policija, tužilaštvo, sud, kazneno-popravni zavodi), razvoj infrastrukture u centrima za socijalnu rad, sticanje posebnih znanja i kontinuirano stručno osposobljavanje i usavršavanje iz oblasti restorativne pravde. 2) posebne preporuke:     približavanje restorativne pravde javnom mnijenju, primjena restorativne pravde u preventivnom djelovanju u reakciji na kriminalitet, dosljedna primjena postojećih zakonskih rješenja o primjeni restorativne pravde za maloljetne učinioce krivičnih djela, razvijanje zakonskih rješenja o primjeni restorativne pravde za punoljetne učinioce krivičnih djela, Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 303 �Mensur Zoletić, MA      adaptacija ideje mirovnih vijeća u današnjim uslovima, razvijanje saradnje između medija, krivičnog pravosuđa i Udruženja medijatora u Bosni i Hercegovini, primjenu medijacije treba uključiti u normative i standarde u radu tužilaca i sudija, zapošljavanje stručnih savjetnika suda i tužilaštva (socijalni pedagozi – defektolozi, socijalni radnici, specijalni pedagozi–defektolozi i psiholozi koji imaju aktivnu ulogu u predmetima maloljetničke delinkvencije), podržavanje projekata o primjeni restorativne pravde u kaznenopopravnim zavodima (npr., GRIP program). Drugi panel započeo je izlaganjem prof. dr. Abedin Bikić ispred Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu pružanjem generalnog osvrta o pitanjima Zakona o obligacionim odnosima i Konvencije UN o međunarodnoj prodaji robe. U okviru prve sesije, učesnici su imali priliku saslušati prof. dr. Ratka Brnabića (Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Splitu) koji je govorio na temu sklapanja ugovora o međunarodnoj kupoprodaji prema Bečkoj konvenciji i ostalim izvorima prava kupoprodaje Republike Hrvatske, prof. dr. Melihu Povlakić (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu) – aktuelna pitanja zaštite korisnika finansijskih usluga u pravu BiH, i doc. dr. Almedinu Šabić (Pravni fakultet u Sarajevu) koja je zaključila prvu sesiju izlaganjem o raskidu ugovora prema UN konvenciji. U okviru druge sesije, učesnicima su izloženi teoretski aspekti odgovornosti dobavljača za ispunjenje obaveza iz posla finansijskog lizinga u domaćem pravu i praksi (prof. dr. Enes Bikić i mr. sci. Alaudin Brkić), kao i uloga i značaj načela povjerenja u procesu reforme zemljišnoknjižnog prava (doc. dr. Hamid Mutapčić). Sa praktičnog aspekta svoje izlaganje je predstavio g. Almir Gagula, advokat, na temu zloupotrebe prava u obligacionom pravu BiH. Na konferenciji je održan i jedan oblik „sajma knjige“. Naime, više od 10 izdavača iz Bosne i Hercegovine uključujući i pravne fakultete kao suorganizatore događaja, predstavilo je i promoviralo pravnu literaturu iz okvira svoje izdavačke djelatnosti. Treći panel je ponudio zanimljive i aktuelne referate iz oblasti ustavnog prava. Tačnije, rasprava se vodila o ulozi međunarodne zajednice u implementaciji Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma, a panelom je moderirao doc. dr. Zlatan Begić sa Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Tuzli. Prof. dr. Ciril Ribičič je analizirao presudu 304 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Prikaz međunarodne naučno-stručne konferencije: „Izgradnja modernog pravnog sistema“ Sejdić-Finci i njeno mjesto u kontekstu cjelovite ustavne reforme, pri čemu je istakao razloge nemoći/nepostojanja volje međunarodne zajednice da „primora“ BiH vlasti na implementaciju navedene presude. U okviru prve sesije, još su referate izložili prof. dr. Dejan Pavlović (Fakultet političkih nauka Univerziteta u Beogradu) na temu mogućeg doprinosa Ustavnog suda BiH u implementaciji presude Sejdić-Finci, doc. dr. Dženeta Miraščić (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli) o pitanju odgovornosti Visokog predstavnika međunarodne zajednice za BiH kao pitanju pravne ili političke prirode, i mr. sci. Jasminka Džumhur (Ombudsmen za ljudska prava BiH) na temu uloge međunarodne zajednice u implementaciji Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma sa aspekta ljudskih prava. Druga sesija je započela referatom prof. dr. Zlatana Delića sa Univerziteta u Tuzli. G. Delić je govorio o sociološkopravnim aspektima i razmišljanima o razlozima (ne)implementacije Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma. U okviru ovog dijela, učesnicima su izlaganja predstavili i doc. dr. Zlatan Begić o perspektivama ustavne pozicije konstitutivnih naroda u BiH u kontekstu odluka Evropskog suda za ljudska prava, te mr. sci. Elmida Burina na temu Schmittovog suverena u kontekstu konstelacije odnosa u BiH. U završnoj diskusiji, ponajviše se govorilo o pojmu i opsegu prava konstitutivnih naroda u BiH, i problemima koji su konstantno prisutni u pogledu blokade implementacije presude Sejdić-Finci. Na četvrtom panelu pod nazivom „Uloga i značaj pravne države u procesu EU integracija“, izložen je najveći broj referata o različitim aspektima usklađivanja BiH zakonodavstva kao preduslova pristupu Evropskoj uniji. Panelom je moderirao prof. dr. Enes Hašić sa Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Zenici. Prva sesija je započela izlaganjem prof. dr. Zijada Hasića (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Travniku) o aspektima jačanja uloge parlamenata u BiH u kontekstu jačanja pravne države u EU integracijama. Izlaganja temeljena na sličnoj problematici su nastavili mr. sci. Maja Rimac-Bjelobrk (Direkcija za evropske integracije Vijeća ministara BiH), prof. dr. Nedžad Bašić (Pravni fakultet Bihać), dr. sci. Sanja Bazina (Direkcija za evropske integracije Vijeća ministara BiH), dr. Jadranka Polović (Visoka škola multimedijskih i komunikacijskih tehnologija, TV Akademija, Split) o iskustvima Republike Hrvatske na putu ka EU, prof. dr. Edin Rizvanović (Pravni fakultet „Džemal Bijedić“ u Mostaru) na temu normativne funkcije države u okviru procesa integracije, dok je sesiju zaključio doc. dr. Benjamin Flander (Fakultet za kriminalistiku i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Mariboru) na temu Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 305 �Mensur Zoletić, MA postmodernizacije i krize prava: pravni sistem i pravna država u „vrlom novom svijetu“. U okviru druge sesije, referate su predstavili prof. dr. Tadija Bubalović (Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci) o pojmu i oblicima međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći, prof. dr. Adnan Duraković (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Zenici) na temu: uloga i značaj krize na funkcionisanje pravne države i njenih politika, doc. dr. Eldan Mujanović (Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu) o pitanjima oduzimanja imovinske koristi pribavljene krivičnim djelom u BiH. Također, izlaganja su imali i doc. dr. Nataša Deretić (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Novom Sadu), doc. dr. Amila Ferhatović (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu), dr. Milica Kovačević (Fakultet za specijalnu edukaciju i rehabilitaciju Univerziteta u Beogradu), mr. sci. Ajdin Huseinspahić (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Zenici), i Selma Stočanin-Hrustemović (Fakultet za kriminalistiku, kriminologiju i sigurnosne studije). Posljednja sesija je također ponudila nekoliko referata. Prof. dr. Halil Kalač je otvorio završni dio izlaganjem o socijalnoj tržišnoj ekonomiji EU, a u nastavku su uslijedili referati dr. Gorana Obradovića (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu), doc. dr. Spahije Kozlića (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Zenici), mr. sci. Aide Mulalić (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Zenici), mr. sc. Uroša Zdravkovića (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu), dok je sesiju zaključio Haris Hasić, MA (Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Travniku) na temu problema u mehanizmima provođenja zaštite intelektualnog vlasništva kao prepreke evropskoj integraciji Bosne i Hercegovine. Nakon diskusija i zaključaka na pojedinim panelima, učesnici su prisustvovali zajedničkom zatvaranju konferencije. U završnom obraćanju, domaćin i organizator se zahvalio svima na participaciji i značajnom doprinosu konferenciji, a suorganizatorima su dodijeljene zahvalnice. Također, izražena je želja da konferencija na temu: „Izgradnja modernog pravnog sistema“ postane tradicionalna, što će Centar za društvena istraživanja nastojati i ispuniti. 306 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2884 Title A name given to the resource International Scientific Conference: „Establishment of a Modern Legal System“ – Review Author Author ZOLETIC, MENSUR Abstract A summary of the resource. Dana 24. oktobra 2014. godine, na Internacionalnom Burč univerzitetu u Sarajevu održana je međunarodna naučno-stručna konferencija na temu: „Izgradnja modernog pravnog sistema“. Konferenciju su zajednički organizirali Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta, pravni fakulteti iz Bosne i Hercegovine (Sarajevo, Bihać, Zenica, Tuzla, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta „Džemal Bijedić“ u Mostaru i Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Mostaru), te fakulteti za kriminalistiku i sigurnosne studije Univerziteta u Sarajevu i Mariboru. Tendencija Centra za društvena istraživanja kao voditelja projekta upravo i jeste u stvaranju čvrste veze među predstavnicima pravnih fakulteta u našoj zemlji, a sukladno tome organiziranju zajedničkih događaja koji će okupljati istaknute pravne praktičare i akademske radnike. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a888c7bf0ded230523eddd313f236d9b.docx 5bb80f11bb17f6564897471633a8681c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8429e34ba8dd9918a00b9d7fe5a47b98.pdf 7b2df09dc2554feb92318a844a297cdf PDF Text Text International Trade and Foreign Direct Investments: Albanian Case LorelaManjani Epoka University Albania lmanjani11@epoka.edu.al Mergleda Hodo Epoka University Albania mhodo@epoka.edu.al Abstract: This paper observes the effects of international trade in Albania and related with it focuses more on the explanation of foreign direct investments and creation of outsources and franchises in Albania. Many theories have been adopted to explain the reasons why some countries agree to invest abroad and others to receive FDIs like; law of perfect markets, law of imperfect markets and other theories. According to INSTAT Albania started to recover with money transfers coming from immigrants which grew from US$324 million in 1999 to US$531 million in 2000. Investments in physical capital such as in ports, roads, transportation infrastructure have effected in Albanian International trade. Also investments in banking sector have affected economy in latest years. Portfolio investment and bank relationships between countries can increase the bilateral trade. Examples in Albania are Raiffeisen Bank that makes the relations between the German states and Albania which holds 19 “NOSTRO” accounts with 15 banks in all the world and helps in “creation of money”. Also NBG bank holds 8 “NOSTRO” accounts with all countries and makes most of the transactions between Greece and Albania. Also National Commercial Bank makes mostly the relations in transactions with Turkey, which is in Balkan region and nearest partner treading with Albania. Government intervention has also effected in attracting FDI with its decisions in economical and political aspects which are: Albania ”1 Euro” which can attract new investments since low prices occur; Low on concession and public procurement; “Law of foreign investments” ; Reduction of Corporate tax from 20 percentage (%) to 10 percentage (%). Some analyzes are done to determine the rate of effectiveness in international trade and licensing of foreign enterprises and businesses that operate in Albania. Negative and positive effects of foreign investments, according to trade balance, are mentioned to end up in a conclusion. Most of the dates are taken from Bank of Albania and INSTAT for 2000-2013 period and other reliable sources. Keywords: International trade, FDI, markets, businesses, tax. 77 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2512 Title A name given to the resource International Trade and Foreign Direct Investments: Albanian Case Author Author MANJANI, Lorela HODO, Mergleda Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper observes the effects of international trade in Albania and related with it focuses more on the explanation of foreign direct investments and creation of outsources and franchises in Albania. Many theories have been adopted to explain the reasons why some countries agree to invest abroad and others to receive FDIs like; law of perfect markets, law of imperfect markets and other theories. According to INSTAT Albania started to recover with money transfers coming from immigrants which grew from US$324 million in 1999 to US$531 million in 2000. Investments in physical capital such as in ports, roads, transportation infrastructure have effected in Albanian International trade. Also investments in banking sector have affected economy in latest years. Portfolio investment and bank relationships between countries can increase the bilateral trade. Examples in Albania are Raiffeisen Bank that makes the relations between the German states and Albania which holds 19 “NOSTRO” accounts with 15 banks in all the world and helps in “creation of money”. Also NBG bank holds 8 “NOSTRO” accounts with all countries and makes most of the transactions between Greece and Albania. Also National Commercial Bank makes mostly the relations in transactions with Turkey, which is in Balkan region and nearest partner treading with Albania. Government intervention has also effected in attracting FDI with its decisions in economical and political aspects which are: Albania ”1 Euro” which can attract new investments since low prices occur; Low on concession and public procurement; “Law of foreign investments” ; Reduction of Corporate tax from 20 percentage (%) to 10 percentage (%). Some analyzes are done to determine the rate of effectiveness in international trade and licensing of foreign enterprises and businesses that operate in Albania. Negative and positive effects of foreign investments, according to trade balance, are mentioned to end up in a conclusion. Most of the dates are taken from Bank of Albania and INSTAT for 2000-2013 period and other reliable sources. Keywords: International trade, FDI, markets, businesses, tax. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ce310fa7deda967e8693fe1c44f7cb1e.docx c33eab3cf9e9694ab38d0cdee791356b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ee2f62b04b6579a170963028c0eb040a.pdf fa97fbc08de93cd925f0b9b968b307ed PDF Text Text International Trade, Finance and Development; an Approach of Understanding in what Fields is Albania the Right Country to Invest in. EdliraDede Epoka University Albania edede12@epoka.edu.al ErsejdaDemirxhiu Epoka University Albania edemirxhiu12@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Our research consists of many approaches to present a wide, clear picture in understanding how a South-Western Balkan’s country such as Albania offers many ways in investments and development.What we will be further explaining are all the reasons that make Albania different from the countries in the region. Also, we will be giving points of view in where the investments from either national or international parties would not only be beneficial for the country’s economy, but very profitable for the investors as well.Known for the many opportunities it offers in this field, agriculture will be our focal point of attention. When Albania was under the communist regime, nearly 80% of the country’s GDP was made due to agricultural products. Taking into consideration the fact that technology, vehicles and farmers have higher aims and are way better than 30 years ago, we are absolutely positive that with a little bit of investment, this field will continue to remain priority. The second field we, after checking the latest statistics, are sure that Albania is worth investing is the tourism. Being the 4th in the 2014’s chart of places to visit is not enough. Acknowledging the improvements in some parts of tourism, there’s still plenty of work to do. We will be presenting the particular parts that still need support and also what will be the benefits to gain from these investments.Another thing we will be stressing in our paper is the urge to bring back the industrial factories and their processes. Before ‘90s, there were several towns in the country that had particular factories, providing the citizens with their needs and even exporting a part of the products. During this past decade, many discussions have led to this topic, yet never coming up with an agreement in the end. Lastly, we claim that technology is a very helping hand in the whole process of developing the economy. It will definitely be useful in international trades and it will help having a network available to all of those interested in investing in Albania.In our conclusion, we will be giving all the details on how we think all this process will be a success and in which ways it will make the country develop in surprisingly huge steps. Keywords: EU, Balkans, agreements, Albanian economy, tourism, agriculture, industry, technology, development. 42 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2474 Title A name given to the resource International Trade, Finance and Development; an Approach of Understanding in what Fields is Albania the Right Country to Invest in. Author Author DEDE, Edlira DEMIRXHIU, Ersejda Abstract A summary of the resource. Our research consists of many approaches to present a wide, clear picture in understanding how a South-Western Balkan’s country such as Albania offers many ways in investments and development.What we will be further explaining are all the reasons that make Albania different from the countries in the region. Also, we will be giving points of view in where the investments from either national or international parties would not only be beneficial for the country’s economy, but very profitable for the investors as well.Known for the many opportunities it offers in this field, agriculture will be our focal point of attention. When Albania was under the communist regime, nearly 80% of the country’s GDP was made due to agricultural products. Taking into consideration the fact that technology, vehicles and farmers have higher aims and are way better than 30 years ago, we are absolutely positive that with a little bit of investment, this field will continue to remain priority. The second field we, after checking the latest statistics, are sure that Albania is worth investing is the tourism. Being the 4th in the 2014’s chart of places to visit is not enough. Acknowledging the improvements in some parts of tourism, there’s still plenty of work to do. We will be presenting the particular parts that still need support and also what will be the benefits to gain from these investments.Another thing we will be stressing in our paper is the urge to bring back the industrial factories and their processes. Before ‘90s, there were several towns in the country that had particular factories, providing the citizens with their needs and even exporting a part of the products. During this past decade, many discussions have led to this topic, yet never coming up with an agreement in the end. Lastly, we claim that technology is a very helping hand in the whole process of developing the economy. It will definitely be useful in international trades and it will help having a network available to all of those interested in investing in Albania.In our conclusion, we will be giving all the details on how we think all this process will be a success and in which ways it will make the country develop in surprisingly huge steps. Keywords: EU, Balkans, agreements, Albanian economy, tourism, agriculture, industry, technology, development. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/85ca3bb32a4f3f96b094429e5c855313.docx 3d112e4a72a7b866eb81be2b8c9b5df1 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5d1ce637c1af82667e2fd17f0666eea5.pdf 65443fbc26d712c7e9cf8d1f43cca17a PDF Text Text International Transmission of Stock Market Movements for Turkey, U.S., England, Germany, Japan Abdulkadir Kaya Erzurum Teknik University Turkey akadirkaya@erzurum.edu.tr Ömer Binici Erzurum Teknik University Turkey omerbinici@erzurum.edu.tr Fatih Ömür Binici Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Turkey fobinici@beu.edu.tr Abstract: The degree of integration of financial markets around the world increased significantly during the late 1980s and 1990s. While international financial markets have become progressively interdependent, international spillover effects have broadly been considered around the world recently. This paper investigates international transmission stock market movements by co-integration testing, Granger causality testing and Vector auto regression (VAR) system. We examine international spillover effects between the major developed markets (U.S., England, Germany, and Japan) and the emerging markets (Turkey). Consequently, we find co-integration in almost all of the cases under %1 confidence interval. On the one hand, according to the results of the Granger causality tests, there are causality from Turkey stock market to US, Germany and Japan stock markets, from US. Stock market, from England stock market to US, Germany and Japan stock markets. There isn’t causality from Japan stock market to others stock markets. By the result of VAR analysis, all markets affected mostly their own shocks. On the other hand, US Stock market explains with the highest ratio of 16.50% England stock market with the forecast error variances at the end of the 3-day period and Germany stock market explains with the high ratio of 3.27% England stock market with the forecast error variances at the end of the 18-day period. Finally, there is low interaction between all other stock markets included in analysis. Keywords: Stock markets, Co-integration testing, Granger causality testing, Vector auto regression (VAR) system. 123 �123 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2583 Title A name given to the resource International Transmission of Stock Market Movements for Turkey, U.S., England, Germany, Japan Author Author KAYA, Abdulkadir BINICI, Omer BINICI, Fatih Omur Abstract A summary of the resource. The degree of integration of financial markets around the world increased significantly during the late 1980s and 1990s. While international financial markets have become progressively interdependent, international spillover effects have broadly been considered around the world recently. This paper investigates international transmission stock market movements by co-integration testing, Granger causality testing and Vector auto regression (VAR) system. We examine international spillover effects between the major developed markets (U.S., England, Germany, and Japan) and the emerging markets (Turkey). Consequently, we find co-integration in almost all of the cases under %1 confidence interval. On the one hand, according to the results of the Granger causality tests, there are causality from Turkey stock market to US, Germany and Japan stock markets, from US. Stock market, from England stock market to US, Germany and Japan stock markets. There isn’t causality from Japan stock market to others stock markets. By the result of VAR analysis, all markets affected mostly their own shocks. On the other hand, US Stock market explains with the highest ratio of 16.50% England stock market with the forecast error variances at the end of the 3-day period and Germany stock market explains with the high ratio of 3.27% England stock market with the forecast error variances at the end of the 18-day period. Finally, there is low interaction between all other stock markets included in analysis. Keywords: Stock markets, Co-integration testing, Granger causality testing, Vector auto regression (VAR) system. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General)