149
10
3494
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772
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Instructive proposals for the most effective teaching of the article in Greek (definite – indefinite – no article) based on the results of the use of a learner corpus
Author
Author
Chatzitheodorou, Antigoni
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
The analysis proposed, although based on the Theory of Error Analysis (Corder 1960’s), tends to establish a different way of approaching language errors (Theodoropoulou & Papanastasiou: 2001, Theophanopoulou – Kontou: 2001, Christidis: 1987, Brown: 1981) in second language acquisition, by maintaining the positive sides that the theory introduced to literature (Norrish: 1983 & Krashen: 1981). I shall argue about how useful making mistakes can be for the formation of the interlanguage of students and I focus on the acquisition of the article (definite – indefinite – no article) in Greek. The aim of my study is to explore whether the relevant errors on the subject during the acquisition of a language like Greek, which has article, depend on the mother tongue of the student. This is the reason why, in 2008, I conducted a learner corpus with data provided by the Modern Greek Language Teaching Center of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, where students of different nationalities (England, Russia, Turkey etc.) study Greek. The learner Corpus consists of 100 compositions with a word limit of 250 words. From these, 38 have stated that they have completed the A2 level, 28 the B2, 19 the C1 and 15 didn’t write the level they had completed. The data was analysed by the use of the Computer Programme “Simiotis.exe”. My conclusion was that similar errors can be observed in the output of students, which are native speakers of languages with and languages without article. After having completed a contrastive analysis of the article in English and in Greek in order to show that language transfer is not enough to explain the errors considering the article and by analysing the data, I shall propose an effective way of teaching the phenomenon, so that some errors can either be expected by the tutor or even prevented.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2012
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
P Philology. Linguistics
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https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eb6fccaf2ca04d90a4b3184fe90d5c16.pdf
de4027332ea156e285cae0ef40135611
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Text
2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) to Turkey: Expectations and
Results
Hasan AKCA
Çankırı Karatekin University
Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
Department of Economics
18100 Çankırı – Turkey
akcahasan@yahoo.com
Abstract: Turkey has benefited from the pre-accession financial aids of the EU to meet the
criteria for EU membership. As from 2007, all the EU assistance to candidate and potential
candidate countries has been brought under a single heading IPA. All components of the IPA
are open to Turkey as a candidate country. According to database of the Central Finance and
Contracts Unit (CFCU), totally 2 312 projects were carried out by various bodies in Turkey.
About €286 million were distributed to governmental and non-governmental organizations,
SMEs via projects. Literature review shows that information about EU funded projects in
Turkey is limited. Therefore, this study aims at analyzing EU funds towards Turkey in terms
of programme, organizations, performance ranks, expectations from projects and their results.
Introduction
In September 1959, as the European integration project gathered pace following the signing of the
Treaty of Rome, Turkey applied for Associate Membership of the European Economic Community (EEC). Four
years later, in 1963, the Ankara Agreement put Turkey on the road towards a customs union with the EEC, with
a view to eventual membership (Akcakoca 2006). At the same time, the EEC provided financial assistance to
Turkey under the First Financial Protocol (1963-1970) (ABGS 2007). Turkey was accepted as a ―candidate
country‖ by the EU at Helsinki Summit held in December 1999. Therefore, a new strategy was formulated for
supporting EU membership bid of Turkey (Anonymous 2007). The EU is committed to supporting Turkey in its
path for membership. The initial objective of EU financial support towards Turkey was the extension of an area
of peace, stability and prosperity within and beyond Europe. Once the EU accepted Turkey as a candidate,
financial assistance began to focus on supporting Turkey in its preparation for EU membership. Between 2001
and 2006 EU funds for Turkey were programmed on an annual basis under National Programmes for each year.
From 2007 onwards, this pre-accession financial instrument for Turkey has been replaced by the Instrument for
Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) (Dimireva 2009).
Literature review shows that information about financial assistance of the EU to Turkey is very limited.
Therefore, aim of this study is to analyze EU funds for Turkey point of view of programme, organizations,
performance ranks, expectations from projects carried out by governmental and non-governmental organizations
and their results.
Brief Information about IPA
As from January 2007, the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) replaces a series of EU
programmes and financial instruments for candidate and/or potential candidate countries, namely PHARE,
PHARE CBC, ISPA, SAPARD, CARDS and the financial instrument for Turkey (Anonymous 2006).
The IPA consists of five components (Table 1) (EU 2009):
Component I: Assistance for transition and institution building
Component II: Cross-border cooperation (with EU Member States and other countries eligible for IPA)
Component III: Regional development (transport, environment, regional and economic development)
Component IV: Human resources development (strengthening human capital and combating exclusion)
Component V: Rural development.
The IPA beneficiary countries are divided into two categories (EU 2009):
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
EU candidate countries (Croatia, Turkey and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) are eligible
for all five components of IPA,
Potential candidate countries in the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro,
Serbia, and Kosovo under UN Security Council Resolution 1244/99) are eligible only for the first two
components.
Component
1.Transition
Assistance &
Institution
Building
2.
CrossBorder
Cooperation
3. Regional
Development
4.
Human
Resources
Development
5.
Rural
Development
Content
Addressing priorities as fully meeting the Copenhagen political
criteria, ability to assume the obligations of membership; as well as
the promotion of an EU-Turkey Civil Society Dialogue. Institution
building includes supporting programmes aimed at strengthening
the institutional capacity for the management of EU funds as well
as covering Turkey‘s participation in Community Programmes
Promoting good neighbourly relations, fostering stability, security
and prosperity in the mutual interest of all countries concerned, and
of encouraging their harmonious, balanced and sustainable
development
Preparing candidate countries in the development of policies,
investment planning and implementation, with a view to their
participation in Community Cohesion policy
Assisting Turkey in policy development as well as preparations for
the future implementation of the European Social Fund (ESF). It
will support a single operational programme addressing three major
areas of intervention: employment, education and training as well
as social inclusion
Preparing the candidate countries to implement the EU Common
Agricultural Policy (CAP) upon accession by helping them to align
their agricultural sectors to the Community standards that will be
applicable to them after accession and assisting them to develop a
policy for the agricultural sector and rural areas
Candidate
Countries
Potential
Candidate
Countries
√
√
√
√
√
---
√
---
√
---
Table 1: Components of the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA)
Annual or multi-annual programmes (depending on the component) are designed in accordance with the
strategic Multi-annual Indicative Planning Documents and adopted by the Commission following consultation
with the beneficiary countries and other stakeholders. They are implemented in one of three ways: by centralized
(assistance is managed by the Commission Headquarters in Brussels), decentralized (assistance is managed by
the authorities of the beneficiary country as a result of an accreditation process carried out by the Commission)
or shared (assistance is managed by the authorities of one of the Member States participating in the cross-border
programme) management (Anonymous 2010).
Types of assistance under IPA include finance investments, procurement contracts, grants, including
interest rate subsidies, special loans, loan guarantees and financial assistance, budgetary support, and other
specific forms of budgetary aid, and the contribution to the capital of international financial institutions or the
regional development banks (Anonymous 2006).
IPA and Turkey
In the past, the EU has provided support to Turkey under a variety of financial instruments, including
CARDS (2001-2004), PHARE and ISPA (2005-2006) as well as SAPARD (2006) (Anonymous 2010). IPA
provides countries seeking EU membership with a total amount of € 11.5 billion in the seven-year term from
2007 onwards (Anonymous 2009).
Pre-accession funding is directed mainly at state or civil institutions. Individuals are not eligible, except
for specific community programmes. In addition to state institutions, there are also programs open to
universities, civil society groups, media organizations and business interest groups. Projects benefit both the
administration and Turkish citizens directly: i) Ministries & other governmental organizations, ii) Municipalities,
iii) Civil society, iv) SMEs, v) Unemployed and vulnerable groups especially youth and women, vi) School
children, vii) Farmers in poor areas (Anonymous 2008).
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
For 2007-2010, allocations of EU financial assistances to Turkey are shown in Table 2 (Anonymous
2010).
Transition Assistance & Institution Building
Cross-border Co-operation
Regional Development
Human Resources Development
Rural Development
Total
2007
256.7
2.1
167.5
50.2
20.7
497.2
2008
256.1
2.9
173.8
52.9
53.0
538.7
2009
233.2
9.4
182.7
55.6
85.5
566.4
2010
211.3
9.6
238.1
63.4
131.3
653.7
2011
230.6
9.8
291.4
77.6
172.5
781.9
2012
250.9
10.0
350.8
89.9
197.9
899.5
Table 2: Financial Assistance of the EU to Turkey under IPA (2007-2012) (€ million)
As of December 31, 2009 number of projects implemented in Turkey was totally 2 312 (Table 3)
(CFCU 2010).
Bodies
SMEs
Associations
Municipalities
Chambers
Foundations
Unions
Villages Service Unions
Universities
Others
Cooperatives
Farmer Groups
Special Provincial Administration
Colleges
Villages
Trade Unions
Vocational High Schools
Public Bodies
Primary Schools
Total
Number of Contracts
654
341
291
245
145
95
76
73
68
66
65
50
38
35
33
21
12
4
2 312
%
28.29
12.75
12.59
10.60
6.27
4.11
3.29
3.16
2.94
2.85
2.81
2.16
1.64
1.51
1.43
0.91
0.52
0.17
100.00
Grant (€ million)
47.77
22.86
88.95
21.62
13.19
8.92
21.21
11.79
7.18
5.13
5.31
15.55
3.78
5.00
3.72
1.45
2.62
0.13
286.18
%
16.70
8.00
31.10
7.50
4.60
3.12
7.41
4.12
2.50
1.80
1.86
5.44
1.32
1.75
1.30
0.51
0.92
0.05
100.00
Table 3: Performance Ranks by Bodies (As of 31 December 2009)
The EU provides financial assistance to Turkey and helps it reform and adapt its institutions and
legislations. Financial assistance takes the form of projects on the ground following phases of programming and
contracting. Hundreds of projects are being carried out across all sectors throughout Turkey. Some of the
successful projects are summarized in Table 4.
In recent years, tendency of SMEs, governmental and non-governmental organizations to prepare EU
funded projects have increased day by day. For example, in 2009, nearly 5 000 projects were submitted to CFCU
during the call for projects proposals in the following fields: Strengthening Pre-School Education Grant Scheme,
Civil Society Dialogue: Istanbul 2010 European Capital of Culture, Increasing School Enrolment Rates
Especially for Girls Grant Scheme, Promoting Youth Employment Grant Scheme, Promotion of Life Long
Learning (LLL) Grant Scheme, Promoting Women‘s Employment Grant Scheme, Promoting Registered
Employment through Innovative Measures Grant Scheme.
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Subjects
Culture and tourism
Health and food safety
Infrastructure
and
environment
Reform of police and judiciary
Social inclusion and education
Socio-economic development
Examples
Cultural Heritage in South-eastern Anatolia; The power of information
Minimizing the Bird Flu Threat
EU project took Turkish ships off the black list; EU support fot modern
railways
EU supports the fight against child labor
EU Support to Basic Education in Turkey; Call… Don‘t be silent!;
Bizimköy (our village) integrates disabled people into society
Project that breaks new ground in vocational education and training: SVET;
EU loan for small businesses; Quality: key to successful partnership in trade;
Regional Development Programmes reduce economic and social disparities
Table 4: Some Successful Projects in Turkey
Call for
Projects
in 2009
Call for
Projects
in 2010
Strengthening Pre-School Education Grant Scheme
Civil Society Dialogue: Istanbul 2010 European Capital of Culture
Black Sea Basin Joint Operational Programme 2007-2013
Increasing School Enrolment Rates Especially for Girls Grant Scheme
Promoting Youth Employment Grant Scheme
Promotion of Life Long Learning (LLL) Grant Scheme
Promoting Women‘s Employment Grant Scheme
Promoting Registered Employment through Innovative Measures Grant Scheme
Civil Society Dialogue II: Fisheries and Agriculture Grant Scheme
Developing Civil Dialogue among NGO's
The Civil Society Facility: EU-Turkey Intercultural Dialogue - Culture and Arts
Grant Scheme (ICD-CA)
Empowering Civil Participation at Local Level
Voc-Test Centres Grant Scheme
Civil Society Dialogue-II: Micro Grant Scheme
Empowerment of Women and Women NGOs in the Least Developed Regions
of Turkey (Southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia)
Civil Society Dialogue-II: Culture and Arts
Total Budget (€)
5 270 000
1 578 900
1 339 401
10 000 000
21 000 000
5 000 000
13 700 000
11 850 000
2 200 000
800 000
1 447 368
200 000
6 000 000
200 000
3 000 000
1 800 000
Table 5: Call for Projects in 2009 – 2010
In the first half of the year 2010, CFCU announced call for proposals: Civil Society Dialogue II:
Fisheries and Agriculture Grant Scheme, Developing Civil Dialogue among NGO's, The Civil Society Facility:
EU-Turkey Intercultural Dialogue - Culture and Arts Grant Scheme (ICD-CA), Empowering Civil Participation
at Local Level, Voc-Test Centers Grant Scheme, Civil Society Dialogue-II: Micro Grant Scheme, Empowerment
of Women and Women NGOs in the Least Developed Regions of Turkey (Southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Black
Sea, Eastern Anatolia), and Civil Society Dialogue-II: Culture and Arts (CFCU 2010).
Conclusion
For a long time, Turkey has benefited from EU financial assistance under different titles or applications.
As from 2007, EU funds are used by candidate and potential countries according to IPA.
Expectations of the EU from Turkey in the context of IPA assistance and results of the implementation
of the EU funded projects in Turkey are given in Table 6.
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�2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo
Expectations of the EU from Turkey
Results of the EU funded projects
Support economic, political and EU projects were an opportunity for various bodies that did not have
social reforms in Turkey
enough finance
Prepare
Turkey
for
the Number of EU funded projects have been increased in Turkey day by
management and implementation day
of Structural Funds.
Number of projects carried out interdisciplinary were increased
Knowledge transfer among organizations in both EU member
countries and Turkey was achieved
Table 6: EU Financial Assistance, Expectations, Results of the EU Funded Projects
The interim evaluations of EU pre-accession assistance (Phare 1999-2002) and EU pre-accession
support to Turkey (2003-2006) have highlighted a number of lessons that may be drawn for future assistance.
The evaluations of assistance to Turkey lead to similar conclusions (STB, 2007):
Absence of adequate planning documents and sectoral strategies (particularly as concerns economic and
social cohesion) resulting in weaknesses in needs analysis;
Insufficient attention to horizontal public administration reforms in the support for the development of
administrative and judicial capacity; and
Weaknesses in programme management resulting from understaffing and instability of the DIS
institutions.
References
ABGS (2007). History of Turkey-EU Relations. Republic of Turkey-Prime Ministry Secretariat General for EU Affairs
(www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=111&l=2).
Akca, H., Albeni, M. (2009). Benefiting of Turkey from Financial Assistances of the EU: Difficulties and Successes.
Proceedings of 2nd ICES: Political, Economic and Social Challenges of the Balkan Countries in the Process of European
Integration, 6-7 November 2009, Tirana, p: 319-324.
Akcakoca, A. (2006). EU-Turkey relations 43 years on: train crash or temporary derailment? European Policy Centre (EPC)
Issue Paper No: 50.
(www.epc.eu/TEWN/pdf/230573719_EPC%20Issue%20Paper%2050%20-%20EU-Turkey%20relations.pdf)
Anonymous (2006). Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) Multi-Annual Indicative Financial Framework for 20082010 (www.2007-2013.eu/documents/external/ipa_miff_081106_en.pdf).
Anonymous (2007). Financial Assistance between 1999-2006. Delegation of the European Union to Turkey
(www.avrupa.info.tr/AB_Mali_Destegi/2007_Sonrasi,1999-2006.html).
Anonymous (2008). Who is eligible? Delegation of the European Union to Turkey (www.avrupa.info.tr).
Anonymous (2009). Turkey 2009 Progress Report. Commission of the European Communities
(http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2009/tr_rapport_2009_en.pdf)
Anonymous (2010). Turkey-Financial Assistance. European Commission. (http://ec.europa.eu)
CFCU (2010). Official web page of Central Finance and Contracts Unit (www.mfib.gov.tr).
Dimireva, I (2009). EU Funding in Turkey (www.eubusiness.com/europe/turkey/funding).
EU (2009). http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/funds/ipa/
STB (2007). Turkey Multi-annual Indicative Planning Document (MIPD) 2008-2010
(http://ipa.stb.gov.tr/en/Files/DraftMipd.pdf)
338
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Title
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Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) to Turkey: Expectations and Results
Author
Author
AKCA, Hasan
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Turkey has benefited from the pre-accession financial aids of the EU to meet the criteria for EU membership. As from 2007, all the EU assistance to candidate and potential candidate countries has been brought under a single heading IPA. All components of the IPA are open to Turkey as a candidate country. According to database of the Central Finance and Contracts Unit (CFCU), totally 2 312 projects were carried out by various bodies in Turkey. About €286 million were distributed to governmental and non-governmental organizations, SMEs via projects. Literature review shows that information about EU funded projects in Turkey is limited. Therefore, this study aims at analyzing EU funds towards Turkey in terms of programme, organizations, performance ranks, expectations from projects and their results.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
HB Economic Theory
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b6ff61906b17009a0fd03b48082a86a4.pdf
04a11deb473b3e3fd497262baa386502
PDF Text
Text
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav
Republics, Non-EU Countries
Nikola Dacev
Law Faculty “Justinian the First”, Skopje
Macedonia
dacevn@yahoo.com
Abstract: This paper presents an insurance market research
of the markets in several Balkan countries that were part of
former Yugoslavia and are still not members of EU. Being
categorized as developing countries, they have far lower
development degree in comparison with the European
Insurance Federation member countries. By means of
comparison between
the basic insurance market
development indicators
in these countries, the law
regulations, as well as through conducting surveys, based on
questionnaires, which appoint the reasons for the
underdevelopment in the sphere of life insurance, the paper
gives a clearer perception, in terms of the conditions of the
insurance markets, placed on the margins of the European
insurance market. Its utmost objective is to point and argue
several measures, which would improve the insurance market
conditions in the already mentioned countries, i.e. would
contribute to the development increase and the acceleration
of these insurance markets. As a result, that would raise the
protection measures and the safety, both to the citizens and
their material goods.
KEYWORDS:
Insurance Markets, Developing
Countries, Life Insurance
ARTICLE HISTORY
Submitted: 29 April 2012
Resubmitted: 30 September 2012
Resubmitted: 20 November 2012
Accepted: 24 December 2012
JEL codes: G22, K22, M31
151
�Nikola DACEV
Introduction
The insurance market role importance in the economy and the contemporary world
in general increases rapidly, all the time. Today, there is hardly any economic sphere
in which the insurance issue is not included. The possibility to relate the
aforementioned issue with all economic spheres, as well as the individual’s existence,
indicates its capacity to function in general. In terms of both law and economy, the
notion insurance has been defined as one of the forms of risk management and
governing, primarily used as protection from the risks that are likely to cause damage
and loss. From individual point of view the insurance is an economic instrument
used by the consumer to prevent himself from the possibility of a financial loss (a
possible event that the individual is insured against) by investing (exchanging) a
smaller sum of money (insurance premium), in advance. (Vaughan & Vaughan,
1995)
All in all, the existence of insurance market is a must for providing appropriate
conditions for insurance development. In this context, it appears to be a place where
various insurance services, providing security in terms of the detrimental events, have
an impact on the economy and as a result a lower risk protection is being offered.
This market, as any other market includes supply and demand and has its separate
laws and relations in various conditions of greater or lower freedom of movement.
Participants in the insurance market are: the numerous insurers, the insured clientsthe insurance consumers, the insurance contractors, the mediators, the
representatives etc.
Taking as a point of departure the separate groups varieties-kinds of insurance
specifics, there is a great variety of markets of this kind: motor insurance markets, life
insurance market, real estate insurance market etc. The insurance market is quite
specific and it differs from the other markets in many aspects. First of all, this market
offers a great deal of insurance services, including various real estate and personal
risks, which the insurer would not put into effect, neither at the given moment, nor
in the future. There is no legal entity, nor a physical person that would consciously
permit some of the previously mentioned risks to occur. This is the reason why the
insurance and its “goods” and services are so specific.
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
152
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
The Insurance market development is dependent upon several factors, mutually
related, as the market size, i.e. the number of population. That means that the rise in
the population number requires increase in the number of the market objects such as
the insurance companies, as well as brokers insurance groups. Other factors are: the
foreign capital investments, the business policy of the insurance companies, which
determines the quality and the diversity of the goods offered on the insurance
market, the prices of the insurance products, the manner of the risk management,
i.e. the loss management, marketing activities, etc. These factors correlate with one
of the perhaps most contributing factors that stimulates the development of the
insurance market, the law regulation, i.e. the legal regulations, that govern the
existing insurance market.
This paper investigates the insurance markets in the former Yugoslav republics,
which are not EU members, such as: Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro
and Macedonia, although most of them have the status-candidates for accession to
the EU. For the rest of them as Slovenia, which is an EU member already and
Croatia, which is about to become an EU state this year, a great deal of the insurance
policy reforms have already been implemented and successfully put into practice and
the insurance markets have been sufficiently developed. The importance of the
insurance market analysis in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and
Macedonia grows due to the fact that they are still developing countries and the
implementation of the law novelties in these countries falls behind those in the EU
countries. This especially refers to the sphere of life insurance, which dominates in a
great deal of the EU countries and is one of the less developed spheres in Serbia,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia. That is the reason that makes
this issue more popular nowadays. It delves into the core of insurance market
development, searching the essential reason for the underdevelopment of the
insurance markets, with focus on the life insurance in these countries and at the same
time it offers and examines the possible measures for the improvement of the
situation in this area.
153
�Nikola DACEV
The concept of the paper is structured in order to answer four relevant questions,
formulated as basic goals and these are:
1. To identify the insurance market conditions and trends in the foreign
Yugoslav republics, which are not EU-members (Serbia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia) by means of comparison
between the basic indicators of development, attributed to each insurance
market separately.
2. Establishing the effects caused by latest law regulations influence, the
modifications and the amendment of the laws, as well as some other
measures, regarding the insurance issue in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Montenegro and Macedonia.
3. Analysis of the life insurance markets in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Montenegro and Macedonia and establishment the reasons for the current
underdevelopment of these markets, as well as the establishment of the
necessary measures, in order to stimulate the development of the life
insurance market in a direction that would provide greater population
security in these countries.
4. Defining the measures that would stimulate the insurance market
development in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and
Macedonia and would improve its efficiency and effectiveness in the
aforementioned countries.
The determination of the goals provides the possibility of creating a research which
would yield the necessary information, later implemented in the phase of the
determination of measures satisfying the contemporary standards for making policy
and services that would meet the needs of the insured clients in the former Yugoslav
republics, which are not EU-members.
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
154
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
Analysis of the Basic Development Indicators of the Insurance Markets in the
Ex-Yugoslav Republics
In this part of the paper it is presented a comparison between separate EU member
countries and the non-EU countries, taking into consideration the most punctual
and precise markers to examine and estimate the development of the insurance
markets in the former Yugoslav republics and these are: the degree of density (
calculated as a pro between the gross written premiums and the number of country's
population) and the degree of penetration ( calculated as a proportion between the
gross written premiums and GDP), the number of insurance companies dealing with
insurance activities and the overall gross insurance premiums per annum.
The penetration degree is an indicator that measures the involvement of the gross
written insurance premium (GWP further on) in the country’s GDP and it is one of
the basic indicators for estimation of the conditions on the insurance market. In
Montenegro the degree of penetration from 2004 on indicates growing trends, from
1.68% in 2002 to 2.18% in 2009. However, in 2010, due to the global crisis
consequences the gross insurance premiums decreased, which reduced its value
included in the GDP to 2.05%. In 2010 in Macedonia the total amount of GWP
that was included in the GDP was 1.53% and generally these were the limits of the
degree of penetration in the country (the highest value was noted in 2006, with value
of 1.6%). There was a similar situation in Serbia, regarding the penetration degree.
The value of GWP included in GDP varied from 1.8% in 2008, to 1.9 in 2010. The
same goes for the degree of penetration in Bosnia, 1.9% in 2010.
If we compare these statistical data with the value of GWP in GDP in Slovenia (an
EU-member) and Croatia (which is about to become an EU-member by the end of
this year), it is clear that in these countries, which were also former Yugoslav
republics, the degree of penetration is relatively higher. For example, in Slovenia, in
2008, its value is 5.4% and 6% in 2009, 5.9% in 2010, whereas in Croatia it varies
from 3.2% in 2008 to 2.8% in 2009, etc. The value of the indicators in the EU
countries reaches approximately 8%, for the several previous years. Netherlands and
Great Britain reaches the highest level of degree of penetration (13.2% and 12.2%),
from all EU members.
155
�Nikola DACEV
The same goes for the data for the degree of density. Despite of the fact that Serbia
has continuous increase of the average premium per capita (from 38 EUR in 2004 to
76 EUR in 2009) compared to those in the EU countries, these values are rather
low. In Bosnia the average premium per capita in 2010 was 64 EUR. Similarly, in
Macedonia the GWP per capita increases from 50 to 55 EUR, the several last years
and although the GWP has reached the highest value so far, that is still low in EU
terms. In Montenegro the GWP per capita amounts 99 EUR in 2010 and the
highest value was reached in 2009, that is 104 Euro, yet that value is lower than the
average Europe value, by far (considering the fact that it amounts 1900 EUR per
capita). When comparing the non-EU former Yugoslav republics and Slovenia and
Croatia in terms of the density issue, there is also a large difference in the value. The
average GWP per capita in Croatia is 300 EUR, whereas in Slovenia it reaches up to
1023 EUR in 2010.
If we compare the condition in terms of the number of insurance companies in the
former Yugoslav countries, non-EU members with the number in the EU countries,
there is a clear correspondence between the area of the country and the number of
insurance companies, yet what is noticeable is the fact that there is a rather low
number of companies that deal with life insurance in the ex-Yugoslav countries. For
instance, in the leading countries in the field of insurance, Great Britain and
Germany, there are approximately 1300 i.e. something less than 600 insurance
companies, great deal of which cover the class life insurance. Regarding the foreign
Yugoslav countries, in Croatia there are 26 insurance companies (8 of which are only
for life insurance and 10 have complex insurance system, i.e. life and non-life
insurance) proportion of the life and non-life insurance companies which might be
considered appropriate, in Slovenia there are 21 insurance companies on the
insurance market, Serbia has 26 insurance companies (7 of which for life insurance
only and 6 with life and non-life insurance), 13 insurance companies on the market
function in Montenegro (5 of which for life insurance only and 2 practice complex
insurance system). (http://www.hanfa.hr; http://www.nbs.rs; http://www.ano.me) In
the Republic of Macedonia at the moment there are 14 insurance companies. Only 3
of them deal with life insurance. In Bosnia and Herzegovina there are 25 companies
dealing with life insurance.
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
156
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
Table 1. Total European gross written premiums — 2001–2010 (€m)
Member states of
the EU
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Rep.
Germany
Denmark
Estonia
Spain
Finland
France
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Latvia
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Sweden
Slovenia
Slovakia
United
Kingdom
Candidate
countries
Croatia
Macedonia
Iceland
Turkey
Montenegro
Serbia
Other
European
countries
Liechtenstein
Norway
Switzerland
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
12470
20571
228
427
2010
135093
12271
114
41015
11819
128059
2642
1635
10518
76254
783
175
163
43860
6095
7989
n.a.
17751
1055
736
228546
12615
22304
319
454
2548
141008
13426
139
48061
12247
131998
2895
2036
11208
87708
916
179
183
44149
6006
8414
434
16964
1185
850
255172
13128
25774
342
526
2837
147729
15038
168
40630
12641
142028
3235
2206
11884
96993
891
195
208
46444
5646
9445
514
19264
1275
1008
236682
13974
28417
428
549
3332
152166
15890
203
45418
13191
158226
3624
2380
11998
101038
964
197
237
48710
6091
10472
614
19096
1457
1198
246071
15295
33832
555
594
3709
157984
16988
254
48779
14297
175884
3923
2767
13580
109780
1100
219
258
48519
7717
13444
890
22384
1547
1309
266491
15589
29489
643
646
4 099
161945
18 698
284
52 836
14 942
197092
4 371
3 142
16 150
106502
1 138
291
286
73 602
9 631
13 123
1 276
23 079
1 726
1 439
294270
15874
31193
772
714
4445
162923
19565
434
54297
15047
195732
5007
3071
18204
99095
1222
438
352
74980
11580
13751
2016
24887
1894
1714
366458
16214
29278
915
773
5196
164532
20622
372
59266
15812
183194
5085
3540
13431
92019
1899
476
275
78513
16825
15326
2440
25010
2019
2031
246988
16415
28439
850
815
5130
171416
20322
367
61194
16181
199640
5374
2963
12470
117802
1808
373
288
77683
11863
14516
1804
23488
2070
2027
203878
16748
29414
813
855
5824
178854
20917
425
57230
18656
206579
5236
3063
12713
125954
2033
323
321
77878
13559
16342
1988
28314
2094
2067
206906
682
753
801
884
269
2273
294
2527
23
294
2938
25
281
3725
26
203
993
82
344
4739
32
312
1 118
88
350
5 340
40
345
1235
99
403
6119
51
403
1341
104
279
6049
60
470
1282
100
236
5677
65
482
1268
105
263
7077
62 1
509
n.a.
7872
33603
91
n.a.
9172
36151
98
n.a.
9498
33907
99
1490
10381
32816
113
2713
11968
32658
124
4311
11945
31352
135
4203
12965
30132
151
3769
12711
33532
171
5948
11846
35508
173
6826
13784
39897
178
157
2010
�Nikola DACEV
In this study, data is combined from five data sources: Statistical publications from
the European Insurance and Reinsurance Federation, Annual insurance reports from
the Insurance Supervision Agency of Republic of Macedonia , Annual insurance
reports from the National Bank of Serbia, Annual insurance reports from the
Insurance Supervision Agency of Montenegro, Annual insurance reports from the
Insurance Agency of BiH.
Table 1 presents the statistical data for the total insurance GWP values within the
period of 10 years, in the European Insurance and Reinsurance Federation (CEA) in
which all EU countries are members, as well as the GWP value data for Serbia,
Montenegro, Macedonia (all having the status-candidates for accession to the EU)
and Bosnia and Herzegovina. By making a simple comparison of the data of these
two groups of countries, it is obvious that there is no data for Serbia, Montenegro
and Macedonia at the beginning of the new millennium. The initial numbers
denoting the GWP in these countries give an impression that the insurance process
has been imposed in these countries.
However, it is also clear that every following year these countries increase the total
insurance premiums continuously (Table 2 presents the data of the annual increase
of the total GWP value in a period of 5 years in these countries and the member
countries of CEA), which is positive, however the trend of continuous increase
develops at a slow pace, perhaps due to the fact that just after the promulgation of
the new reforms in the insurance area in these countries, i.e. right after the
implementation of the EU directives, the world faced a new financial crisis.
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
158
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
Table 2. Annual growth of total European gross written premiums for five years:
Members states of
the EU
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Germany
Denmark
Estonia
Spain
Finland
France
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Latvia
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Sweden
Slovenia
Slovakia
Great Britain
Candidate
countries
Croatia
Macedonia
Iceland
Turkey
Montenegro
Serbia
Other European
countries
Liechtenstein
Norway
Switzerland
Bosnia
and
..Herzegovina
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
1.9%
-12.4%
3.1%
6.5%
3.2%
2.3%
9.6%
-7.1%
7.8%
4.6%
12.7%
10.5%
21.0%
9.7%
-2.9%
10.4%
29.7%
13.5%
36.8%
20.8%
-2.4%
39.6%
2.4%
11.6%
6.3%
7.5%
1.8%
5.8%
34.8%
9.1%
11.1%
0.6%
4.6%
52.7%
3.0%
0.7%
-0.7%
7.2%
17.8%
12.7%
-7.0%
7.4%
49.5%
23.3%
2.1%
20.2%
4.8%
58.1%
8.4%
9.8%
19.1%
24.6%
2.1%
-6.1%
18.5%
6.8%
16.6%
1.0%
6.3%
-14.4%
10.7%
5.%
-6.4%
1.1%
-4.3%
-26.2%
-7.1%
55.4%
8.8%
-22.0%
2.2%
45.3%
11.5%
21.1%
-0.7%
6.6%
18.5%
-32.6%
1.3%
-3.0%
-7.1%
6.0%
4.8%
4.1%
-4.5%
-1.3%
0.5%
2.4%
9.2%
4.4%
-7.4%
-9.9%
28.1%
1.9%
-33.5%
4.9%
-0.2%
-13.4%
-5.0%
-14.4%
3.9%
2.7%
-0.2%
-7.7%
2.0%
3.4%
-4.4%
5.0%
8.6%
4.3%
2.9%
16.0%
-6.5%
15.3%
3.5%
-2.6%
1.6%
1.9%
6.9%
12.5%
-12.9%
11.3%
0.3%
5.5%
12.6%
9.4%
8.3%
1.2%
2.0%
-2.3%
11.4%
7.3%
13.5%
21.6%
25%
11.8%
10.5%
12.5%
15.1%
14.6%
27.5%
16.8%
8.5%
5.0%
-30.4%
1.0%
17.6%
16.6%
-2.8%
-3.8%
7.6%
4.3%
8.3%
2.5%
-1.8%
5.0%
4.2%
15.1%
-4.6%
5.6%
61.4%
0.3%
-0.3%
8.8%
-2.6%
8.5%
-3.9%
11.8%
-10.3%
-2.0%
11.7%
13.2%
50.1%
-1.2%
-0.7%
1.1%
4.9%
6.7%
2.7%
2.8%
159
�Nikola DACEV
In 2010, these countries, except for Montenegro, have reached their maximum
amount of total GWPs, counting from the period they have become independent
countries. Yet, if this values are compared to the ones reached in the other European
countries it can be clearly seen that the insurance markets in Serbia, Montenegro,
Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are far from the insurance markets in the
EU members, in terms of the developing qualities, even though for some of them the
results are stagnant, denote a decline or the insurance market is a buyer’s market, etc.
In 2010, Montenegro was on the bottom of the list, in terms of the achieved
insurance premium. The Gross written premium on the insurance market in
Montenegro, in 2010 slightly declined due to unfavorable trends in the real and
overall financial sector by 5.16% in comparison to the previous year and amounted
to 62.186 million EUR), than Macedonia, which was one position upper on the list,
with 105 million EUR GWP and it was preceded by Bosnia and Herzegovina,
reaching 178 million EUR GWP. Serbia, whose area is much wider, in addition to
the population, whose number is much higher reaches 509 million EUR GWP and
succeeds to surpass just Latvia, Malta, Estonia and Island, countries whose territory
occupy far less area and the insurance markets are rather small. Croatia and Slovenia,
whose population number is lower than the Serbian population number has two
times (the former) four times (the latter) higher GWP for 2010.
Characteristics of the insurance markets in Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia
and Bosnia from insurance law regulative aspect
The insurance markets in Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Bosnia developed
gradually, in a subsequent manner, following the latest laws. After The Insurance
Law, The Law on Insurance Supervision and The Law on Obligatory Traffic
Insurance have been passed, in addition to the already existing Law on Obligations
and the foundation of the insurance companies, on the basis on the modified
business conditions and the specification of the General Specific and Separate
insurance conditions, as well as the other normative acts in the sphere of insurance,
these countries have established new, insurance market system. According to the
new law regulations in these countries, the insurance issue was placed in new,
qualitative, law and organizational frame. Therefore, we may conclude that the
insurance markets in these countries follow the contemporary world trends in this
field and yield the following conclusions:
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
160
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
“The world insurance market develops rapidly and in future it is expected
development at a higher pace and spreading of the insurance activities, especially in
the sphere of life insurance; the role of the financial mediators becomes more
important as a result of the latest tendencies and the international climate in Europe,
after the adoption of the EU directives regarding the freedom of trade and capital
movement and their integration outside of their original country.
After the new insurance laws have been passed, especially after the passing of The
Law on Insurance Supervision (somewhere known as Insurance Law) and the law
modification, there was a change of the insurance market conditions in Serbia,
Montenegro, Macedonia and Bosnia. The Law on Insurance (Insurance Supervision)
is the basic law frame, whereas the Law on Obligations and the Law on Trade
Companies are the additional law frame. By the aforementioned laws passing, there
has been performed significant adjustment of the domestic insurance regulations in
these countries, in accordance with the entire EU law acts corps (acquits
communautaire) from the insurance sphere. The great modifications in insurance
law regulations in the former Yugoslav republics enabled continuous increase in the
GWP on the insurance market, increase in the number of insurance companies and
insurance broker’s groups possessing a license, providing and managing the resources
from the National Insurance Office Guarantee Fund, increase in the employment
number in the sector and further improvement of the primary law regulations.
These facts raise the question: “Why these countries haven’t reached the EU
countries development level in the field of insurance yet?” There are two possible
answers to this question: the late implementation of the EU insurance directives, as
well as the global economic crisis.
The initial insurance directive in the EU countries and in the same time the initial
auto liability insurance was passed in 1972. Its goal was to implement the EU laws
on auto liability in a gradual manner. This directive was the first that assigned the
implementation for obligatory auto liability insurance. In contrast, in Macedonia the
Law on Obligatory Traffic Insurance was passed in 2005, the same year as the Law
on Obligatory Liabilities Insurance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Montenegro the
Law on Obligatory Traffic Insurance was passed in 2007, whereas in Serbia, in 2009.
The conclusion is that the legal system in these countries has waited for more than
30 years to pass the Law on Obligatory Traffic Insurance. As for the principles and
the standards of insurance of the International Association of Insurance Supervisors,
as well as the insurance EU directives in these countries, they are being regulated by
161
�Nikola DACEV
the Law on Insurance Supervision in the Republic of Macedonia, passed in 2002,
Law on Insurance in Montenegro, passed in 2006, the Law on Insurance in Serbia,
passed in 2004, etc.
The process of passing this law was directed towards the implementation of certain
rules for risk management of the insurance companies, as well as for the
establishment of new, contemporary, analytical and professional approach. These
laws also enabled that the work of the insurance companies in these countries
becomes far more compatible with the work of the insurance companies in the EU
countries.
The dysfunction of the markets and the tension in the sphere of credits, created on
the behalf of the banks in the recent years had a negative influence on the insurance
industry increase , all over the world and these could be the source of the reasons for
the slower development of the insurance companies in the ex-Yugoslav republics,
non-EU members.
Life Insurance Market Development, Marketing Strategy Building of the
Insurance Companies as a Major Weakness of the Life Insurance Markets
All the information exposed in the paper so far raises the question:”Which class of
insurance has the greatest potential for development in these countries?” That is the
life insurance class, undoubtedly and in addition this fact raises the issue of the low
total insurance premium in Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Bosnia.
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
162
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
Table 3: Total European Life gross written premiums – 2001-2010 (€m)
Member states
of the EU
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Rep.
Germany
Denmark
Estonia
Spain
Finland
France
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
5831
13170
45
251
478
62565
8132
23
22864
9367
84635
5617
14431
76
260
708
65301
8891
29
26531
9680
85500
5704
17524
38
265
842
68574
9676
37
17799
9982
92022
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Latvia
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Sweden
Slovenia
Slovakia
Great Britain
1292
682
7168
46329
277
7
75
25879
2522
4487
n.a.
13112
225
321
16684
4
1310
834
7253
55294
398
7
84
24052
2569
4562
111
11749
268
367
18657
0
1435
885
7644
62780
343
8
104
24838
2538
5402
122
12503
305
410
16637
5
6165
19891
52
266
1219
70343
10143
52
19530
10357
10534
1
1729
968
7930
65627
389
10
129
25136
2778
6250
137
12314
429
486
17656
0
7124
25177
77
274
1318
75244
11007
81
21004
11251
12066
8
1935
1218
9739
73471
490
16
142
24824
3809
9136
235
15059
465
571
19397
9
7183
20382
95
294
1457
78455
12471
84
23341
11806
14020
3
2311
1592
12327
69377
511
24
171
25730
5418
8762
252
15452
541
680
22291
8
7206
21658
117
322
1687
78967
13617
180
23241
11918
13708
0
2515
2024
14594
61439
549
37
228
26464
6743
9369
448
17508
609
853
29524
9
7362
19352
128
341
1964
79586
14540
127
27489
12548
12236
8
2489
1834
10097
54565
1194
27
181
26446
11100
11005
507
17723
642
1066
18573
4
7416
18371
103
353
2044
85248
14354
133
29131
12853
13792
3
2500
1466
9346
81116
1125
51
193
24401
6997
10384
229
18209
630
1062
14920
6
7552
19103
110
376
2600
90365
14938
182
27337
15222
14321
6
2307
1606
9671
90102
1288
61
224
21586
7866
12173
388
22203
656
1126
14571
8
124
155
178
209
21
418
26
466
28
608
0.1
29
689
0.5
256
2
33
741
1
29
297
2
31
766
2
36
338
3
34
745
6
44
352
4
21
827
7
57
339
5
15
835
8
71
336
6
18
1092
8
84
n.a.
4382
21944
n.a.
5209
23612
n.a.
5332
21154
1490
6283
19585
13
2596
7561
19229
15
4171
7442
17847
18
4030
8371
17477
25
3534
7973
18651
29
5596
7140
19483
31
6419
8382
21828
33
Candidate
countries
Croatia
Macedonia
Iceland
Turkey
Montenegro
Serbia
Other
European
countries
Liechtenstein
Norway
Switzerland
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
163
�Nikola DACEV
In Table 3 there is statistical data for the achieved life insurance premium in the
above mentioned countries and in all member countries of CEA. The CEA members
reach a proportion of 60%-40% between the life and the non-life insurance on
average, where the life insurance has the advantage. In Serbia, Montenegro,
Macedonia and Bosnia the proportion is 95%-5% on average and the non-life
insurance have the advantage, and that is a serious problem, which increases the
necessity of finding an appropriate solution for the development stimulation,
especially in the life insurance class in the mentioned countries. When comparing
Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Bosnia with the CEA-countries, in terms of the
acquired life insurance premiums, the large difference between the total insurance
premiums is clearly noticeable. We will mention 2010, one more time as a year in
which Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Bosnia have reached the highest life
insurance premiums, since they have declared independence. Macedonia was on the
bottom of the list, with 6 million EUR GWP of life insurance, preceded by
Montenegro with 8, then Bosnia with 33, Latvia reaches 61, while Serbia’s GWP
exceeded to 84 EUR. On the contrary, the smaller area countries, Croatia and
Slovenia acquired GWP of 336 (the former) and 656 (the latter), in 2010 which was
far more than Serbia’s amount. In order to ascertain the reasons for the low number
of citizens that have insured their life, a survey was conducted (by the means of social
networking-Facebook) questioning citizens from Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia
and Bosnia. The survey consisted of 6 questions, 2 of which were not obligatory (4
and 5). The results are represented in table 4 (the final results), table 5 (separate
results by country) and graphics-1 (the results are presented with numbers) and 2
(the results are presented in percent).
Table 4. Tabular display of results derived from the questionnaire for life insurance:
1
2
3
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
288
12
247
53
18
282
4
I
don’t
kno
w
44
5
6
I
don’t
know
where
and
how
I don’t
understan
d what it
is
I do
not
trust
I
have
no
mon
ey
Yes
No
Yes
No
43
32
58
105
0
18
229
71
Total of 300 respondents
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
164
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
Figure 1. Graphic display (results are expressed in numbers):
No
6
71
Yes
229
No
5
18
Yes
0
I have no money
105
4
I do not trust
58
I don’t understand what it is
32
I don’t know where and how
43
I don’t know
44
No
3
282
Yes
18
No
2
53
Yes
247
No
1
12
Yes
288
0
50
100 150 200 250 300 350
165
�Nikola DACEV
Figure 2. Graphic display (results are expressed in percentages):
No
6
23,60%
Yes
76,30%
No
5
100%
Yes
0%
I have no money
37,20%
4
I do not trust
20,50%
I don’t understand what it is
11,30%
I don’t know where and how
15,20%
I don’t know
15,60%
No
3
94%
Yes
6%
No
2
17,60%
Yes
82,30%
No
1
4%
Yes
96%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80% 100% 120%
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
166
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
Table 5. Tabular display of results derived from the questionnaire for life insurance
by countries:
1
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
Total
2
3
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
I
don’t
know
69
3
65
7
5
67
14
I
don’t
know
where
and
how
9
74
53
92
288
6
1
2
12
53
51
78
247
27
3
16
53
3
4
6
18
77
50
88
282
8
12
10
44
15
7
12
43
4
I
don’t
understand
what it is
I do
not
trust
I have
no
money
Yes
5
No
Yes
6
No
12
7
28
0
2
58
14
7
10
3
32
10
4
37
58
34
16
27
105
0
0
0
0
6
5
5
18
63
38
70
229
17
16
24
71
There were 300 participants in the survey. On the first question, “Is there life
insurance in your country?” 288 (96%) answered positively, whereas just 12 (4%)
gave a negative answer. The second question, “Do you know some insurance
company in your country, offering life insurance?” 247 (82.3%) answered “yes” and
53 (17.6%) answered “no.” Further, the third question, “Have you ever insured your
life?” was positively answered by just18 (6%), whereas the rest 282 (94%) said “no.”
When they were asked to indicate the reasons for not insuring their life, as a fourth
question, 44 (15.6%) answered, “I don’t know”, 43 (15.2%) said that they didn’t
know where and how, while 32 (11.3%) said, “I don’t understand what is that”; 50
(20.5%) said that it was due to the lack of confidence in the entire process, whereas
105 (37.2%) were not able to provide money to pay. The question number 5
referred to the insured clients, if they knew that the life insurance means saving of all
the money and all 18 of them answered “no.” The last question, “if you have the
possibility, would you insure your life?” was answered with 229 (76.3%) positive
answers and 71 (23.6%) negative. Taking into consideration the fact that the
participants in the survey were younger people, which were expected to be educated
(or at least literate) and to use actively the contemporary network means of
communication and information (and have access to the latest information),
according to the results it is the opposite, the number of uninformed is high and that
is ¼ from the interviewed. A high percent of the people also don’t know “where and
how” and a great deal of them doesn’t know what that is. A lot of the interviewed
didn’t know even why they would insure their life, which denotes that hadn’t even
167
�Nikola DACEV
thought about it. The inability of some people to provide life insurance due to the
money factor is a clear indicator of the economic situation in these countries, as well,
in addition to the fact that there were people that hadn’t insured themselves due to
the lack of confidence in the system. The most striking result is that even those that
were informed in terms of the life insurance were not familiar with the fact that that
involves saving money. That indicates that in these countries the life insurance is still
an issue the people are not sufficiently acquainted with. Low is the number of people
introduced to the idea that life policy is a kind of money saving or investment of the
savings.
Due to the possible non-objectiveness, lack of the motivation and seriousness while
giving answers through the social networks, as well as the inability to group the
interviewed in separate categories, according to their age, sex and education, there
was a need to re-check the results, through a survey that would provide a direct
contact with the survey participants. The survey was taken at several places: Bihac,
Bosnia, Vranje, Serbia, Bjielo Pole, Montenegro and Skopje, Macedonia and the
results are in table 6.
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
168
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
Table 6. Tabular display of results derived from the questionnaire for life insurance
on field:
m
f
2030
years
old
3040
years
old
4050
years
old
Higher
education
Secondary
education
Primary
education
Do you
have life
insurance
in your
country?
Would
you buy
life
insurance?
Bosnia
and
Herzegovina
16
4
11
5
4
10
8
2
Macedonia
11
9
8
6
6
9
8
3
Montenegro
17
3
11
8
1
8
10
2
Yes:5
No:7
I don’t
know:8
Yes:7
No:6
I don’t
know:7
Yes:4
No:8
I don’t
know:8
Yes:2
No:9
I
don’t
know:9
Yes:3
No:8
I
don’t
know:9
Yes:5
No:9
I
don’t
know:6
Do you
know
where to
buy life
insurance
products?
Yes:2
No:18
I don’t
know: 0
Yes:3
No:17
I don’t
know: 0
Yes:3
No:17
I don’t
know: 0
Serbia
18
2
9
5
6
8
11
1
Total
62
18
39
24
17
35
37
8
Yes:7
No:3
I don’t
know:10
Yes:23
No:24
I don’t
know:33
Yes:7
No:8
I
don’t
know:5
Yes:17
No:34
I
don’t
know:29
Yes:5
No:15
I don’t
know: 0
Yes:13
No:67
I don’t
know: 0
Again, a standard questionnaire was used, due to its greater objectiveness, the lower
possibility for subjectivism, as opposed to the non-standard questionnaire and the
fact that its structure enables easier comparison of the results; it is economical,
precise, directed towards a certain goal, efficient and provides easier mathematical
and statistical data analysis. A smaller group of people was chosen to participate in
the questionnaire, in order to achieve punctual and precise data. There chosen 20
people of each place, 80 people total, more of which male, on the age of 20-40,
higher or secondary education. The results were the following: the first question, “Is
there life insurance in your country” mostly was answered with “no”, on the second,
“Would you insure your life”, a great deal of them answered “no” or “I don’t know’
and on the third question, “Do you know where to buy a life insurance product, the
dominant answer was “no”. According to the results, there is no great difference
between the surveys in the capital city or some smaller places, far from the capital,
because they are almost equal. What may be concluded from the survey directly
169
�Nikola DACEV
conducted is that the citizens from these countries are uninformed in terms of life
insurance, which implicates that the insurance agents’ terrain work is not properly
arranged. Probably it is the already existing companies’ guilt, regarding their lack of
activity in this field; however the supervision agencies are also involved, since in
some countries, they are offering training for their agents, in addition to the
trainings offered by the insurance companies. It is interesting that the outdoor survey
gave contradictory results, in terms of the question, “Would you insure you life?”
compared to the same question on the social networks. On the question, “Would
you insure you life” most of the interviewee answered “no” or “I don’t know”, which
clearly denotes the vital problem the most of the insurance companies have and that
is the insufficient affirmation of the products from the life insurance, the low
marketing strategy, as well as the insufficient education of the insurance agents,
whose responsibility is to present the life insurance products to the people in an easy
and comprehensible manner.
From everything that was mentioned so far, the conclusion is that the reasons for the
low life insurance development in these countries are the low living standard, the
insufficient education regarding the life insurance products, the insufficient
infrastructure of the regulations and the supervising activities on the insurance
market,etc.
The question is “Why is so low the number of people that are acquainted with this
information? Why in the other countries the life insurance is a regular practice, but
in the ex-Yugoslav republics it is considered to be a luxury, not being taken into
consideration as necessary?” Because of this condition, the insurance companies
should develop the marketing service which would inform the citizens about the
meaning of life insurance, what it covers, what are the benefits, what is the difference
in comparison with the other kinds of insurance, where the assets are irrevocable,
unlike the life insurance, etc. Also, the insurance agents training programs are of vital
importance. The tasks given to the marketing agents, to perform should be the
following: giving information, comprehensible explanation during the direct contact
with the possible insurance clients, motivation of those that haven’t ever thought
about life insurance, presentation of the benefits, by the usage of special manners and
techniques, taking into consideration the intellectual status of the client, as well.
Because of that, the agent should posses intelligence, flexibility, adaptability, positive
fluid, temperance, meekness, in other words, they should be a fully developed and
mature person. Of course, the education of the future insurance client is especially
important, as well, since that is something that they should deal with in the future.
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
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�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
Here, we have to emphasize the importance of the marketing that is crucial for the
proper functioning of one insurance company on the market. The basic principles of
the market are concluded from the following thoughts: By the means of the
marketing instruments and tools it is necessary to search opportunities for satisfying
the constant needs, as well as to reveal the effect of the numerous varieties in the
surrounding on the constant needs and wishes and to discover a method, how they
would be satisfied. (Avdalovic, Avdalovic, & Kalinic, 2004) Philip Kotler (2000)
emphasizes the essence of the marketing, saying that marketing is a process, by which
an organization links to the market in a creative, productive and profitable manner.
Proposal Measures for the Development of the Insurance Markets in Serbia,
Montenegro, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
After the detailed analysis of the data, regarding the implemented reforms on the
insurance markets in Europe, the stimulation measures necessary for of the insurance
market development in the former Yugoslav republics, non-EU members can be
clearly established. I would recommend the following insurance politics to the
creators:
The Competition reinforcement would enable a possibility to implement new
insurance products, with a better quality and lower prizes, offering a wider spectrum
of insurance products that increase the possibility a greater number of citizens to
provide insurance. For example, the unit-linked products, which are insurance
products, linked with the investment funds. Also, the possibility for the citizens to
open insurance funds should be mentioned as an alternative, where they would
participate on their own, by investment of assets that will cover a part of the loss, in
a case of damage. In fact, in the insurance industry in the world, there are two types
of companies, shareholdings and mutual companies. (Kong & Singh, 2005) An
insurance company being formed as a shareholding company is a company formed
and governed by the shareholders and managed just for a profit, as in the case with
the insurance companies in Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Bosnia. A certain
amount to the insurance premium is being installed and the owners of the business
share the profit. The mutual insurance company is a company that has no basic
assets and which is in a possession of the policy bearers. (Hancock, Huber & Koch,
2002) A committee of directors is being voted and they manage the company and
run the business. All assets belong to the owners of the policies and they might be
paid off to them in a form of dividends or reduced premiums. (Walker, 2006) The
company that would like to insure its members according to the in common
171
�Nikola DACEV
principles is probable to gain a license from a supervising, authoritative organ, in
order to start working as a mutual insurance company, which is identical to the
shareholdings insurance company. (Federal Insurance Supervisory Office, 2000) The
mutual insurance companies appear to be a great solution for separate classes of
insurance, as well as the agricultural insurance, one of the low developed classes in
these countries, instead of the great need from insurance of the agricultural
possessions, due to the frequent climate changes in these parts of the earth.
The same goes for the increase in the activities of the already existing insurance
companies, through a higher number of investments in the insurance, for its
maintenance, as well as further development. Also it should be emphasized the
development of the marketing strategies and of the companies, which according to
the survey might be the main reason for the underdevelopment of the insurance
market in these countries (the disinterestedness of the citizens, in terms of the
insurance sphere, the lack of information about the insurance possibilities, etc.).
(Lereah, 1985) Insurance companies are required to take a rather pro-active part in
the development of distribution channels for insurance, by increasing the number
and the quality of insurance intermediaries (brokers and agents), providing higher
number of trainings for the employees in the insurance sale field (which would
improve their sales skills), in addition to insurance sales through the internet, phone
etc. (Franciskovic, 1986; Eckardt, 2007) Also, the role of the state is of a great
importance, regarding insurance, through modifications adoption or passing of new
laws, certain tax alleviation, insurance investment-e.g. monetary help to the
insurance companies to cover the damages, etc. All in all, this is just a part of the
measures that could be undertaken, in order to stimulate the insurance market
development in the former Yugoslav countries, non-EU members. It is obvious that
this is not an action which could be performed at once and it is quite logical that it
requires a favorable climate, but the gradual implementation of the policy, similar
to the insurance policy in the EU countries is of major importance, despite of the
fact that the survey results demonstrate, that the insurance markets in the foreign
Yugoslav countries have achieved positive increase in the recent years, due to the
implementation of the latest law novelties, so it is still early to make conclusions.
The results should be analyzed several years later, when crisis consequences won’t be
felt anymore and the insurance market will be in a phase, in which there will be
much more results in the insurance field.
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
172
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
It is certain that the report results would have been rather different i.e. the insurance
market in the foreign Yugoslav countries would have been much more developed,
provided that the insurance markets had undertaken all these steps, with the
exception of the economic factor that is the most realistic one in the entire study.
Other Possibilities of Citizen Protection
Observing from several aspects, the stimulation of the insurance markets in the
former Yugoslav countries has a great importance, however, the most important is
the protection of the citizens. Therefore, despite of the insurance buying, that
provides money compensation in a case of damage, the citizens are supposed to think
to another means of protection, as well, especially in those countries in which a small
number of citizens are being insured. The expected loss might be decreased in two
ways: the measures might reduce either the greatness of the damage, or the
probability of damage, or even the both. The first alternative refers generally to the
lowering of the loss whereas the second refers to the loss prevention. The loss
prevention usually is called just protection, whereas the lowering of the loss, just
insurance. For example, the spilling systems lower the loss in a case of fire; still they
don’t reduce the possibility of causing fire. On the contrary, the theft-protection
systems reduce the probability of stealing; however they don’t decrease the
magnitude of the damage. The protection measures from the natural catastrophes
also lower the graveness of the potential loss, while it is impossible to alter the
probability of natural catastrophes. (Hofmann, 2009)
Conclusion
From the already examined analyses from several aspects, regarding the vast majority
of insurance markets in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia, the final conclusion is that
these insurance markets constantly make progress in the recent years, having into
consideration the fact that there are even greater possibilities for development in the
future.
What is typical about these countries is that there is an impression that the market of
insurance exists only in the last ten years, because that this the period when the new
insurance supervision laws and the changes of the laws have been adopted. That
provided entrance of the foreign capital, strengthening the competition on the
insurance markets in these countries, as well as enrichment of the offers of insurance
products and services, in addition to the agricultural production insurance, the latest
product-Mini Casco launching, the liability insurance promotion, the establishment
173
�Nikola DACEV
of control and supervision bodies, whose goal is to reinforce the supervising control
over the insurance supermarkets (in most of the countries, that is the Supervision
and Insurance Agency), etc. With the opening of these insurance markets and the
growth of their attractiveness, there have been noticed a gradual increase in the
GWP, mostly in terms of the non-life insurance.
However, we talk about markets which are still relatively small and underdeveloped,
compared to the insurance markets in the EU countries, especially in terms of the
GWP involvement in the GDP of the country, the yearly premium per capita, the
market contraception and the premium structure. The underdevelopment of the
market refers to all insurance classes and subclasses. This is even more striking when
we talk about life insurance, whose development mostly depends on the life standard
in the country and the economic stability, the unemployment rate, the county fiscal
policy, the money market, as well as the established systems, in terms of obligatory
social and pension safety.
In the paper it was presented a survey, giving the reasons for the underdevelopment
of the life insurance and a comparative analysis of the life insurance premiums, in the
former Yugoslav republics, non-EU members and the EU member countries and the
conclusion is the following: the life insurance in Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro and
Macedonia is on a very low level, despite of its constant rise in the recent years and
provided that certain measures are undertaken, its development will be stimulated
and there will be a possibility for these countries to follow the insurance trends in the
other European countries.
In the near future the development and the widening of these markets are
unavoidable and a rise in the citizens’ interest in terms of life insurance is expected.
However, the insurance companies should also offer new, higher quality insurance
products for their clients.
Even though the insurance companies in the ex-Yugoslav countries, non-EU
members are profitable, that cannot improve the impression that their insurance
markets are being underdeveloped. All in all, my conclusion is that this condition is
due to the following reasons: economic factor, the lack of information, the distrust,
prejudices, etc and that could be improved by the already mentioned measures in the
paper analysis. The insurance companies have the most important role in this
process, in addition to the improvement of the overall economic situation in these
countries.
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
174
�Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
The accidents and the natural disasters cannot be avoided, but it is difficult to
predict or imagine the damages, therefore the insurance is necessary. However, for
me personally: The insurance process itself is of a vital importance, but it is more
significant that the insured case, never takes place.
References
Avdalovic, S., Avdalovic, V., & Kalinic, V. (2004). Management-Marketing
insurance. Subotica, Sr: Faculty for the utility business, 42-43
Eckardt, M. (2007). Insurance Intermediation, An Economic Analysis of the
Information Services Market. Witten/Herdecke University, Physica-Verlag
Heidelberg, 80-93. 130-149. Retrieved from
http://www.springer.com
European Insurance and Reinsurance Federation (2010, November). European
Insurance
in
Figures,
42.
Retrieved
from
http://www.insuranceeurope.eu/uploads/Modules/Publications/european-insurancein-figures2010.pdf
European Insurance and Reinsurance Federation (2011, December). European
Insurance
in
Figures,
44.
Retrieved
from
http://www.insuranceeurope.eu/uploads/Modules/Publications/european-insurancein-figures-2011.pdf
Federal Insurance Supervisory Office, (2000). Law on the Supervision of Insurance
Undertakings, Versicherungsaufsichtsgesetz-VAGVer, 27-28.
Franciskovic, I. (1986). Market Operations-Marketing Promotion of Insurance.
Sibenik, Hr: Siro, Stampa, Sibenik, 40-67.
Hancock, J., Huber, P., & Koch, P. (2002). Value Creation in the Insurance
Industry, Risk Management and Insurance Review. Retrieved from
http://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1098-1616.00001
Hofmann, A. (2009). Imperfect Insurance Markets: An Economic Analysis of
Externalities and Consumer Diversity, 5-8. Retrieved from
http://www.books.google.com
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�Nikola DACEV
Kong, J., & Singh, M. (2005). Insurance Companies in Emerging Markets,
International Capital Markets Department, International Monetary Fund, 3-16.
Kotler, P. (2000). Marketing Management, Millenium Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 418.
Lereah, A. D. (1985). Insurance markets, information, problems and regulation. New
York, NY: Praeger Publishers, 1-9.
Vaughan, E., & Vaughan, T. (1995). Essentials of Insurance: A Risk Management
Perspective, John Wiley & Sons, 15-16.
Walker, S. (2006). The business of finance in the insurance industry, CPCU
eJournal, 59(10). Retrieved from
http://www.cpcusociety.org
Journal of Economic and Social Studies
176
�
Dublin Core
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1392
Title
A name given to the resource
Insurance Market Development in the Former Yugoslav Republics, Non-EU Countries
Author
Author
Nikola, Dacev
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
This paper presents an insurance market research of the markets in several Balkan countries that were part of former Yugoslavia and are still not members of EU. Being categorized as developing countries, they have far lower development degree in comparison with the European Insurance Federation member countries. By means of comparison between the basic insurance market development indicators in these countries, the law regulations, as well as through conducting surveys, based on questionnaires, which appoint the reasons for the underdevelopment in the sphere of life insurance, the paper gives a clearer perception, in terms of the conditions of the insurance markets, placed on the margins of the European insurance market. Its utmost objective is to point and argue several measures, which would improve the insurance market conditions in the already mentioned countries, i.e. would contribute to the development increase and the acceleration of these insurance markets. As a result, that would raise the protection measures and the safety, both to the citizens and their material goods.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
International Burch University
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2012
Keywords
Keywords.
Article
PeerReviewed
H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5f48fe7ffec82d963ff4c7a0215bfed3.pdf
59089037fce68ea27046c93f45ccedf4
PDF Text
Text
Integrated Water Resources Management:
A Path to Achieving Sustainable Development
Mehmet Ali Yurdusev
Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
yurdusev@bayar.edu.tr
Tekin Tezcan
Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
tekin.tezcan@bayar.edu.tr
Abstract: Water resources development is one of the most important national development
factors for developing countries whereas it is a service sector issue in developed countries.
Water management has become one of the conflict areas as the demand for water increases
while the resources available degrade. As a solution to this, integrated water resources
management has been proposed to make tradeoffs among the parties involved. This article
discusses the issues of integrated water resources management with its possible links with
sustainable development.
Introduction
Water resources management comprises a series of water-related activities including developing water resources
schemes for beneficial and protective purposes and managing the system effectively based on both supply and
demand considerations. From beneficial point of view, water resources development deals with the promotion of
necessary infrastructure elements to bring the water in nature to where it is to be used. Thus, it requires huge
investment as it is quite large in scale and time consuming. The development side of water resources
management is referred to as source management. The need for protection from the excess water, namely flood,
has also resulted in the development of large flood control schemes. As such, water resources development has
been one of the most important factors for the national developments of the countries. This is still true for the
developing countries where the water resources have not yet fully developed. On the other hand, it is one of the
issues of service sectors in developed countries and has lost its impact on the development of those countries.
Operational side of water resources management has two dimensions. One is the real operation of the system
developed to sustain water supply for the use for a variety of purposes including drinking, irrigation and power
generation. The other is the management of the demand for water, namely demand management, which
comprises a series of activities to encourage or sometimes to force people to use less water to achieve more
efficient use of water in service. The demand management issue may be shadowed in developing countries as
they are still trying to develop their water resources for irrigation, power generation and even drinking. It can be
seen, however, it is much more popular in developed countries as their main concern is the efficient management
of their already developed water resources.
In so-called developed countries, water management issue has become one of the conflict areas as the water
demanding sectors, namely stakeholders, have increased with also increased quantities as opposed to the
degrading resources available to use. Therefore, integrated water resources management concept has long been
spelled as a compromising tool to achieve an acceptable solution for the parties involved. If achieved, this would
present an efficient regulation of a large portion of national economies of the states as water resources
management covers quite a large variety of activities as mentioned previously. This article discusses the issues of
integrated water resources management with its possible links with sustainable development with the brief
discussions related to both sustainable development and integrated water resources management.
352
�Sustainable Development
Any article on sustainable development (SD) cannot disregard mentioning the first and the most widely accepted
definition given by the so-called Brundtland Report (Brundtland, 1987) as follows:
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Since the Brundtland Commission first defined the concept of sustainable development, much discussion has
been made on the concept on scientific, technical, economical and even political platforms. From the overtwenty-year SD history, it could be possible to find many other definitions for it. Above all, it can be regarded
as a reaction to what it may be called “wild development” that had been observed before. The aim was to
transform the wild nature of development into the one that was acceptable by the weak. The weak are the society
including the future generations and the ecology. Therefore, an acceptable development, e.g. sustainable
development, should consider and integrate the social, environmental and economic issues as depicted in (Fig. 1)
(The President’s Council on Sustainability, 2010). As shown in (Fig. 1), a development considering social and
environmental issues could be bearable; the one with social and economic considerations could be equitable and
the solution with environmental and economic ones could be viable. However, if it is to be sustainable, it should
consider social, economic and environmental issues. A sustainable solution is such a solution which
•
•
•
•
•
•
incorporates the environment and the economy,
protects ecosystems and health of the society,
meets international obligations,
promotes equity,
prevents environmental pollution, and
respects for nature and the needs of future generations (Economic Development Agency of Canada,
2006).
To achieve such a development, an integrated approach to planning and making decisions which considers
environmental and natural resource costs of different economic options and the economic costs of different
environmental and natural resource options is normally required (The President’s Council on Sustainability,
2010). Having formulated such an integrated approach, it is necessary to articulate detailed principles and control
measures to direct the action plans to sustainability. The action plans are equally important elements of achieving
sustainable development and should be built based on the specific features of the issue and by the participation
of the parties that will be affected.
Figure 1. Issues in Sustainable Development, taken from The President’s Council on Sustainability (2010)
353
�Integrated Water Resource Management
As for sustainable development, it is quite possible to find fancy verbal definitions for integrated water resources
management
(IWRM).
One
could
be
taken
from
web-based
Water
Encyclopedia
(http://www.waterencyclopedia.com) as follows:
“Integrated water resources management is the practice of making decisions and taking actions while
considering multiple viewpoints of how water should be managed.”
The above definition is illustrated by the same encyclopedia in (Fig. 2). As seen in (Fig. 2), IWRM describes a
process of managing water resources in an integrated manner taking into account the views of parties involved
such as the stakeholders, governments and interest groups to achieve certain purposes and services using the
knowledge provided by several scientific disciplines. The following quotation (GWP TAC, 2000) well describes
the IWRM process:
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) promotes the coordinated development and management of
water, land and related resources in order to maximize economic and social welfare (in an equitable manner)
without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. This process involves the holistic coordination and
management of natural systems and human activities, which create the demands for water, determine land use
and generate waterborne waste.
The concept of IWRM is somewhat new and as such it was built over more-than-half-century bad water
management experience. As such, it can be regarded a response to the problems encountered in water
management, which has become a major conflict area where several sides are competing for the same quantity of
water.
Figure 2. IWRM process, taken from http://www.waterencyclopedia.com.
Achieving IWRM requires the organization of water industry accordingly. Since water resources and the bodies
demanding these resources spread in a certain geographical area, IWRM should normally be “place-based” or
“enterprise-based”, dealing with a particular location (Clark et al., 2002). River basins have long been regarded
as the spatial unit of water management. However, this should be disputed as the river basins are not isolated
from each other in terms of both the origin of water resources and the close interactions among the human
activities in neighboring basins. Whatever spatial unit is accepted, the main issue is to set appropriate
institutional arrangements towards achieving the IWRM, where the big challenge lays. It is unfortunate to say
that there are not many countries that have organized its water industry accordingly although there have been
several international initiatives such as water framework directive of European Union.
From the discussion provided above, it can be paradoxically said that water resources are expected to be
managed in a manner that those who demand for water including the ecological environment should be made
354
�happy. Expectedly, this is absolutely impossible. What should/can be done is then to reach a compromising
arrangement by which everybody could be a little bit happy. Experiences have shown that such a compromising
solution can only be achieved by the participation of all parties. That is, a participatory approach should be
followed to set up the practices for IWRM. Technical experts can, in this regard, present available methodologies
or acceptable plans/programs to the sides involved. There is also another issue that should be resolved, which is
what mechanism will be used to get together the sides or who are the sides. This is a case-specific issue that
should be considered carefully. Probably, a perfect mechanism will not be established; but any mechanism for
this purpose will somehow work and the outcome will yield much better proposals.
Concluding Discussions on IWRM and Sustainable Development
The discussions provided separately on SD and IWRM have uncovered that what both IWRM and SD try to
achieve is by and large the same. Sustainable development is a little bit older than IWRM. It is also broader and
does not exclude any human activity. It has something to say for every development process. As such, it is much
more difficult to materialize SD although it is also much more popular than IWRM. In other words, it will
require much more time to have “sustainable” development activities.
Unlike sustainable development, IWRM is a little bit restricted to a specific area, water resources, and tries to
realize much more efficient and helpful water management. Since it deals with water issues, there is much more
chance to realize the IWRM purposes although there are several challenges to be overcome (Grigg, 2008). The
world-wide experiences have shown several good examples such as fully privatized but highly regulated British
water industry.
Since water is a natural monopoly, water activities and water management accordingly affect almost every
development issue. A better managed water industry will make positive impact on other sectors. Therefore, the
water resources of a region or a country managed in an integrated manner will contribute the sustainability of
other human activities. In this sense, IWRM can be regarded as a tool, use of which will add positive
contributions to the sustainable development. From another point of view, IWRM is essential to sustain our
water resources. If we continue to use water, which we do not have any other option, we have to think and
explore the ways where the sustainability of our water resources is to be granted.
References
Brundtland G. H. (1987). Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Oxford
University Press, page 54.
Clark, W. C., Lebel, L., Gallopin, G., Jaeger, J.,Mabogunje, A., Dowdeswell, E., Hassan, M., Juma, C., Kates, R., Corell, R.
(2002) in Science and Technology for Sustainable Development (Int. Council for Science, Paris), pp. 12–29.
Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Region of Quebec. (2006). Sustainable Development Strategy 2007-2010.
Montréal, Canada.
Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee (GWP TAC) (2000). IWRM. Publ. Global Water Partnership,
Stockholm, Sweden.
Grigg, Neil S.(2008) 'Integrated water resources management: balancing views and improving practice', Water International,
33: 3, 279 — 292.
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Integrated-Water-Resources-Management.html
The President’s Council on Sustainability. (2010) Indiana State University Climate Action Plan, Indiana State University,
USA.
355
�
Dublin Core
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458
Title
A name given to the resource
Integrated Water Resources Management: A Path to Achieving Sustainable Development
Author
Author
Yurdusev, Mehmet Ali
Tezcan, Tekin
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Water resources development is one of the most important national development factors for developing countries whereas it is a service sector issue in developed countries. Water management has become one of the conflict areas as the demand for water increases while the resources available degrade. As a solution to this, integrated water resources management has been proposed to make tradeoffs among the parties involved. This article discusses the issues of integrated water resources management with its possible links with sustainable development.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
Q Science (General)
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b2c8a12b6d48bb7ad00144ca56525bb2.pdf
59089037fce68ea27046c93f45ccedf4
PDF Text
Text
Integrated Water Resources Management:
A Path to Achieving Sustainable Development
Mehmet Ali Yurdusev
Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
yurdusev@bayar.edu.tr
Tekin Tezcan
Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
tekin.tezcan@bayar.edu.tr
Abstract: Water resources development is one of the most important national development
factors for developing countries whereas it is a service sector issue in developed countries.
Water management has become one of the conflict areas as the demand for water increases
while the resources available degrade. As a solution to this, integrated water resources
management has been proposed to make tradeoffs among the parties involved. This article
discusses the issues of integrated water resources management with its possible links with
sustainable development.
Introduction
Water resources management comprises a series of water-related activities including developing water resources
schemes for beneficial and protective purposes and managing the system effectively based on both supply and
demand considerations. From beneficial point of view, water resources development deals with the promotion of
necessary infrastructure elements to bring the water in nature to where it is to be used. Thus, it requires huge
investment as it is quite large in scale and time consuming. The development side of water resources
management is referred to as source management. The need for protection from the excess water, namely flood,
has also resulted in the development of large flood control schemes. As such, water resources development has
been one of the most important factors for the national developments of the countries. This is still true for the
developing countries where the water resources have not yet fully developed. On the other hand, it is one of the
issues of service sectors in developed countries and has lost its impact on the development of those countries.
Operational side of water resources management has two dimensions. One is the real operation of the system
developed to sustain water supply for the use for a variety of purposes including drinking, irrigation and power
generation. The other is the management of the demand for water, namely demand management, which
comprises a series of activities to encourage or sometimes to force people to use less water to achieve more
efficient use of water in service. The demand management issue may be shadowed in developing countries as
they are still trying to develop their water resources for irrigation, power generation and even drinking. It can be
seen, however, it is much more popular in developed countries as their main concern is the efficient management
of their already developed water resources.
In so-called developed countries, water management issue has become one of the conflict areas as the water
demanding sectors, namely stakeholders, have increased with also increased quantities as opposed to the
degrading resources available to use. Therefore, integrated water resources management concept has long been
spelled as a compromising tool to achieve an acceptable solution for the parties involved. If achieved, this would
present an efficient regulation of a large portion of national economies of the states as water resources
management covers quite a large variety of activities as mentioned previously. This article discusses the issues of
integrated water resources management with its possible links with sustainable development with the brief
discussions related to both sustainable development and integrated water resources management.
352
�Sustainable Development
Any article on sustainable development (SD) cannot disregard mentioning the first and the most widely accepted
definition given by the so-called Brundtland Report (Brundtland, 1987) as follows:
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
Since the Brundtland Commission first defined the concept of sustainable development, much discussion has
been made on the concept on scientific, technical, economical and even political platforms. From the overtwenty-year SD history, it could be possible to find many other definitions for it. Above all, it can be regarded
as a reaction to what it may be called “wild development” that had been observed before. The aim was to
transform the wild nature of development into the one that was acceptable by the weak. The weak are the society
including the future generations and the ecology. Therefore, an acceptable development, e.g. sustainable
development, should consider and integrate the social, environmental and economic issues as depicted in (Fig. 1)
(The President’s Council on Sustainability, 2010). As shown in (Fig. 1), a development considering social and
environmental issues could be bearable; the one with social and economic considerations could be equitable and
the solution with environmental and economic ones could be viable. However, if it is to be sustainable, it should
consider social, economic and environmental issues. A sustainable solution is such a solution which
•
•
•
•
•
•
incorporates the environment and the economy,
protects ecosystems and health of the society,
meets international obligations,
promotes equity,
prevents environmental pollution, and
respects for nature and the needs of future generations (Economic Development Agency of Canada,
2006).
To achieve such a development, an integrated approach to planning and making decisions which considers
environmental and natural resource costs of different economic options and the economic costs of different
environmental and natural resource options is normally required (The President’s Council on Sustainability,
2010). Having formulated such an integrated approach, it is necessary to articulate detailed principles and control
measures to direct the action plans to sustainability. The action plans are equally important elements of achieving
sustainable development and should be built based on the specific features of the issue and by the participation
of the parties that will be affected.
Figure 1. Issues in Sustainable Development, taken from The President’s Council on Sustainability (2010)
353
�Integrated Water Resource Management
As for sustainable development, it is quite possible to find fancy verbal definitions for integrated water resources
management
(IWRM).
One
could
be
taken
from
web-based
Water
Encyclopedia
(http://www.waterencyclopedia.com) as follows:
“Integrated water resources management is the practice of making decisions and taking actions while
considering multiple viewpoints of how water should be managed.”
The above definition is illustrated by the same encyclopedia in (Fig. 2). As seen in (Fig. 2), IWRM describes a
process of managing water resources in an integrated manner taking into account the views of parties involved
such as the stakeholders, governments and interest groups to achieve certain purposes and services using the
knowledge provided by several scientific disciplines. The following quotation (GWP TAC, 2000) well describes
the IWRM process:
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) promotes the coordinated development and management of
water, land and related resources in order to maximize economic and social welfare (in an equitable manner)
without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. This process involves the holistic coordination and
management of natural systems and human activities, which create the demands for water, determine land use
and generate waterborne waste.
The concept of IWRM is somewhat new and as such it was built over more-than-half-century bad water
management experience. As such, it can be regarded a response to the problems encountered in water
management, which has become a major conflict area where several sides are competing for the same quantity of
water.
Figure 2. IWRM process, taken from http://www.waterencyclopedia.com.
Achieving IWRM requires the organization of water industry accordingly. Since water resources and the bodies
demanding these resources spread in a certain geographical area, IWRM should normally be “place-based” or
“enterprise-based”, dealing with a particular location (Clark et al., 2002). River basins have long been regarded
as the spatial unit of water management. However, this should be disputed as the river basins are not isolated
from each other in terms of both the origin of water resources and the close interactions among the human
activities in neighboring basins. Whatever spatial unit is accepted, the main issue is to set appropriate
institutional arrangements towards achieving the IWRM, where the big challenge lays. It is unfortunate to say
that there are not many countries that have organized its water industry accordingly although there have been
several international initiatives such as water framework directive of European Union.
From the discussion provided above, it can be paradoxically said that water resources are expected to be
managed in a manner that those who demand for water including the ecological environment should be made
354
�happy. Expectedly, this is absolutely impossible. What should/can be done is then to reach a compromising
arrangement by which everybody could be a little bit happy. Experiences have shown that such a compromising
solution can only be achieved by the participation of all parties. That is, a participatory approach should be
followed to set up the practices for IWRM. Technical experts can, in this regard, present available methodologies
or acceptable plans/programs to the sides involved. There is also another issue that should be resolved, which is
what mechanism will be used to get together the sides or who are the sides. This is a case-specific issue that
should be considered carefully. Probably, a perfect mechanism will not be established; but any mechanism for
this purpose will somehow work and the outcome will yield much better proposals.
Concluding Discussions on IWRM and Sustainable Development
The discussions provided separately on SD and IWRM have uncovered that what both IWRM and SD try to
achieve is by and large the same. Sustainable development is a little bit older than IWRM. It is also broader and
does not exclude any human activity. It has something to say for every development process. As such, it is much
more difficult to materialize SD although it is also much more popular than IWRM. In other words, it will
require much more time to have “sustainable” development activities.
Unlike sustainable development, IWRM is a little bit restricted to a specific area, water resources, and tries to
realize much more efficient and helpful water management. Since it deals with water issues, there is much more
chance to realize the IWRM purposes although there are several challenges to be overcome (Grigg, 2008). The
world-wide experiences have shown several good examples such as fully privatized but highly regulated British
water industry.
Since water is a natural monopoly, water activities and water management accordingly affect almost every
development issue. A better managed water industry will make positive impact on other sectors. Therefore, the
water resources of a region or a country managed in an integrated manner will contribute the sustainability of
other human activities. In this sense, IWRM can be regarded as a tool, use of which will add positive
contributions to the sustainable development. From another point of view, IWRM is essential to sustain our
water resources. If we continue to use water, which we do not have any other option, we have to think and
explore the ways where the sustainability of our water resources is to be granted.
References
Brundtland G. H. (1987). Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Oxford
University Press, page 54.
Clark, W. C., Lebel, L., Gallopin, G., Jaeger, J.,Mabogunje, A., Dowdeswell, E., Hassan, M., Juma, C., Kates, R., Corell, R.
(2002) in Science and Technology for Sustainable Development (Int. Council for Science, Paris), pp. 12–29.
Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Region of Quebec. (2006). Sustainable Development Strategy 2007-2010.
Montréal, Canada.
Global Water Partnership Technical Advisory Committee (GWP TAC) (2000). IWRM. Publ. Global Water Partnership,
Stockholm, Sweden.
Grigg, Neil S.(2008) 'Integrated water resources management: balancing views and improving practice', Water International,
33: 3, 279 — 292.
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Hy-La/Integrated-Water-Resources-Management.html
The President’s Council on Sustainability. (2010) Indiana State University Climate Action Plan, Indiana State University,
USA.
355
�
Dublin Core
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Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
452
Title
A name given to the resource
Integrated Water Resources Management: A Path to Achieving Sustainable Development
Author
Author
Yurdusev, Mehmet Ali
Tezcan, Tekin
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Water resources development is one of the most important national development factors for developing countries whereas it is a service sector issue in developed countries. Water management has become one of the conflict areas as the demand for water increases while the resources available degrade. As a solution to this, integrated water resources management has been proposed to make tradeoffs among the parties involved. This article discusses the issues of integrated water resources management with its possible links with sustainable development.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2010-06
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
Q Science (General)
-
Dublin Core
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Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
965
Title
A name given to the resource
Integrating Content and Language in the Curriculum: The Dual Focus of CLIL
Author
Author
Yolanda, Ruiz de Zarobe
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
The phenomenon of multilingualism has increased in the last years in Europe, supported by the initiatives undertaken by the Council of Europe (2006), which encourage intercultural communication and multilingualism as key policy goals in the European scenario. Among the recommendations of the Committee of Ministers concerning modern languages, we can highlight concrete measures to promote multilingualism, such as the support in the application of communication and information technologies to disseminate teaching and learning materials for all European national or regional languages, or the promotion of teaching programmes at all levels using a flexible approach, and their appropriate recognition in national qualification systems, in particular public examinations. One of the measures which have attracted a great deal of attention in the last years is the encouragement in the use of foreign languages in the teaching of non-linguistic subjects (for example history, geography, mathematics) and the implementation of favourable conditions for such teaching. With the aim of providing an answer to these needs, an educational approach has been implemented throughout Europe: Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL), which seeks to increase the presence of the foreign language by teaching curricular content through the medium of that foreign language. This paper analyses the rationale of CLIL as one of the most effective frameworks to foster multilingualism and to help in foreign/second language learning. Plurilingual Education in Europe: 50 Years of International Cooperation (2006) Council of Europe: Language Policy Division: Strasbourg.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2012
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
P Philology. Linguistics
-
Dublin Core
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3470
Title
A name given to the resource
INTEGRATING CULTURE WHILE TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGE AS THE FIFTH LANGUAGE SKILL
Author
Author
KONCA, M. Yavuz
Kaya, Fatma
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of culture in language teaching and the significance of integrating it into teaching activities as the fifth language skill in addition to listening, speaking, reading, and writing. As is the fact, language should be thought as a whole to achieve the desired communication. Without knowing the cultural norms and aspects of the target language, accurate and appropriate language use and understanding will be at risk and learners will transfer their native cultural knowledge which will have a negative effect on the quality of learning and teaching process. It is known that understanding, teaching , and learning a language require not only the knowledge of grammar, phonology, and lexis but also certain other features and elements peculiar to the target culture. It is not possible to fully understand the language used in context without knowing the cultural aspects of the target language since learning another language also includes learning how the speakers of that language live, think, and perceive the world around them. To achieve this in EFL courses, language teachers should equip themselves with the knowledge of the culture of the language they are to teach, make learners aware of cultural differences and develop their communicative competence using realistic and authentic materials because just linguistic compentence is not enough to communicate effectively in the target language.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2014
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
PE English
-
Dublin Core
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3421
Title
A name given to the resource
INTEGRATING THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN NOVEL INTO UNIVERSITY EFL CURRICULA:A CASE FOR “THEIR EYES WERE WATCHING GOD” AND “BELOVED”
Author
Author
KOVACEVIC, Ervin
Akbarov, Azamat
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
Bloom's taxonomy of learning domains and its characteristic array of action verbs which specifically define learning outcomes are a key reference European universities use to evaluate the overlap of what is aimed for, actually taught, and finally assessed. Although the taxonomy presents the framework for writing instructional objectives through three dimensions - the cognitive learning domain (knowing facts and processes), the affective learning domain (valuing attitudes and beliefs), and the psychomotor learning domain (manifesting physical skills) - academic program catalogues and course syllabi seem most concerned with the cognitive and psychomotor domains, leaving the design of the affective dimension to individual instructors. Thus, this essay explores the potential of an advanced EFL course for integrating all three dimensions. If authentic, meaningful, real communication facilitates the process of foreign language acquisition, the instructional forms in an advanced EFL course - such as class discussions, presentations, research papers and essays - will not be rendered banal language-to-go activities, but have real-life applicability and eventually affective education capacity. This essay presents a rationale that helps a language instructor recognize the African-American novel as a foreign language instructional medium that stimulates both language mastery and personal growth due to its uniquely intertwining of historical and fictional elements which creates endless opportunities for the meaningful use of the target language. The implications of Communicative Language Teaching, Mezirow's Transformative Learning Theory, Jarvis's Experiential Learning Theory, Reader-Response Literary Criticism, and several articles written on the genre of the novel suggest ways for designing instructional activities that ask for critical- or self-reflection upon personally held views while simultaneously providing opportunities for increased language proficiency. This essay examines Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) and Toni Morrison's Beloved (1987) as examples demonstrating why and how the African-American novel could be used in such instructional design.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2014
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
PE English
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8009f63f610aab7be5cdf46ce68a6943.pdf
0e84350651069e075d2051065a311a59
PDF Text
Text
3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo
Tiryaki, G. and Akbay, C. (2010) Consumers’ Fluid Milk Consumption Behaviors in Turkey:
An Application of Multinomial Logit Model, Quality and Quantity, 44,87–98.
TURKSTAT (2009). Regional Statistics, URL http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr
TURKSTAT (2011). Turkey’s Statistical Yearbook, 2010. Publication No: 3522, Ankara.
WMDA (2011). Dairy and Products Sectoral Report, West Mediterranean Development
Agency, http://baka.org.tr/uploads/1303486719SUT-URUNLERi-TURKCE-KATALOG.pdf
Yamane, T. (2001). Basic Sampling Methods, Literatur Publishing, Istanbul.
UN (2011). World Statistics Pocketbook. URL http://data.un.org/CountryProfile
Integration And Sustainability Of Technology-Enhanced Systems Into Learning
Environment: Cankiri Karatekin University Case Study
Ari Murat1, Pekel Abdullah2
1Cankiri Karatekin University, Chairman of Informatics Department, Cankiri, Turkey
2Marmara University, School of Foreign Languages, Istanbul, Turkey
E-mails: mari@karatekin.edu.tr, abdullah.pekel@hotmail.com
Abstract
As a result of the continuous search for global competitiveness through providing the society
with high quality education in the light of emerging technologies, Cankiri Karatekin
University has embarked on a strategic planning and a pilot study on transition to Distance
Education (DE). Providing on-demand training for professional development, lifelong
learning, career change aimed at quite varied groups in society, Cankiri Karatekin University
sets its sight on maximizing the quality of communication and intellect sharing between
academic staff as well as enabling the effective assessment of their academic performance
thanks to the integrated e-learning/distance education and corporate communication platform.
According to this tested project based model, distance education infrastructure and
educational e-materials have been prepared and used as a supplement to formal education. By
this means, ensuring students’ and teachers’ readiness is aimed for the success of the future
pure distance education programs. The study evaluates the pilot project titled “Integrated Elearning and Teaching Environment” by Cankiri Karatekin University, which was founded in
2007 and strives for developing as a globally competitive academic institution by employing
an effective and efficient model in the use of technology in education. The technical
background features as well as results of the pilot project have been evaluated and further
suggestions have been presented, considering distance education practices in the world in
general and, in particular, the potential that Turkish Higher Education and Cankiri Karatekin
University carry in the field.
Keywords: Distance Education; e-learning;
Communication; Teaching Environment
16
Life
Long
Learning;
Institutional
�3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo
1.INTRODUCTION
The biggest difference between an online, virtual classroom and the traditional classroom is
the way instruction is delivered. In a traditional classroom, the instructor is the center of
learning and information is presented orally or through tangible text. The text can be engaged
through active reading activities like highlighting, making notes in margins, and underlining
and circling important information. The course material can be discussed in class and
whatever questions or arguments arise can be answered and discussed face to face during the
class period. In a traditional classroom setting, the teaching and learning happen on a
synchronous schedule.
Conversely, online instruction occurs asynchronously. The instructor and the learners are
separated by time and space. Online courses take advantage of the Internet as a teaching and
learning environment; it’s open, distributed, dynamic, globally accessible, filtered, interactive
and archival in nature, (Elmore 2008). In online learning, the instructor acts as a guide to the
process of learning rather than its director. Dependence on the instructor is reduced and
students are empowered to take responsibility for their own learning referred to as Kosak et
al. (2004). Text still plays an important role in online learning but now the text can be
manipulated, searched, revised and updated and appears in short, and concise chunks, which
can be distributed through a wide array of multimedia. Discussion of the text is done through
online forums, live chats or e–mail messages. This situation involves references to Maguire
(2002).
The rapid advancement in Information Technologies has globally influenced the education
systems, and the integration of technology into education has increased the inclination
towards Distance Education (DE). Online courses are becoming increasingly popular
especially with the non–traditional student. The online students tend to be a mid-career adult
returning to school. Also, many students see online courses as a more convenient way to go
to school (Yang 2010). The trend does not seem to be slowing. In 2007, there was a 12.9
percent growth rate for online enrollments which exceeded the 1.2 percent growth of the
overall higher education student population (Zhen 2008). Universities are offering more
online courses to meet the demand.
It is important to draw attention to two issues. First of all, DE is not a supplement to
traditional formal education. Tailor-made hardware, lesson materials and technology-based
assessment methodology is employed in DE. Such a system is composed of the latest
hardware technology available. Secondly, DE is not a form of instruction that
underdeveloped countries use, on the contrary, most developed countries utilize DE systems
within formal – informal education system.
Newly-formed universities face numerous challenges, on rather limited institutional budget,
in competing with the universities that have long educational background. Thus, only the
institutions, which appreciate and keep pace with the latest technology, can go beyond the
existing frontiers in higher education and elevate their competitiveness.
In this study, Cankiri Karatekin University’s DE need analysis has been discussed. Besides,
system features and the results of the pilot study titled “Integrating e-Learning-Teaching
Environment Project” have been evaluated. It is evident that the system is likely to play a
prominent role in determining training systems according to Lifelong Learning practices.
17
�3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo
1.1. Advances in Distance Education Field in Turkey and the Present Situation
In parallel with the competitive global conditions, Turkey has been intensively working on
the targets and strategies involving open and distance education in pursue of its targets related
to higher education. Beginning with THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BANK LOANS and
ECONOMIC GROWTH in TURKEY: 1995-2010
Emre Sezici, Murat Yaman the Open Education System at Anadolu University, the efforts
has gained perspective through TUBITAK-BILTEN DE Feasibility Study in 1997, and within
this framework Feasibility Analysis of Nation-Wide Distance Education Alternatives study
has probed then-current telecommunication infrastructure, needs analysis, alternative models
and cost-benefit along with copyrights in DE. As an addition to that, DE Regulations was
accepted and The National Committee of Informatics was founded in 1999. Such operation
areas as The Regulation of Cross-University Communication and IT-Based Distance Higher
Education, provision of lessons delivered via client/server matching between universities,
regulation of independent course/program launch with the authorization of YOK, and course
crediting are within The National Committee of Informatics’ scope of authority. As the final
step, UADMK-TUBA has been founded to provide support for the DE efforts (YOK 2011).
Turkey is a dynamic country and has a rather young population with 35 million people under
30 years old. Large portion of the young population are students. According to the recent
statistics by The Ministry of National Education (MEB), a total of 14.115.892 students attend
various schools and institutions of MEB. Additionally, around 3.180.000 students receive
education at more than 170 universities. When calculated, these figures comprise almost 25%
of the total population of the country. 1.7 million students take university admission exam
every year; however, only 400.000 of these are able to be placed in a higher education
program due to the lack of capacity problems (MEB 2011). Countries from the Balkans and
Caucasus, Central Asia, Middle East, North and Central Africa demand higher education
opportunities from Turkish higher education institutions as these countries are within the
regional and cultural sphere of influence of Turkey, which emerges as a center of attraction in
terms of education. IT potential has been used effectively in supporting DE. It is preferred
and promoted, thus increases its popularity day by day.
2.ÇANKIRI KARATEKIN UNIVERSITY AND DE
As of January 2012, there are a total of 176 universities, 108 of which are state universities
and 68 which are the ones belong to foundations, in Turkey. As more than 110 of these
universities were founded after 1992, they have yet to fully complete their physical or
academic development stage. According to Student Selection and Placement Center (OSYM)
2009 statistics, more than 3.180.000 students are within Turkish Higher Education System.
While 1.366.000 of these students continue their studies at Open Education Faculty,
1.640.000 students attend state universities and 176.000 students attend private universities.
31 associate degree programs at 14 universities, 1 degree completion program, 3 degree
programs at 1 university, and 19 masters programs at 15 universities are available via
Distance Education. Around 24.000 students receive education through distance education.
Besides, according to OSYM statistics, 111.000 teaching staff are employed within Turkish
Higher Education System. 50.000 of these currently work at the underdeveloped universities
that were opened in 1992 and after. Academic staff training and academic staff support
programs through DE are increasing their popularity as an effective in-service training tool
(YOK 2011)
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�3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo
Çankırı Karatekin University (CKU), established in 2007, is rapidly developing with 6
faculties, 4 institutes, 1 college, and 4 vocational schools and serves around 5500 students
through 266 academic personnel and 199 administrative staff. CKU appreciates the
advantages that DE technologies will bring as an effective tool in competing within higher
education sector. As a newly established university, CKU develops its technological
infrastructure in order to meet the hardware-related and physical needs. Technological and
topological features of the platform used in the pilot application shown in Figure 1 will be
presented in the following section.
Figure 1: CKU Blended Learning Online Schema
3. APPLICATION OF PILOT PROJECT
3.1 Project Goal
Delivering the Integrated Learning-Teaching Environment (ILE) solution that enables the
existing Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) and other Learning Toolsets to function as one
individual Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) towards University.
Our immediate ILE Objectives will transform the existing IWB from its initial stage into an
integrated learning-teaching environment for the masses built on a reusable and sustainable
learning-teaching framework envisioned by the University.
3.2. Standard ILE Features
Included in the following subsection but not limited to Assessment, Lesson Solution, Wiki
Solution, Glossary Solution, The Choice Activity, Course Solution, Workshop Solution, and
Photo Gallery are existing components within this ILE. Herein, we will briefly elaborate on
one of the solutions within the ILE. The overall ILE software and all existing components
given below are shown in Figure 2.
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�3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo
Figure 2: ILE Architecture diagram describing the 3 main working groups (stakeholders/executives, teachers, and students) and its integration into the system.
4. INSTRUMENTS, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
In order to interpret the impact that the ILE had on the students’ learning outcomes, two
instruments will be used in this study: 1) the students’ final exam marks in the different
courses that same group of students attended during the same academic year by means of data
obtained from faculty archive about final exam results, and 2) a twelve item survey, which
measures students’ assessment of ILE usefulness based on the instrument developed by Wang
(2009). This survey included items relating to student interaction and active learning by
means of the ILE system, and based on a five point Likert scale. The scale ranged from
“Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”. Students’ satisfaction total score could range from
a very low satisfaction level of 10 to a very high satisfaction level of 50.
The data collected via first instrument is going to be analyzed for group comparison using the
independent samples t-test for students’ exam outcomes. The statistics assess whether the
means of two groups are statistically different from each other in order to be able to compare
them. The data will be analyzed further with the SPSS. We hope that, we will get all statistics
data at the end of this semester. In this study the first outcomes and system architecture were
evaluated without statistics.
5. DISCUSSION
We have structured the DE organization in two steps: step one is to transform traditional
teaching practices into technology-enabled ones, in order to keep up with modern teaching
methodologies in higher education as well as to establish institutional background for future
DE practices. There are numerous instances of such approaches which merge traditional
classroom practices with the online collaborative work, also called blended-learning or hybrid
learning. We have agreed that gradual transition from the traditional practices to the blended
learning and further, distance learning phase, is necessary for the successful structuring as
well as positive outcomes.
Blended courses make good use of advantages both face-to-face and online teaching practices
would provide. To illustrate, the students are able to discuss and analyze the topics that were
already covered online through digital self-study materials, Q&A sessions, topic forums, self
assessment quizzes. Besides, online discussions enabled the students in the way that they
could not in classroom environment. As everyone has a say without time or other social
pressures, online discussions give many students the opportunity to express themselves more
openly compared to the ones done in a regular class. Many students are reluctant to speak in
class because of shyness, uncertainty, or language issues. The ability to take their time to
compose questions and answers in an online discussion is an advantage to many students, and
instructors report much higher participation levels online than in class. Many students tend to
avoid contribution in classroom because of introversion, difficulty with oral expression and
for some other personal issues.
6. CONCLUSION
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�3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo
Online courses are growing in popularity and demanded particularly by non-traditional
students. Even though more and more universities are offering online courses, faculty
members are still reluctant to teach online courses. They are concerned about planning and
developing the courses, the overall quality of online courses and the lack of credit toward
merit, promotion and tenure. Cankiri Karatekin University is a newly formed university and it
is yet to complete its physical and academic structure. Thus, CKU aims at setting high
standards by integrating technology based systems into its programs, consequently
eliminating the drawbacks of the structural weaknesses. With this aim in hand, it prepares its
academic background for setting up DE programs by analyzing DE systems and launching
pilot projects. There are two components in DE: first one is to have academic staff that
possess the required know-how and expertise in using basic IT skills; second one is to create
quality and pre-leveled content. Therefore, universities are required to have the necessary
academic background and hardware infrastructure regarding these two components.
Otherwise, seemingly capable systems can turn into technological waste.
CKU has chosen to merge the opportunities that the accumulated know-how in the area
brings and its own dynamics in order to create academic and intellectual value. Towards the
target set ahead, gradual and proportional growth of the technological and relevant academic
prerequisites have been sought for. Therefore, blended-learning practices are intended to
form academic and system related basis of the future DE programs by avoiding trial-error
programs in distance education and developing the programs that address the specific needs
of the target group.
In this study, Cankiri Karatekin University’s DE needs analysis has been discussed within DE
course development in the world and Turkey and as an alternative solution, an integrated
learning and teaching environment platform provided by Birtel as well as Corporate
Communication Platform has been piloted as an assisting tool in formal education and its first
outputs have been evaluated. Further outputs will be analyzed with SPSS after collecting all
the data at the end of semester.
The following study will evaluate the statistical data and compare the success and system
competence levels of the teachers and students, who are adapted to the distance education
system, and those, who have directly started distance education program. Preparation of a
survey has been started in order to determine comparable success determining competencies
of the teachers and students, who earlier attended distance education programs without
probationary period in different universities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The installation and maintenance of the platform that constitutes the infrastructure of the
distance education system, Softfoundry and Vmeet, has been provided by Birtel Network
Technologies free of charge.
REFERENCES
Elmore, H.W. (2008). Toward objectivity in faculty evaluation. Academe, volume 94
number 3, URL, http://aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2008/MJ/
Kosak, L., Manning,D., Dobson, E., Rogerson, L., Cotnam, S., Colaric, S. & McFadden, C.,
(2004). Prepared to teach online. Perspectives of faculty in the University of North Carolina
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�3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo
system. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, volume 7, number 3. URL,
http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall73/kosak73.html
Maguire, L.L., (2002). Literature review-Faculty participation in online distance education:
Barriers and motivators. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, volume 8,
number 1, 2002. URL,
http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring81/maguire81.html
Yang, Y., (2010). Roles of administrators in ensuring the quality of online programs.
Knowledge Management & E–Learning, volume 2, number 4, 2010. URL, http://kmeljournal.org/ojs/index.php/online-publication/article/viewArticle/80
Zhen, Garthwait,Y. A. & Pratt, P., (2008). Factors affecting faculty members’ decision to
teach or not to teach online in higher education. Online Journal of Distance Learning
Administration, Volume 11, number 3. URL,
http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall113/zhen113.html
Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education (MEB). URL,
http://www.meb.gov.tr/english/indexeng.htm
The council of Higher Education (YOK). URL,
http://www.yok.gov.tr/en/content/view/527/222/
Garrison, D. R., & Vaughan, N. D., (2008). Blended learning in higher education:
framework, principles, and guidelines. San Francisco, CA: Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[Holden, J. T. & Westfall, P., (2010). An Instructional Media Selection for Distance
Learning-Implications for Blended Learning. United States Distance Learning Association.
Wang, W., & Wang, C., (2009). An empirical study of instructor adoption of web-based
learning systems. Computers & Education, Vol. 53, No.3, pp. 761-774.
H2O persistence framework for column oriented distributed (NoSQL) databases
Dino Kečo, Dženana Đonko
University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Zmaja od Bosne bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
E - mails: dino.keco@gmail.com, ddonko@etf.unsa.ba
Abstract
Cloud architectures are most commonly used in cases when large scale data processing is
required. Building applications for cloud architectures requires a lot of engineering
experience, especially in cases of data persistence. Persistence in cloud architectures is solved
using NoSQL database models. In this paper we are working with column oriented NoSQL
database model. Main research goal of this paper is building of new persistence framework
22
�
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1144
Title
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Integration And Sustainability Of Technology-Enhanced Systems Into Learning Environment: Cankiri Karatekin University Case Study
Author
Author
Ari, Murat
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
As a result of the continuous search for global competitiveness through providing the society with high quality education in the light of emerging technologies, Cankiri Karatekin University has embarked on a strategic planning and a pilot study on transition to Distance Education (DE). Providing on-demand training for professional development, lifelong learning, career change aimed at quite varied groups in society, Cankiri Karatekin University sets its sight on maximizing the quality of communication and intellect sharing between academic staff as well as enabling the effective assessment of their academic performance thanks to the integrated e-learning/distance education and corporate communication platform. According to this tested project based model, distance education infrastructure and educational e-materials have been prepared and used as a supplement to formal education. By this means, ensuring students’ and teachers’ readiness is aimed for the success of the future pure distance education programs. The study evaluates the pilot project titled “Integrated Elearning and Teaching Environment” by Cankiri Karatekin University, which was founded in 2007 and strives for developing as a globally competitive academic institution by employing an effective and efficient model in the use of technology in education. The technical background features as well as results of the pilot project have been evaluated and further suggestions have been presented, considering distance education practices in the world in general and, in particular, the potential that Turkish Higher Education and Cankiri Karatekin University carry in the field. Keywords: Distance Education; e-learning; Life Long Learning; Institutional Communication; Teaching Environment
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2012-05-31
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
H Social Sciences (General)
-
https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/80cc2d37df1ac754f1f6a6f16de5518a.pdf
357c782510b6e618bacd2cba358b74da
PDF Text
Text
1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics
May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo
Integration of Critical Thinking Skills into Grammar Curricula
Mustafa Ugur Turkyilmaz
International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Department of English Language and Literature
uturkyilmaz@ibu.edu.ba
Abstract:High standards are intended in all curriculum guidelines and it is not
different in most of the guidelines. In this paper, the language arts curriculum is put
under the spotlight and an in-depth analysis is provided on most benchmarks. Many
suggestions are made to further improve the curriculum and particular focus is placed
on implementation. The problems is in teaching grammar is highlighted and remedies
are offered. How to integrate the critical thinking skills in a grammar course is clearly
outlined and offered to teachers who look for answers to the problems in almost
every classroom.
Introduction:
The objectives of this paper are to provide insights to develop a powerful linguistic command
of the English language grammar on the intermediate level. Successful learners construct meaning
through the interactive multi-media presentations, peer and group projects. It is our mission that
students not memorize grammar formulas but try to see and comprehend the frameworks of grammar in
context. Recognizing the interrelatedness of the language skills, simultaneous development of two
selected basic skills (speaking, and writing) would be promoted.
If you have ever taught ESL Grammar, appropriate methods of teaching grammar cannot be
overemphasized! ESL students are actually the victims of wrong techniques and strategies if they
cannot understand, learn and internalize grammar. ―No other aspect of the English language has
suffered from incorrect assumptions as the teaching of grammar.‖ (Last, 2001) particularly in today‘s
highly technological world of learning, you are doomed to fail if you are not using the right tools that
would attract the students‘ attention to your subject matter. Bored students never appreciate your hard
work and never go home with something they are eager to review.
Literature Review:
In this model classroom, the Language Arts teacher is actively using multi-media to present
the grammar units. The objectives of the course are to get the students to think the grammar subjects a
part of their daily lives, to visualize the abstract concepts in context and to make the complicated
grammar points easier by means of visual aids.
According to the Wisconsin Language Arts standards, thinking skills targeted in this course
are: ―gathering information, organizing information, analyzing information, generating information,
integrating information, and evaluating information.‖ (Last, 2001) Different teaching strategies and
techniques would be developed to incorporate those skills into the learning process such as: ―Effective
interpersonal communication skills, including active listening and sensitive feedback…"(Farquharson,
1995)
I think most of the grammar teachers fail to teach grammar effectively because of wrong methodology.
―No other aspect of the English language has suffered from incorrect assumptions as the teaching of
grammar.‖ (Last, 2001) They fall into the pitfall of explaining theory with another theory.
Abstract terms cannot be explained with abstract methods. Like all other abstract sciences, the ultimate
result of teaching abstract subjects is having a bored audience. They do not think what is taught but
why they need to learn this.
Moreover, all of us speak; read, listen and we never think or care about the grammar. But if
you are a foreigner, you need a framework to build other language skills on. ―Unlike native speakers,
ESL students do not have intuitions about how English works, thus affecting their ability to construct
and reconstruct the language.‖ (Last, 2001) In that case we certainly need to know grammar.
Students in a typical ESL classroom would be ten to twelve. Pair and group work are most encouraged,
for students are learning more from each other in efficient ways. All students have a minimum of pre-
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�1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics
May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo
intermediate Grammar level. Their spoken proficiency is ranging from pre-intermediate to upperintermediate. An intermediate level of Grammar instruction is intended to instruct. There are two
native languages spoken: Spanish and Chinese. Most of the students have been in the States for more
than four or five years. Two third of them are graduated from an elementary school.
Almost all of the students‘ families are helpful at home with the assignments. Homework
assignment topics are particularly selected from daily life to increase the cooperation at home.
―Successful teaching must be embedded in community contexts and connected to students‘ lives.‖
(Hammond, 1997) The problem, as I mentioned above, is how to make it worthy to spend time on it in
the eyes of learners. How do you have them visualize the topic? How do you get them to ponder about
the unit later on in their daily lives? ―The brain friendly classroom helps all the students to make
connections between what they already know and what they yet to learn‖ (Moffet, J, 1968) How do you
get them to be self-productive? What are the possible ways to have them to internalize the terms,
concepts and intricate grammar points inductively and effectively? How do you have them care about
it, like it and use it?
In the meantime, Grammar is somehow isolated with the values of society. The contexts that
the problems addressed are far from being experienced out there. So here comes the critical question:
How do you connect what you teach with what is going on in the society? Obviously, you cannot cut it
if you cannot show the ways to the students how your teachings are valued by society. ―Education is a
value based activity, engaging individuals in experiencing or accepting what is valued by society‖
(Ornstein, Hunkins, 1998)
The dilemma could be resolved with a well-prepared curriculum that gives the teacher to make
the class attractive and useful. ―For a century, with few exceptions, the all but exclusive focus of this
(language) has been the structure of the English, most usually traditional usage and grammar.‖
(Andrews, 1997) It is not possible to be creative at all times. Therefore a detailed curriculum offering
solutions to overcome the nature of teaching grammar would be the ideal solution to meet the high
standards.
Method of Evaluation for Student Learning:
Holistic approach would be used to assess the student progress. Assuming that each student would
have different weak and strong points, no rubric or a certain percentage would be predetermined as the
evaluation criteria. Some of significant methods of evaluating students in Grammar course are to
observe the following performances:
Evaluating what thinking skills they are able to use.
How effectively are they used to understand the grammar points in writing and when they
speak?
In class participation of classroom discussions, peer and group work
Written essays
Self assessment
Extension and Enrichment Suggestions:
Students should read at home on a regular basis and try to talk about the topic with the family
members. While they are speaking, the student should see what grammar points are used in the daily
life situations.
Procedures to Use to Implement the Curriculum
Here are some ideas that could be easily implemented as the curriculum implementation
procedure: Need and the relevance of the new program would be fully explained to the faculty in inservice seminars and at the department workshops. Clarity of the plan would be demonstrated by
presentations and head teachers who will do model classes for the faculty. Realistic goals set by the
new curriculum would help to overcome the complexity of the program. The quality of the program
would be assured with the computer programs and multimedia presentations. Parents should be
informed in advance about their roles that their participation is vital to work the program. Video
cameras used in the classes would be used to evaluate the in-class performances of the teachers. This
will also be used to give feedback to the department about what works and what does not.
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May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo
The Curriculum Development Process:
Nontechnical-nonscientific approach would be appropriate to use as the model for curriculum
development. As each student‘s evaluation based on individual criteria, subjective, personal, aesthetic
aspects of curriculum development should come forward. As all language skills should be regarded as
―one‖, holistic, ever evolving, method of nontechnical-nonscientific approach should fit best to develop
a child-centered grammar curriculum. Some of the more concrete steps of the development process
might be as follows:
Having implemented the curriculum for one quarter, the branch teachers start immediate
modifications on the curriculum. The feedback from the students is regarded as critical. Surveys and
teachers observations might be the tools to diagnose the problem areas. The drawbacks of the
curriculum should be discussed in depth in the department meetings and remedies should be suggested
based on first hand observation. Instructional stuff and methods are scrutinized to make sure they are
all backing up the accepted aims and goals. The learning activities should be readjusted and
reorganized if their contents are not deep enough to saturate the frameworks of the topics. Students
who fall behind should be marked and more after school activities should be conducted with those to
make up the first quarter units.
Program Evaluation and Conclusion:
Program evaluation will be based on the yearly student gain. Initial level of the students will
be recorded at the beginning of the year and compared with the year-end performances. A pre-test and
a Post-test would be useful to have statistical data. The intended skills, listening and writing, will be
monitored and assessed with the teachers and the program will be revised based on their evaluations.
External and internal assessment tools, such as teacher observations, student participations during the
classes, and surveys, would set the criteria for the success of the program. If the intended goals
specified in the concept and the standards are met, the program would be regarded successful.
REFERENCES:
Andrews, L. (1997). Language exploration and awareness (2nd Ed) Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Farquharson, A. (1995). Teaching in Practice (1st Ed) California: Jossey- Bass
Moffett, J. (1968). Teaching the universe of discourse (1st Ed) Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
Last, E. (2001). Planning curriculum in language arts. Madison: Wisconsin Department of Public
Instruction
Ornstein,C. A., Hunkins P. F. (1998) Curriculum Foundations, Principles, And Issues (3rd Ed).
Needahm Heights MA: Allyn and Bacon
Hammond, D. L. (1998). The Right to Learn (1st Ed). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
1221
�
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Extent
The size or duration of the resource.
670
Title
A name given to the resource
Integration of Critical Thinking Skills into Grammar Curricula
Author
Author
Turkyilmaz, Mustafa Ugur
Abstract
A summary of the resource.
High standards are intended in all curriculum guidelines and it is not different in most of the guidelines. In this paper, the language arts curriculum is put under the spotlight and an in-depth analysis is provided on most benchmarks. Many suggestions are made to further improve the curriculum and particular focus is placed on implementation. The problems is in teaching grammar is highlighted and remedies are offered. How to integrate the critical thinking skills in a grammar course is clearly outlined and offered to teachers who look for answers to the problems in almost every classroom.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2011-05
Keywords
Keywords.
Conference or Workshop Item
PeerReviewed
P Philology. Linguistics