144 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/73528c3460986ec752f1d2e00907f0a6.pdf 8e44facaef1be7a6a73f90db9783fe8c PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sustainability Dilemma of Pluralistic Social Structure in Western Democracies Bahadır Eser1,Selim Kanat2, Adem Ali İren2 1Suleyman Demirel University Dept. of Public Administration 2 Suleyman Demirel University Dept. of International Relations 1.INTRODUCTION Different groups in a society have several powers to access the ruling system. One of them is highly organized to reach governing mechanism to affect decision-making process while the others really suffered from not being part of it. Some state mechanisms adopt very embracing policy for minority groups of society in opposition to other states insisting on implying majoritarian policies. Majoritanism which is a political theory based on prioritizing the will of majority is more prone to exclude minor parts of society from involving state system. Thus a problematic situation is given rise to emerge “other” concept known as not being a part of majority. 2.Pluralism Pluralism is a term used for diversity of multiplicity or a descriptive concept standing for coexistence of different moral and political values in terms of political science. Pluralism is used to characterize the attitude of open-mindedness and the willingness to non-repressively tolerate the diversity of worthwhile pursuits to which humans may devote themselves (Talisse, 2011:88). Pluralism enables to disperse power more equally within alls sections of a society. When we look at European democracies and state mechanism from pluralistic view, it is easy to find many critical points that do not fit with this approach. However not only developing but also current western democracies whose social structures composed of pluralistic view sometimes ignore their democratic character. Xenophobia, Islamophobia and racism are different kind of terms which damages pluralism by suppressing minority groups in the developed countries. Cultural pluralism explains the dynamic by which minority groups fully participate in the dominant society while maintaining their cultural differences. A pluralistic society is a community where different groups have a certain degree of tolerance for one another while interacting. Different cultures can coexist without major conflicts, and where minority cultures are encouraged to uphold their customs in pluralistic societies (Ratulea, 2009:43). The relation between the "majority culture" on one side and the "culture of minorities" another side as a relation of possible antagonism can lead to mutual social exclusion through the necessity of preserving some particular cultural identities within the context of a cultural pluralism. (Bercea, 2007:195-196). Multicultural politics produce a collective Muslim 437 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo identity “as a shared immigrant experience and as a representational identity” (Humphrey, 2001:35) 3.Islamophobia Islamophobia is a word that is practically in many places at the same time in today’s discourse on Islam. The situation of Muslim minorities in the West is frequently framed both by academics and by pundits in terms of the ‘need’ to combat the ‘evils’ of Islamophobia (Zuquete, 2008:321). Islamophobia “has fed racist hostility against people of Middle Eastern, Arab and South Asian origin and has in turn been bolstered by racial prejudice and xenophobia” (Rudiger, 2001). Unnecessary hostility against Islam refers to the practical consequences of such hostility in unfounded discrimination against individuals and societies whose religion is Islam (Trust, 2002). Muslim minorities have recently emerged in most Western countries; for instance; some European countries (England, France and Germany in particular. Muslim immigration has been more recent in other countries such as the USA and Canada) have been receiving Muslim migrants of various origins since the 1950s (Bloul, 2008:9). Moreover, Muslim contact with the Australian landmass has dated back to the 17th century (Kabir, 2004). The Muslim population of Australia is relatively small and comes from different origins ‘Muslimness’ of Australian immigrants is open to negotiate within the wider social, legal and political environment (Humphrey, 2001:40) 4.Xenophobia The style of immigrants becoming sources of economic threats is perceived in terms of labor market theory (Bonacich, 1972; Boswell, 1986), which assumes that xenophobia is strengthened when immigrant workers work for decidedly lower wages than the majority population. Many immigrants are more willing to work for low wages with poor working conditions in a receiving country due to low incomes and living standards in their home countries. Accordingly, immigrants lead to decrease job opportunities for the majority populations as well as undermine the wage standard in the host society – thus becoming a threat to the majority population (Hjerm and Nagayoshi, 2011:4). As it is accentuated by Bonacich and Boswell labor market theory is one of very crucial part in rising hatred towards foreign people in a society. The origin of anti-immigrant voices is related to cultural tensions between ethnic groups where foreigners are viewed as potential threats to national identity, social order and values of the majority population (Hjerm and Nagoyashi, 2011:5). Cultural aspects are emphasized as a significant factor for creating prejudices towards immigrant groups (McLaren and Johnson, 2007). The focus on cultural threat has either been somewhat neglected or, alternatively, has been overtly on perceptions of cultural threat instead of their objective sources. However, the existing empirical studies which has importance suggest that social and economic variables were mostly insignificant in explaining support for anti-immigrant parties in seven European countries (Van der Brug et al. 2000). Furthermore, cultural threat is a more beneficial and an analytical tool to explain prejudice than economic threat. (Scheepers 438 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo et al., 2002:22). The size of non-European population of immigrants is often used as an indicator of objective sources of cultural threat (Schneider, 2007), but ‘non-European’ implies various differences: linguistic, religious, or perhaps physical appearance. (Hjerm and Nagoyashi, 2011:5) 5.Rise of Extreme Right The 1990s were a period of tremendous growth in electoral support for radical right-wing parties across Western Europe. When we look at seven prominent radical right parties from 1990 to 2000, we can see that one study showing a mean increase of 55% in vote share during during this period (Norris, 2005:8). Particular importance of radical right-wing parties for the investigation, they have often been defined by their positions in opposition to immigration (Williams, 2006). However, the specific enemies and the degree to which they are looked down on change from state to state in spite of the common rhetoric of xenophobia among radical right-wing parties, because each country has the unique history and context (Williams, 2010:112). For instance, , Turks have formed a sort of Parallelgesellschaft (“parallel society”) in Germany which remains separate and distinct in many forms from German society (Caglar, 2001:604). Far right parties defended cultural purity during 1980’s and 1990’s through accentuating anti-immigrant expressions. Immigrant values conveyed by workers whose cultural background stemming from non- European societies are important threats against native culture or life style. Thus different values and cultures can eradicate or erode the basic principles of native societies. Therefore, extreme right wings brought protecting traditional life characteristics up to the agenda on account of high damaging possibilities of immigrant values. Following this logic, the self-proclaimed spiritual leader of the Danish Progress Party, Mogens Glistrup, made anti-immigrant sentiment an issue of patriotism saying “Of course I am a racist—all good Danes are. Either you’re a racist, or else you’re a traitor” (Widfeldt, 2000:490). Glistrup has also stated that Muslims should be “chased away” or else “they will kill us all.” The French FN expressed its policy of “national preference” in the 1993 party program by second-in-command leader Bruno M´egret. The “300 measures” in the 1993 program recommended that French and European Union nationals be considered the primary recipients of welfare state benefits such as unemployment compensation, housing, and health care. The policy was criticized widely as a form of anti-foreigner apartheid, racist in its intention. However, the National Front defended the aims of the plan, which it said were to preserve the French nation, a rooted, “historic, traditional, ethnically-inspired entity that can easily be undermined by alien values, groups, culture and influences.”(Hainsworth and Mitchell, 2000:445). The Swiss People’s Party, which won 22.5% of the popular vote, emphasized “abuse of asylum” and opposed illegal immigration on the ground that immigrant use resources of local 439 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo people (Husbands, 2000:508). Another example of anti-immigrant policy in Europe was the Danish People’s Party claiming that Denmark is not an immigrant country (Widfeldt, 2000:491). On the other hand the Norwegian Progress Party claimed that immigrants cause to drain national sources (Gibson, 2002:25). In Holland Pim Fortuyn’s List Party opposing immigrants due to cultural reasons says that previous government ignored the effects by which Muslim immigrations were caused (Migration News, 2002). German National Democratic Party claimed that foreign influence infiltrated into Germany and expressed that American culture and non-Europeans immigrants undermined German cultural heritage (Winkler and Schuman, 1998:102). 6.Anti-Discrimination Laws in Europe Religious discrimination in Europe is very critical issue, so the EU adopted some principles in order to combat religious discrimination in Treaty of Amsterdam in Article 13 says: This Article complements Article 12, which prohibits discrimination on grounds of nationality. The new Article enables the Council to take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation (Treaty of Amsterdam, Article 12) Few European countries developed and overhaul their legislation on discrimination based on religious grounds. There are some instances about this tendency by European states. Even though the anti-discrimination legislation in the United Kingdom did not cover religious Discrimination area, the Race Relations Act of 1998 include discrimination against ethnoreligious groups which has been used by the Commission for Racial Equality to argue that religious discrimination in effect amounts to unlawful indirect racial discrimination against a particular racial group covered by the Race Relations Act (Religious Discrimination: Your Rights in Bloul, 2008). Some other example in Europe for anti-religious discrimination can be arrayes as Finland’s Penal Code (1995, Section 9) explaining sentences for discrimination because of religion, civil and administrative law in Austria contains provisions prohibiting public expressions of prejudice against persons on the ground of religion or creed. The 1987 Penal Code In Denmark provides punishments for discrimination and harassment on the grounds of belief (Article 266b, Act 626 of 1987), The Penal Code in France, (1985, Art. R624-3, 4, 7) punishes verbal hatred on grounds of religion. Discrimination on grounds of religion is also prohibited and punished in Holland (Penal Code 1992), Norway (Penal Code 1981, Paragraph 135a), Sweden (Act 134, 1994), Spain (Cooperation Agreement 1992, Institutional Law 10/1995) (Bloul, 2008:14). 7.CONCLUSION 440 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Pluralism is a term used for diversity of multiplicity or a descriptive concept standing for coexistence of different moral and political values in terms of political science. Pluralism enables to disperse power more equally within alls sections of a society. When we look at European democracies and state mechanism from pluralistic view, it is easy to find many critical points that do not fit with this approach. However not only developing but also current western democracies whose social structures composed of pluralistic view sometimes ignore their democratic character. Xenophobia, Islamphobia and racism are different kind of terms which damages pluralism by suppressing minority groups in the developed countries. The most important thing of pressure on different groups in a society is to create an “other” notion which is not welcomed by the majority of community. From this perspective the other concept can easily appear in the societies that does not internalize pluralism. In other words, majoritarian or no pluralistic structure of societies complicates co-existence of different groups. In that context, we aimed at investigating unpluralistic structure, which creates xenophobia, Islamphobia and racism in European democracies post Sept 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bercea, R. (2007), Communitarian Law. Principles, C.H. Beck Publishing House, Bucharest. Bonacich E. (1972), “A theory of ethnic antagonism: The split labor market” , American Sociological Review 37 (5), pp. 547–559. Boswell Terry E. (1986), “A split labor market analysis of discrimination against Chinese immigrants, 1850–1882”, American Sociological Review 51 (3), pp. 352–371. Caglar, Ayse S. (2001), “Constraining Metaphors and the Transnationalisation of Spaces in Berlin”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27 (4), pp. 601–613. Gibson Rachel K. (2002), The Growth of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe, Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press. Hainsworth P. and Mitchell P. (2000), “France: The Front National from Crossroads to Crossroads?”, Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3), pp.443-456. Hjerm M. and Nagayoshi K. (2011), “The composition of the Minority Population as a threat: Can Real Economic and Cultural Threats Explain Xenophobia?”, International Sociology, 26 (6), pp. 1-29. 441 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Husbands C. (2002), “Switzerland: Right-Wing and Xenophobic Parties, from Margin to Mainstream?” Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3), pp. 501–516. Kabir, N. (2004), Muslims in Australia: Immigration, Race Relations and Cultural History, London: Kegan Paul. M. Humphrey (2001), “An Australian Islam? Religion in the multicultural city”, in Muslim Communities in Australia, eds A. Saeed and S. Akbarzadeh, Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, pp. 33–52. McLaren L.M.and Johnson M.(2007), “Resources, group conflict and symbols: Explaining anti-immigrant hostility in Britain”, Political Studies 55 (4), pp. 709–732. Migration News (2002), “France, Netherlands: Le Pen, Pim Fortuyn,” http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/Archive MN/jun 2002-08mn.html (accessed 12 March 2012). Norris P. (2005), Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market, New York: Cambridge University Press. Ratuela G. (2009), “Minorities, Protection, Democracy, and Cultural Pluralism”, Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov, 2 (51), pp. 42-51. Religious Discrimination: Your Rights, London: CRE, 1996. Rudiger A. 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(1997), “Islamophobia: AChallenge for Us All”, available online at: http://www.runnymedetrust.org/publications/pdfs/islamophobia.pdf. (accessed February 2012). Van der Brug W., Fnennema M. and Tillie J. (2000), “Anti-immigrant parties in Europe: Ideological or protest vote?”, European Journal of Political Research 37 (1), pp. 77–102. Widfeldt A. (2000), “Scandinavia: Mixed Success for the Populist Right”, Parliamentary Affairs 53 (3), pp. 486–500. Willams Michelle H. (2010), “Can Leopards Change Their Spots? Between Xenophobia and Trans-ethnic Pouplism among West European Far Right Parties”, Nationalism and Politics 16 (1), pp.111-134. Williams Michelle H. (2006), The Impact Of Radical Right-Wing Parties In West European Democracies, New York: Palgrave. Winkler, J.and S. Schumann (1998), Radical Right-Wing Parties in Contemporary Germany. in The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, edited by Betz H. G., ImmerfallS.. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp.95-110. Zuquete, Jose P. (2008), “The European Extreme Right and Islam: New Directions?”, Journal of Political Ideologies, 13 (3), pp. 321-344. 443 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1140 Title A name given to the resource Sustainability Dilemma of Pluralistic Social Structure in Western Democracies Author Author Bahadır, Eser Abstract A summary of the resource. Different groups in a society have several powers to access the ruling system. One of them is highly organized to reach governing mechanism to affect decision-making process while the others really suffered from not being part of it. Some state mechanisms adopt very embracing policy for minority groups of society in opposition to other states insisting on implying majoritarian policies. Majoritanism which is a political theory based on prioritizing the will of majority is more prone to exclude minor parts of society from involving state system. Thus a problematic situation is given rise to emerge “other” concept known as not being a part of majority. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8b221aaf7b199548beae27a3257a5322.pdf 8feae5c80c776e933767364fbf3bce32 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ethical Foundations of the Sustainability and the Sustainable Development Ayça Berna Görmez, Fatih Yaman Abstract The concept of sustainability or sustainable development emerged as a concern in early 1980’s. It was equated with the environmental issues firstly. Then, it attained economic and social meanings as well. Nevertheless, the value of the lastly attained meaning of sustainability, which is social, is highly neglected. Sustainable development or sustainability is not just about ecology or natural resources. It is about the relationship between these resources and individuals and thus sustainability encompasses all kinds of issues related to human beings as sustainable, i.e ecological development, cannot be imagined without human beings living in it. In this study, sustainability will be evaluated as a value system that highlights the importance of continuation of natural as well as cultural resources. Although the term sustainability or sustainable development became famous in late 20th century, as a value system, its existence may be traced back to the ancient Greece. In the writings of early political philosophers, it is possible to find the emphasis on the importance of nature, reproduction, importance of future generations, significance of continuation of cultures and human kind, which are the core intentions behind the need for sustainable development and the term sustainability embraces all of these subjects. In the context of this study, the writings of Aristotle, Kant, Mill, will be analyzed with an aim of finding the foundations of the concept of sustainability 1.INTRODUCTION There are remarkable turning points, which change and shape the rest of the human life and its environment and there have been changes that are irreversible and have tremendous effects throughout the history. There is no need to highlight all of them for the prevailing discussion, yet, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution are the two of them that seem to pave the way for the current discussions on sustainability and sustainable development as French revolution is the creator of modern values such as “liberté, égalité, fraternité” and the industrial revolution is the turning point for capitalist development. The new modes of production, at first, immediately celebrated and spread throughout all Europe and the motto of French revolution is still in the agenda of liberals. However, there have been side effects of industrialization. Due to the increase in population, rapid urbanization led to the unplanned urbanization, labor force exploited, pollution emerged and so on and the celebrated motto of the French revolution, which highlights the importance of equality, did not realize itself in the sense that the new mode of production has brought the 425 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo new type of inequalities. Nearly two centuries, everything has changed both in appearance and in essence. From the 1970’s and on, there have been new waves of concerns, might be called postmodern concerns, which seek for a remedy for damages that have done both to the nature and human existence itself. Now the bringing of the industrialization is being discussed. The level of pollution increased and spread all over the world, natural resources are exploited and in some places, they are consumed off, we face with the extinction of animal species. Besides the damage that has given to the nature, individuals also have faced with crucial problems. Inequality increased among nations and individuals, the gap between rich and poor is tremendously opened, hunger becomes a vital problem for most of the countries in the world, and cultures are assimilated and disappear. So the world has changed very rapidly and from 1970’s and on, people are trying to fix this situation and trying to find new ways for maintenance of nature and humankind. There have been many discussions on sustainable development and each area of study might state different types of argument according to their research area. Environmentalist might offer different solution on the basis of their priorities and economist might propose an entirely different and also controversial one. However, in essence, each area seeks to maintain something, something that is crucial for human existence, for nature. Therefore, this paper seeks to provide that common point embraces all area. In this study, sustainability and sustainable development will be evaluated as a moral value that highlights the importance of continuation natural as well as social resources. As a moral value, its existence can be traced back to the writings of ancient Greek philosophers. In their writings, there are emphases on the importance of nature, reproduction, importance of future generation. Most importantly, there is emphasis of “knowledge” and consciousness of individual behavior of all kind, which is important for the preservation of resources. Sustainability and sustainable development, ideally, construct its agenda on the concept of justice, equality and redistribution and these concepts were best understood in the writings of philosophers. To define sustainability as a moral value clearly indicates that all individuals are subject in this issue and there is a common point that can embrace economic, social and environmental sustainability, regardless of their own ‘agenda’ to sustainable development. 2. What is Sustainable Development? Sustainable development is defined in famous Brundtland Report as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs” (WECD, 1987, 43). What is needed to highlight is that the concept of sustainable development encompasses all people and all nations, without discriminating the poor or the rich. The sustainable development necessitates 426 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the development of the poor regions, protection of environmental resources in a way so that both current and future generations will be benefited from it equally. It is a global concern. Sustainable development is not only about the development or environment. It binds three different dimensions and proposes us a kind of understanding. It has environmental, economic and social aspects and without these three aspects, it is hard to speak about sustainable development. Brandl defines sustainability as “the relationship between the social and ecological systems, which needs to be shaped in such a way that it will not destabilize the system as a whole” (2002: 13). Sustainable development is not about conservation of resources for future generations, it is about the proper use of them so that both current and future generation can profit from them and this is why economics is crucial as through economics all sources of capital can be restructured. 2.1 Environmental Aspect Sustainability Environmental Sustainability is one of the crucial aspect and the key figures of the concept of Sustainable Development. Environmental Sustainability, in other words, environmental protection is an approach which aims to restore and re-establish the disturbed balance of the world and thus, to sustain this order for the future generations. According to John Morelli, “environmental sustainability could be defined as a condition of balance, resilience and interconnectedness that allows human society to satisfy its needs while neither exceeding the capacity of its supporting ecosystems to continue to regenerate the services necessary to meet those needs nor by our actions diminishing biological diversity” (2011: 23). Environmental concerns dated back to second half of 20th century. Especially, after the Second World War, the development efforts, arm races, nuclear tests began to threaten the world and quash the biosphere balances. With the rapid increase in world population and the rising of life standards, pollution increased and this situation has led to a rapid depletion of natural resources. In addition to these problems, climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, trans-boundary air and water pollution, acid precipitation, loss of biodiversity, desertification and deforestation pose a threat to the achievement of sustainable development objectives. The increase in environmental problems reached the level of threatening the life and human beings began to find out some preventive solutions to be able to deal with these difficulties. Due to the struggle among scholars to find solutions, an environmental ethics emerged. Arzu Özyol argues that there are two main approaches in term of ethics related to environment. The first one is briefly, nature is valuable because of it is useful for human beings. According to second approach, each entity, whether useful to human beings or not, has a specific value. In this context, while the concept of sustainable development containing the development strategies, at the same time it takes attention to the set of moral values. ( -- ) 427 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Numerous recent studies have offered solutions to the problem of achieving environmental sustainability, the long-term preservation of environment for the future (Whitford, Wong, 2009: 190). However it seems that more solid and urgent measures must be taken as soon as possible. Robert Goodland takes attention to a point and he states that “every passing year means sustainability has to be achieved for an additional 100 million people. This is why environmental sustainability has a time urgency” (1995: 13). Today’s world unfortunately is not encouraging according to many important indicators and if the world continues to change negatively, the future generations may not be able to maintain healthy and productive lives. Now there are still many problems which are seriously threatening the whole world day by day. The environmental inequalities increasingly continue and everything is becoming more complex. 2.2 Economic Aspect of Sustainability The relation between the economy and the concept of sustainability may be the most controversial topic within the discipline. Economy is based on utility and this utility comes with the consumption. However, as it occurs in all social science, there is a return in economics, return maybe the ancient understanding of interrelatedness of all branches of science. For instance, economics, by some scholars, began to be interpreted from different areas like social and environmental. Costanza and O’Neill argues that “we need to move from economics that ignores this interdependent to one that acknowledges and builds upon itan economics that is fundamentally ecological in its basic view of the problems that now face our species at this crucial point in its history” (1996: 975) There are many different interpretation of economic sustainability. However, two of them are highly debated, and in a sense, are controversial ones. First one is the neoclassical approach to sustainability and the other is ecological approach to economical sustainability. Neoclassical approach can be characterized by not development but growth and accumulation of capital. Another important aspect of the neoclassical approach is substitutability. Economics, in neoclassical sense, is about utility and consumption. Robert Nelson argues that if people derive much pleasure from nature, then, preservation of natural conditions may be a high social priority” (1995: 138) When the subject is sustainability, orthodox economists “are concerned with sustainability in the sense of maintaining acceptable levels of human well-being over time and thus are concerned with the capacity of natural environment and other social assets to meet human wants and needs… If economic substitution possibilities are high, natural disruption is not a special cause for concern in the economic model” (Norton and Toman, 1997:555). On the other hand, if utility of the nature is higher than its disruption, then, it will be sustained by necessary precautions. Neoclassical economists state that environmental characteristics, which are necessary for growth in economy, can be replaced or ‘substituted’ by human made substitutes. Any source of capital can be replaced by any other, namely, natural capital can be replaced by human made or manufactured capital. 428 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo On the other hand, ecological economics is in favor of greater sustainability or strong sustainability. Supporter of this realize the fact that natural capital may not be substituted by any other capital, at least, not each of them can find substitute. There are renewable and nonrenewable resources and if nonrenewable resources are diminished, then, it means, there is no substitution for them. Ecological economists argue that natural capitals as well as any kind of resources should be maintained so that they help to the productive process. In economics, it is important not to forget that there is no substitution for everything in the world and even demand in something is not high right now, that doesn’t mean that, demand will not increase in the long run. In economical term, in order to reach a sustainable development, it is crucial to see the effect of our actions in the long run. Economic aspect of sustainable development can be reached through this way, through not wasting any kind of resources for the sake of short run interests and think about the future and necessities of future, so to foresee the long term effects of actions. 2.3. Social Aspect Sustainability As it is stated above, sustainable development should encompass three spheres, namely, ecological, environmental and social and try to reach these goals. So the third aspect of sustainability is the social one. Sustainable development cannot be thought without its social dimension, it is the management of natural, social and human capital. Economic and environmental sustainability may provide necessary environment to growth and maintenance of natural as well as human made capital, but, with a thin interaction among individuals, with poverty and hungry spread around the world, with inequality or in general without quality of life, human kind cannot reach a high level of civilization, even they own a perfect environment. For this reason, social sustainability should be equally treated and understood for the sake of sustainable development. Due to the very ambiguity of the term social, social sustainability cannot be defined in a single, comprehensive definition. There is no consensus among scholars about social sustainability. However, this cannot be interpreted as irrelevance of the term in sustainable development or lack of scientific background. Dissensus among the interpretation of the term, in a way, creates a comprehensive understanding of the social sustainability, diverse statements and components are added to the term by different scholars. As Ranciere (2001) puts it dissensus creates real democracy through invoking others to act in order to be seen or heard. So the term social sustainability, by being characterized differently, becomes more influential by being analyzed and defined in every aspect. Littig and Grießler define social sustainability as “a quality of societies. It signifies the nature-society relationships, mediated by work, as well as relationships within the society. Social sustainability is given, if work within a society and the related institutional arrangements satisfy an extended set of human needs and are shaped in a way that nature and its reproductive capabilities are preserved over a long period of time and the normative claims of social justice, human dignity and participation are fulfilled” (2005: 72). Littig and 429 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Grießler put great emphasis on the dimension of work. Their definition is closely related with work as satisfaction of human needs and reproductively and also exchange between societies are created by work. For them, social sustainability is rather a socio-ecological process. Their claim is that there are three core indicators to evaluate the social dimensions of sustainability which are “satisfaction of basic needs, social justice and social coherence” (2005: 75) Polese and Stren argue that “development that is compatible with harmonious evolution of civil society, fostering an environment conducive to the compatible cohabitation of culturally and socially diverse groups while at the same time encouraging social integration, with improvements in the quality of life for all segments of the population” (2000: 15-16). In their understanding of social sustainability, again, the quality of life has a great meaning. Communities and cultures should be protected while at the same time integrated to the society. For them, civil society is crucial, which helps to reorganize society and create an harmony within it. Sachs argues that “a strong definition of social sustainability must rest on the basic values of equity and democracy, the latter meant as the effective appropriation of all human rights – political, civil, economic, social and cultural- by all people” (1999: 27) In the beginning of this work, the motto of French revolution is given and as it is clear that these are highly related with the motto, especially with the two of them, namely, equality and liberty. To sum up social sustainability is as crucial as environmental or economical sustainability, as “sustainability describes a topic of research that is basically social, addressing virtually the entire process by which societies manage the material conditions of their reproduction, including the social, economic, political and cultural principles that guide the distribution of environmental resources” (Becker et al., 1999: 4). Social dimension is concerned with individuals, rather than nations, it is, at least, satisfaction of all humanly and all basic needs. 3.Sustainability, Sustainable Development and Ethics All three dimensions that construct the sustainable development is explained, it is clear that, although they use different discourses and pay attention on different sides of sustainable development, they have something in common, the need for the maintenance of what we have now for the future generations. They are complementary in some respects. They all emphasize distribution of resources among individuals, importance of harmony among and between societies, the value of a quality of life, justice and cohesion. These concepts are not irrelevant for us, these are the modern values that should encompass all people and should be encouraged to apply by all. These are the values that all liberal democracies and individuals should internalize. In this paper, the argument is that commonalities of these three aspects ensure that sustainable development cannot be understood without philosophy in general or ethics in particular. “If sustainability is, as is often suggested, found at the intersection of the domains of environment, society and economy, it must follow from an underlying rationality that is common to all three and more basic than that which is peculiar to each one 430 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo individually. We argue that this unifying underlying rationality is ethics” (Banon Gomis et al., 2011:179) In the context of this paper, it will be argued that, sustainable development is a moral obligation, an ethical issue. It is not a matter of choice to sustain something at the expense of another thing. It cannot be simply put into an area of science. As Solow argues “sustainability is a moral obligation is a general obligation not a specific one. It is not an obligation to preserve this or preserve that. It is an obligation, if you want to make sense out of it, to preserve the capacity to be well off, to be as well off as we” (1991:13). If we explain and understand sustainability as such, it is the job of all individuals to preserve what they have. Science only may not manage to spread the notion of sustainability but if individuals start to realize this as a moral or ethical value, it would be great step towards sustainable development. In this section, as it is stated above, the ethical foundations of sustainability and sustainable development will be analyzed. These analyses will be around the concepts of justice, equality, importance of nature, human development, economic development and maintenance of certain values as well as resources. These concepts are closely related to the sustainability and sustainable development as sustainability and sustainable development include the ideas of promoting the well being of all human beings, poor as well as the riches, diminishing the inequalities in terms of access to natural resources and their use, of income and of all sorts of services. So, sustainability and sustainable development may enter our scientific literatures in the late twentieth century but context of them have always been in our lives. 3.1.Aristotle As we know, Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. We can clearly find many traces about sustainable developments on Aristotle’s works. For instance, he says that “man is the noblest of creatures on earth and so that, it’s clear human being originated in accordance with nature” (2007: 30). As a result, he stressed that people should live in a harmony with the nature as a course of its nature. Sustainability has already this sense which aims to maintain the world’s balance while preserving the nature.From another aspect, he taught in one sentence that excess of anything is bad. In here, that phrase implies that too much of even a good thing is bad. He argues that “we must not exert ourselves nor relax our efforts too much nor too little, but to an intermediate extent and as the right rule dictates” (1999, 91). Aristotle drew attention to the importance of the mind and he considered the ignorance as something harmful. According to him “a man of practical wisdom to be able to deliberate well about what is good and expedient for himself, not in some particular respect, e.g. about what sorts of thing conduce to health or to strength, but about what sorts of thing conduce to the good life in general”(1999, 94). By following this comment, it’s possible to reach a 431 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo conclusion: maybe a century ago, it was not possible to perceive these negative changes about the natural world balance and maybe for this reason people continued to destroy the nature unconsciously. But today, with the increase in technology and the level of knowledge it is possible to identify the things which are harmful to the environment and to find the ways how to avoid or deal with these difficulties. For example, it is so obvious that if the world’s exposition continues in this way, most of the natural resources will not regenerate itself and as a result of this, many plants and animal species will disappear and as a strong possibility, without healthy ecosystems, human beings will not survive on this World as well. Consequently, Aristotle emphasized the importance of wisdom and the necessitation of compliance with nature for a good living. Sustainable development also aims to increase the level of prosperity in less developed countries and the World is portrayed as a global village at present. From here, we can come to such a conclusion: people should live as a whole for the sake of a common interest. In fact, this idea is parallel with Aristotle’s taught. He considered that “he who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god: he is no part of a state. A social instinct is implanted in all men by nature”. So people should also live compatible with themselves as well as the nature. Aristotle argues “there must be a union of those who cannot exist without each other”( Politics, 1999: 4). Therefore, here what is important is that no one can remain insensitive to the developments in the world. Each individual has a responsibility to himself and his society. 3.2.John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill is one of the most influential philosopher or political economist that contribute to the liberal values, such as liberty, private property, individual freedom and minimum state control. In the context of our current discussion, these our crucial concepts. Sustainability and sustainable development contain these concepts as it requires decrease in the level of poverty, equal redistribution of resources, freedom in the context of being sufficient and independent in maintaining lives. So it is important to explore Mill when discussing the ethical foundations of sustainability and sustainable development. It is now questionable whether private property is necessary and something beneficial or not but this is irrelevant for our discussion. Mill has a chapter on property, he explains why it is necessary, under which circumstances it should be distributed, what are conditions to own a property in his book called Principles of Political Economy. For Mill, private property is something important but equality and just sharing is necessary and should be kept in mind when distribution happens. “If private property were adopted, we must presume that it would be accompanied by none of the initial inequalities and injustices which obstruct the beneficial operation of the principle in old societies” (Principles of Political Economy, Book II, Chapter I). Its relevance to our discussion is that, social aspect of sustainable development contains housing and security, which for us are closely related with each other. Social aspect contains basic human needs and housing is one of them. 432 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Another important issue that Mill takes into account is about the raw materials. It is also one of the most crucial concerns of the sustainable development. Mill argues that “the essential principle of property being to assure to all persons what they have produced by their labour and accumulated by their abstinence, this principle cannot apply to what is not the produce of labour, the raw material of the earth… it would be height of injustice, to let the gift of nature be engrossed by individuals” (Book II, Chapter I). Now if we apply this to our current situation, developed countries have both the capacity and the will to use raw materials for their own sake. However, this produces injustice among both individuals and the nations. Raw materials do not belong individuals or nations; so, it is not apt to the nation to deplete them. “No man made the land. It is the original inheritance of the whole species. Its appropriation is wholly a question of general expediency” (Book II, Chapter II). In the later chapters, Mill again turns to the subject of natural resources and called them “inheritance of human race” and argues that “there must be regulations for the common enjoyment of it. What rights, and under what conditions, a person shall be allowed to exercise over any portion of this common inheritance cannot be left undecided” (Book V, Chapter I). Now, with the increase in the environmental pollutions, some standards and some limits have been put to generate sustainable development. The ethics behind the statements of Mill can be called utilitarianism but not in a negative sense. Utility is now being understood as something negative and material. However, for Mill this is not the case. As it is obvious from the previous statements above, Mill desires a life that is most favorable by all individuals not only by the self. “The happiness which forms the utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct, is not the agent's own happiness, but that of all concerned…utility would enjoin, first, that laws and social arrangements should place the happiness, or (as speaking practically it may be called) the interest, of every individual, as nearly as possible in harmony with the interest of the whole” (Utilitarianism, Chapter II). The utility in Mill can be similar to eudomania in Aristotle if not the same. So the contents of sustainability and sustainable development, can be found in Mill’s writings 3.3. Kant In the Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant explains what morality is, how it can be achieved, what is the source of morality. Through this work, Kant, clarifies what make moral principles universal and can be applicable by all rational beings, namely, by all humans. “we have to admit that morality’s law applies so widely that it holds •not merely for men but for all rational beings as such, •not merely under certain contingent conditions and with exceptions but with absolute necessity ·and therefore unconditionally and without exceptions” (15). He defines two kinds of imperative (imperative is the demand of rationality, the reasons behind the action, it is the motivating principle of the action), one is hypothetical and the other is categorical. Hypothetical imperative is, he defines, “the practical necessity of some possible action as a means to achieving something else that one does or might want” (19), this kind of imperative is about reaching another aim through doing something. So the 433 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo action, is itself, is not the end, the consequences of the action is the inspired end. Whereas, the categorical imperative, he explains, “is represented an action as being objectively necessary in itself without regard to any other end” (19). So the action that is derived from the categorical imperative should be an end in itself, it is done without measuring the consequences, it is done for itself. Kant explains two types of imperative in detailed. He argues that categorical imperative “is only law that carries with it the concept of a necessity(·’This action must be performed’·) that is unconditional and objective and hence universally valid; and commands are laws that must be obeyed even when one would prefer not to…it can be called a command in the strict sense” (20). What makes categorical imperative is universal is its objectivity and unconditionality, it doesn’t serve a specific purpose, there are no expected consequences and there might not be a result at all, it is done for its own sake, for the sake of morality. From this point, it can be easily related to the concept of sustainability and sustainable development. Even though there is an expected result in sustainable development, this result would not affect us in near future. Previous and current generations are not in an immediate danger of violation of natural as well as cultural resources. However, we are aware of the fact that the next generations may not be as lucky as we are because we are not as cautious as the previous generations were. Kant offers universal law of nature, which holds three principles, which are (i)“act as though the maxim of your action were to become, through your will, a universal law of nature” (24) (ii)”act in such a way as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of anyone else, always as an end and never merely as a means” (29), and (iii)“the idea of the will of every rational being as a will laying down universal law (30). These three principle can be easily applied to the sustainability and thus, to sustainable development. First principle argues that one should act as if s/he determines the universal law, a law that is applicable by all people and preferred to be applied. Prosperity is something that have both subjective and objective imperative. For instance, I want to be rich, this is something subjective, but everyone wants to live a good life, this makes it objective. If our generation desires to live in a perfect harmony with nature and its resources, if our generation prefers a world in peace and if our first concern is to decrease the level of poverty, then, these should be our maxims and we should take necessary cautions but while doing this next generations should be in our considerations as they will also prefer such an environment, and as they have equal share with the current generation. This is also related to the second principle. The needs and desires of humans are, at least when speak of basic ones, similar. So no human being can be seen as a mean, they are end in themselves. This is applicable to nation-states as well. Nations, as they are composed of human beings, cannot be seen as mean to reach to an end, i.e, a natural resources. Poor countries are threatened by developed countries if they have natural resources; they are in a constant danger of civil wars or external threats. So if a nation does not prefer to become a mean of other individual state to reach an end, it should not treat a nation as such. 434 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.CONCLUSION Sustainability and sustainable development are crucial for human beings. There are many responsibilities for individuals to sustain what we have now and leave a peaceful and well organized society to the next generations. It is also important to note that everyone has a responsibility in this process. To show the ethical foundations of sustainability and sustainable development makes it clear that it is not only the business organizations or civil society organizations are responsible in this process, rather, it is obvious that each individual should take place and do what is necessary. All three aspects of sustainable development and the concept of sustainability itself require human beings’ endeavor to maintain the existence of natural as well as other forms of resources. Ethics, in this process, ensure an obligation for human beings, it is not a technical process that can be kept outside of the most intimate human relations. Therefore, individuals should internalize this process, and do the best they can because it is a moral obligation, it is a way of conducting virtues live REFERENCES Ökten, Kaan. (2007) Fikir Mimarları 13 – Aristoteles, Say Yayınları, İstanbul Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics (1999) (W.D. Ross Translation) Batocho Books Kitchener Aristotle, Politics (1999) (Benjamin Jowett Translation) Batocho Books Kitchener Banon Gomis, A.J, Parra, M.G et al (2011). Rethinking the Concept of Sustainability, Business and Society Review 116:2 pp. 171-191 Becker, E., Jahn, T. and Stiess, 1. (1999) 'Exploring uncommon ground: sustainability and the social sciences', in Becker, E. and Jahn, T. (Eds.): Sustainability and the Social Sciences, A Cross-Disciplinary Approach Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation, Zed Books, London, pp.1-22. Colantonio, A. Social Sustainability: Linking Research to Policy and Practice Constanza, R. O’Neill, R.V. (1996). Introduction: Ecological and Economics and Sustainability, Ecological Applications, Vol. 6 No.4 pp.975-977 Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals <http://www.stolaf.edu/people/huff/classes/GoodnEvil/Readings/kantgw.pdf> 25.04.2012 Mill,John S. The Principle of <http://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlP.html> 15.04.2012 Political Economy Mill, John S. Utilitarianism http://www.utilitarianism.com/mill2.htm 20.04.2012 Nelson, Robert. (1995) Sustainability, Efficiency, and God: Economic Values and the Sustainability, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic, Vol. 26 pp.135-154 Nortan, B.G., and Toman M.A (1997) Sustainability: Ecological and Economic Perspectives Land Economics 74 pp. 553-568 435 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Goodland, R. (1995). “The Concept of Environmental Sustainability”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 26, pp. 1-24. Morelli, J. (2011). “Environmental Sustainability: A Definition for Environmental Professionals”, Journal of Environmental Sustainability, Volume 1, pp. 19-27. Özyol,A. (n.d ). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma”, http://www.hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf, Polese, M. Stren, R.E (2000) The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change , University of Toronto Press, Canada Ranciere, J. (2001) Ten Thesis on Politics <http://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CGkQFj AB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fabahlali.org%2Ffiles%2FTen%2520Theses%2520on%2520Politi cs.doc&ei=9XanTnlJoXl4QS406jSCQ&usg=AFQjCNG96ViKGJr2bCQR9qD9VcpF4yJ0vg&sig2=WOEtQIC QOuskYmX7dedr5w > 10.04.2012 Sachs, I. (1999), Social sustainability and whole development: exploring the dimensions of sustainable development. In: B. Egon and J. Thomas, Editors, Sustainability and the social sciences: a cross-disciplinary approach to integrating environmental considerations into theoretical reorientation, Zed Books, London Solow, R.M., (1991) Sustainability: an economist's perspective. Marine Policy Center, WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development), (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England Whitford, Andrew B., Wong, K. (2009). Political and Social Foundations for Environmental Sustainability, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 1. pp. 190-204. 436 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1139 Title A name given to the resource Ethical Foundations of the Sustainability and the Sustainable Development Author Author Ayça, Berna Görmez Fatih Yaman, Yaman Abstract A summary of the resource. The concept of sustainability or sustainable development emerged as a concern in early 1980’s. It was equated with the environmental issues firstly. Then, it attained economic and social meanings as well. Nevertheless, the value of the lastly attained meaning of sustainability, which is social, is highly neglected. Sustainable development or sustainability is not just about ecology or natural resources. It is about the relationship between these resources and individuals and thus sustainability encompasses all kinds of issues related to human beings as sustainable, i.e ecological development, cannot be imagined without human beings living in it. In this study, sustainability will be evaluated as a value system that highlights the importance of continuation of natural as well as cultural resources. Although the term sustainability or sustainable development became famous in late 20th century, as a value system, its existence may be traced back to the ancient Greece. In the writings of early political philosophers, it is possible to find the emphasis on the importance of nature, reproduction, importance of future generations, significance of continuation of cultures and human kind, which are the core intentions behind the need for sustainable development and the term sustainability embraces all of these subjects. In the context of this study, the writings of Aristotle, Kant, Mill, will be analyzed with an aim of finding the foundations of the concept of sustainability Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/db50917493ddfbaaab05365d693c6132.pdf 38c35c3281ca5bb17a4982fa1137dedb PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Plus Value In Health Sector: Total Quality Management Aynur Toraman1, Hasan Yüksel2, Yasemin Tarcan1 1 Süleyman Demirel University, Rektörlük Özel Kalem Müdürlüğü, Isparta, Turkey, 2Süleyman Demirel University, Rektörlük Dış İlişkiler Ofisi, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: atoraman@yahoo.com, hasanyuksel37@gmail.com, yasemintarcan@sdu.edu.tr. Abstract Total Quality Management (TKY) is a method which aims to obtain correct product and service initially and at the beginning of the process and to repeat this process over and over, to activate the organization as a whole, to make the organization gain the flexibility and competitive power. Total Quality Management brings the processes appealing to all activities under control and provides the continuation of service quality in each level. Hence, the hospital managements as they take humans into account as their first priority are to put the system of Total Quality Management into practice so that they can render this service as a value. This system will enable the hospitals to have more productive, efficient and competitive structure. The criterion that separates health sector from the others is the fact that it is directly related to the human life based service area. So, the health sector services are to be given utmost care and the service quality is to be as high as possible. That the service which is in the framework of Total Quality Management will make the hospitals institutionally successful and competitive is an undeniable fact. The objective of the study is to lay an emphasis on the importance of Total Quality Management for hospitals, and to create awareness, and to reveal the implicational differences with the other sectors as well. Keywords: Quality, Total Quality Management, Perceptional Service Quality 1.INTRODUCTION The businesses must strive hard to compete with the other ones and to develop sustainability. Therefore, the firms must develop perpetually, search for perfection, and compete with zero error. Within this context, the term quality occurs as a concept to be laid emphasis. The term quality is the philosophy that makes all the employees potentials higher than expected and embraces the needs and the expectations of the customers with the organization. Total Quality Management is tried to be implemented in the hospital management rapidly as a service sector. The health services are an area of service which is crucial and which does not accept any error and which is directly related to the human life itself. When compared to many other state services, the health services are to be given utmost care than the others and 46 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo it is inevitable responsibility to suggest it with the highest quality (Yüksel, Sadaklıoğlu, 2007). Health services consist of a great many multidimensional and comprehensive processes including its offer, financial issues, providing processes all which is to be analyzed by shareholders elaborately as well. So, the assessment of the services quality of health institutions can be achieved only through examining all these procedures holistically (Zerenler, Öğüt, 2011). 2.The Quality in Health Sector The hospitals where the health services are provided are the organizations in which all types of health services are produced economically and constantly as well as educational, research and community health care services are carried out without any concern for profit, and they are as complex institutions in which various types of inputs are converted into useful outputs (Sevin,1999:181). In this context, Total Quality Management is based upon the idea to meet the needs and expectations of the patients on time. Therefore, from the perspective of Total Quality Management, both the employees and patients are of great significance and the organizations are to take into account this issue (Gurnani, 1999). The elements of quality in health sector can be regarded as “patient happiness” and can defined as the whole procedures that include correct diagnose, correct treatment, the services with smiling face, clean hospital, fresh atmosphere, convenient price and so forth and that aim to the happiness of the patients (Morgil ve Küçükçirkin, 1995: 33). The implementations of the total quality management that initiated in 1980s, patient satisfaction is taken into account the important dimension of quality in providing health services and the feedbacks of patients in this process gained importance too. The perceptions and the assessments of patients on service quality depend upon not only their own preferences but also their friends’ impact on the choice of hospitals and their advices which is demonstrated through the researches (Pres, 2002:88). Currently today, in parallel to the increase in the educational, cultural, and social level of the communities, the questioning of the health services come to the fore. In the past, the patient profile as a customer who accepts the pill and the decision of a doctor without any hesitation is replaced by those who want more information about his health, who search, and who consider the other alternatives to be treated by other doctors. This case actually makes the hospitals’ job more difficult as the days pass on the basis of satisfying the patients as customers (Yanmaz, 2005). Bringing the quality upon the agenda frequently on health services has various reasons. Among these, the three of them are preliminary. On account of the fact that the health services are the ones which are mostly provided by state, the state itself play a very effective role in this process. Secondly, customers and the other shareholders have demands on health quality. Lastly, the interest occurs as a result of the priorities of hospitals. The role of the state as a service provider has increased the interest in the studies of quality. Initially, many 47 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo governments take over the financial issues, today they are concerning with organization, management, and quality and many countries also take over responsibility on quality amendment (Kunst ve Lemmink, 2000: 1124). The studies on quality in health services have differences with the other businesses for the characteristics of the service itself. The health businesses have characteristics as stated below (Kiymir, 1995:15): Each patient has strikingly different from one another in terms of diagnostic and treatment procedures. The demand for particular times to hospitals cannot be estimated correctly. The hospitals cannot adapt themselves to the changes in the demand in a short of time. The production of the services cannot be stocked up. They are consumed when it is produced. The division of labour and specialization brings about an increase in the labour cost. The certificate given to guarantee the quality of the services in terms of all the procedures included is named after ISO 9000 quality security system. The ISO 9000 certificate is composed of these features as mentioned below (Efil, 1999: 218). Table 1. The Series of ISO The Name of The Explanation Standard 48 ISO 9000 Quality management and quality assurance standard choice and user manual ISO 9001 Quality systems-design / development, production and a model for quality assurance ISO 9002 Quality systems, and a quality assurance model for production and in the business ISO 9003 Quality assurance model in the latest treatments and experiments ISO 9004 The manual for quality management and quality systems ISO 9004-2 The quality guide dictionary for services ISO 9005 Quality dictionary ISO 10011-1 The quality systems scrutiny, guidebook and scrutiny ISO 10011-2 The quality systems scrutiny, the criteria for quality system scrutiny �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ISO 10011-3 The quality systems scrutiny, guidebook and scrutiny programs management Source: EFİL, İ., Toplam Kalite Yönetimi ve ISO 9000 Kalite Güvence Sistemleri, Alfa Basım Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul, 1999. By means of forming a system compatible for ISO 9001 quality assurance system, its management enables more systematic and controllable way of working. And this implementation makes the institution gain respect due to the fact that it has the most well known standard all over the world (http://www.standartkalite.com/saglikta_kalite_akreditasyonu.htm). 3.CONCLUSION Total quality management is on the fore owing to patient rights, ethics, the implementation of health services in plan, the motivation of the employees, the following of service takers’ and shareholders’ full satisfaction and assessment, taking into account the results, the assessment of the services in regards to quality is possible to be achieved only through quality management perception. The increasing knowledge level of the patients as well as their expectations paves the way for an increase in the importance of Total Quality Management (http://www.saglik.gov.tr Retrieved: 01.02.2012). The Total Quality Management studies are directly related to the diagnosis, treatment and treatment procedures. The health systems are to apply diagnostic and treatment procedures in line with scientific norms and standards on the one hand; on the other hand, the expectations and the wishes of the patients are not to be ignored in the service providing processes. In spite of the fact that it is not reached certain definition on the health service quality, in the discussions, it is ascertained that it is focused on the fulfillment of the customers in terms of social, cultural, and economic ways. (Devebakan, Yağcı, 2005). The researchers conducted reveal that the customers share their satisfaction with a minimum number of 6 while they share their dissatisfaction with 25 people. The main idea that lies behind the customer satisfaction is to satisfy the customers and to make them loyal to the institutions for their further needs. The privatization of the state hospitals which is on the agenda today, the main basis of customer satisfaction in both state and private hospitals is to overlap the customers’ expectations and the services of the institutions provided. 49 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The implementations of Total Quality Management in Health Services are the set of procedures through which the hospitals get familiar with their deficiencies and define them and determine the policies and strategies for the improvement of service quality which will direct the feedbacks of the patients (Songür, 1998). It is strategically important to give all the employees in the hospitals the educations of total quality management for them to carry out the responsibilities, to qualify the general service of hospitals and to satisfy the patients as well. In this context, it is actually of great importance to give education considering the factors that create dissatisfaction among the patients. The utmost care given to the patients, giving necessary information to them depending upon their expectations, being patient and kind to them will go up the service quality that the patients perceive (Zerenler, Öğüt, 2007). Moreover, the implementation of the Total Quality Management will stem in positive results such as the effective use of the insufficient hospital resources, the decrease of the financial issues, the increase the rivalry capacity of the employees, the increase in the satisfaction of the patients and employees. Through quality in service providing, the motivation and the job satisfaction of the employees, the modernization of the management and organizational procedures, the rationalism in the decision making mechanisms, the documentation of information systems, and lastly the operability of the communicational mechanisms are expected. In addition to these, via quality, it is aimed at patient satisfaction, the development of team spirit with team work and more than anything else “Common Good” (Aslantekin ve diğerleri, 2007). The important thing to be concerned about Total Quality Management is the fact that these procedures will not bare results in a short of time. The study conducted in 1991 by American General Accounting Office, it was put forward that the implementations of the Total Quality Management will result in its usefulness after 2.5 years on average (Terziovski and et al., 1999:916). The managers of the health institutions can only increase their institutions’ power of competition and performance only when they are aware of the patients’ expectations and the performance of the service given. To sum up, providing reachable and continually renovated health service will increase the level of satisfaction of both employees and customers, in other words, patients. REFERENCES ASLANTEKİN, F., GÖKTAŞ, B., UULUŞEN, M., EERDEM, R., (2007). ‘‘Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Kalite Deneyimi: Dr. Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Hastanesi Örneği’’, Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, cilt 2, sayı 6, pp.55-71 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo DEVEBAKAN, N., YAGCI, K. (2005). “Sağlık İşletmelerinin Algılanan Hizmet Kalitesi Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılmasında Servqual Yöntemi” Sağlık ve Hastane Yönetimi 2. Ulusal Kongresi (Uluslararası Katılımlı) Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Eğitim Fakültesi Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü.28-30 Eylül Ankara. EFİL, İ., Toplam Kalite Yönetimi ve ISO 9000 Kalite Güvence Sistemleri, Alfa Basım Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul, 1999 GURNANİ, H. (1999). “Pitfalls in Total Quality Management Implementation: The Caseof a Hong Kong Company”, Total Quality Management, Vol:10, Issue:2, pp.65-72. (http://www.saglik.gov.tr Retrieved: 01.02.2012) (http://www.standartkalite.com/saglikta_kalite_areditasyonu.htm) KİYMİR, Bülent., “Sağlık Kuruluş Kalite Yönetimi”, 1. Ulusal Sağlık Kuruluşları ve Hastane Yönetimi Sempozyumu, 4-7 Mayıs 1994, Kuşadası.Aydın, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir, 1995. KUNST, P., LEMMİNK, J. (2000). “ Quality Management and Business Performance in Hospitals: A Search for Success Paremeters’’, Total Quality Management, 11, pp.1123-1133 MORGİL, O. , KÜÇÜKÇİRKİN, M.(1995). “ TOBB’in Sağlıkta Toplam Kalite Yönetimine Bakışı’’, Birinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Toplam Kalite Yönetimi, Haberal Eğitim Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara. PRESS, I., (2002). ‘‘Patient Satisfaction: Defining, Measuring, And Improving the Experience of Care’’, Chicago: Health Administration Press. SEVİN, D., (1999). “Hastanelerde Bir Otelcilik Görevi Olarak Yiyecek-İçecek Hizmetlerinin Verimli Sunulması”,Verimlilik Dergisi.MPM Yayınları,Ankara SONGÜR, N. (1998). “TÜSİAD-KALDER Kalite Ödülü İş Mükemmelliği Modelinin Sağlık Kuruluşlarında Uygulanabilirliği”, Gazi Kalite Günleri 51 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TERZIOVSI, M., SOHAL, A., MOSS, S.,(1999) “Longitudinal Analysis Of Quality Management Practices in Australian Organizations”, Total Quality Management, Vol:10, NO:6, s.915-926. YANMAZ, Ö., (2005). ‘‘Hastane İşletmelerinde Kalite Fonksiyon Göçerimi’’, Ahmet Yesei Üniversitesi, İşletme Yüksek Lisans Tezi, YÜKSEL, F., SADAKLIOĞLU, H. (2007). “Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Kalite ve Yerel Yönetimler”,Uluslararası Sağlık ve Hastane Yönetimi Kongresi, 01-03 Haziran 2007 Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Lefkoşa Kıbrıs ZERENLER, M., Öğüt, A., (2007). "Sağlık Sektöründe Algılanan Hizmet Kalitesi ve Hastane Tercih Nedenleri Araştırması: Konya Örneği", Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı:18, s.35-40. Sustainable Security: The Role of Promoting Democracy and Protecting Human Rights Selim Kanat1, Bahadır Eser2 1Vise Chairman of Dept. of International Relations. Suleyman Demirel University. I.I.B.F Oda no. 210 Isparta/Turkey 2Dept of Public Administration Suleyman Demirel University. I.I.B.F Oda no. 209 Isparta/Turkey Abstract Today’s security threats are more complex than traditional ones, such as HIV, climate change, human rights violations, anti-democratic laws and measures forced us to think about the definition and the context of security again. With the effect of these new threats, sustainable security concept emerged from a post- Cold War multi-disciplinary understanding of security. Sustainable security redefines how we think about national security in today's shifting, after Cold War era. Struggling with these new threats, especially struggling with 52 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1097 Title A name given to the resource The Plus Value In Health Sector: Total Quality Management Author Author Aynur, Toraman Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract Total Quality Management (TKY) is a method which aims to obtain correct product and service initially and at the beginning of the process and to repeat this process over and over, to activate the organization as a whole, to make the organization gain the flexibility and competitive power. Total Quality Management brings the processes appealing to all activities under control and provides the continuation of service quality in each level. Hence, the hospital managements as they take humans into account as their first priority are to put the system of Total Quality Management into practice so that they can render this service as a value. This system will enable the hospitals to have more productive, efficient and competitive structure. The criterion that separates health sector from the others is the fact that it is directly related to the human life based service area. So, the health sector services are to be given utmost care and the service quality is to be as high as possible. That the service which is in the framework of Total Quality Management will make the hospitals institutionally successful and competitive is an undeniable fact. The objective of the study is to lay an emphasis on the importance of Total Quality Management for hospitals, and to create awareness, and to reveal the implicational differences with the other sectors as well. Keywords: Quality, Total Quality Management, Perceptional Service Quality Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/af3cb5c7c491c10be9cf468e3b2f49ee.pdf a1b04e6ccdd0b74a6348620fb6cf9cf8 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Globalization, Welfare State and Turkey Ayhan Gencler,Aytul Colak Trakya University Abstract Globalization entails challenges, opportunities and realities. The multiplying flows of goods and capital are grounded in the global extension of the free market and fostered by the neoliberal doctrine of economic liberalization and rationalization. Global economic forces limit States in their ability to independently determine economic and social policies. One of the defining ideals of the European Union has been its social support system, often referred to as the European welfare state. But the European welfare system is under pressure. In the other hand, both the national public institutions’ searching for new solutions and Turkey’s legal reform efforts on its way to European Union membership have an important role. Like other welfare regimes, Turkey’s welfare regime displays new tendencies signaling a new period. This article is aimed at analyzing of the recent social policy reforms and dynamics in Turkey in the framework of the welfare state transformation. Keywords: globalization, welfare state, social policy,Turkey 1.Welfare State Regimes in Advanced Democracies Welfare state today is challenged by the globalization and a major subject of debate in important academic, political and economic circles has been the impact of the globalisation of economic activities on the ability of the world's developed capitalist countries to sustain their welfare states. During the last 50 years, European welfare states have gone through very significant transformations. The term “welfare state“ describes those institutionalized forms of social protection that secure its citizens from the risks of modern society on the basis of social rights. Furthermore, these rights granted on the basis of citizenship shape and determine the individual’s position within society. In cross-national comparisons, the activities of the welfa re state, the policies embraced, its level of protection, as well as its linkage to the market’s and the family’s role in social provision vary significantly (Esping-Andersen, 1990). 299 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A welfare state is a state in which organized power deliberately used in an effort to modify the play of the market forces in at three directions (Brigss, 2006:18); -by guarenteeing individuals and families a minimum income irrespective, -by narrowing the extent of insecurity by enabling individuals and families to meet curtain social contingencies like as sickness, old age; unemployment, which lead otherwise to individual and family crises, -by ensuring that all citiziens without distinction of status or class are offered the best standards avaible in relation a certain agreed range of social services. In relation to this definition of the term “welfare state”, the term “welfare regime” denotes the fact that legal and organizational features of the welfare state, the family, and the economy are systematically interwoven. As a result, the term “welfare regime” stresses that cross-national clusters in welfare arrangements unveil not only regarding social policies but a variety of social structures (Esping-Andersen,1990). With some simplification, we can distinguish three distinct regimes. This section draws heavily on Esping-Andersen (1990; 1999). His typology is an attempt to classify contemporary western welfare states as belonging to one of “three worlds of welfare capitalism”. It is shown that the idea of ordering welfare states according to ideal-typical models dates back to the late 1950s and was elaborated substantially during the early 1970s, though rather unnoticed. The publication of Esping-Andersen's The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism in 1990 is identified as the starting point for what has now become a whole academic industry, here entitled the Welfare Modelling Business (Abrahamson:1999:394). Esping-Andersen (1990;1999) makes a distinction between three different clusters of welfare states, characterised by specific institutional arrangements and imprinted by the main political ideology behind their development; Anglo-Saxon welfare states together as liberal regimes; the universal welfare states in Scandinavia (Nordic countries) are translated into Social Democratic regimes, Continental Europe as Conservative regimes. The Anglo-Saxon countries represent the ‘liberal’ regime; the liberal welfare state, in which means-tested assistance, modest universal transfers, or modest social insurance plans predominate. These cater mainly to a clientele of low income, usually working class, state dependents. (Esping-Andersen,1990:26). Entitlement rules are therefore strict and often associated with stigma; benefits are typically modest. In turn, the state encourages the market, either passively by guaranteeing only a minimum, or actively by subsidizing private welfare schemes. The archetypical examples of this model are the United States, Canada, and Australia. Nations that approximate the model are Denmark, Switzerland, and Great Britain (Esping- Andersen,1998:25). 300 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Nordic countries represent a second, ‘social-democratic’, regime that is, above all, characterized by its emphasis on universal inclusion and its comprehensive definition of social entitlements. These welfare states are committed to universal coverage of citizens and egalitarianism (Esping-Andersen, 1999: 78). The social democratic regime is furthermore distinct for expanded provision of public services as day-care, kindergarten, health, and education. Not least in respect to welfare service have Nordic countries struggled to close off the market (Esping-Andersen, 1999: 78-79). Esping-Andersen labels the welfare states in continental Europe as conservative regimes. The third, and somewhat more heterogeneous, regime embraces the majority of Continental European countries, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. These welfare states all have conservative origins. Conservative regimes are characteristic for their blend of status segmentation, and the role of the family and church for promoting welfare (Esping-Andersen, 1999: 81) Yet, at a closer look particularly the conservative regime type proves to be a highly problematic category. Table 1: Goals and policy instruments in Esping-Andersen’s three welfare regimes typology Conservative-corporatist Main goal Workers’ income Social-democratic Liberal egalitarian redistribution poverty alleviation citizenship / residence economic need flat-rate means-tested general taxation general taxation state administration state administration maintenance Claiming principle employment Benefit structure earnings- or / and contributions-related Financing employment-related contributions Actors tripartite administration Source:Bertozzo;2004 ;transferred from Palier (2000; 2001) and Ploug and Kvist (1996: 53). In these ‘corporatist’welfare states, the liberal obsession with market efficiency and commodification was never pre-eminent and, as such, the granting of social rights was hardly ever a seriously contested issue. What predominated was the preservation of status differentials; rights, therefore, were attached to class and status. The state’s emphasis on upholding status differences means that its redistributive effects are negligible. The corporativist regimes are also typically shaped by the Church, and therefore influenced by a strong commitment to the preservation of traditional family patterns. Social insurance typically excludes non-working wives, and family benefits encourage motherhood. Day care, and similar family services, are conspiciously underdeveloped, and the ‘subsidiarity principle’ serves to emphasize that the state will only interfere when the family’s capacity to service its memnbers is exhausted.(Esping- Andersen,1989:25). This welfare state have been strongly characterized by the principle of social insurance and social isndurance schemes have been 301 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo generally based on labour market participation and performance. Social rights have been linked generally to class and status and the capacity reduce income inequality has been small(Esping-Anderson,1990:60). This regime has been the commitment to the defence and the maintenance of the tradational family and its fonctions. Social insurance has protected the family against the distruptive impact of the market (Bussemaker, Kersnergen,1999:18). The foundations were built around social insurance, often along narrowly defined occupational distinctions. This implies that entitlements depend primarily on life-long employment which has, historically, helped cement the male-breadwinner logic of social protection. With the partial exception of Belgium and France, this regime is strongly familialistic, assuming that primary welfare responsibilities lie with family members. Policies that help reconcile motherhood and careers are relatively undeveloped. Hence, these welfare states are transferheavy and service-lean (Esping-Andersen and Myles). According to Abraham, in his ThreeWorlds of Welfare Capitalism Esping-Andersen renames Titmuss's models into the Liberal (residual) the Conservative/Corporatist (performance achievement) and the Social Democratic (institutional-redistributive) regime by using the names for the ideologies supporting the three distinctly different social policy models. This exercise has proven exceptionally popular, and whether in agreement or disagreement, every scholar writing on the contemporary welfare state has made a reference to Esping-Andersen's tripolar scheme since then. Here the usual reference is Esping-Andersen’s welfare regimes typology (liberal, conservative-corporatist and social-democratic welfare regime) to which is often added a fourth regime, i.e. the southern European model of welfare (Ferrera 1996). Ferrera found the following to be characteristic of the ``Southern model'': 1. a highly fragmented and ``corporatist'' income maintenance system,displaying a marked internal polarization: peaks of generosity (e.g. as regards pensions) accompanied by macroscopic gaps in protection; 2. the departure from corporatist traditions in the field of health care and the establishment (at least partially) of national health services based on universalistic principles; 3. a low degree of state penetration of the welfare sphere and a highly collusive mix between public and non-public actors and institutions; 4. the persistence of clientelism and the formation in some cases of fairly elaborated ``patronage machines'' for the selective distribution of cash subsidies (1996: 17). The southern welfare states do not only share similar characteristics and a similar genesis, but also are currently confronted by similar developmental challenges of both external and internal nature (Ferrera 1996: 31). It is possible to meet in the narrow sense of the social welfare state applications in all countries. On the other hand, the wide sense of the social 302 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo welfare state applications signifie a system which is more comprehensive and extensive resources have been transferred to. 2.Globalization and Welfare States Globalization is the process where the economies of various countries in the world become more and more connected to one another. During the last 50 years, European welfare states have gone through very significant transformations. Usually, this time frame is analytically divided into two main distinct phases. In the first period, what has been labelled the golden age and that has last up to the mid 1970s, national welfare states have experienced significant expansion. The context of continuous and robust economic growth, full employment and ideological support has sustained this trend. The first oil crisis and its socio-economic consequences as well as the move from a Keynesian mode of economic policymaking to a monetarist one have created a new context for social policy, which has led to the second period. This phase has been often described as the age of retrenchment29(Bertozzi,2004). The hyperglobalization or neoliberal convergence thesis postulates that the pressures of economic competition will or should drive governments to adopt neoliberal best practices and thus reduce social expenditures along with government intervention in general (Ohmae ,1995). There are two cases of radical cuts of welfare state entitlements, which were ideologically driven and occurred in Britain under Thatcher and Major and in New Zealand under the National (conservative) government. In both of these cases one can speak of a real regime transformation, from welfare state regimes that provided basic income security to welfare state regimes that are truly liberal in the sense of being residualist, providing a large proportion of means-tested benefits. Both countries share a peculiar set of political institutions, where power is highly concentrated in the executive (unicameral or very weakly bicameral parliamentary governments in unitary political systems) and it is possible to rule without majority popular support (single member districts and plurality elections that favor the largest party). One could argue that the transition from a heavily protected to an open economy in New Zealand was the decisive factor, but the comparison to Australia where the same economic change occurred but the welfare state was adapted and the essential programs were protected underlines the importance of ideology in New Zealand. The third case of 29 Taylor-Gooby (2002) suggests the term silver age to refer to this period. He avoids the term retrenchment since he argues that in this time frame we are mainly confronted to resilience of the welfare states, and not to retrenchment 303 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ideologically driven cuts, the United States under Reagan, entailed cuts in benefits to the poor and did not change the regime that was already residualist ( Huber and Stephens;2003:5-6). Particularly, the effect of globalization on welfare states or policies has been the popular subjects since 1970s, the so-called “welfare crisis” had begun to be discussed. Among welfare policies, socail security programs were discussed to be influenced by globalization. This era has witnessed a changing understanding of social welfare and a restructuring of state responsibilities. Modern welfare states developed primarily to meet the ‘old social risks’ that confront the mass of the population during a standard industrial life course – retirement pensions, health care services, sickness and disability provision. Most analysis of the current wave of reforms focusses on these areas, and tends to emphasise retrenchment, restructuring, and decommodification(Taylor-Gooby:2004). The debt crisis of the 1980s gave strong leverage to IFIs, particularly the IMF and the World Bank, and those institutions pushed strongly in a neoliberal direction in both economic and social policies. These are pressures that advanced industrial countries simply did not have to deal with.Social policy underwent dramatic changes over the last two to three decades of the twentieth century as well. At the aggregate level, social expenditures dropped steeply in the 1980s, along with government expenditures in general, in the wake of the debt crisis, both as a percentage of GDP and even more so in absolute terms. In the 1990s, they recovered again and by 1999 reached a level slightly above that of 1980. At the same time, however, social policy reforms took place that reduced general social insurance schemes and increased the role of the private sector in the provision of pensions and health care and emphasized targeting of social policies on the poorest groups. In part, such targeting was effective in channeling scarce resources to the most needy, but in part it was abused for political purposes and served to hide an overall reduction of state commitments ( Huber and Stephens;2003:56). It concludes that welfare state regime and policy‐making structure makes an important difference to the emergence and development of new social risk policies. Scandinavian social democratic regimes have the best developed policies, liberal regimes develop policies rapidly but are handicapped by reliance on market solutions; corporatist countries develop new social risk provision slowly, typically through compromise with a range of entrenched policy actors; and Mediterranean countries also move relatively slowly, in the context of an expanding welfare state and great reliance on family systems. Existing old social risk policies are also influential, both through the resources that they take up and the interest groups of political actors they create, who are likely to resist reform. New social risk policy‐making is highly important at the EU level for two reasons: the relatively undeveloped national policies in this area mean that cross‐national agencies can offer new policy directions; the policies are congruent with the open market ‘pragmatic monetarist’ approach of EU economic policy. The 304 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo politics of new social risks differs from that of old social risks. Employers’ groups and modernising parties and unions play an important role and progress is often slow and dependent on compromise. By focussing on areas where reforms are urgent, to meet new needs, but also feasible, because they fit with the context of more globalized and competitive economies, the new social risks approach offers a new perspective on welfare state reform in Europe (Taylor-Gooby:2004) The most important current developments, however, are in the area of ‘soft law’ through the Open Method of Co‐ordination and the National Action Plans in relation to employment, social exclusion, pensions, health and social care. The European Employment Strategy, with its stress on ‘flexicurity’, is the most advanced of these. It is at present unclear to what extent this process will achieve substantial changes in comparison with the importance of the economic pressures from the Single European Market (Larsen, Gooby:2004). On the other hand, The EU’s ability to excel under globalisation is challenged with the problem of an ageing population. The current social protection mechanism in the face of ageing populations needs to change. Pension age needs to be re-examined, over generous pensions need to be cut and assets need to be correctly allocated. In 1999, Sweden introduced NDC (national defined contribution). This kind of pension reform has been successfully applied in other countries such as Latvia and Poland and Italy as opposed to PAYG (pay as you go schemes). It has been proven as a common choice for reform. Furthermore the World Bank has endorsed this form of pension scheme. The drastic changes in demographics affect health care and pensions system in-turn has an effect on economic performance. The European commission carried out a project called DEMWEL (Demographic Uncertainty and the Sustainability of Social Welfare system), which sought to "focus on the sustainability of welfare systems in EU countries in the face of ageing and demographic uncertainty (Centre of European Policy Studies 2003) . Trade integration and the consequent loss of export competitiveness in countries with generous welfare states are the reasons for cuts in welfare state entitlements. The increase in trade flows in advanced industrial countries over this period has been modest the most generous welfare states were built up in highly open economies and had proven their compatibility with export competitiveness. The export sectors of countries such as Germany and Sweden continued their very strong performance in the 1990s, a period when these governments introduced welfare state cuts (Huber and Stephens 1998; Pierson 2000). Globalization is often credited with the expansion of the welfare state and increased spending on social insurance programs. The two key drivers of increases in social spending period have been increased support for the (growing) retired population and health expenditure; population projections suggest further spending increases in these two areas in future (Adema and Ladaique, 2009). On average across OECD countries, public spending on old age increased from 5.1% of GDP in 1980 to 6.4% in 2007. Similarly, public expenditure on health increased from 4.5% of GDP in 1980 to 5.8% in 2007. On average across the OECD (and the 305 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo same holds for EU-21), spending on family benefits has increased by half a percentage point of GDP since 1990 (there was no significant change in the 1980s) (Adema and et al,2011). A major subject of debate into the new century has been the impact of the globalisation of economic activities on the ability of the world's developed capitalist countries to sustain their welfare states. A prevalent position in these circles is that the deregulation of international capital flows and trade has considerably narrowed the scope of governments to pursue expansionist and redistributive policies, forcing all governments to cut social public expenditures and deregulate labour markets in order to make their countries more competitive. Accordingly, the political colour of governing parties loses its importance, since left- and right-wing parties, once in government, are compelled to follow the same or similar policies, moving towards a more diminished welfare state (Navarro and et al ,2004 ) Since the early 1980s the welfare state has been restructured in an age of neoliberalism. 3.Welfare State and Restructuring the Social Security System in Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, established the Republic of Turkey on 29 October1923. In the 21th century, Turkey is a democratic secular, social and legal state, it is a republic with unconditional and unrestricted sovereignty. The literature review focuses mainly on Esping-Andersen’s welfare regime typology and its critics to categorize the current welfare regime of Turkey. Esping-Andersen didn’t categorize the welfare regime of Turkey. The classification of the Turkish welfare regime shows that Turkey matches the characteristics of the so-called Southern European Model of welfare and falls within one group with Spain, Greece, Italy and Portugal. The cross-national comparison unveiled only a few deviations from the Southern European Model. Besides, the similarities are remarkable. its welfare regime, simply understood as the division of social responsibilities among the state, market and the family. In this regime family has got the most important role as main institution of welfare.The other hand one of the characteristics of the Southern European Model is a social state governed by the rule of law according constitution but there are problems into practice. Turkey is the social state governed by the rule of law according to 1961 and 1982 constitutions and there are problems about coverage, quantity, quantify. The three insurance institutions together cover around 81% of the population in 2008 (see table 3). Such states can be called as state of promises (Koray,2003). On the other hand, in terms of assessment criteria such as level of protection, covered population, risks and condition of benefiting, the existing welfare system in Turkey is 306 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo "minimal and indirect” (Arın, 2003:72). The socio-economic inequalities we live can not be accounted only in the context of economy, of growth and even of welfare state that the necessity to analyze all these problems on the basis of democracy problem should not be forgotten (Koray,2005:27). The Turkish social security system strongly protects an occupational core, the level of state penetration in the social realm is extremely low and a safety net in form of a social assistance scheme is absent [inadequate]. The most significant common trait of the welfare regimes in Turkey and the rest of Southern Europe is the importance of the family as a main institution of welfare. For a significant part of the Turkish population the family is the main and often the only safety net and provider of social services. Focusing on the impact of the recent social policy reforms it becomes obvious that Turkey on the one hand follows the path of Southern European Welfare (Grutjen,2008). According to the level of social expenditures, we can consider three groups of countries in Europe: high (Iskandinav Countries), middle (Continental Europe ), low (Mediterranean countries) (Koray,2005:27). In terms of assessment criteria such as level of social expenditure, Turkey is in low group so Mediterranean group. Turkey’s public social spending was 11.6 percent of the GDP in 2003. For 2004, the share of public social spending in GDP is 12.5 percent in Turkey. This figure is 27.6 for EU-15, 26 for Greece, 24.9 for Portugal and 20 for Spain. Turkey lags behind Europe when the categories “old age”, and especially “health” and the category “other” are considered separately. In Turkey, the share in GDP of public spending on old age is 6.0 percent in 2004. The comparable figure is 10.9 for EU- 15, 11.9 for Greece, 9.3 for Portugal and 7.9 in Spain. Public health expenditures in Turkey, equal to 4.9 percent of the GDP in 2004, compare with 7.5 percent in EU-15, 6.7 percent in Greece, 7.1 percent in Portugal and 6.0 percent in Spain. As far as the category “other” is concerned, public spending in Turkey is very low in comparative terms, 1.3 percent compared with 7.2 percent for EU-15, 6.6 percent for Greece, 6.8 percent for Portugal and 5.6 for Spain in 2004. This category includes benefits for disability, survivors, unemployment, housing and social assistance. As such, it is not limited to but significantly includes means-tested social assistance and is an important aspect of combating poverty. EUROSTAT provides data that disaggregates non-means tested and means-tested expenditures for European countries. We compare this EUROSTAT data with our estimations on Turkey. This comparison clearly shows how insignificant the means-tested social expenditures are in Turkey. The share of such expenditures in GDP is 0.5 in Turkey while the comparable figure is 2.8 for EU- 15, 2 for Greece, 2.5 each for Portugal and Spain (Buğra,Adar, 2007:24). 307 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In social policy literature, means-tested benefits are seen part of a “residualist” approach and often regarded as being incompatible with social citizenship rights that should be realized through benefits that are in line with “universalist” approaches. It is indeed true that universal old age and health benefits and non-means tested basic income schemes are more in line with equal citizenship rights than means-tested schemes. However, in socioeconomic contexts where poverty is a serious problem and resources are scarce, means-tested benefits could be the only way to prevent social exclusion due to the inability of certain segments of the population to have access to basic minimum means of social integration. This is undoubtedly the case of Turkey where the incidence of poverty is higher that in any European country (Buğra,Adar, 2007:25). In the historical process, since 1980 Turkey has taken important steps toward liberalizing and opening up her economy. On the other hand the social security system of Turkey has been restructured particularly since early 1990s in line with the neo-liberal paradigm. The IMF, the WB and the EU policies were (are) main guidance in this transformation process (Şahin and et al.:116). The EU accession period and Turkey’s efforts to comply with the EU regulations will also make positive contributions to the reform program (invest.gov.tr) Before the reform, Turkey social security system was highly complicated and composed of different social security institutions. Three main institutions which provide social security services in Turkey ; The Social Insurance Institution (SSK), The Retirement Fund (ES), and The Social Security Institution of Craftsmen, Tradesmen and other Self-Employed (Bağ-Kur). The Social Insurance Institution was set up in 1946 for blue-collar workers employed in the public sector and all workers in the private sector. The Government Employees Retirement Fund was set up in 1950 and provides social benefits within a retirement system for government employees and military personnel. Social Security Organization of Craftsmen, Tradesmen and other Self-Employed was established in 1971 to cover the self-employed outside the coverage of the Social Insurance Law30. In ”Social Security Reform: Problems and Proposals for Solutions”, which is called the ”white book, to legitimize the reform, the Ministry of Labour and Social Security referred to the aging of population, the inadequacy of the current system in covering and taking all population under protection, hence, to inadequacy of protecting the population against poverty and finally to the financial deficits of the system.”. It is asserted that the current system is inefficient and the aim of the reform is to decrease the deficit of the system to the 1 percent of the GNP with ensuring the norm unity of the system. Turkey faces two simultaneous fiscal 30 such as craftsmen, artisans and small businessmen, technical and professional people who are registered to achamber or professional association and shareholders of companies other than cooperatives and joint stock companies and some farmers 308 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo challenges maintaining fiscal discipline, while creating the fiscal space needed to meet pressing development challenges an sustain a fast pace of medium-term growth (World Bank, 2006). Pension reforms can be very powerfull method of adjustment; because they not only reduce spending directly, but can also be designed to extend the age of retirement and boost labour supply, hence contributing to raise growth and and fiscal revenues. In order to establish a more sustainable system, fiscal targets have been set in line with IMF recommendations. Hence, Turkey is in the process of desining a comprehensive reform of its social security system (Verbeken, 2007:4). Two major reforms (in 1999 and 2006) were proposed to solve these problems. The 1999 reform covered only the pension system and beside an increase in the retirement ages, an extension of the minimum contributory periods was intended. The aim of the reform is gradual increasing of the retirement age to 65 for both men and women bye the year 2048. Ministery of Labour and Social Security has anticipated a new model including to introduce a rooted change in the system with the aim of finding proper solutions for actual problems of social security system. This new model which is named as “the model of single roof” aims to establish a single social security institution by removing all different institutions of social security system exist today (Guzel, 2005:62). After the 2006 reform, all three were collected under one institution: Social Security Institution (SSI). Parallel to this reform the General Health Insurance (GHI) system was established. The main objective is to integrate all health insurance benefits and cover all citizens. This scheme is financed by obligatory premiums, which will be paid by all citizens. The health insurance of the poor will be provided by the state. Turkey has reformed her social security system as well and introduced a privately managed individual pension scheme, namely the Individual Pension System (IPS) in 200331. The social security system of Turkey has been restructured particularly since early 1990s in line with the neo-liberal paradigm. Turkey, adopted a two pillar system, where the private pension scheme, namely the Individual Pension System, has been introduced as the second pillar that is complementary to the traditional pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system. The public pension in Turkey is PAYG defined benefit scheme which is the consist of a minimum pension (a flat rate basic pension plus a means tested special suplement) and a non31 The Turkish private pension law was drafted in 1999 and approved by parliament in October 2001. However the legal and institutional framework of the Turkish Private Pension System was completed in 2002. 309 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo actuarial earnings-based supplementery pension all integrated in the state budget. The old age pension scheme has its historical roots in tradational for redistributive minimum protection in old age (Verbeken, 2007:4). The Individual Pension Savings and Investment, which opened the Turkish market to private providers of pension funds. On the other hand, The most signicant resemblance is the importance of the family as a main institution of welfare (Grutjen, 2012:119). Since its rise to power, the AKP government has systematically promoted non-state actors, the private sector and voluntary initiatives, especially charity mobilized through nongovernmental organizations and municipalities, as leading actors for poverty alleviation and the provision of social services. For the provision of social care, the AKP has turne, to "the family" as the best agent to alleviate "social burdens" on the state (Yazici, 2012). Moreover, it is an informal security regime, in which informal networks play an important role in provision and redistribution of welfare. In addition to the state, other institutional mechanisms have been playing an important role in contributing to the well-being of individuals, families, communities and societies. They are informal sector because half of the population in rural and urban informal sector are excluded32. In Turkey, the presence of large informal sectors is one of the most important problem. Accordıng to TUIK (2007), ın 1990 ,% 56 of total nonagricultural employment is not registered in the institution of a social security, this rate in agricalture sector is % 25. In 2006 these rates are respectively % 49 and % 33. Social expenditures as a percentage of GDP are a measure of the extent to which governments assume responsibility for supporting the standard of living of disadvantaged or vulnerable groups. Public social expenditure comprises cash benefits, direct “in-kind” provision of goods and services, and tax breaks with social purposes. To be considered “social”, benefits have to address one or more social goals. Benefits may be targeted at low-income households, but they may also be for the elderly, disabled, sick, unemployed, or young persons. Programmes regulating the provision of social benefits have to involve: a) redistribution of resources across households, or b) compulsory participation. Social benefits are regarded as public when general government (that is central, state, and local governments, including social security funds) controls relevant financial flows (OECD, 2007). In 2003, on average, public social expenditure amounted to 21% of GDP and 20% in 2005 although there are significant cross-country variations. In Sweden, public social spending is about 29% while it is 6-7 % in Mexico and Korea and its 13,7 % in Turkey in 2005. 32 Restating the welfare regime frame work we thus conceptually distinguash three broad groups of welfare regimes: welfare state regimes, informal security regimes, insecurity regimes (Gough, Wood, 2004:9,33) 310 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 2. Public and private social expenditure As a percentage of GDP, 2005 Source: OECD, 2010:201 According to the latest develepmonts the number of participants of the private pension system has 2 million 694 thousand and private pension fund has reached 15,6 billion TL in Turkey (Milliyet,2012). Private pension and health insurance schemes still play a negligible role. On the other hand, While the AKP government tries to back out of the pension system and delegates more responsibilities to the market, the Mediterranean EU-member states have shown a remarkable performance in increasing their social expenditures towards European average. Without a doubt, some of the recent changes in Turkey, i.e. the fact that the state pays for the health contributions of all citizens under the age of 18 years, are of fundamental importance. Nevertheless, if a contribution based health system has the capacity to protect the Turkish citizens from health risks appears questionable. In a modern society, welfare cannot be left to the realm of the family and private actors only, but has to be based on citizenship and guaranteed by social right( Grutjen, 2008). Tablo 3.Labour Force, Social Security in Turkey, 2008-2010 (Thousand TL) 311 2008 2009 2010 Total polulation 69.724 70.542 71.343 -Urban population 48.349 48.747 49.170 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo -Rural population 21.375 21.795 22.172 Labour force 23.805 24.748 25.641 Employed 21.194 21.177 22.594 Labour force participation rate ( %) 46,9 47,9 48,8 -male 70,1 70,5 70,8 -famele 24,5 26,0 27,6 21.194 21.277 22.594 Employment status (%) - - 100,0 -Paid workers - - 60,9 -Self Employed and Employers - - 25,4 -Unpaid family workers - - 13,6 11,0 14,0 11,9 16.177 16.037 16.911 29,8 30,1 29,1 4.814 4.825 4.915 43,5 43,8 43,3 15.259 - - 9.534 - - 2.464 - - 3.261 - - 95 - - 1.330 - - 483 - - 72,0 - - 8.046 - - 33.198 - - 1,90 - - 2,70 - - 57.203 - - Employment Unemployment rate (%) Nonagricultural employment Nonagricultural informal employment (%) Nonagricultural informal employment Informel employment (%) Social security (1) Active insureds Social Insurances Institution Puclic Servants Pension Fund Social security Ins.for the Self Employment Private funds(2) Actived insured in agricultural sector Voluntary active insureds Active insured/ employment(%) Pensioners (3) Dependents Active insured/ pensioners Dependency Rate Total ınsured populatıon Insured populatıon/total populatıon(%) 312 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Deficit of Social Security Instituon(4) 81,0 - - -25.901.978 -28.702.655 -26.724.118 Notes: (1)TISK,2009, (2).2008 estimates, (3).Number of folders (4).TUIK,2011:157 Source: Bicerli,2011,TUIK,2011,TISK;2009 In 2008, Insurance Institution covers more than 9 million workers, The Pension Fund covers more than 2 million white-collar workers and Finally, the Social Security Institution for the Self-Employed provides compulsory insurance for 3 million self-employed and artisans. The three insurance funds, namely SSK, Emekli Sandığı and Bag-Kur, were merged under a sole body called the Social Security Institution (SSI) in 2007. The three insurance funds together cover around 81% of the population as of 2008. The system started to be fully operational at the beginning of 2008(see table 3). Since 2003, workers insured with the Social Insurance Institution are also covered by an unemployment insurance organized by the Turkish Labor Agency (Is-Kur). Furthermore, a number of services are offered outside the social insurance system. However; although the main aim of social security reforms in Turkey is a more sustainable system, deficit of social security Institution is still high. 4.CONCLUSION The welfare regimes has been facilitated by the ongoing discussions of globalization and Europeanization. So Turkey welfare regime politics is challenged by globalization and EU. In the last years the Turkish Government has established some lines of changes to harmonize Turkish law with the European Union Legislation. In line with the neo-liberal paradigm, many countries have “restructured” their social security systems toward a more market-oriented structure. Before the reform, Turkey social security system was highly complicated and composed of different social security institutions. Populist politics such as early-retirement strategy of the 1980s-1990s overburdened the system. The current system is inefficient and the aim of the reform is to decrease the deficit of the system. Two major reforms in 1999 and 2006 were proposed to solve these problems. After the 2006 reform, all three were collected under one institution: Social Security Institution(SSI). Turkey, adopted a two pillar system, where the private pension scheme, namely the Individual Pension System, has been introduced as the second pillar that is complementary to the traditional pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system. Parallel to this reform the General Health Insurance (GHI) system was established. The implementation of the GHI legislation also constitutes one of the important aspects of the adoption of the legislation in the field of EU Social Policy. The 1999 reform covered only the pension system and beside an increase in the retirement ages. the Ministry of Labour and Social Security referred to the aging of population, the inadequacy of the current system in covering and taking all population under protection, hence, to inadequacy of protecting the population against poverty and finally to the financial deficits of the system. While the AKP government tries to back out of the pension system and delegates more responsibilities to the market and, the AKP has turne, to "the family" as the best agent to 313 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo alleviate "social burdens" on the state for the provision of social care, the Mediterranean EUmember states have shown a remarkable performance in increasing their social expenditures towards. Private pension and health insurance schemes still play a negligible role. Turkey is included in the Southern European model which has common features in welfare regime. For example, the Turkish social security system strongly protects an occupational core. The family has assumed the function of social welfare because the public social welfare system does not cover everyone as a whole or offers inadequate service and because of the lack of economic power taken market . In Turkey, is still dominated by patriarchal family structure, althouhg in urban areas is a bit dissapointed. According to Emre Kongar, in contrast to patriarchal structure in the cities it is developed the family extending of mother's descendants, because of inadequate nursery service, child care and the cost of these services if you buy . The family has to solve that own problem itself; especially if woman works and woman calls own mother for child care and hence they start to live together until to growing child, because of the inadequacy of the current system. According to Esping AndersenMyles, welfare states provide resources to citizens that affect their earnings potential. These derive primarily from services, such as education, health care, training programmes or support to working mothers. Moreover , the presence of large informal sectors is one of the most important problem in Turkey. Turkey is a social law state in the Constitution but there are problems in practice. Also the existing welfare system in Turkey can be called such as minimal and indirect, state of promises, informal security regime or Southern European Model or low group (Mediterranean group) according to social expending. The perception that the state is the main responsible for the social security should be differentiated. In line with reforms, The Ministry of Labour and Social Security has referred to the aging of population, inadequacy of the current system in covering and taking all population under protection, hence, to inadequacy of protecting the population against poverty and finally to the financial deficits of the system. Leaving aside the inadequacies of the system, the main aim of social security reforms in Turkey is a more sustainable system like another countries and reforms has focused on pension and health. We think that the main problem in the 21th century in line with globalization is sustainable and will be. REFERENCES Abrahamson,Peter (1999), Social Policy & Administration,Vol. 33, No. 4, December 1999, pp. 394-415 Adema, Willem: Pauline Fron, Maxime Ladaiqu(2011), Is the European Welfare State Really More Expensive?,OECD SOCIAL, EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION WORKING PAPERS OECD Printing, DELSA/ELSA/WD/SEM 314 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bicerli, Kemal M.(2011),Çalısma Ekonimisi,Beta Yay. ARIN, Tülay. (2002), The Poverty of Social Security: The Welfare Regime in Turkey. In The Ravages of Neo-Liberalism: Economy, Society and Gender in Turkey, edited by N. Balkan and S. Savran, 73-91. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York. Bertozzi,Fabio(2004), ‘Reforming labour market policies in Europe: towards increasingly similar national policy models’, European Social Policy: Meeting the Needs of a New Europe, September 9-11, 2004, University of Oxford. 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(1989), “The Three Political Economies of the Welfare State”,Canad. Rev. Soc. & Anth. I Rev. mad. Soc. & Anth. 26(1),pp.10-36 Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge, Polity Press. 315 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Esping-Andersen, Gosta (ed.) (1996), Welfare Sates in Transition. NationalAdaptations in Global Economies, Princeton University Press, London: Sage Esping-Andersen, Gösta (1999). The Social Foundations of Post Industrial Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press Esping-Andersen G,John Myles, “The Welfare State and Redistribution” http://dcpis.upf.edu/~gosta-esping-andersen/materials/welfare_state.pdf(01.03.2012) Ferrera, M. (1996). “The "Southern Model" of Welfare in Social Europe.” Journal of European Social Policy 6(1),pp: 17-37. Gough Ian,Geoffrey D.Wood (2004), Insecurity and Welfare Regimes in Asian,Africa and Latin America:Social Policy in Development Context, Cambridge Press, First Published Grütjen,Daniel (2008) “The Turkish Welfare Regime: an Example of the Southern European Model? The Role of the State, Market and Family in Welfare Provision”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, vol.7, no.1, pp.111-129. Guzel ,Ali, “Turk Sosyal Guvenlik Sisteminde Ongorulen Reform Mevcut Sorunlara Cozum mu”,Çalışma ve Toplum, 2005/4,ss:6- Huber ,Evelyne and John D. Stephens(2003) , ‘Globalization and Social Policy’,Paper prepared for the Conference on Globalization, the State and Society; School of Law, Washington University in St. Louis; November 13-14, Kolberg and Esping Anderson, “Welfare State and Employment Rejimes” , The Study of Welfare State Regimes,Edited Jon Eiviend Kolberg,1992 by M.E.Sharp Inc.,pp.3-35 Larsen,Trine P., Peter Taylor-Gooby (2004), “New Risks at the EU Level; A Spillover from Open Market Policies?”, New Risks New Welfare,edit. Peter Taylor-Gooby, Oxford published Koray, Meryem(2003), “Avrupa Refah Devleti: Anlamı, Boyutları ve Geleceği”, Görüş Dergisi, TÜSİAD Yay., Sayı: 57, Aralık 2003 Koray, Meryem (2005), “Görülmek Istenmeyen Gerçek: Sosyal Refah Politikaları ve Demokrasi Iliskisi”, Çalısma ve Toplum, 2, ss.27-59. 316 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Milliyet, “Bireysel Emeklilik Cosacak”, http://ekonomi.milliyet.com.tr/bireysel-emeklilikcosacak/ekonomi/ekonomidetay/16.03.2012/1515977/default.htm(20.03.12). 16.mart.2012, Navorra, Vicente.John Smith and Javier Austidillo(2004), “Is Globalization Undermining the Welfare State”, Cambridge Journal of economies,vol 28,pp.131-152 OECD(2007), FACTBOOK 2007 http://www.oecdilibrary.org/docserver/download/fulltext/3010061ec075.pdf?expires=133538 2390&id=id&accname=freeContent&checksum=3BCF2893AF5681396889DA56384DF88E OECD(2010). Factbook 2010, Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, pp.200-202 http:/www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/factbook 2010en/10/02/01/index.html?contentType=&itemId=/content/chapter/factbook-2010-75en&containerItemId=/content/serial/18147364&accessItemIds=&mimeType=text/html Ohmae, Kenichi(1995), The End of the Nation-State: the Rise of Regional Economies. New York: Simon and Schuster Inc. pıerson,paul(2000), “three worlds of welfare state research”,comparative political studies, Vol. 33 No. 6/7, August/September 2000,pp.791-821 Raffaele,Ivan -Silvio Pacifico,Welfare in the Mediterranean Countries Republic of Turkey, C.A.I.MED.Centre for Administrative Innovation in the Euro-Mediterranean Region Şahin, Şule. Helga Rittersberger-Tılıç, Adem Yavuz Elveren, “The Pensıon System in Turkey:A Gendered Perspective”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Cilt.21, Sayı.77,pp.115-142 Taylor-Gooby ,Peter (2004), “New Risks and Social Change”,New Risks New Welfare,edit. Peter Taylor-Gooby, Oxford published Verbeken,Dirk (2008), “The Pension Reform Challenge In Turkey”,ECFIN Country Focus, Vol.4 World Bank(2006), Turkey Public Expenditure Review, Report No. 36764-TR 317 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo World Bank Pension Reform Primer (n.d.), Notional Accounts: Notional Defined Contribution Plans as a Pension Reform Strategy. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPENSIONS/Resources/3954431121194657824/PRPNoteNotionalAccts.pdf (11.12.2011) www.invest.gov.tr, “Turkish Social Security System” (01.02.12) Yazici,Berna, “The Return to the Family: Welfare, State, and Politics of the Family in Turkey”,http://readperiodicals.com/201201/2592689941.html#ixzz1swIsiFRFhttp://readperio dicals.com/201201/2592689941.html#ixzz1svtHJz7Y (01.02.2012) TISK,Turkey in Figures,July 2009 TUIK,Turkiye Istatistik Yıllıgı,2011 A Critique On The Consistency Ratios Of Some Selected Articles Regarding Fuzzy Ahp And Sustainability Bülent Başaran Affiliation: Bilecik University, the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Bilecik, Turkey Abstract Consistency ratio (CR) is a very important indicator for achieving the reliability of an individual’s pairwise comparisons in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Although the applications of fuzzy AHP need this kind of CR results as well, only a few of studies include these results. The most accepted method to calculate CR for fuzzy pairwise comparison matrices (PCMs) is to transform fuzzy numbers to crisp versions and to proceed as in the ordinary CR calculations of AHP. Triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are usually used to present linguistic terms of an individual’s pairwise comparisons. In this research, CRs of 242 PCMs presented with TFNs, found in 39 articles, have been calculated based on four widely used defuzzification methods. The aim of this research is to find out if the PCMs of some available articles regarding sustainability issues in literature are reliable. After CR calculations of those PCMs, it has been found that some of them are reliable while many others are not. After reviewing these findings, researchers in fuzzy AHP field are expected to give much attention to those CR issues and try to obtain PCMs that are more reliable. 318 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1127 Title A name given to the resource Globalization, Welfare State and Turkey Author Author Ayhan, Gencler Abstract A summary of the resource. Globalization entails challenges, opportunities and realities. The multiplying flows of goods and capital are grounded in the global extension of the free market and fostered by the neoliberal doctrine of economic liberalization and rationalization. Global economic forces limit States in their ability to independently determine economic and social policies. One of the defining ideals of the European Union has been its social support system, often referred to as the European welfare state. But the European welfare system is under pressure. In the other hand, both the national public institutions’ searching for new solutions and Turkey’s legal reform efforts on its way to European Union membership have an important role. Like other welfare regimes, Turkey’s welfare regime displays new tendencies signaling a new period. This article is aimed at analyzing of the recent social policy reforms and dynamics in Turkey in the framework of the welfare state transformation. Keywords: globalization, welfare state, social policy,Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2eb262891ec9302ca711e0db8a884afd.pdf 0ae6110530333c34ba71ffd5c5797b69 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Engle, R.F. (1982) Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Cariance of UK Inflation, Econometrica, 50, 987-1008. Erden, L. and Sağlam, G. (2009) Türkiye’de Döviz Kuru Oynakliğinin Sektörel Ithalata Etkileri: Bir Ardl Ithalat Modeli Analizi, H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 19-44. Gül E. and Ekinci A. (2006) Türkiye’de Reel Döviz Kuru İle İhracat ve İthalat Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: 1990 – 2006, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16, 165190. Hwang H. and Lee, J. (2005) Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade Flows of the U.K. in 1990s, International Area Review, 8(1), 173-182. Pesaran, M.H. and Shin Y. (1999) An Autoregressive Distributed-Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis, in: Strom, S.(Ed.), Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century, Camridge University Press, Cambridge. Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J. (2001) Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. Sarı A. (2010) Döviz Kuru Oynakliğinin Ithalata Etkileri: Türkiye Örneği, İstanbul Üniversitesi Iktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 11, 31–44. Cox Regression Models with Time-Varying Covariates Applied to Survival Success of Young Firms (*) Aygül Anavatan, Murat Karaöz Akdeniz University, İİBF, Department of Econometrics 07058, Kampus, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: aygulanavatan@akdeniz.edu.tr, mkaraoz@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Cox proportional hazards model assumes that independent variables remain constant throughout the observation period. Model can give biased results in cases which this assumption is violated. One of the methods used modelling the hazard ratio in the cases that the proportional hazard assumption is not met is to add a time-dependent variable showing the interaction between the predictor variable as parametric function of time. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect the survival time of the firms and the time dependence of these factors using Cox regression considering time depedent independent variables. (*) This paper is an extension to the findings of the scientific research project “The Factors Affecting Survival and Growth Performance of Newly Established Enterprises in Business Incubators: A Survey on the KOSGEB Business Development Centers (İŞGEM)”, 109K139, which has been funded with grant from TÜBİTAK. We also acknowledge the administrative support to the project from KOSGEB. 49 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: Survival analysis; Cox Regression Model; Proportional Hazard Assumption; New Firms 1.INTRODUCTION Survival analysis deals with the probability of occurrence of a given event at a set of particular points in a time interval (Cox and Oakes, 1984). The typical survival anaylsis may include the reports of hazard rates, ratios and survival curves while relating a likely set of independent variables to a specific event. In the small business and entrepreneurship literature, survival analysis has been used to track the start-ups over the years. A survival curve of a cohort of newly established firms reports what percentage of the cohort continue to survive since its inception over time, indicating whether some of the firms are failed over the years (Karaöz and Albeni, 2011). Cox proportional hazards (PH) model is the most preferred model in order to investigate the effect of variables on survival time. The key assumption of Cox model is that hazard rate related to different levels of the factors is constant throughout the follow-up period (Başar, 2006). Violation of the PH assumption requires additional measures for unbiased results of Cox Survival regression. In this paper, Cox regression has been applied to investigate the survival of newly established firms under incubation. Violation of PH assumption has been tested and further Cox regressions are performed considering time-varying effects of independent variables to survival. 2.SURVIVAL ANALYSIS In a survival analysis, it is usually referred to the time variable as survival time, because it gives the time that an individual has “survived” over some followup period (Geiss et al., 2009). It is also typically referred to the event as a failure, because the event of interest usually is death, disease incidence, or some other negative individual experience (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). When survival time ( ) is defined as a random variable with cumulative distribution function and probability density function , survival function is explained by Equation (2.1) (Yay, Çoker and Uysal, 2007); (2.1) Survival function gives the probability that the random variable exceeds the specified time (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). All survival functions have the characteristics that i) they are nonincreasing; that is, they head downward as increases, ii) at time , ; that is, at the start of the study, since no one has gotten the event yet, the probability of surviving past time 0 is one, iii) at time , ; that is, theoretically, if the study period increased without limit, eventually nobody would survive, so the survival curve must eventually fall to zero (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). The hazard function , with its complement of survival function , is given by Equation (2.2), where denotes a small interval of time (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005); (2.2) 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The hazard function gives the instantaneous potential per unit time for the event to occur, given that the individual has survived up to time (Tabatabai et al., 2007). In contrast to the survival function, which focuses on not failing, the hazard function focuses on failing, that is, on the event occurring (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). 2.1.The Cox Proportional Hazards (PH) Model The Cox PH model is usually written in terms of the hazard model formula shown at equation (2.3). This model gives an expression for the hazard at time for an individual with a given specification of a set of explanatory variables denoted by . That is, represents a collection of predictor variables that is being modeled to predict an individual’s hazard (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). (2.3) The Cox model formula says that the hazard at time is the product of two quantities. The first of these, , is called the baseline hazard function. The second quantity is the exponential expression to the linear sum of , where the sum is over the explanatory variables (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). A hazard ratio is defined as the hazard for one individual divided by the hazard for a different individual. The two individuals being compared can be distinguished by their values for the set of predictors, that is, the X’s. HR is shown by the following formula, where denotes the set of predictors for one individual, and denotes the set of predictors for the other individual (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005); (2.4) Once the model is fitted and the values for and are specified, the value of the exponential expression for the estimated HR is a constant, , which does not depend on time (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005); (2.5) Running the Cox regression, observations should be independent of each other and HR should remains constant with time. This assumption related to hazard ratio is known as PH assumption. If the HR is increasing over time, the estimated coefficients assuming PH is overestimating at first and underestimating later on (Bellera et al., 2010). 2.2.Extension of the Cox Proportional Hazards Model An important feature of this formula, which concerns the PH assumption, is that the baseline hazard is a function of , but does not involve the ’s. The ’s in the formula are called time-independent ’s (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). It is possible, nevertheless, to consider ’s which do involve . Such ’s are called time-dependent variables. If timedependent variables are considered, the Cox model form may still be used yet in an extended form, as the orginal model do not satify the PH assumption (Kleinbaum and Klein, 2005). 51 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In the case of being time-dependent explanatory variables, Cox regression model expands to a model which contains time-independent variables and some functions of the time the product with these variables. Independent variables are, , where time-independent variables and time-dependent variables (Sertkaya et al., 2005). Then, Cox regression model is, (Sertkaya et al., 2005); and which denote vector of coefficients of explanatory variables (2.6) Where is defined as a function of time. or as step function (Sertkaya et al., 2005). usually is defined in the form of , , 3.AN APPLICATION INTO NEW FIRM SURVIVAL UNDER INCUBATION Although the Survival analysis extensively been used in medical research on individuals, recently it becomes widely popular in Business Success and survival research. Thus, rather than on individuals, in this paper, we apply Cox regression to investigate the survival of newly established firms under incubation. There are studies applying survival Violation of PH assumption has been tested and further Cox regressions are performed considering time-varying effects of independent variables to survival. Our 414 observations on firm characteristics acquired from 12 different incubators, İŞGEMs, located across Turkey. The data includes almost all firms that currently exist İŞGEMs or the firms that resided in the past yet left İŞGEMs by graduation or failure. The survey data consists the total of. A business incubator can be identified as an organization which mentors the development of newly founded firms by specialized services such as providing office space, specialized staff, machinery, equipment, facilities and business assistance (Aernoudt, 2004). 3.1.Variables Used in the Analysis For our analysis, factors affecting the initial success of young enterprises can be summarized as i) Human capital characteristics of new enterprise's owner such as education level and sector experience, ii) Firm characteristics such as scale, age and human capital, iii) Industry characteristics such as market growth rate and entry barriers, vi) Incubation features, v) Other external factors such as macroeconomic fluctuations, regional factors and public policies (Hackett and Dilts, 2004). All of the data and variables used in our analysis are taken from Karaöz and Albeni (2011) and descriptive statistics and definitions are presented at Table 3.1. Table 3.1: The variables used in analysis and descriptive statistics VARIABLE DEFINITION Observation s Mean Minimum Maximum 414 - 0 1 EVENT OF INTEREST exit If the firm is closed (failed) during or after the incubation 1, otherwise 0 52 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo DEPENDENT VARIABLE incubage The elapsed time from the firm's entry into incubation until it's closed (month) 404 41,52 2 158 income If entrepreneur's income only comes from the incubated firm 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 gender If entrepreneur is female 1, male 0 (If there are both male and female partner 0) 414 - 0 1 lnentage Entrepreneur’s age (If there is a partnership, it is taken as the oldest entrepreneur’s agelogarithmic scale) 367 3,64 3 4,25 enteduuni If entrepreneur is a college graduate 1, otherwise 0 (if there is a partnership and one of the partners is college graduate 1) 414 - 0 1 entexp Entrepreneur's prior experience before arriving İŞGEM (year) 414 5,83 0 40 family If there is a role model for entrepreneurship in entrepreneur's family or surrounding 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 partner The number of partners witin the established firm 414 1,24 1 4 export If the firm export 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 lnempini initial firm size (logarithmic scale) 392 1,31 0 5,70 onlyloan If firm's founding capital is completely loan 1, otherwise 414 - 0 1 FEATURES OF THE FIRM CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENTREPRENEUR INDEPENDENT VARIABLES 53 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo EXTERNAL FEATURES INDUSTRIAL PROPERTIES INCUBATION SERVICES AND PROPERTIES 0 networking If entrepreneur is in cooperation with stakeholders within and outside the incubator 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 innova If entrepreneur has made innovation 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 advert If the firm has had an advertising 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 brand If the firm is a brand owner 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 comserv If entrepreneur has used at least one of the common services offered by incubation 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 whenest If the incubated firm entered the incubation center within first 3 years (36 months) of incubation center 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 incubsize The number of incubation's workshop 414 43,14 14 84 sector If the firm is in the manufacturing industry 1, in the service sector 0 411 - 0 1 compete Intensity of competition in the sector (1-5 Likert scale) 410 - 1 5 prorank (%) Share of the GDP per capita of the province in the Country GDP where the incubation center is located 414 1,51 0,59 2,07 cycle If the firm has experienced an economic crisis 1, otherwise 0 414 - 0 1 Source: Karaöz and Albeni (2011). 54 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to our data, Firm Survival Curve has been presented at Figure 3; Surivors diminish to about 20% with 158 months. 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Kaplan-Meier survival estimate 0 50 100 150 analysis time Figure 3.1: Survival curve of firms with failures during or after incubation 3.2. Results All Cox Regression results with and without considering time effects are presented in Table 3.2. Our PH tests indicate that further estimations are necessary using time-dependent variables. Model 2 estimates include the variables which in Model 1 and all of the interaction terms created by each of these variables multiplying , which is a function of time, in order to handle variable-time interaction. The Model 3 are obtained by using only the relevant variables of (incubsize) and (prorank), which are found to be the time-dependent variables. 55 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 3.2: Estimates of the basic and with time-dependent Cox model variables Coefficients Variable income gender lnentage enteduuni entexp family partner export lnempini onlyloan networking innova advert brand comserv whenest incubsize sector compete prorank cycle 1.18 -0.056 0.265 0.659 -0.084 -0.307 -1.71 0.827 0.214 -1.03 -1.47 -1.67 0.636 0.865 0.264 0.010** * 0.892 0.732 5.16 1.14 6.45 0.253 0.745 0.422 0.924 1.75 -0.093 0.000** * 0.826 -1.18 -0.02 -0.156 0.044** 0.042** 0.402 0.015** 0.308 0.278 0.063* 0.004*** 0.006** * 0.17 0.275 0.592 0.013** 0.002*** 0.738 -0.157 -1.16 0.46 0.416 0.013** 0.21 Model 1 0.289 -0.307 -4.63 1.07 6.47 0.274 -6.97 4.45 -2.24 -2.74 -4.22 -6.63 -0.985 -0.261 -4.39 0.342 0.205 0.844 0.576 0.847 0.215 0.333 0.74 0.522 0.685 0.217 0.813 0.015** 0.291 0.721 0.762 -0.101 -0.249 -2.39 0.951 0.196 -1.88 -1.54 -2.46 0.615 1.61 0.638 -2.25 -0.253 -0.425 0.364 0.024** 0.013** 0.518 0.001** * 0.303 0.298 0.002*** 0.004*** 0.001** * 2.92 19.4 10.5 Model 2 0.23 0.003*** 0.085* -0.341 16.9 0.791 Model 3 0.198 0.074* 0.234 0.000*** 0.009*** 0.362 0.099* 0.002*** 0.040* * gender lnentage enteduuni entexp family partner export lnempini onlyloan networking innova advert brand comserv whenest incubsize sector compete prorank cycle income Model 2 (cont.) -0.959 -0.352 -1.48 0.139 0.055 1.23 -1.08 -1.25 -0.023 1.3 0.427 0.699 0.474 0.861 0.505 0.212 0.457 0.678 0.954 0.378 56 -1.7 -0.147 0.177 0.937 0.924 1.48 1.99 -0.415 0.418 0.582 0.161 0.718 0.059 1.03 0.030** 0.344 -0.903 -5.74 -2.5 0.17 0.001*** 0.108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Model 3 (cont.) *, **, and *** indicate significance at the 1, 5 and 10% levels, respectively. Log-likelihood and prob values of Model 1, 2 and 3, respectively, are -190.632 [0.000***], -165.552 [0.000***] and -173.255 [0.000***]. 57 0.058 -5 0.017** 0.001*** �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Considering all the model estimates, we obtain various results regarding the variables. The possibility of failure of the firms, whose owners only dependent on earnings coming from its new-born firm higher than other firms. In this case it has been seen that the entrepreneurs having income from other sources are more likely to be successful in start-up business. It is interesting to see the result that the firms whose owners are university graduates have about two times higher risk of failure than other firms. An increase in the number of partners in the firm decreases the possibility of failure of firms. It is interesting to see that failure risk of firms, whose founding capital is formed entirely by loans, are lower than whose initial capital is partially or fully self-financed. If an entrepreneur is in collaboration with stakeholders within and outside the incubation, survival probability of the firm becomes higher. Moreover, it has been seen from the estimates that innovation activity of new firms increases chance of survival. Brand ownership also increases the chance of the firm's survival. Establishing a firm within an incubation center that is within its first 3-years increases survival probability. Finally, firms those experience a macroeconomic crisis have nearly two times more likelyhood of failure than others. 4.CONCLUSIONS Cox proportional hazard model, besides others, rest on proportional hazards assumption that independent variables do not vary with time. When PH assumption is violated and Cox regression estimates become biased. Then, Cox survival estimates can be corrected by including the time-varying effects to the analysis. Identification and calculation of timedependent effects give the oppotunity to obtain some otherwise unseen valuable special time pattern information. In our analysis, initially, the Cox regression was performed by considering that all explanatory variables are constant over time. Then, extended Cox regression models were estimated by including the time-dependent explanatory variables in the model. Our extended model results have shown that it become usefull to estimate the Cox Proportional Hazards regression by also including the time-varying explanatory variables to the analysis. Both the time-independent and time-dependent variables create significant effects on the probability of survival of the İŞGEM firms. REFERENCES Aernoudt, R. (2004). Incubators: Tool for Entrepreneurship?. Small Business Economics, 23, 127-35. Başar, E. (2006). Orantılı Olmayan Hazard Üzerine Bir Çalışma. Paper presented at 5. İstatistik Günleri Sempozyumu, Antalya,111-16. Bellera, C.A., MacGrogan, G., Debled, M., De Lara, C.T., Brouste, V., & MathoulinPélissier, S. (2010). Variables with time-varying effects and the Cox model: Some statistical concepts illustrated with a prognostic factor study in breast cancer. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10-20. Cox, D.R., & Oakes, D. (1984). Anaylsis of Survival Data. London: Chapman and Hall. Geiss, K., Meyer, M., Radespiel-Tröger, M., & Gefeller, O. (2009). SURVSOFT—Software for nonparametric survival analysis. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Elsevier Ireland LTD., 96, 63–71. 58 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Hackett, M., & Dilts, D.M. (2004). A Systematic Review of Business Incubation Research. Journal of Technology Transfer, 29, 55-82. Kleinbaum, D.G., & Klein, M. (2005). Survival Analysis: A Self-Learning Text (2nd Ed.). New York: Springer. Sertkaya, D., Ata, N., & Sözer, M. T. (2005). Yaşam çözümlemesinde zamana bağlı açıklayıcı değişkenli Cox regresyon modeli. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 58, 153-58. Tabatabai, M. A., Bursac, Z., Williams, D. K., & Singh, K. P. (2007). Hypertabastic survival model. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, 4-40. Karaöz, M., & Albeni, M., (2011), İş Kuluçkalarında Yeni Kurulan Girişimlerin Hayatta Kalma ve Büyüme Performansını Etkileyen Faktörler: KOSGEB İş Geliştirme Merkezleri (İŞGEM) Üzerine Bir Araştırma. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK). (Issue Brief No. 109K139). Yay, M., Çoker, E., & Uysal, Ö. (2007). Yaşam Analizinde Cox Regresyon Modeli and Artıkların İncelenmesi, Cerrahpaşa Tıp Dergisi, 38, 139-45. Seeking Debt Crisis And Solution In Europe Ali Yavuz,Ceyda Şataf,Dilek Göze Kaya, Serap Gül S.D.Ü. İ.İ.B.F. Maliye Bölümü, E-mails: aliyavuz@sdu.edu.tr, ceydasataf@sdu.edu.tr, dilekgozkaya@hotmail.com gul_serap19@hotmail.com Abstract In this study, the European Union (EU) countries, the countiries of their lives go down to the root causes of the debt crisis by making suggestions in search of solutions to the debt crisis will be examined. Emerging in the U.S.A. mortgage market crisis in 2007, quickly spread to the real sector from the financial sector in the years 2007-2009. And so the U.S.A. economy, increased unemployment and stagnation in 2008 and 2009 a major problem encountered. The economic crisis in the U.S. especially in EU countries, especially spread through strong financial relationships. Cause of the crisi spreading, the U.S.A., its foreign trade with third countries EU’s countries and possble recession and real income loses, narrowed. Foreign demand for exports of goods and services of third countries. Another reason for the crisi, said that the U.S.A. debt-based consumer spending growth can’t be prevented. E.U.’s main causes of debt crisi, the misappropriation of resources, competition loss, and therefore can’t be seen in this negative economic revival began participation in the Euro. Falling ineterest rates in euro countries participating in the pre-crisis period, the total demand by facilitating increased borrowing opportunities. GIIPS( Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain) countries in paralel with an increase in demand has increased in both public and private debts. Increased demand led to an increase in the prices of goods and services increase in investment. In the last part of study, the debt crisis of the EU countries should take measures to release the elimanation of 59 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1313 Title A name given to the resource Cox Regression Models with Time-Varying Covariates Applied to Survival Success of Young Firms (*) Author Author Aygül , Anavatan Abstract A summary of the resource. Cox proportional hazards model assumes that independent variables remain constant throughout the observation period. Model can give biased results in cases which this assumption is violated. One of the methods used modelling the hazard ratio in the cases that the proportional hazard assumption is not met is to add a time-dependent variable showing the interaction between the predictor variable as parametric function of time. In this study, we investigate the factors that affect the survival time of the firms and the time dependence of these factors using Cox regression considering time depedent independent variables. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/90eb5e31fed644ba9368a225e4d29241.pdf d8464e9c368ed74abb636012756d2842 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Usage Of E-Health In The Sustainability Of Attitude And Behavioral Changes: An Example On The Health Management Students Aygen Oksay1, Didar Büyüker İşler2, Gaye Atilla1, Münire Çiftçi2 1 Health Management Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta-Turkey 2Tourism Management Department, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta-Turkey Abstract The aim of this study is to find out the effects of e-health on the undergraduate students. This study also tries to examine the results of attitude and behavioral changes of the participants. A questionnaire was done on the first and second grade students as well as some MBA students of Health Management Department of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. The answers given to the questionnaire was tested by using the appropriate statistical tests in SPSS 16.0 program. According to the results the participants perception of the concept ‘health communication’ is not definite. The results also show that the participants use Internet but not very efficiently. Keywords: e-health, sustainability in health, health behavior, behavior change, health system. 1. Sustainability in Health One can’t ignore the importance of health in sustainable development. For the nations to reach their goals of sustainable development; they must have a strategy to create a healthy society. Thus the mass media especially the Internet must be used very actively and efficiently. The Internet has proven to be a powerful and very popular vehicle for distributing health information to millions of individuals; it is interactive, user controlled and provides an effective means for communicating detailed information (Erdem & Harrison-Walker, 2006: 387). In fact, the word ‘patient’ is being slowly replaced, at least implicitly, by the word ‘consumer’ (Ball & Lillis, 2001: 2). In that respect e-health, which can help the knowledge and technology in the health services spread to a wide range of people, is a very important communication channel that should be used for the sustainable development of health. The Alliance for Natural Health (ANH) first defined sustainable healthcare in 2006 in the UK journal The Nutrition Practitioner. The definition is as follows: "A complex system of interacting approaches to the restoration, management and optimization of human health that has an ecological base, that is environmentally, economically and socially viable indefinitely, 401 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo that functions harmoniously both with the human body and the non-human environment, and which does not result in unfair or disproportionate impacts on any significant contributory element of the healthcare system." (http://www.anh-europe.org/campaigns/sustainablehealthcare ). 1.1. E-Health: Sustainable Healthcare Health is defined as a ‘state of complete physical, mental and social well-being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’ by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948. But according to King (1990: 4) WHO’s celebrated definition should be transformed into “health is a sustainable state of complete…..”. As one can see sustainability is highlighted in this new version of definition. For health to be a sustainable state the changes in health attitudes and behaviors must be sustainable as well. But the technology driven demand changes, the demographic driven demand changes, workforce and funding challenges and also the quality and safety challenges all add up to an unsustainable health system. Coordination, integration and sharing of information in context of organizational change are the necessities of a sustainable system. Therefore e-health is an answer to this kind of development. Many nations have started to use e-health. According to World Health Organization e-health is the combined use of electronic communication and information technology in the health sector (http://www.ehealthinfo.gov.au/, 21.3.2012). Similarly Eng (2001) defines it as ‘the use of emerging information and communication technology, especially the Internet, to improve or enable health and health care’ (Eng, 2002: 267). E-health systems can improve access to information, thus increasing awareness of what is known in the health sciences, while selective dissemination by electronic means can facilitate targeting of information on those who either request it or are most likely to use it (Kwankam, 2004: 800). Since e-health could tailor information to unique needs and attributes of individuals and communities; it will use improved customization, contextuality and interactivity. Thus it’s very important to use this tool for the sustainability of the health attitudes and behaviors. There are over 100 000 web sites worldwide, proffering health information of varying quality that is used by both professionals and laypersons. In 2001, 86% of all adults in the United States with access to the Internet had consulted it for health-related information and 55% of primary care physicians in Germany and 90% in the United States had made use of it (Risk & Dzenowagis, 2001: 28). Studies present that communication mediated by computers and other digital technologies can result in positive outcomes across a wide range of behaviors (Neuhauser and Kreps, 2003: 15). For example in an online study of people who frequently visit health and medical websites, 90% of respondents felt they could manage their own health and 82% stated that the Web offers better information on new medications than what physicians or pharmacists have in their offices (Lach, 1999). One reason why so many people are turning to the Internet for health information is the belief that today’s doctor—patient relationship lacks the attention to 402 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo detail and personal touch that once existed. Patients go online because they want more than what they typically receive from an office consultation (Erdem & Harrison-Walker, 2006: 388). 1.2. The Changing of Health Behavior Since the 1960’s considerable research has appeared on the effect of attitudes on behavior (Liska and friends, 1984: 15). Attitude has been found to be the most significant factor influencing behavioral intention. Compelling reason why attitude is so important is the fact that attitude can be changed through persuasion and other means. An abundance of research regarding attitude change and persuasion exists in the psychology literature. Since attitude is the most significant predictor of intention (which in turn, is the best predictor of the actual behavior), then behavior could possibly be influenced through attitude change and persuasion. Attitude has been shown to significantly affect intention. If attitude can be changed, then intention may be influenced (and subsequently behavior may be influenced). (Al-Rafee and Cronan, 2006: 238). From this point on one can say that for the health behavior change to occur as well as to achieve sustainable development in the health area; the nations should use e-health systems effectively. 2. The Research The main aim of this study done is to measure the use of e-health in between the health management students. The study is done in Health Management Department of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences in Suleyman Demirel University. 1st and 2nd grade along with some MBA students participated in the study. A questionnaire was distributed to the whole population which was 200. Only 182 of them were able to be used in the analysis. Thus 91% of the population is reached. The questionnaire was made up of three sections. The first part consisted of demographic questions whereas the second part had questions towards Internet usage. The last part consisted of e-health questions. The answers were analyzed using SPSS 16.0. 3. The Results 3.1. The Demographic Findings Every demographic question in the questionnaire has been analyzed in order to see the frequency distribution of the participants. The findings are shown in Table 1. As seen in Table 1 the % 58,8 of the participants are men and %41,2 are women. Half of the participants are 1st grade students. %78 of the participants are 17-21 years old. The participants who have a PC is around %56 and % 43,4 doesn’t have a PC. When this finding is considered the percentage of not having a PC is relatively high. The duration of Internet 403 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo usage (1-10 years) has a big percentage of % 88 which is an expected situation. A same result is seen in the usage of Internet. The findings show that %41,2 of the participants use Internet every day and %42,9 of them use Internet a few times in a week. Table 1: The Demographic Findings of the Participants Variables Valid Frequency % Variables Valid Frequency % Gender Men 107 58,8 Yes 102 56,0 Women 75 41,2 Having a PC No 79 43,4 Total 182 100,0 Total 181 99,4 1st Grade 92 50,5 1-5 years 86 47,3 2nd Grade 78 42,9 6-10 years 74 40,7 MBA 12 6,6 11-15 years 4 2,2 Total 182 100,0 1 0,5 165 90,7 Every day 75 41,2 A few times in a week 78 42,9 A few times in a month Total 26 14,3 179 98,4 Grade Age 17–21 years 22–26 years 142 78,0 33 18,1 27–31 years 32 years and above 3 1,6 2 1,1 Total 180 98,9 The Duration of Internet Usage How often do you use Internet 16 years above Total and 3.2. The Reasons of Internet Usage The reasons of Internet usage are given in Table 2. As seen in Table 2 the %20,9 of the participants say that they use Internet for fun. However the ones who use it for shopping is only %8,8. %55,5 of the participants have indicated that they use Internet for social network sites. On the other hand only %28,6 of them stated that they use Internet for individual communication. The highest ratio (%64,8) is seen in the usage of Internet as a tool to gain information. It is also seen from Table 2 that %51,1 of the participants use Internet for doing homework, projects, etc. Table 2: The Reasons of Internet Usage The Attitudes 404 For fun Frequency % For gaining information Frequency % No 144 79,1 No 64 35,2 Yes 38 20,9 Yes 118 64,8 Total 182 100,0 Total 182 100,0 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo For shopping Frequency % For individual Communication Frequency % No 166 91,2 No 130 71,4 Yes 16 8,8 Yes 52 28,6 Total 182 100,0 Total 182 100,0 For social network sites Frequency % For preparing projects, homework Frequency % No 81 44,5 No 93 51,1 Yes 101 55,5 Yes 89 48,9 Total 182 100,0 Total 182 100,0 3.3. The Perception of the Concept Health Communication Table 3 gives information on the participants’ perception of the concept health communication. The result that stands out in Table 3 is that only 117 of the 182 participants have answered the question on “What do you think is health communication?” When analyzed there is no significant difference between the answers. Thus one might say that most of the participants don’t really have an idea of this concept. Table 3: The Perception on Health Communication What is “Health Communication” Frequency The way to get information on health in general The announcement of developments in health by using mass media Have no idea 36 19,8 26 14,3 11 6,0 Forum sites 10 5,5 A relation between the one who gives and gets the health service The communication in between the health personnel The transferring of knowledge on health truly Getting information about doctors and also getting an appointment The cognitive system 10 5,5 7 3,8 6 3,3 6 3,3 5 2,7 117 64,3 65 35,7 182 100,0 Total Lost data Total 405 % �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo When the answers given are analyzed in detail one can see that only %5,5 of the participants indicated that health communication is a relation between the one giving and the one getting the health service. Similarly a small amount of %3,8 stated that health communication is the communication which is in between the health personnel. As seen from Table 3; one can easily see that %19,8 of the participants perceive health communication as “getting information on health in general.” This answer is the highest answer given to this question. The second highest answer given to this question is “the announcement of developments in health by mass media” which %14,3 of the participants stated. 3.4. The Forum Sites on Health When asked the participants whether they are a member of a forum site on health; only %32,4 have said “yes.” On the other hand %67,6 have stated that they weren’t a member of a forum site. When taken into account that the participants were university students, this result is natural. Table 4: Forum Sites on Health Are you a member of a forum site on health? Frequency % No 123 67,6 Yes 59 32,4 Total 182 100,0 3.5. Usage of the Health Institution’s Web Page Table 5 shows the answers given to the question asked to the participants whether they use a health institutions’ web site before going there. As seen from Table 5 almost half of them (%47,3) said “yes.” This actually helps us understand why the participants explain health communication concept as to get information on health. Table 5: Usage of the Health Institution’s Web Site Before going to any health institution do you visit its web site? Frequency % No 93 51,1 Yes 86 47,3 Total 179 98,4 3.6. The Most Visited Web Pages on Health The participants were asked to write down the web sites on health that they visited the most. According to the answers of the 119 participants who answered this question; it seems that 406 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the most visited (%38,5) web site on health is the official web site of Ministry of Health. Table 6 shows the first three web sites visited by the participants. Table 6: The Usage of Web Sites on Health Write the names of the web sites on health you frequently visit Frequency % www.saglik.gov.tr (Ministry of Health) 70 38,5 www.ailehekimliği.gov.tr (Family practice) 13 7,1 The web pages of hospitals 11 6,0 119 65,4 Total 3.7. The Ways of Getting Information on Health The participants were asked to choose from a 5 point Likert scale how they would get information on health. The answers are shown in Table 7. As seen from Table 7 only the %24,2 of the participants say that they generally watch TV programs on health. On the other hand %54,4 state that they rarely watch those kinds of programs. A similar situation is seen when asked whether they listen to the radio programs made on health. %88,1 of the participants have given negative answer to this question. Only %23,1 of the participants state that they frequently read the health columns in the newspaper. The answers given to the statement that “I get advice from a doctor” is interesting. The % 26,9 of the participants state that they rarely get advice from a doctor whereas only %23,6 of them state that they frequently ask a doctor. % 50 of the participants has claimed that they never consult a doctor from the web. The ones who say that they can rarely consult a doctor from the web is %23,1 only. On the other hand %24,2 of the participants say that they always use the net to get information on health. Table 7: The Ways of Getting Information on Health To get information on health in general Never (%) Rarely (%) Usually (%) Frequently (%) Always (%) Total (%) 5,5 54,4 24,2 9,3 6,0 99,5 B2: I listen to the radio programs on health. 44,8 43,3 8,8 2,2 ,6 99,5 B3: I read the news on health in the newspapers. 8,2 28,0 31,9 23,1 8,2 99,5 B4: I get advice from a doctor 8,2 26,9 25,8 23,6 13,2 97,8 50,0 23,1 13,7 8,2 4,4 99,5 6,0 18,7 28,6 22,5 24,2 100,0 B1:I watch TV programs on health B5: I consult a doctor from web. B6: I try to get information from web. 407 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.8. The Reasons of Visiting the Web Site of a Health Institution The answers participants chose from a 5-point scale to the statements as to learn the reasons of visiting a health institution’s web site are showed in detail in Table 8. As seen in Table 8 % 37,4 of the participants stated that they never use the health institution’s web site to get an appointment; whereas % 17 said always. The %36,8 of the participants claimed that they never use the web site to get information on doctors. On the other hand %13,2 stated that they use it frequently for this reason. The ones who use the health institution’s web site to learn about the physical conditions of the hospital are only %3,2. Similarly % 64,3 of the participants stated that they never use the web site to learn the agreed insurance companies. % 29,7 of the participants indicated that they would in general use the web site to get the contact numbers whereas %12,1 of them said that they would use the web site for this reason frequently. Almost half of the participants (%40,1) stated that they would never use the net to learn the results of the samples done in the hospital. Once more almost half of the participants said that they would never use the web site of the health institution to make complaints or suggestions. According to these results one can say that the participants of this study use the web site of the health institution mostly to get information on doctors, to learn the contact numbers and the way to get to the hospital and also to learn the physical conditions of the hospital. Table 8: The Reasons of Visiting the Web Site of a Health Institution I visit the health institutions’ web site to… Never (%) Rarely (%) Usually (%) 37,4 19,8 14,8 the 36,8 27,5 B9: see the physical conditions of the hospital. B10: learn about the insurance companies the hospital has an agreement with. B11: get the contact numbers and learn how to get there. 40,1 B12: learn the results of the analysis (exp:blood sample) done in the hospital. B13: to make complaints and give suggestions. B7: get an appointment. B8: get doctors. information about Frequently (%) Always (%) Total (%) 9,9 17,0 98,9 15,4 13,2 3,8 96,7 29,7 17,0 8,2 3,2 98,9 64,3 20,3 9,9 3,8 1,1 99,5 25,3 24,7 29,7 12,1 6,6 98,4 40,1 25,3 19,8 9,3 3,8 98,4 43,4 34,1 10,4 8,2 2,7 98,9 3.9. The Usage of Mass Media Table 9 shows the answers given to the statements on trusting mass media. %39 of the participants state that they rarely trust the health news on Internet. %35,7 of them on the other hand state that they usually trust those kinds of news. From this result one can say that the 408 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo participants are confused about the news in the net. The %36,3 of the participants stated that they rarely trust the doctors’ advice who works a s a consultant in a forum site. Only the %14,8 of them indicated that they frequently trust such doctors. Similarly %43,4 of the participants indicated that they never trust the health campaign messages that come to their cellular phones. % 19,8 of the participants stated that they usually keep track of a health journal. Table 9: The Usage of Mass Media Never (%) Rarely (%) Usually (%) Frequently (%) Always (%) Total (%) B14: I trust the news on health I see in the net. 10,4 39,0 35,7 10,4 3,3 98,9 B15: I trust the doctors’ advices who work as a consultant of a forum site. 14,8 36,3 28,0 14,8 4,9 98,9 B16: I take into consideration the messages that come to my cellular phone on health campaigns. 43,4 29,1 14,3 7,7 4,9 99,5 B17: I keep track of health journals. 25,3 37,9 19,8 9,9 6,6 99,5 Items When Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9 are analyzed deeply; one can say that the participants use Internet but not efficiently. 4.CONCLUSION 60 % of the participants, who are mostly 17-21 years old, are males. Because of the fact that the participants are university students, this actually explains why the Internet usage ratios are high. This fact also affects the reasons of Internet usage. When looked at Table 2, one can see that the first reason of Internet usage is to gain information while the second reason is to visit social network sites. Besides these one can’t see the similar attitudes and behaviors towards e-health usage. The thing that takes attention is the fact that e-health is used especially for getting an appointment or gaining information about the health institutions, like contact numbers or access to there. The results also show us that the participants don’t trust a physician who gives advice on the web. Similarly the participants still use the traditional ways to learn the analysis (for example: blood sample) done in the hospitals. In general we can say that the participants of this study use the Internet; but not e-health very efficiently. In other words we can say that the participants haven’t gained positive attitude and behavioral changes toward e-health usage yet. REFERENCES AL-RAFEE, Sulaiman and Timothy Paul Cronan, Digital Piracy: Factors that Influence Attitude Toward Behavior, Journal of Business Ethics (2006) 63: 237-259. 409 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo BALL, Marion J. and Jennifer Lillis, E-health: Transforming the Physician/Patient Relationship, International Journal of Medical Informatics 61 (2001) 1–10 3 (Volume 61, Issue 1, April 2001, Pages 1–10). DROLET, Aimee and Jennifer Aaker, Off-Target? Changing Cognitive-Based Attitudes Journal Of Consumer Psychology, 12(1), 2002. 59-68. ENG, T. R., EHealth Research and Evaluation: Challenges and Opportunities, Journal of Health Communication, Vol 7, p. 267-272, 2002. ERDEM, S. Altan and L. Jean Harrison-Walker, The Role of the Internet in Physician— Patient Relationships: The issue of Trust, Business Horizons (2006) 49, 387—393. GLANZ Karen (Ed), Barbara K. Rimer, K. Viswanath, 2008, Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4.th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, USA. JACKMAN, Mary R. The Relation between Verbal Attitude and Overt Behavior: A Public Opinion Application, Social Forces, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Mar., 1976), p. 646-668. KARACA, Erol, Öğretimde Planlama ve Değerlendirme Dersine Yönelik Bir Tutum Ölçeği Geliştirme, Dumlupınar University Journal of Social Sciences, No 16, December 2006, 213230. KAYA, Mevlüt and Bayramali Nazıroğlu, Din Görevlilerinin Mesleki Tutum Ve Motivasyon Düzeylerini Etkileyen Bazı Faktörler, http://dergi.samsunilahiyat.com/Makaleler/1779187485_20082702035. pdf, 25-53. (03.04.2012). KING, M. H., Health is a Sustainable State, Lancet,336, p. 664-667, 1990. KOÇAKOĞLU, Melih and Lütfullah Türkmen, Biyoloji Dersine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği Geliştirilmesi, Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol 11, No 2, Ağustos 2010, Sayfa 229-245. KWANKAM, S. Yunkap, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, October 2004, 82 (10). LISKA, Allen E. Richard B. Felson Mitchell Chamlin William Baccaglini, Estimating Attitude-Behavior Reciprocal Effects Within A Theoretical Specification, Social Psychology Quarterly Vol. 47, No. 1, 15-23. 1984. NEUHAUSER L. and Gary L. Kreps, Rethinking Communication in the E-Health Era, Journal of Health Psychology, Vol 8, no 1, p.7-23, 2003. RISK A and J. Dzenowagis, Review of Internet Health Information Quality Initiatives, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 3:e28, 2001. SMITH, Robert E. and William R. Swinyard, Attitude-Behavior Consistency: The Impact of Product Trial versus Advertising, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Aug., 1983), pp. 257-267. http://www.anh-europe.org/campaigns/sustainable-healthcare http://www.ehealthinfo.gov.au/ , 21.3.2012. 410 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1136 Title A name given to the resource The Usage Of E-Health In The Sustainability Of Attitude And Behavioral Changes: An Example On The Health Management Students Author Author Aygen, Oksay Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this study is to find out the effects of e-health on the undergraduate students. This study also tries to examine the results of attitude and behavioral changes of the participants. A questionnaire was done on the first and second grade students as well as some MBA students of Health Management Department of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. The answers given to the questionnaire was tested by using the appropriate statistical tests in SPSS 16.0 program. According to the results the participants perception of the concept ‘health communication’ is not definite. The results also show that the participants use Internet but not very efficiently. Keywords: e-health, sustainability in health, health behavior, behavior change, health system. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e0ff577c6c1fe90ab11cd2dfa963a1aa.pdf 17aa09ea221c886e1fc0c2d0bda97d28 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sevier, R. (2001), Brand as Relevance, Journal of Marketing forHigherEducation, 10 (3), 77-96. Sevier, R. and Johnson, R. (1999), Integrated Marketing Communication: A Practical Guide toDevelopingComprehensiveCommunicationStrategies, Case Books. Sheehan, K. andDoherty, B. (2001), Re-wearingthe web: IntegratingPrintand Online Communications, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 15 (2), 47-59. Smith, P.R.,Berry, C. andPulford, A. (1999), Strategic Marketing Communications, KoganPage, London. Temple, P. (2006), BrandingHigherEducation: IllısionorReality?,Perspectives, 10 (1), 15-19. Varey, R. and White, J. (2000), TheCorporateCommunicationSystem of Managing, Corporate Communications, 5 (1), 5-11. Residents’ Perceptions towards Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case of Alanya Aydin Cevirgen, Furkan Baltaci, Onur Oku Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Tourism Administration, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: acevirgen@akdeniz.edu.tr, fbaltaci@akdeniz.edu.tr, onuroku@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Sustainable development approach is of utmost importance for the future existence of tourism destinations. Therefore, enabling tourism development based on sustainability principles economically, socially and environmentally is considered to be a necessity. All stakeholders of the tourism sector have important roles in this development process. Especially, the inclusion of residents to this process and their involvement in decision-making mechanisms represent a focal point in sustainable tourism development. Any tourism development that does not take into consideration the needs and expectations of residents does not have much chance for success. There have been many studies made about residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism and tourism development in tourism literature. However, only a few studies use sustainable development perspective in order to determine residents’ perceptions towards tourism development. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the residents’ perceptions towards sustainable tourism development in Alanya, an important tourism destination of Turkey and Mediterranean region. Data gathered from 134 residents in Alanya were analyzed using factor and correlation analysis, t-tests and ANOVA. Results presented a four-factor perceived sustainable tourism development measurement scale: environmental sustainability; perceived social costs; maximizing community participation; and perceived economic benefits. Findings have shown that there is a significant correlation between perceived economic benefits and two of the other three factors, which are environmental sustainability and maximizing community participation. Another main finding of the study is that residents are not fully aware of nor have 65 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo much knowledge about the concept of sustainability and its principles, yet they still have shown positive attitude towards its principles. Keywords: Alanya, Residents, Residents’ Perceptions, Sustainability, Sustainable Tourism Development, Sustainable Development, Tourism. 1. INTRODUCTION The sustainability phenomenon has emerged from the negative impacts of the continuously increasing world population’s pressure on environmental resources. Mankind realized that a balance was needed to be set between development and consumption of environmental resources. At that stage, the notion of “sustainable development” came up at the end of 1980s and started to be widely used. Sustainable development approach is not against the idea of economic progress. The fundamental idea here is taking into consideration the needs of the present day and future generations, while using all natural or man-made resources without depleting them or spoiling their quality (Demir & Cevirgen, 2006: 93-94). Sustainable development approach refers to development in all sectors all together. This statement also applies to tourism sector, which is a huge driving force in yielding economic growth. Parallel to the discussions related to the notion of sustainable development, concept of “sustainable tourism” has been talked about frequently since the early 1990s. The main resources of tourism consist of the physical, social and cultural attractions of the tourism destination. Transforming these resources to economical value that is beneficial to residents will only be possible by sustainable tourism development. Sustainable tourism is considered as a tool for decreasing the negative effects of tourism to a minimum and ensuring the existence of the destination in the long term, therefore is vital for tourism destinations. Tourism stakeholders should base tourism development on environmental, economic and socio-cultural principles of sustainability for the future success of their destination. Although all stakeholders have important roles in sustainable tourism development, residents are the most affected from and need to show full support to the process. If residents are not sold on a tourism development and do not participate in its decision making process, there is not much of a chance for the development to succeed in the long-term, simply due to the fact that residents will take a negative stance against the existing or future developments. This study aims to determine the perceptions of residents towards tourism developments in Alanya from sustainability perspective. It also attempts to explore the relationship among the factors of sustainable tourism development. 2. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Sustainable development concept was introduced by the World Commission on the Environment and Development (WCED), who published the Brundtland Report, also known as “Our Common Future”, in 1987. In this report, sustainable development was defined by the WCED as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Corakci, 1991: 71; Demir & Cevirgen, 2006: 96). In order 66 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to achieve this development, there needs to be a social structure that helps the resolution of conflicts, an economic system that enables the production of continuous source of surplus, and a source of technical knowledge. More importantly, environment must be protected (Byrd, 2007:9). Tourism has been one of the earlier and more active sectors that adapted to sustainability principles and sustainable tourism development concept have been widely discussed since 1990s. Sustainable tourism development could be defined as all kinds of tourism developments that make a notable contribution to or, at least, do not contradict to the principles of sustainable development without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs and desires (Tosun, 2001: 290). Another view describes sustainable tourism within sustainable development in the sense that if tourism is to contribute to sustainable development, it must be economically viable, environmentally sensitive and socio-culturally appropriate. Sustainable tourism has been generally viewed as a vehicle by which the negative impacts of tourism can be addressed and by which long-term viability can be achieved (Kitnuntaviwat & Tang, 2008: 47-48). In order for any form of tourism development to be sustainable, residents should be the focal point in its development (Dyer et al., 2007: 410; Choi & Sirakaya, 2005: 381). Residents’ attitudes are crucial for successful sustainable tourism development because an understanding of the community’s attitudes and perceptions and how these perceptions are formed would be valuable knowledge for decision makers. (Esheliki & Kaboudi, 2012: 335). Understanding the prerequisites for support by local residents towards tourism development is crucial for local governments, businesses, decision makers and policymakers, because success of any sustainable development depends on active support of residents. Any active opposition may hinder or slow the development (Gursoy & Rutherford, 2004: 495). Residents’ participation in planning and development stages is also a fundamental necessity for sustainability of the development (Dyer et al., 2007: 410; Oviedo-Garcia et al., 2008: 95). Active participation of the community can make sustainable tourism viable for the community. This viability can be created by opening carefully developed management communication channels with receptive governments (Choi & Sirakaya, 2005: 382). Understanding local residents’ attitudes toward tourism development is vital for the success and sustainability of any type of tourism development. Community involvement is one of the important factors that may significantly influence the sustainability of any tourism development. Involvement of residents in the planning and operational stages may ensure that development will be socially and environmentally responsible and that resulting impacts will be perceived as more appropriate by residents (Gursoy et al., 2010: 381, 383). The measurement of residents’ perceptions of tourism development plays a vital role in the future success of any destination (Andriotis, 2005: 68). Many studies have examined resident attitudes and the factors that are likely to influence those attitudes. Most of these studies suggest that residents tend to have positive attitudes because they see tourism as an economic development tool (Gursoy et al., 2010: 381). 67 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted in April, 2012 in the resort town of Alanya, which lies on the coast of Gulf of Antalya. Alanya, as one of the major tourism destinations of Turkey with a bed capacity of 146,533; received 1,848,607 foreign tourists in 2010, which constituted 6,45% of total foreign tourists who visited Turkey. Alanya also received 4,85% of Turkey’s total tourism receipts in 2010 (Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 2011: 120,124; Turkish Statistical Institute, 2011: 46). According to 2010 census, the population of Alanya Centrum is 104,000. In order to gather data, a structured questionnaire survey was applied to 134 local residents of Alanya. With this respect, the study is preliminary for any future research in the related fields. The questionnaire consisted of two sections, one being general profile of the respondents, and the other part being 26 questions about residents’ perceptions on sustainable tourism development. After the revision of empirical and theoretical research of the related literature, 26 questions about residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards sustainable tourism development and tourism impact were adapted to this study (Brida et al.,2011; Cevirgen & Kesgin, 2007; Oviedo-Garcia et al., 2008; Prayag et al., 2010; Sirakaya-Turk et al., 2008). A 5-point Likert scale was used in this second part of the questionnaire, ranging from 1=”completely disagree” to 5=”completely agree”. The data collected were analyzed by using SPSS software. Data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, frequency distributions, factor analysis, correlation analysis, t-test and ANOVA. 4. FINDINGS According to the profiles of the respondents as shown on Table 1, 66% were male; 45% were between the ages 26-33; 50% were married; 88% were actively working; 50% were working in tourism sector; and 52% had a university or a further degree. 40% of the respondents were living in Alanya for 1 to 5 years, while 18% were in Alanya for more than 26 years. 44% of the respondents earn between 1,000 TL to 2,000 TL monthly. Table 1. Respondent Profile Gender n % Age n % Male 88 66 18-25 28 21 Female 46 34 26-33 60 45 34-41 12 9 Marital Status Married 67 50 42-49 18 13 Single 67 50 50 & above 16 12 Are you working right now? 68 Is your job tourism-related? �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Yes 118 88 Yes 65 50 No 16 12 No 64 50 Is anyone in your family (spouse / children) working in tourism sector? (n - %) Education Elementary 12 9 Yes 29 22 Secondary 10 8 No 101 78 High school 20 15 Duration of Residency in Alanya (years, n - %) Vocational 21 16 Less than 1 7 5 Bachelor’s 28 20 1-5 54 40 Master&PhD 42 32 6-10 17 13 11-15 15 11 Monthly Salary (¨ - TL) None 8 6 16-20 10 8 Min Wage-1000 28 21 21-25 5 4 1001-1500 29 22 26 & above 24 18 1501-2000 30 22 2001-2500 24 18 2501 & above 15 11 Firstly, reliability of the whole scale was tested. Cronbach’s alpha was found as 0,762; well above the generally agreed lower limit of 0,60 for research at exploratory stage (Sencan, 2005: 170). Then, the principle component analysis was performed to identify the underlying dimensions of the perceived sustainable tourism development items. The Keiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0,688, and the Barlett Test of Sphericity was statistically significant at 0,000 level, indicating that the data were suitable for factor analysis. These 26 items were subjected to factor analyzed with Varimax rotation. Minimum item loading of 0,50 was selected to interpret variables considered significant. Two of the 26 items were dropped because their loading was below 0,50. These two items were “Alanya is overcrowded because of tourism development”, and “Full participation in tourism decision making by everyone is a must for successful tourism development”. The factor analysis revealed four major factor areas; environmental sustainability (8 items), perceived social costs (5 items), maximizing community participation (5 items), and perceived economic benefits (6 items). Table 2 shows the results and Cronbach’s Alpha of each factor. 69 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Reliability of the four factors ranged from 0,749 to 0,867. The four factors explained a total of % 52,62 of the variance. Residents showed their highest perception to perceived economic benefits with mean of 4,16 among the four factors. Residents generally are positive towards all of the factors except their neutral approach towards maximizing community participation with a mean of 3,09. Table 2. Results of Factor Analysis ITEMS Factor Loading Factor 1. Perceived Economic Benefits (PEB) % of Variance Mean Alpha Explaine (α) d 5,23 16,51 4,16 PEB23 – Tourism creates new sources of income ,924 4,23 PEB24 – Tourism is good for local economy ,908 4,34 PEB22 – Tourism diversifies the local economy ,897 4,19 0,867 PEB21 – Tourism is a strong economic contributor ,883 to community 4,36 PEB25 – Tourism creates new markets for local ,593 products 3,72 PEB26 – Tourism increases awareness for ,535 protection of natural resources 4,10 Factor 2. Environmental Sustainability (ES) ES7 – Tourism protects the environment 70 Eigenvalue 3,26 14,88 3,52 ,761 3,58 ES2 – Tourism enables better public services ,748 (roads, etc.) 3,53 ES1 – Tourism has improved the infrastructure ,687 (electricity, etc) 3,64 ES8 – Community environment must be protected ,671 now and for the future 3,84 ES4 – Tourism development helps the protection ,660 of natural life 2,78 0.840 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ES6 – Biological diversity is being protected ,637 3,57 ES3 – Tourism encourages the creation of parks ,628 and leisure areas for residents 3,70 ES5 – Tourism is being developed in harmony ,583 with natural and cultural environment 3,53 Factor 3. Maximizing Community Participation (MCP) 2,76 11,41 3,09 MCP16 – Residents are given opportunities in ,802 tourism decision making 3,11 MCP19 – Residents should be encouraged to assume leadership roles in tourism planning ,764 committees 2,93 0.761 MCP20 – Tourism promotes positive environmental ethics among all parties with a ,710 stake in tourism 3,30 MCP18 – Residents should be given more ,693 opportunities to invest in tourism developments 3,15 MCP17 – Tourism industry must embrace the ,621 values of residents 2,94 Factor 4. Perceived Social Costs (PSC) 10.20 2,69 PSC12 – Residents’ quality of life has deteriorated ,802 because of tourism 2,33 PSC10 – Tourists disrupt the quality of life in the ,768 region 2,61 PSC11 – Residents often feel irritated because of ,758 tourism 2,53 PSC14 – Tourism negatively affects the life style ,687 of residents 2,90 PSC13 – Tourism causes problems in security and ,636 crime 3,06 Overall Reliability of the Scale (α) 71 2,43 0.749 0.762 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Total Variance Explained 52,62 KMO 0.688 Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity Sig. 0.000 According to the correlation analysis as shown in Table 3, positive and statistically significant correlation was found twice, between three factors: environmental sustainability with perceived economic benefits (p<0,05); and maximizing community participation with perceived economic benefits (p<0,01). Table 3. Correlation Analysis Groups 1 Environmental Sustainability 1 Perceived Social Costs -0,105 1 Maximizing Participation 0,119 -0,112 1 0,213* -0,046 0,254** Community Perceived Benefits Economic 2 3 4 1 *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). ANOVA and t-tests were applied in order to test whether there were any statistically significant differences between residents’ perceptions towards sustainability tourism development and their characteristics. According to these tests, no significant difference was observed between the four sustainable tourism development factors and gender, work status, tourism related work, tourism related working family member, and age. On the other hand, results of statistically significant differences were presented on the tables below. According to Table 4, single and married respondents showed statistically significant difference in terms of their perception towards environmental sustainability (p=0,001<0,01). Table 4. Summary of t-test results for Marital Status 72 Dependent Components Marital Status Mean Standard Deviation t p Environmental Married 3,65 0,69 1,873 0,001** �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sustainability Single 3,39 0,91 Married 2,55 0,86 Perceived Social Costs Maximizing Community Participation Perceived Benefits Economic Single 2,83 0,75 Married 3,19 0,72 Single 2,98 0,78 Married 4,34 0,57 Single 3,97 0,85 -2,029 0,626 1,631 0,233 3,000 0,185 According to Table 5, respondents’ perception towards maximizing community participation showed statistically significant differences with respect to their level of education (p=0,000<0,01). A post-hoc Tukey test was used to detect the differences in means among education levels. Vocational school graduates (3,44) responded significantly higher than Master and PhD graduates (2,69). There were not any other significant differences between the other levels of education. Table 5. Summary of ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey multiple comparison test results for Education Factors df Mean Square F Sig. Environmental Sustainability 132 1,098 1,708 0,137 Perceived Social Costs 132 0,627 0,961 0,445 Maximizing Participation 132 2,392 4,800 0,000** 132 0,819 1,515 0,190 Perceived Benefits Community Economic According to Table 6, respondents’ perception towards maximizing community participation showed statistically significant differences with respect to their monthly income (p=0,003<0,01). A post-hoc Tukey test was used to detect the differences in means among monthly income. Residents earning 1,001 to 1,500 TL (3,52) responded significantly higher than residents earning 1,501 to 2,000 TL monthly (2,78). There were not any other significant differences between the other levels of monthly income. 73 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 6. Summary of ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey multiple comparison test results for Monthly Income Factors df Mean Square F Sig. Environmental Sustainability 133 1,350 2,129 0,066 Perceived Social Costs 133 1,255 1,971 0,087 Maximizing Participation 133 1,998 3,872 0,003** 133 0,745 1,375 0,238 Community Perceived Economic Benefits According to Table 7, respondents’ perception towards environmental sustainability showed statistically significant differences with respect to their duration of residency in Alanya (p=0,003<0,01). A post-hoc Tukey test was used to detect the differences in means among duration of residency. Residents who have been living in Alanya for 16-20 years (2,82) responded significantly lower than residents living in Alanya for more than 26 years (4,00). There were not any other significant differences between the other levels of duration of residency. Table 7. Summary of ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey multiple comparison test results for Duration of Residency in Alanya Factors df Mean Square F Sig. Environmental Sustainability 131 2,083 3,452 0,003** Perceived Social Costs 131 1,619 2,599 0,021 Maximizing Participation 131 1,205 2,196 0,048 131 1,102 2,088 0,059 Community Perceived Economic Benefits 74 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5. CONCLUSION According to the results of this empirical study, residents in Alanya have shown positive perceptions towards sustainable tourism developments. Yet, they have shown neutral approach towards maximizing community participation, which is one of the most important principles of sustainable development. This situation shows that residents do not have strong awareness about the concept of sustainability. Another point to mention is that residents do not feel they are a part of the decision making process of tourism development of the region. Residents of Alanya think that tourism developments generally have a positive contribution to environmental sustainability, but their belief that tourism does not protect the natural life limited their level of support towards tourism developments. Tourism developments in Alanya do not create significant level of perceived social costs, according to residents. This positive attitude of residents towards tourism developments is of critical value for the sustainability of tourism in the region. Residents of Alanya also think that tourism contributes greatly towards regional economy. In order to maximize the economic benefits of tourism, more involvement and participation of residents into tourism decision making mechanisms is needed. In the light of these findings, tourism leaders and planners need to make substantial effort in order to raise the awareness of residents on sustainability principles and to maximize community participation, because residents’ involvement in tourism developments is of utmost importance for sustainable development of the destination. It would be beneficial for any future studies to focus on including the other stakeholders of tourism sector and comparing the results of each stakeholder’s perceptions. REFERENCES Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry. (2011). Alanya economic report 2010, Alanya. Andriotis, K. (2005). Community groups' perceptions of and preferences for tourism development: evidence from Crete, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 29 (1), 67-90. Brida, J.G., Osti, L. & Faccioli, M. (2011). Residents’ perception and attitudes towards tourism impacts: A case study of the small rural community of Folgaria (Trentino–Italy), Benchmarking: An International Journal, 18 (3), 359-385. Byrd, E.T. (2007). Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development, Tourism Review, 62 (2), 6-13. Cevirgen, A. & Kesgin, M. (2007). Local authorities’ and NGOs’ perceptions of tourism development and urbanization in Alanya. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal. 55(3), 309-322. Choi, H.S.C. & Sirakaya, E. (2005). Measuring residents’ attitude toward sustainable tourism: development of sustainable tourism attitude scale, Journal of Travel Research, 43, 380-394. Corakci, B. (1991). Ortak Geleceğimiz, Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı Yayını, 3. Baskı, Ankara: Önder Matbaa. 75 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Demir, C. & Çevirgen, A. (2006). Turizm ve Çevre Yönetimi Sürdürülebilir Gelişme Yaklaşımı, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Dyer, P., Gursoy, D., Sharma, B. & Carter, J. (2007). Structural modeling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia, Tourism Management, 28, 409-422 Eshliki, S. A. & Kaboudi, M. (2012). Community perception of tourism impacts and their participation in tourism planning: a case study of Ramsar, Iran, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36, 333-341. Gursoy, D., Chi, C. G. & Dyer, P. (2010). Locals' attitudes toward mass and alternative tourism: the case of Sunshine Coast, Australia, Journal of Travel Research, 49 (3), 381-394. Gursoy, D. & Rutherford, D. G. (2004).Host attitudes toward tourism: an improved structural model, Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (3), 495-516. Kitnuntaviwat, V. & Tang, J.C.S. (2008). Residents’ attitudes, perception and support for sustainable tourism development, Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 5 (1), 4560. Oviedo-Garcia, M. A., Catellanos-Verdugo, M. & Martin-Ruiz, D. (2008). Gaining residents’ support for tourism and planning, International Journal of Tourism Research, 10, 95-109. Prayag, G., Dookhony-Ramphul, K. & Maryeven, M. (2010). Hotel development and tourism impacts in Mauritius: Hoteliers' perspectives on sustainable tourism, Development Southern Africa, 27 (5), 697-712. Sirakaya-Turk, E., Ekinci, Y. & Kaya, A.G. (2008). An examination of the validity of SUS-TAS in cross-cultures, Journal of Travel Research, 46, 414-421. Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal Davranışsal Ölçümlerde Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. Tosun,C. (2001). Challenges of sustainable tourism development in the developing world: the case of Turkey, Tourism Management, 22, 289-303. Turkish Statistical Institute. (2011). Tourism statistics 2010, Ankara. 76 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1365 Title A name given to the resource Residents’ Perceptions towards Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case of Alanya Author Author Aydin , Cevirgen Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainable development approach is of utmost importance for the future existence of tourism destinations. Therefore, enabling tourism development based on sustainability principles economically, socially and environmentally is considered to be a necessity. All stakeholders of the tourism sector have important roles in this development process. Especially, the inclusion of residents to this process and their involvement in decision-making mechanisms represent a focal point in sustainable tourism development. Any tourism development that does not take into consideration the needs and expectations of residents does not have much chance for success. There have been many studies made about residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism and tourism development in tourism literature. However, only a few studies use sustainable development perspective in order to determine residents’ perceptions towards tourism development. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the residents’ perceptions towards sustainable tourism development in Alanya, an important tourism destination of Turkey and Mediterranean region. Data gathered from 134 residents in Alanya were analyzed using factor and correlation analysis, t-tests and ANOVA. Results presented a four-factor perceived sustainable tourism development measurement scale: environmental sustainability; perceived social costs; maximizing community participation; and perceived economic benefits. Findings have shown that there is a significant correlation between perceived economic benefits and two of the other three factors, which are environmental sustainability and maximizing community participation. Another main finding of the study is that residents are not fully aware of nor have much knowledge about the concept of sustainability and its principles, yet they still have shown positive attitude towards its principles. Keywords: Alanya, Residents, Residents’ Perceptions, Sustainability, Sustainable Tourism Development, Sustainable Development, Tourism. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/80b1f6ac780d173c5a773936b9671913.pdf 39a9489d522b6cb79b0a9abe92d7ede5 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Knowledge Economy And Effect On Women’ S Employment In Turkey Arslan İbrahim1, Dineri Eda1, Taş İsmail2 1Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey, 2Tunceli University, Tunceli, Turkey E-mails:arslan@gantep.edu.tr, egursel@gantep.edu.tr,ismailtas@tunceli.edu.tr Abstract In recent years, information and communication technology has changed remarkable by effect of globalization movement that occurring in the world. This changing also affected world economy significantly at the same time. Nowadays the new economic relations based on information technologies, such as labor and capital have reduced the importance of production factors and information has been the most important elements in the production factors. Continuously variation in technology with the creative power of information causes a change in the employment parallel. The main purpose of the study is to examine how information and communication technologies have changed the direction of the woman’s employment. Along with the development of information and communication technologies, computer and communication tools take place of the labor force could be decreased the number of employment, may also increase with the emergence of new business opportunities. Like many other developing countries, Turkey is implementing various projects and taking some steps to adapt and take advantages of benefits of the knowledge economy. With all other economic variables women’s employment is also affected by the steps thrown and this response has socially importance. This paper aims to investigate Turkey's harmonization process in the knowledge economy and how knowledge economy impacted on female employment in Turkey and make some assumptions for future. Keywords: Economy Knowledge economy, Woman’s Employment, Unemployment, Turkey’s 1.INTRODUCTION From primitive society to present, highlighted changes in the all life was formed by the accumulation of knowledge. The center of civilization moved from primitive society to agriculture sector by years. Over time, the importance of the agricultural sector has decreased and industrialization replaced of agricultural sector by the improving of technology. After the process of industrialization in the knowledge economy has been the only representative of civilization. According of Toffler, agricultural sector is the first stage of economic development, after that industrialization period took place, in the last stage service economy has emerged (Toffler, 1970). Knowledge economy is production and services based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advance, as well as rapid obsolescence. The key component of a knowledge economy is a greater reliance on intellectual capabilities than on physical inputs or natural resources (Powell and Snellman, 180 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2004). Many sectors have key input for itself. In an agricultural economy land is the key resource. In an industrial economy natural resources, such as coal and iron ore, and labor are the main resources. A knowledge economy is one in which knowledge is the key resource. it is not new how knowledge important for economy (Houghton and Sheehan, 2000). Knowledge economy is revolution for the world’s gaining a new dimension to itself. In the whole world all limits are eliminated and economic, cultural and social life became accessible anytime, anywhere by the effect of knowledge economy with information and communication technologies. When developed countries are using possibilities of information and communication technologies in the most effective way, developing countries staying behind the time for catching new technologies. Turkey begins to take a part in the global economy re-integrated micro-and macro-economic changes in this process by the advantages of information and communication technologies. This paper aims to investigate how women employment affected by the knowledge economy and information and communication technologies taking place in Turkish economy. This paper also examines if women employment went up or went down as result of using knowledge economy in economic activity intensively. 2.Structure of Employment in Knowledge Economy and Literature Review The new economic relations which based on the knowledge economy is reduced the importance of factors of production such as labor and capital, notwithstanding information has been the most important element for production factors. People needed financial capital in past but today they needed knowledge, patents, copyrights, information assets, brain power and experience except financial capital (Akolaş, 2000). Technology is changing by the creative power of information this also causes a parallel change in employment. Depending on technological developments, new industries have emerged and nature of the personnel employed has also changed. Information technology and communications sector has controlled market conditions in present and as a result of this change certified importance of information (Yeloğlu, 2004). This situation leads to change in the qualities of those who were employed. The development information and communication technologies help to people show their expertise and skills. If a country does not make investment to improve human capital that country will have inequality for using information and communication technologies in global world. Developments in computer and communication technologies are forcing businesses to follow the development in perspective of cost, time, quality and service issues (Şahin, 2010). When they are following this development they are also changing qualify of their employment. The increasing prevalence of information and communication technologies are increasing demand for qualified people and also decreasing demand for unqualified people. Toffler stressed "the technology is feeding itself in three stages, the first one is creativity and the second one is practical applicability, last one is diffusion of technology to society. (Toffler: 1970). It may take certain time for work force to conform to changes in the employed labor force. Developments of internet and information technologies are named as the new economy in the 1990s in America. Then labor productivity has increased in EU and unemployment rates remained low compared previous years (Freeman, 2002). Women workforce in the service sector was 92% and male workforce was 74% in 2008 in the world. In addition to woman workforce more than male workforce in service sector, male 181 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo workforce more than female workforce in science, engineering and technology sectors (www.wrc.org.uk. Accessed 04/26/2012). Employment rate of female labor in the agricultural sector went down to 42.2% from 50% in Turkey between the years 2004 and 2011. At the same period employment rate of male labor in the agricultural sector moved to 18% from 21%. Employment rates of male in the industry sector raised up to 31% from 28% despite of fact that female employment rate went down from 16% to 15%. When the service sector is examined we show that female employment increased from 33% to 42%. Male employment in service sector remained around 50% at the same period (http://www.tuik.gov.tr. accessed: 26.04.2012). Atik and Tombak (2012) examined women employment in knowledge economy and employment structure in turkey compared to US, Japan, EU, BRIC countries. They figure out that women employment could not take enough place in knowledge economy, women mostly work in agriculture sector in Turkey. Atik and Altınparmak (2010) tested contribution of knowledge economy to employment in Turkey compared with 27 EU countries. As a result of analysis, female labor force more employed then male labor force. According to the paper contribution of knowledge economy to employment is about 28,7 in 2008. Freeman (2002) tested relationship between earnings per hour and computer usage in the early 2000’s. he found positive relationship between variables. Yeloğlu (2004) compared Turkey with EU countries about variables of knowledge economy and changing in years between 1995 and 1999. He figured out Turkey similar to North European counties about knowledge economy. Arslan (2010) investigated the relationship between woman employment and knowledge economy. They used panel data analyses to test relationship between the years 2000 and 2009. According to results, significant relationship has been identified between the variables. In addition it has been found long term causality from knowledge economy to woman employment. 3.Employment Structure of Women Labor Force In the late of 1970’s economy began to liberalization by the effect of development in the computer and liberal views. at the beginning of the 1990s new media, digital networks and information and communication technologies replaced of electronic age. This innovation brought by the knowledge economy leads people to do all transactions through a virtual environment. The internet users and ratio between total population and internet users in Turkey are given in following table comparison with other countries. Table 2. 1. Internet Users and Population Statistics for 2011 Estimated Population Ratio of Total Countries Internet Users in 2011 Population 182 USA 313,232,044 245,203,319 78.20% Japan 126,475,664 99,182,00 78.40% Germany 81,474,834 65,125,000 79.90% France 65,102,709 45,262,000 69,50% Italy 61,016,814 30,026,824 49.20% �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Spain 46,754,824 29,093,984 62.20% Turkey 78,785,548 35,000,000 44.00% Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm Some countries where highest numbers of internet users are given in the table above. Turkey ranked 10 from 20 countries in 2011 also Turkey ranked 11 from 20 in 2010. The woman internet users in Turkey are shown in the table following over years. Table 2. 2. Internet and Computer Using Rates for women in Turkey between 2004 and 2011 Years 2004 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Numbers of Internet Users 6,1 5,6 20,7 26,6 28.0 31,7 35,3 Numbers of Computer Users 8,2 8,0 23,7 28,5 30,0 33,2 36,9 Source: http://www.tuik.gov.tr After 2005 woman internet users are increased rapidly. It is reached 35,3% in 2011. In the same way numbers of woman computer users are increased rapidly. It is reached 36,9% when it was jus 8,2% in 2004. Table 2. 3. The Relationship between Education Level and Computer Usage For Woman in Turkey Not High Years Elementary Secondary Faculty Graduated School School 2004 0,3 0,4 6,0 26,2 2005 0,4 1,2 16,9 64,9 2007 0,3 5,3 30,1 82,4 2008 1,2 7,1 38,3 85,5 2009 1,3 9,3 47,1 86,7 2010 1,6 10,6 48,5 68,2 89,9 Table 2.3. showed that women who do not graduated from any school used computer almost zero percent but this rank reached just 1.6 percent in 2010. Women who graduated elementary school use computer more then not graduated ones but increased from 0.4% to 10.6% in six years. For the secondary school level almost half of women used computer in 2010. For high school level we could not find more data but table showed that 68,2% of women used internet graduated from high school. This rank is reached high level for the woman who graduated faculty. It was almost 90 % in 2010. That is quite sure number of woman who use computer increased after 2004 rapidly. Table 2. 4. The Relationship between Education Level and Internet Usage For Woman in Turkey Not Years Elementary Secondary High Faculty Graduated School School 183 2004 0,2 0,2 3,6 8,3 22,6 2005 0,2 0,3 9,8 27,1 57,9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2007 0,2 3,9 23,3 49,1 80,7 2008 0,8 5,9 35,6 57,0 85,1 2009 1,1 7,7 43,5 62,4 85,8 2010 1,1 9,6 46,2 66,4 88,8 Table 2.4. showed that Turkey has same characteristic for Computer and internet usage for woman. Both of table almost have same ranks. Woman who graduated from faculty using internet more than 80% after 2005. The use and access of women to information and communication technologies is lower than in men. Reasons for this problem;  Low level of literacy rate and educational level  Women have less time because of her role in society  Woman have less financial resources in society  Geographical location: women are living in rural areas more than men in developing countries. Traditionally, the sectors separated such as agriculture, industry and services. Table 2. 5. Female Employment Rates in Agriculture-Industry-Service Sector Years Agriculture Industry Service 2004 50.8 16,1 33.1 2005 46.3 16,6 37.0 2006 43.6 16,4 40.0 2007 42.7 16,1 41.2 2008 42.1 15,7 42.2 2009 41.6 15,3 43.1 2010 42.4 15,9 41.7 2011 42.2 15,2 42.6 Woman labor force in agriculture was 50.8% in 2004. Then woman labor force decreased by 8 percent over years and it was 42,2% in 2011. Woman labor force in industry did not change much. It was on the line between 15-16%. Woman who worked in service sector increased by 9 percent at the same period and reached to 42,6 in 2011. This table also showed 8 percent loss in agriculture moved to service sector for women employment. 3.1.Result In recent years, the technological developments have led to a new social and political dynamics. Activities of the economic units are faster and cost effectively with effect of information and communication technologies. Information is a today's most important 184 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo production factor. Source of value creation in the knowledge economy are education, information technology and science. Knowledge economy moved location of business areas to virtual environment based on technology. As a result of this, the way of employment has also changed using. Using information became more important than using physical strength to employee. In this case government must generate some policies for individuals to adjust them to conditions that knowledge economy brought. Women's employment is an issue that needs to be emphasized even more important. Women, non-governmental organizations to adapt to these improvements in technology, the state has to undertake the activities. It is important problem for developing and underdeveloped countries that women were left out of the labor force. Woman in society mostly has not and has no money for developing her personal skill. this issue important especially for their competitive strength against male workforce in knowledge economy. Woman work force mostly employee in agriculture sector and woman work force increased in the last decade in turkey but still so far from developed countries. Government should make policies to increase using of information technologies. Otherwise it could be so hard for the woman change their work sector and employee in knowledge sector. Government also leaves some budget for developing personnel skills. At the same time woman adopt herself to technology age to employee in knowledge sector. Developing countries should follow new technology age’s requirement and adopt it to economy for catching developed countries. REFERENCES Akolaş, A.(2000).Bilişim Sistemleri ve Bilişim Teknolojisinin Küreselleşme Olgusu ve Girişimcilik Üzerine Yansımaları. www.sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/sos.../D.Arzu%20AKOLAŞ/29-43+.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 26.04.2012. Arslan, İ., Özkan, G. S., Bayraktutan, Y.(2011). Woman Employment İn Information Economics (An Analysis For OECD Members). International Journal of Business and Social Sciences. Vol.2, No:11. Atik, H. , Tombak, F.(2012). Bilgi Ekonomileri ve Türkiye’de Kadın İşgücünün İstihdam Yapısı. Bilgi Ekonomisi Ve Yönetim Dergisi. Cilt VII. Sayı. I. Atik H., Altınparmak, A.(2010). Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye’de Bilgi Sektörünün İstihdama Katkısı. 8. Uluslar arası Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitapçığı, 28-31 Ekim 2010, İstanbul, sayfa:607-617. Freeman, B. R.(2002), The Labour Market in The İnformation Economy, Working paper , Cambridge. Huyer,S., Sikoska,T.(2003). Overcoming The Gender Digital Divide: Understanding ICT’s and Their Potential For The Empowerment Of The Women” INSTRAW Research Papers. Series. No:1 185 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kılıç, S., Kendirli, H. Ç. (2005). Endüstriyel pazarlarda ilişkisel pazarlamanın yeni ekonomideki yeri ve önemi. Üçüncü Sektör Kooperatifçilik Dergisi, 148 (2). ss: 20-36 Oktay, E., Balkanlı, A. ve Salepçioğlu, A.(2004) Bilgi Toplumunda Yeni Ekonomi ve Dönüşüm Stratejileri, http://iibf.ogu.edu.tr/kongre/bildiriler/04-02.pdf. Öztürk, L.(2005), Türkiye’de Dijital Eşitsizlik: TÜBİTAK –BİLTEN Anketleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı :24, S.11-131. Pau, F. L.(2002) The Communications and İnformation Economy: issues, tarrifs and economics research areas. Journal of Economic Dynamics& Control, 26:1651-1675. Sabuncuoğlu, A., Vural, B. A.(2008). Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri ve Ütopyan Bakış Açısı. Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, Cilt:5, Sayı: 3, 5-19, Temmuz. Şahin, L., Çetin, B. I., Yıldırım, K. (2010). Bilişim Teknolojilerindeki Gelişmelerin İşletmelerin Strateji ve Maliyetleri Üzerine Etkileri. www.iudergi.com/tr/index.php/sosyalsiyaset/article/view/98. Toffler A.(1970), Future Shock, A Bantom Book, United States America. Yeloğlu, H. O.(2004). Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Değişkenleri: Türkiye ve OECD Karşılaştırmaları, 3. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kariyeri, Eskişehir. www. tuik. gov.tr. (18.08.2010), Haber Bülten, Sayı : 148 http://www.tuik.gov.tr/VeriBilgi.do?tb_id=25&ust_id=8: 26.04.2012 http://www.wrc.org.uk/includes/documents/cm_docs/2011/s/1_statistics_about_women_in_th e_uk_2009_25_5_10_latest_nn_sr1.doc.:26.04.2012. unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/.../unpan023829.pdf. 26.04.2012. Walter W. Powell and Kaisa Snellman (2004) “The knowledge economy”, Annu. Rev. Sociol. 30:199–220 John Houghton and Peter Sheehan (2000). “A Primer on the Knowledge Economy” Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University Economic Costs And Benefits Of The Eu Enlargement: The Impact On The Eu And Seec’s Kurtagić Haris, Nuroglu Elif International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, B&H E-mails: kurtagic.h@hotmail.com,enuroglu@ius.edu.ba Abstract The South-eastern enlargement of the European Union will be the sixth enlargement since establishing the European Community in 1957. The research uses the Gravity model, and measures the factors that have an influence on trade. The Gravity model involves coefficients 186 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1324 Title A name given to the resource Knowledge Economy And Effect On Women’ S Employment In Turkey Author Author Arslan, İbrahim Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent years, information and communication technology has changed remarkable by effect of globalization movement that occurring in the world. This changing also affected world economy significantly at the same time. Nowadays the new economic relations based on information technologies, such as labor and capital have reduced the importance of production factors and information has been the most important elements in the production factors. Continuously variation in technology with the creative power of information causes a change in the employment parallel. The main purpose of the study is to examine how information and communication technologies have changed the direction of the woman’s employment. Along with the development of information and communication technologies, computer and communication tools take place of the labor force could be decreased the number of employment, may also increase with the emergence of new business opportunities. Like many other developing countries, Turkey is implementing various projects and taking some steps to adapt and take advantages of benefits of the knowledge economy. With all other economic variables women’s employment is also affected by the steps thrown and this response has socially importance. This paper aims to investigate Turkey's harmonization process in the knowledge economy and how knowledge economy impacted on female employment in Turkey and make some assumptions for future. Keywords: Knowledge economy, Woman’s Employment, Unemployment, Turkey’s Economy Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8009f63f610aab7be5cdf46ce68a6943.pdf 0e84350651069e075d2051065a311a59 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Tiryaki, G. and Akbay, C. (2010) Consumers’ Fluid Milk Consumption Behaviors in Turkey: An Application of Multinomial Logit Model, Quality and Quantity, 44,87–98. TURKSTAT (2009). Regional Statistics, URL http://tuikapp.tuik.gov.tr TURKSTAT (2011). Turkey’s Statistical Yearbook, 2010. Publication No: 3522, Ankara. WMDA (2011). Dairy and Products Sectoral Report, West Mediterranean Development Agency, http://baka.org.tr/uploads/1303486719SUT-URUNLERi-TURKCE-KATALOG.pdf Yamane, T. (2001). Basic Sampling Methods, Literatur Publishing, Istanbul. UN (2011). World Statistics Pocketbook. URL http://data.un.org/CountryProfile Integration And Sustainability Of Technology-Enhanced Systems Into Learning Environment: Cankiri Karatekin University Case Study Ari Murat1, Pekel Abdullah2 1Cankiri Karatekin University, Chairman of Informatics Department, Cankiri, Turkey 2Marmara University, School of Foreign Languages, Istanbul, Turkey E-mails: mari@karatekin.edu.tr, abdullah.pekel@hotmail.com Abstract As a result of the continuous search for global competitiveness through providing the society with high quality education in the light of emerging technologies, Cankiri Karatekin University has embarked on a strategic planning and a pilot study on transition to Distance Education (DE). Providing on-demand training for professional development, lifelong learning, career change aimed at quite varied groups in society, Cankiri Karatekin University sets its sight on maximizing the quality of communication and intellect sharing between academic staff as well as enabling the effective assessment of their academic performance thanks to the integrated e-learning/distance education and corporate communication platform. According to this tested project based model, distance education infrastructure and educational e-materials have been prepared and used as a supplement to formal education. By this means, ensuring students’ and teachers’ readiness is aimed for the success of the future pure distance education programs. The study evaluates the pilot project titled “Integrated Elearning and Teaching Environment” by Cankiri Karatekin University, which was founded in 2007 and strives for developing as a globally competitive academic institution by employing an effective and efficient model in the use of technology in education. The technical background features as well as results of the pilot project have been evaluated and further suggestions have been presented, considering distance education practices in the world in general and, in particular, the potential that Turkish Higher Education and Cankiri Karatekin University carry in the field. Keywords: Distance Education; e-learning; Communication; Teaching Environment 16 Life Long Learning; Institutional �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.INTRODUCTION The biggest difference between an online, virtual classroom and the traditional classroom is the way instruction is delivered. In a traditional classroom, the instructor is the center of learning and information is presented orally or through tangible text. The text can be engaged through active reading activities like highlighting, making notes in margins, and underlining and circling important information. The course material can be discussed in class and whatever questions or arguments arise can be answered and discussed face to face during the class period. In a traditional classroom setting, the teaching and learning happen on a synchronous schedule. Conversely, online instruction occurs asynchronously. The instructor and the learners are separated by time and space. Online courses take advantage of the Internet as a teaching and learning environment; it’s open, distributed, dynamic, globally accessible, filtered, interactive and archival in nature, (Elmore 2008). In online learning, the instructor acts as a guide to the process of learning rather than its director. Dependence on the instructor is reduced and students are empowered to take responsibility for their own learning referred to as Kosak et al. (2004). Text still plays an important role in online learning but now the text can be manipulated, searched, revised and updated and appears in short, and concise chunks, which can be distributed through a wide array of multimedia. Discussion of the text is done through online forums, live chats or e–mail messages. This situation involves references to Maguire (2002). The rapid advancement in Information Technologies has globally influenced the education systems, and the integration of technology into education has increased the inclination towards Distance Education (DE). Online courses are becoming increasingly popular especially with the non–traditional student. The online students tend to be a mid-career adult returning to school. Also, many students see online courses as a more convenient way to go to school (Yang 2010). The trend does not seem to be slowing. In 2007, there was a 12.9 percent growth rate for online enrollments which exceeded the 1.2 percent growth of the overall higher education student population (Zhen 2008). Universities are offering more online courses to meet the demand. It is important to draw attention to two issues. First of all, DE is not a supplement to traditional formal education. Tailor-made hardware, lesson materials and technology-based assessment methodology is employed in DE. Such a system is composed of the latest hardware technology available. Secondly, DE is not a form of instruction that underdeveloped countries use, on the contrary, most developed countries utilize DE systems within formal – informal education system. Newly-formed universities face numerous challenges, on rather limited institutional budget, in competing with the universities that have long educational background. Thus, only the institutions, which appreciate and keep pace with the latest technology, can go beyond the existing frontiers in higher education and elevate their competitiveness. In this study, Cankiri Karatekin University’s DE need analysis has been discussed. Besides, system features and the results of the pilot study titled “Integrating e-Learning-Teaching Environment Project” have been evaluated. It is evident that the system is likely to play a prominent role in determining training systems according to Lifelong Learning practices. 17 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.1. Advances in Distance Education Field in Turkey and the Present Situation In parallel with the competitive global conditions, Turkey has been intensively working on the targets and strategies involving open and distance education in pursue of its targets related to higher education. Beginning with THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BANK LOANS and ECONOMIC GROWTH in TURKEY: 1995-2010 Emre Sezici, Murat Yaman the Open Education System at Anadolu University, the efforts has gained perspective through TUBITAK-BILTEN DE Feasibility Study in 1997, and within this framework Feasibility Analysis of Nation-Wide Distance Education Alternatives study has probed then-current telecommunication infrastructure, needs analysis, alternative models and cost-benefit along with copyrights in DE. As an addition to that, DE Regulations was accepted and The National Committee of Informatics was founded in 1999. Such operation areas as The Regulation of Cross-University Communication and IT-Based Distance Higher Education, provision of lessons delivered via client/server matching between universities, regulation of independent course/program launch with the authorization of YOK, and course crediting are within The National Committee of Informatics’ scope of authority. As the final step, UADMK-TUBA has been founded to provide support for the DE efforts (YOK 2011). Turkey is a dynamic country and has a rather young population with 35 million people under 30 years old. Large portion of the young population are students. According to the recent statistics by The Ministry of National Education (MEB), a total of 14.115.892 students attend various schools and institutions of MEB. Additionally, around 3.180.000 students receive education at more than 170 universities. When calculated, these figures comprise almost 25% of the total population of the country. 1.7 million students take university admission exam every year; however, only 400.000 of these are able to be placed in a higher education program due to the lack of capacity problems (MEB 2011). Countries from the Balkans and Caucasus, Central Asia, Middle East, North and Central Africa demand higher education opportunities from Turkish higher education institutions as these countries are within the regional and cultural sphere of influence of Turkey, which emerges as a center of attraction in terms of education. IT potential has been used effectively in supporting DE. It is preferred and promoted, thus increases its popularity day by day. 2.ÇANKIRI KARATEKIN UNIVERSITY AND DE As of January 2012, there are a total of 176 universities, 108 of which are state universities and 68 which are the ones belong to foundations, in Turkey. As more than 110 of these universities were founded after 1992, they have yet to fully complete their physical or academic development stage. According to Student Selection and Placement Center (OSYM) 2009 statistics, more than 3.180.000 students are within Turkish Higher Education System. While 1.366.000 of these students continue their studies at Open Education Faculty, 1.640.000 students attend state universities and 176.000 students attend private universities. 31 associate degree programs at 14 universities, 1 degree completion program, 3 degree programs at 1 university, and 19 masters programs at 15 universities are available via Distance Education. Around 24.000 students receive education through distance education. Besides, according to OSYM statistics, 111.000 teaching staff are employed within Turkish Higher Education System. 50.000 of these currently work at the underdeveloped universities that were opened in 1992 and after. Academic staff training and academic staff support programs through DE are increasing their popularity as an effective in-service training tool (YOK 2011) 18 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Çankırı Karatekin University (CKU), established in 2007, is rapidly developing with 6 faculties, 4 institutes, 1 college, and 4 vocational schools and serves around 5500 students through 266 academic personnel and 199 administrative staff. CKU appreciates the advantages that DE technologies will bring as an effective tool in competing within higher education sector. As a newly established university, CKU develops its technological infrastructure in order to meet the hardware-related and physical needs. Technological and topological features of the platform used in the pilot application shown in Figure 1 will be presented in the following section. Figure 1: CKU Blended Learning Online Schema 3. APPLICATION OF PILOT PROJECT 3.1 Project Goal Delivering the Integrated Learning-Teaching Environment (ILE) solution that enables the existing Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) and other Learning Toolsets to function as one individual Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) towards University. Our immediate ILE Objectives will transform the existing IWB from its initial stage into an integrated learning-teaching environment for the masses built on a reusable and sustainable learning-teaching framework envisioned by the University. 3.2. Standard ILE Features Included in the following subsection but not limited to Assessment, Lesson Solution, Wiki Solution, Glossary Solution, The Choice Activity, Course Solution, Workshop Solution, and Photo Gallery are existing components within this ILE. Herein, we will briefly elaborate on one of the solutions within the ILE. The overall ILE software and all existing components given below are shown in Figure 2. 19 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2: ILE Architecture diagram describing the 3 main working groups (stakeholders/executives, teachers, and students) and its integration into the system. 4. INSTRUMENTS, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS In order to interpret the impact that the ILE had on the students’ learning outcomes, two instruments will be used in this study: 1) the students’ final exam marks in the different courses that same group of students attended during the same academic year by means of data obtained from faculty archive about final exam results, and 2) a twelve item survey, which measures students’ assessment of ILE usefulness based on the instrument developed by Wang (2009). This survey included items relating to student interaction and active learning by means of the ILE system, and based on a five point Likert scale. The scale ranged from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree”. Students’ satisfaction total score could range from a very low satisfaction level of 10 to a very high satisfaction level of 50. The data collected via first instrument is going to be analyzed for group comparison using the independent samples t-test for students’ exam outcomes. The statistics assess whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other in order to be able to compare them. The data will be analyzed further with the SPSS. We hope that, we will get all statistics data at the end of this semester. In this study the first outcomes and system architecture were evaluated without statistics. 5. DISCUSSION We have structured the DE organization in two steps: step one is to transform traditional teaching practices into technology-enabled ones, in order to keep up with modern teaching methodologies in higher education as well as to establish institutional background for future DE practices. There are numerous instances of such approaches which merge traditional classroom practices with the online collaborative work, also called blended-learning or hybrid learning. We have agreed that gradual transition from the traditional practices to the blended learning and further, distance learning phase, is necessary for the successful structuring as well as positive outcomes. Blended courses make good use of advantages both face-to-face and online teaching practices would provide. To illustrate, the students are able to discuss and analyze the topics that were already covered online through digital self-study materials, Q&A sessions, topic forums, self assessment quizzes. Besides, online discussions enabled the students in the way that they could not in classroom environment. As everyone has a say without time or other social pressures, online discussions give many students the opportunity to express themselves more openly compared to the ones done in a regular class. Many students are reluctant to speak in class because of shyness, uncertainty, or language issues. The ability to take their time to compose questions and answers in an online discussion is an advantage to many students, and instructors report much higher participation levels online than in class. Many students tend to avoid contribution in classroom because of introversion, difficulty with oral expression and for some other personal issues. 6. CONCLUSION 20 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Online courses are growing in popularity and demanded particularly by non-traditional students. Even though more and more universities are offering online courses, faculty members are still reluctant to teach online courses. They are concerned about planning and developing the courses, the overall quality of online courses and the lack of credit toward merit, promotion and tenure. Cankiri Karatekin University is a newly formed university and it is yet to complete its physical and academic structure. Thus, CKU aims at setting high standards by integrating technology based systems into its programs, consequently eliminating the drawbacks of the structural weaknesses. With this aim in hand, it prepares its academic background for setting up DE programs by analyzing DE systems and launching pilot projects. There are two components in DE: first one is to have academic staff that possess the required know-how and expertise in using basic IT skills; second one is to create quality and pre-leveled content. Therefore, universities are required to have the necessary academic background and hardware infrastructure regarding these two components. Otherwise, seemingly capable systems can turn into technological waste. CKU has chosen to merge the opportunities that the accumulated know-how in the area brings and its own dynamics in order to create academic and intellectual value. Towards the target set ahead, gradual and proportional growth of the technological and relevant academic prerequisites have been sought for. Therefore, blended-learning practices are intended to form academic and system related basis of the future DE programs by avoiding trial-error programs in distance education and developing the programs that address the specific needs of the target group. In this study, Cankiri Karatekin University’s DE needs analysis has been discussed within DE course development in the world and Turkey and as an alternative solution, an integrated learning and teaching environment platform provided by Birtel as well as Corporate Communication Platform has been piloted as an assisting tool in formal education and its first outputs have been evaluated. Further outputs will be analyzed with SPSS after collecting all the data at the end of semester. The following study will evaluate the statistical data and compare the success and system competence levels of the teachers and students, who are adapted to the distance education system, and those, who have directly started distance education program. Preparation of a survey has been started in order to determine comparable success determining competencies of the teachers and students, who earlier attended distance education programs without probationary period in different universities. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The installation and maintenance of the platform that constitutes the infrastructure of the distance education system, Softfoundry and Vmeet, has been provided by Birtel Network Technologies free of charge. REFERENCES Elmore, H.W. (2008). Toward objectivity in faculty evaluation. Academe, volume 94 number 3, URL, http://aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2008/MJ/ Kosak, L., Manning,D., Dobson, E., Rogerson, L., Cotnam, S., Colaric, S. & McFadden, C., (2004). Prepared to teach online. Perspectives of faculty in the University of North Carolina 21 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo system. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, volume 7, number 3. URL, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall73/kosak73.html Maguire, L.L., (2002). Literature review-Faculty participation in online distance education: Barriers and motivators. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, volume 8, number 1, 2002. URL, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring81/maguire81.html Yang, Y., (2010). Roles of administrators in ensuring the quality of online programs. Knowledge Management & E–Learning, volume 2, number 4, 2010. URL, http://kmeljournal.org/ojs/index.php/online-publication/article/viewArticle/80 Zhen, Garthwait,Y. A. & Pratt, P., (2008). Factors affecting faculty members’ decision to teach or not to teach online in higher education. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, Volume 11, number 3. URL, http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall113/zhen113.html Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education (MEB). URL, http://www.meb.gov.tr/english/indexeng.htm The council of Higher Education (YOK). URL, http://www.yok.gov.tr/en/content/view/527/222/ Garrison, D. R., & Vaughan, N. D., (2008). Blended learning in higher education: framework, principles, and guidelines. San Francisco, CA: Wiley & Sons, Inc. [Holden, J. T. & Westfall, P., (2010). An Instructional Media Selection for Distance Learning-Implications for Blended Learning. United States Distance Learning Association. Wang, W., & Wang, C., (2009). An empirical study of instructor adoption of web-based learning systems. Computers & Education, Vol. 53, No.3, pp. 761-774. H2O persistence framework for column oriented distributed (NoSQL) databases Dino Kečo, Dženana Đonko University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Zmaja od Bosne bb, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E - mails: dino.keco@gmail.com, ddonko@etf.unsa.ba Abstract Cloud architectures are most commonly used in cases when large scale data processing is required. Building applications for cloud architectures requires a lot of engineering experience, especially in cases of data persistence. Persistence in cloud architectures is solved using NoSQL database models. In this paper we are working with column oriented NoSQL database model. Main research goal of this paper is building of new persistence framework 22 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1144 Title A name given to the resource Integration And Sustainability Of Technology-Enhanced Systems Into Learning Environment: Cankiri Karatekin University Case Study Author Author Ari, Murat Abstract A summary of the resource. As a result of the continuous search for global competitiveness through providing the society with high quality education in the light of emerging technologies, Cankiri Karatekin University has embarked on a strategic planning and a pilot study on transition to Distance Education (DE). Providing on-demand training for professional development, lifelong learning, career change aimed at quite varied groups in society, Cankiri Karatekin University sets its sight on maximizing the quality of communication and intellect sharing between academic staff as well as enabling the effective assessment of their academic performance thanks to the integrated e-learning/distance education and corporate communication platform. According to this tested project based model, distance education infrastructure and educational e-materials have been prepared and used as a supplement to formal education. By this means, ensuring students’ and teachers’ readiness is aimed for the success of the future pure distance education programs. The study evaluates the pilot project titled “Integrated Elearning and Teaching Environment” by Cankiri Karatekin University, which was founded in 2007 and strives for developing as a globally competitive academic institution by employing an effective and efficient model in the use of technology in education. The technical background features as well as results of the pilot project have been evaluated and further suggestions have been presented, considering distance education practices in the world in general and, in particular, the potential that Turkish Higher Education and Cankiri Karatekin University carry in the field. Keywords: Distance Education; e-learning; Life Long Learning; Institutional Communication; Teaching Environment Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8e386699bb96dd22a3ffdea8a4e9fe3f.pdf 26eb6b708c90f9c1cbb64e31e32c85cc PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo practice contributes to the greater transparency of business, better supervision of the company, and therefore its better reputation. For the aim of further promotion of corporate governance, special care should be taken of the greater promotion of good corporate governance practice, greater protection of the interests of minor shareholders, strengthening the role of the supervisory board, greater compliance of entity laws, as well as greater transparency in company's business transactions. In the past years, corporate governance gained more importance, and many studies have shown that the application of good corporate governance practices leads to the greater value of the company and a smaller risk of financing. REFERENCES Ana Bobirca, and Paul-Gabriel Miclaus (2007), Extensiveness and Effectiveness of Corporate, Governance Regulations in South-Eastern Europe. Corporate Governance Country Assessment, Bosnia and Herzegovina, June 2006 , http://www.worldbank.org/ifa/rosc_cg_bih_eng.pdf. Corporate Governance in FBiH – the results of research in 2011., SEE Business Solution d.o.o. Sarajevo , http://conference.capitalmarket.ba/6/prezentacije/Sanja%20Jokic.pdf Corporate Governance Codex SASE ( 2009. ), http:/www.sase.ba and Standards of Corporate Governance BLSE ( 2011 ) http://www.blberza.com Corporate Governance, News in international standards, legislation and practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2008 ), Revicon. Dr. Hubertus G. Tschopp ( 2002 ), Corporate governance, The Key to Success of Failure, Boardroom, Magazine of Corporate Governance, Leadership and Quality of Life. Mc Kinsey ( 2000 ), Global investor Opinion Survey on corporate Governance. OECD Principles of corporate governance ( 2001 Edition ). Robert W. McGee ( 2008 ), Corporate Governance in Transition Economies, Springer. White paper on Corporate Governance in South East Europe (2003.), OECD 2003 www.stabilitypackt.org Economic Diplomacy and Business Negotiation- managerial approach Amra Nušinović, Erkan İlgun International Burch University, Faculty of Management, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mail: amra.nus@gmail.com Abstract Economic Diplomacy explains how states conduct their external economic relations in the 21st century: how they make decisions domestically; how they negotiate internationally; and 284 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo how these processes interact. Economic diplomacy in the global environment has become essential for all countries. The contemporary world is painted with constant changes, where the key of economic success lies in their ability to understand and a good adjustment to the new business environment. This newly created environment is nothing more than globalization. If we bear in mind that the global economy is characterized by high levels of competitiveness, the question is how the economic operators of small countries, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, can gain market share and how they can achieve competitive advantage. Research shows that a very important role may be played by effectiveness and efficiency of diplomacy, or more precisely its economic component, relatively economic diplomacy. It is a fact that highly-educated and motivated diplomacy is indispensable to every nation which ties its economic prosperity to constant and fruitful exchange on the world market, to the free circulation of people, goods, and capital, and to its successful economic performance in the world. In today's world of global world economy, it is especially necessary. Negotiation is constantly present in our lives, and according to some, it represents one of the skills necessary for survival. Regardless if the aim of the negotiation is victory over an opponent, compromise, or the development of good mutual international relations, a manager must know competitive tactics to be able to achieve the best negotiation results. Possession of negotiation skills is crucial in the interaction of the manager with the employees, the head manager, or with stockholders outside of the company. Business negotiation is the very essence of diplomacy, that is its basic activity. Diplomacy and negotiation are terms which always appear together. Keywords: Economic diplomacy, global economy, business negotiation, global environment, international relations, Economic diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1. The Term and Significance of Economic Diplomacy Economic diplomacy is a specific combination of classic diplomacy, economic sciences, and managerial sciences, methods and techniques for negotiation with foreign partners, public relations, and collecting economic information of interest for the economy of one's country or company, in the aim of penetration onto the world market. Economic-diplomatic and diplomatic action do not have magical powers, nor can they resolve inner structural problems of the economy and the country. They must be in service of economic and political recuperation and the country's stabilization, as well as its successful representation and penetration in the world. Therefore, they do not only follow but they assist the economic development of the country, its performance in foreign policy and foreign economy in the world. From the Renaissance up to today, economic issues has been one of the narrowest tasks of diplomacy, parallel to politics. The term Economic Diplomacy is of a relatively new date and is rooted in the French language- la diplomatie economique. Economic Diplomacy can be looked at from two perspectives. One is Economic Diplomacy in the larger sense, and it is more comprehensive and relevant to all the subjects of a society who participate in strengthening the economic competitiveness of a nation with diplomatic methods; the second definition of Economic Diplomacy in the narrow sense concerns the exclusive activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the defense of the economic interests of its country. Economic diplomacy promotes national economic interest and business in other countries. It is associated with trade, business, market, and investment promoted through political diplomacy. Economic diplomacy depicts how states conduct their economic relations 285 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo with other countries by using political influence and promoting trade and investment to find a market for its products and services. We will state some of the interesting and up-to-date definitions of Economic Diplomacy: „Economic Diplomacy represents a type of government service to the economy or the business sector of a country, whose main goal is the achievement and development of socioeconomic benefits out of international business activity.“ „Economic Diplomacy incorporates within itself negotiation skills, followed by the process of collecting information of interest for the economy of the country it is representing. Subsequently, economic diplomacy lobbies with the goal of positioning economy in the foreign market on the one hand, as well as with the goal of protection of the economy of its own country on the other.“ „Economic diplomacy represents a specific combination of diplomacy in the classical sense of the word, as well as economic sciences and management, whose main goal is to create, sustain, and develop a positive environment for multilateral and bilateral economic cooperation.“34 Economic diplomacy is functional at three levels: bilateral, regional, and multilateral. Bilateral economic diplomacy plays a major role in economic relations. It includes bilateral trade and treaty; agreements on investment; employment or avoidance of double taxation; and range of formal and informal economic issues between two countries. Bilateral Free Trade Agreements have been the order of the day, and are being implemented by many countries around the world. Regional cooperation is of growing importance in economic diplomacy. National interest and economic liberalization is easily accepted when it is confined to a particular region. The opening of borders and markets becomes easier within a regional framework. Multilateral economic diplomacy takes place within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and UN agencies. When speaking of human potential in economic diplomacy, a representation is not possible without the help of managerial concepts. The term that is increasingly being used in management is the so-called „human ware“, that is, the element in an organization which is becoming more and more appreciated on the market (intangible assets). It is worth nothing that economic diplomacy represents a type of multicultural management, that is, it is made up of people from various cultural value systems, which have to form a complete team, which also represents one of the most frequent problems for all those who work in international business. The differences in size and economic strength of a country, the differences of the political and economic systems, the various characteristics and systems of market regulation influence the fact that countries also develop differing concepts of economic diplomacy. Economic diplomacy is faced with very complex standards which regulate the organizations responsible for economic policies such as for example, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), or the Organization for Economic Collaboration and Development (OECD). 2. The role of diplomacy in a country's economic development 34 Mile Sadžak, (2008).Synopsis, Sarajevo. Economic Diplomacy- managerial approach 286 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The role of economic diplomacy is becoming more significant, in international business, as well as in the process of economic universilization and the need for export-oriented companies. Economic diplomacy has great influence on the economic development of a country. Researching economic diplomacy imposes the need to consider its role in the development and promotion of a country's economy. It is necessary to establish the relationship of: national business- state administration – economic diplomacy. The basic task of the state administration is to establish relations between the business subjects of its country with economic diplomacy and its representatives, which represent their country abroad. Economic diplomacy is dealing with a new concept of international economic collaboration, but also with the connection between economic diplomacy and business. Therefore, it has common ground in the fields of foreign trade, finances, industrial relations, negotiations and contracts in politics, as well as in business. Economic and diplomatic actions must be in the service of the state, as well as its successful representation and penetration into the world markets. With the globalization of world economy and international politics, the interest of certain economies in being promoted abroad and earning greater participation in the world market and a share in the realized profits, becomes the state interest of their countries. Today, an economic representative is an economic observer of economic developments on the world market in the country he/she is sent to. In daily communication with skilled economic diplomats of interested countries, they expect information and guarantees that all conditions and full security for their investment are provided. In economic life, aside from all other factors, economic diplomacy helps with quality information and advice on current trends, scope, types, and quality of similar or sought-for products of competitor-companies and countries, analyses of the needs and saturation of foreign markets, acceptable prices and deadlines, all the way to the designs or product samples of competitor companies. It is a fact that a rational and thought-out concept of the economic representation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the world still does not exist, one that complies with the needs and abilities of our economy. 3. Economic diplomacy and business negotiation Business negotiation is the very essence of diplomacy. It is a skill which a diplomat must possess if he/she wishes to successfully fulfill his/her mission. Diplomacy and negotiation are two terms which always go together. This is also pointed out by Berridge: „diplomacy is the leading of international relations more by negotiation than by force, propaganda or the application of rights“or Kovačević who states that negotiation is the way in which diplomatic activities are achieved and represents the core of diplomacy.35 The interesting aspect is how a diplomat enters into the challenges of modern times. Domestic companies can lose a great part of their money if an investment is brought into question because a manager does not understand or has missed the chance to acquaint him/herself with the latent political opposition which is key to the realization of the investment or the export of products, while the country can lose great amounts of money on the international market because its trade negotiators do not understand the need for a political conflict to be resolved in mutual negotiations. An economic diplomatist is responsible for representing the interests of his/her country in his/her work; so consequently, the result of the  Assistant Prof.; Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences (İİBF), Department of Public Administration. 287 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo negotiation has great influence on the entire economic development. Due to this, the skill of negotiation is one of the most important priorities, and with the strengthening of the negotiating power itself, it becomes of particular importance. Cultural differences play a significant role in international business negotiations. Ignorance of the behavior, needs, and customs of a different environment can represent problems in negotiations, as well as be negatively reflected on the relationships between the negotiators, as well as the countries. Taking into account cultural differences means a certain level of tolerance and understanding. For most negotiations, the rule that „nothing is agreed upon until everything is agreed upon“ applies, which means that any provision of the agreement is subject to change until the parties approbate it completely. However, international agreements and contracts enter into force by way of ratification by a state organ, which is usually parliament. Fulfilling the contract and agreement affects the credibility and mutual trust between negotiators. A once violated or canceled agreement can permanently hinder relations between the countries. Failure to fulfill the agreement negatively affects the country's image itself, and this can also negatively reflect on its economy. Of course, it is in every country's interest to have the contract and agreement fulfilled by the other party. Economic diplomacy should play a major role in this business. Therefore, an economic diplomat must be aware of all the contractual relationships between his/her country and the host country, as well as their essence in order to be able to react on time, but also to mediate in contentious situations in order to prevent eventual unwanted consequences. International business negotiations are extremely complex activities. For their successful execution, it is necessary that every country in the best and most efficient way changes and prepares its resources. Naturally, developed countries have great advantage here. The question arises of how small countries and developing countries can be equal partners in negotiations with developed countries. Experience indicates more and more that even developing countries can have a large and important influence in international negotiations, insofar as they have the correct procedure. In order for developing countries to strengthen their negotiation positions in international frameworks, it is necessary for them to provide maximum attention to the elimination of causes for their deficiencies. 4. Economic diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina Economic diplomacy is a very powerful term in the world, while it is still an unknown one in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Developing economic diplomacy for the government in B&H is still not on the list of priorities. Our country does not have a developed web of representatives in potential markets, which would additionally encourage the broadening of economic cooperation of B&H firms in these areas. The extremely unfavorable economic situation in which our country finds itself in forces upon it the need to speed up integrative processes, in order to, in conditions of heightened interdependence with highly-developed countries, achieve a more powerful speeding-up of development, and above all in the economic sphere. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in transition with a difficult heritage of war which burdens both the transition process as well as the process of economic development, and it has an almost non-existent economic diplomacy. The diplomacy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is very weak, bureaucratic, and insufficiently equipped to support our economy. The export our country achieves, and which is not on a satisfactory level, best tells us how much the economy is suffering due to not establishing economic diplomacy. According to the opinion of Mr. Sven Alkalay, the minister of foreign affairs in B&H, the markets of Libya, Turkey, the countries of the Middle East, but also Germany, Italy, and Austria, should be better treated and we should significantly activate ourselves towards them. These are the countries in which pre-war B&H was extremely esteemed for its quality. There are many chances for export in 288 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo these countries, receiving significant jobs, but also potential investors who would invest in B&H, its economy and development. Economic diplomacy is the best way to give information about our potential, our possibilities, products, and services. There are countless possibilities opening up for B&H companies, those which would with the adequate diplomatic engagement, lead to business success, and one of them is the placement of certified „halal“ products, which are increasingly sought in EU countries, as well as better promotion of the natural and touristic beauties of B&H in the world. The export achieved by B&H, which is not at a satisfactory level, best tells of the way the economy is suffering due to not establishing economic diplomacy, and it is problematic also that 95% of export is achieved on the markets of ten to twelve countries, ignoring the enormous markets such as Russia or the Arab countries. Our products have little or no participation in these markets, while it is exactly these countries that are the area we need to look for our chance in. Faced with a new market environment and new market rules, the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina finds itself in a very difficult and unenviable position. Technological obsolescence, non-existence of political consensus, non-existence of clear economic and political goals result in the difficult and unfavorable economic position of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the international economic scene. The wish of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the development of international economic collaboration enforces the need for intensifying economic and diplomatic activities, whose goal is the protection of national economic interests. Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have its own economic representatives in the world. 5. Conclusion- Economic diplomacy as the future of diplomacy It can be said that economic diplomacy is the future of diplomacy because in the circumstances of the globalization of the world economy, it has become the basic source for penetration onto world markets. It is a fact that highly-educated and motivated diplomacy is necessary for every nation which connects its economic growth to the constant exchange on the world market, the free movement of people, goods, and capital, its successful economic performance in the world. None of us can live and produce on our own all that is necessary for the normal functioning of the economy and satisfying the needs of the citizens. The main function of economic diplomacy is the protection of national interests in international economic relations. On the other hand, we are facing a world economic crisis which, aside from everything, is heavily burdening international relations and having an important effect on the profiling of current economic diplomacy. Considering that the basic goal of economic diplomacy is to stimulate economic exchange between countries, it is clear that it is an important factor in its development. The opinion prevalent in the West is that the opening of markets, free movement of goods, services, and capital are necessary elements for the successful economic growth of a country. Economic diplomacy promotes such an idea, and in this way contributes to the openness and greater exchange and collaboration of the developed world with developing countries. The global goal of world development is that those parts of the world where poverty rules, destitution, starvation, and the like, that these states are brought to a minimum and in the end, completely eliminated. It is for this reason that it is necessary to fight with all resources and with human solidarity, and in this, a great role is played by economic diplomacy. REFERENCES Economic diplomacy powerful lobby in the world, in Bosnia is still a mystery, http://www.ekapija.ba/website/bih/page/399438 289 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Economic Diplomacy: Positioning in the era http://www.gmbusiness.biz/index.php/arhiva/21-30/gm_24/3321.html of globalization, Economic Diplomacy, http://economicsanddiplomacy.blogspot.com Ilija J. Džombić, (2008). Economic Diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Mile Sadžak, (2008).Synopsis, Sarajevo, Economic Diplomacy- managerial approach. Mirza Pašić, (2008). TKD Šahinpašić , Diplomacy. Nicholas Bayne, Stephen Woolcock, (2007). Ashgate, The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-Making and Negotiation in International Economic Relations. Vladimir Prvulović, (2006). Megatrend, Beograd. Economic Diplomacy. An Analysis Of Relationship Between Economic Growth And Selected Economic Indicators With Regression Trees And Ols: 1990-2009 Period In Turkey Ali Avci1, Harun Sulak2 1.Pamukkale University, Department of Economics 2.Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Econometrics E-mail: aliavci20@hotmail.com,harunsulak@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between economic growth and selected economic indicators during the economic crisis in Turkey between 1990-2009 with regression trees and OLS method. Important crises in Turkey were April 1994, February 2001 and August 2008 crises. For economic growth, industrial production is used as the dependent variable and eight variables were used as independent variables which are commonly mentioned in the literature. In both method, there is a negative relationship between industrial production and trade balance and domestic loans, on the other hand a positive relation to other variables. For international reserves, a positive relationship is found with industrial production in regression trees method, however there is a negative correlation in the method of least squares. Keywords: Economic growth, financial crisis, regression trees 1.INTRODUCTION Since 1980s both domestic and external financial liberalization policies that put into practice without adequate infrastructure in developing countries led to economic crisis and markets become more vulnerable to shocks. These crises are; 1992-1993 European Monetary System (ERM), 1994 Latin America, 1997 South-East Asia, 1998 Russia, 1999 Brazil, 1994 and 2001 Turkey, 2002 Argentina and 2008 Global financial crises. Applications of financial liberalization in Turkey, has been implemented in an environment of macroeconomic stability 290 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1336 Title A name given to the resource Economic Diplomacy and Business Negotiation- managerial approach Author Author Amra, Nušinović ERGÜN, Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. Economic Diplomacy explains how states conduct their external economic relations in the 21st century: how they make decisions domestically; how they negotiate internationally; and how these processes interact. Economic diplomacy in the global environment has become essential for all countries. The contemporary world is painted with constant changes, where the key of economic success lies in their ability to understand and a good adjustment to the new business environment. This newly created environment is nothing more than globalization. If we bear in mind that the global economy is characterized by high levels of competitiveness, the question is how the economic operators of small countries, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, can gain market share and how they can achieve competitive advantage. Research shows that a very important role may be played by effectiveness and efficiency of diplomacy, or more precisely its economic component, relatively economic diplomacy. It is a fact that highly-educated and motivated diplomacy is indispensable to every nation which ties its economic prosperity to constant and fruitful exchange on the world market, to the free circulation of people, goods, and capital, and to its successful economic performance in the world. In today's world of global world economy, it is especially necessary. Negotiation is constantly present in our lives, and according to some, it represents one of the skills necessary for survival. Regardless if the aim of the negotiation is victory over an opponent, compromise, or the development of good mutual international relations, a manager must know competitive tactics to be able to achieve the best negotiation results. Possession of negotiation skills is crucial in the interaction of the manager with the employees, the head manager, or with stockholders outside of the company. Business negotiation is the very essence of diplomacy, that is its basic activity. Diplomacy and negotiation are terms which always appear together. Keywords: Economic diplomacy, global economy, business negotiation, global environment, international relations, Economic diplomacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance