143 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c91145b9de91931d5345079d07254636.pdf 72b959bc702737763c9d48e12df00ee2 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Relationship between Affective Commitment (Ac) and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb): A Study on Public and Private Enterprises in Dinar District Veysel Ağca Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey agca@aku.edu.tr Hayrettin Ertan Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey hertan@aku.edu.tr Meyer and Allen (1991) suggested a model of organizational commitment with three dimensions: Affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment. The first one is related to willing to stay in organizations. The employee wants to stay in his or her organization because he or she loves his or her organization. Even if other organizations give better job offers, they keep working in their organizations. So, this type of organizational commitment is very important for organizations. Especially to retain well-educated and hard-working human resources in organizations, organizations must have employees that committed to their organizations by affective. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) can be defined as “the individual behaviors not defined directly or clearly in formal reward system but contribute to the organizational effectiveness”. Organ (1990) suggested a model of organizational citizenship behavior with five dimensions: Conscientiousness, altruism, civic virtue, sportsmanship, and courtesy. The objective of this paper is to determine the relationship between affective commitment (AC) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The importance of the study is great for especially enterprises operating in crisis. Employees committed to their organizations by affective and acting OCB will probably keep working in the same organization even if there is economic crisis. The area of the study is public and private enterprises in Dinar district of Afyonkarahisar. The samples will be selected from the population by the method of decisional sampling. To determine the relationship between affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior, the analysis of regression and correlation will be performed. The data will be entered into the Statistics Program of Social Sciences and processed. Finally, the findings, conclusions and recommendations will be presented. 272 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6bfa799c9f648a20b9141b6bd629a2c4.docx 3412d5ed17f1b3bf9ab4415b90ab5537 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7033df7ba3570b731bf7236795dad9fb.pdf 06c5103916c225f3fcb10677bc9bd651 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The relationship between affective commitment (AC) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): A study of public and private enterprises in Dinar district Veysel Agca Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey agca@aku.edu.tr Hatrettin Ertan Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey hertan@aku.edu.tr Abstract Meyer and Allen (1991) suggested a model of organizational commitment with three dimensions: Affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment. The first one is related to willing to stay in organizations. The employee wants to stay in his or her organization because he or she loves his or her organization. Organizationalcitizenship behavior (OCB) can be defined as “the individualbehaviors not defined directly or clearly informalrewardsystem but contribute to the organizational effectiveness”. Organ (1990) suggested a model of organizational citizenship behavior with five dimensions: Conscientiousness, altruism, civic virtue, sportsmanship, and courtesy. The objective of this paper is to determine the relationship between affective commitment (AC) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The importance of the study is especially great for enterprises operating in crisis. Employers committed to their organizations by affective and acting OCB will probably keep working in the same organization even if there is an economic crisis. The area of the study is public and private enterprises in the Dinar district of Afyonkarahisar. The samples were selected from the population by the method of decisionsampling. To determine the relationship between affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior, the analyses of regression and correlation were performed. The data were entered into the Statistics Program of Social Sciences and processed. We found that AC would have a meaningful influence on conscientiousness behavior. But we saw AC wouldn‟t have a meaningful influence on OCB, altruism, civic virtue, sportsmanship and courtesy. In the second step, we determined the variance between variables and type of enterprise. Accept the sportsmanship behavior, the others change according to the type of enterprise. Thirdly, this time, the variance about gender. We found that employees‟ AC, OCB and components of OCB don‟t change according their gender. Finally, the findings, conclusions and recommendations were presented. Key words: Affective commitment, organizational citizenship conscientiousness, altruism, civic virtue, sportsmanship, courtesy. 1 behavior, �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Introduction Enterprises that own employees working hard, willingly, and conscientiousnessly, will have a competitive advantage. These characteristics are relevant to the concepts “affective commitment” and “organizational citizenship behavior”. Employees, committed to their organizations by affective and acting OCB, are expected to work hard, willingly, and conscientiousnessly. They‟re also expected to be friendly to the others. The employees that love their organizations will promote their organizations. Even if there are bad conditions in the environment, they won‟t leave their organizations. Enterprises have the two main objectives: Economical and social objectives. Profitable, growing up and continuousness are the major economical ones (Dinçer, 1998: 146-154). The objective “continuousness” is a very important one in enterprises. Enterprises that own productive, experienced, hard-working, helpful, honest etc. employees will be able to live for ever. So, enterprises will realize their economical and social objectives by only their valuable human resources. We think that valuable human resources are committed to their organizations by affective and fulfill their formal tasks and informal works successfully. These are relevant to “affective commitment” and “job performance”. Thus, task performance and organizational citizenship behavior determine the level of job performance. The importance of the study is especially great for enterprises operating in crisis. Employers committed to their organizations by affective and acting OCB will probably keep working in the same organization. Literature Review Affective Commitment Meyer and Allen (1991) identified three distinguishable forms of organizational commitment: affective (AC), normative (NC), and continuance (CC) commitment. AC reflects an emotional attachment to, identify with, and involvement in the organization, whereas NC is experienced as a sense of obligation to remain, and CC reflects the perceived costs associated with leaving (Meyer and others, 2012: 226). In other words, affective commitment, the desire to achieve goals in favor of the organization; normative commitment, the obligation to be bound to an organization; and continuance commitment, the calculative bond towards an organization (Breitsohl and Ruhle, 2013: 162; Allen and Meyer, 1990a; Meyer & Herscovitch, 2001). An employee who is committed to the organization by affective, stays in the organization by his or her will (Bilgin and Demirer, 2012: 471; Meyer and Allen, 1991). In a study (in a financial service setting) in order to assess the impact of three psychological antecedents (position involvement, volitional choice and informational complexity) on affective commitment and the consequences of affective commitment of loyalty in terms of word of mouth, purchase intention, price insensitivity and complaining, Bloemer and Schröder (2003), found that affective commitment could best be explained by position involvement. Moreover, affective commitment is a key determinant of word of mouth, purchase intention and price sensitivity (Bloemer and Schröder, 2003: 33). 2 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In another study, Norris-Watts and Levy (2004) found that affective commitment mediated the relation between the feedback environment and organizational citizenship behavior, and this mediated relation was stronger for OCBs directed at individuals than directed at the organization as a whole (Watts and Levy, 2004: 351). An empirical study investigated how perceptions of organizational virtuousness (OV) predicted affective well-being (AWB) and affective commitment (AC). The findings show that perceptions of OV predict AC both directly and through the mediating role of AWB. The study suggests that fostering organizational virtuousness (e.g., through honesty, interpersonal respect, and compassion; combining high standards of performance with a culture of forgiveness and learning from mistakes) improves employees' AWB and promotes a more committed workforce. Considering these findings and mirroring the growing contributions of the positive psychology, positive organizational behavior, and positive organizational scholarship movements, the study suggest that a “positive-peoplemanagement” perspective should be considered, both by practitioners and scholars (Rego & et al, 2011: 524). Loi, Lai, and Lam (2012) found positive relationships between supervisors' and subordinates' affective commitment, and between subordinates' affective commitment and their task and extra-role performance (Loi & et al, 2012: 466). A study investigated the impact of two types of organizational commitment, continuance and affective, on the correctional staff life satisfaction at two Midwestern prisons, one private and one public. Continuance commitment was negatively related and affective commitment was positively related to life satisfaction for staff in both prisons (Lambert & et al, 2013: 1). Another study examined the relationship between the preferences and perceptions of employees regarding an ongoing share ownership plan on the one hand, and the employees‟ affective organizational commitment on the other. At the end of the study, it was found that a preference for ownership and the perceived fairness of the employee ownership plan were significant predictors of affective commitment (Kuvaas, 2003: 193). A research on 220 employees working in the higher education industry, shown that perceived organizational reputation had a positive correlation with organizational commitment and job satisfaction whereas it had a significant negative correlation with turnover intentions. However, when they are jointly included in a multiple regression analysis, perceived corporate reputation surprisingly exerted a positive effect on turnover intentions (Alniacik & et al, 2011:1177). Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, and Topolnytsky (2002) found that the three forms of commitment (affective, normative and continuance) were related yet distinguishable from one another as well as from job satisfaction, job involvement, and occupational commitment. (Meyer & et al, 2002: 20). In a study of 271 employees of 7 hotel organizations, Bilgin and Demirer (2012) found a significant and positive relationship between perceived organizational support (POS), affective commitment and job satisfaction (Bilgin and Demirer, 2012: 470). 3 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB) Organ (1988) explains OCB as a distinct behavior, which is not directly recognized by the formal reward system but in the average promotes the organizational performance. He views OCB as the extra-role behavior since it is the act of job performance beyond the stated job requirement. Employees go beyond the contract signed by them at the time of entering the organization and they perform non-obligatory tasks without expecting any rewards or recognition (Swaminathan and Jawahar, 2013: 71). Organ (1988) suggested a model of organizational citizenship behavior with five dimensions: Conscientiousness, altruism, civic virtue, sportsmanship, and courtesy. Conscientiousness, the act of carrying out duties beyond the minimum required levels. Altruism, the act of helping a specific person with a work-related task. Civic virtue, actions that represent responsible participation in or involvement with meetings and other governance issues in the organization. Sportsmanship, actions that are positive when people refrain from doing them, such as complaints or railing against perceived slights. Courtesy, actions that include communicating with individuals affected by one's decisions (Walz and Niehoff, 1996: 307). The five dimensions of OCB are explained below (Swaminathan and Jawahar, 2013: 7180). Conscientiousness Organ (1988) defined conscientiousness as the dedication to the job, which exceed formal requirements such as working long hours, and volunteer to perform jobs besides duties. Barrick and Mount (2000) argue that conscientious people „„plan and organize their work, and are careful, thorough, and detail oriented [and these traits are] likely to lead to fewer accidents and safety violations” (Postlethwaite & et al, 2009: 711). Altruism Smith, Organ and Near (1983) defined altruism as “voluntary behaviors where an employee provides assistance to an individual with a particular problem to complete his/her task under unusual circumstances”. Altruism is helping behaviors for supporting personnel or the coworkers who have work related problems (Podsakoff & et al, 2000). Civic Virtue Deluga (1998) defines civic virtue as “the subordinate participation in organizing political life and supporting the administrative function of the organization”. It refers to the employees‟ participation in the political life of the organization like attending meetings, which are not really required by the firm and thus keeping up with the changes in the organization (Organ, 1988). Generally, employees engage in civic virtue when they are willing to participate actively in governing the organization, to monitor its environment for threats and opportunities, and to look to its best interests, even at great personal cost (Bellou, 2008: 780; Podsakoff & et al., 1990). 4 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Sportsmanship Sportsmanship is defined as refraining from actions which may lead to unfavorable tension in the workplace and maintaining a synergistic atmosphere within the organization against any adverse incidents (Polat, 2009:1593; Organ, 1988, 1990; Podsakoff and et al., 2000). Courtesy Courtesy refers to discretionary behavior on the part of an individual aimed at preventing work-related problems with others from occurring (Hadjali and Salimi, 2012: 527; Borman and Motowidlo, 1993; 1997). Courtesy also means members encouraging other members in their work. The literature reveals that a courteous employee would help reduce the intergroup conflict and thus reduce the time spent on conflict management activities (Podsakoff et al., 2000). In a study, some researchers found that the OCB had a significant impact on self-esteem. Moreover, there was a significant relationship between educational background and selfesteem, but no relationship was observed between educational background and OCB (Devin, Zohoorianb, Peymanizad, and Sane, 2012:1203). In another study among the staff of Tehran University, the researchers investigated the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and dimensions of personality. The results are following; 1) OCB and personality dimensions, take a place higher than average position. 2) OCB has positive relations with personality dimensions including: agreeableness, consciousness, openness, and extraversion; however, the relation between neuroticism and OCB seems negative. 3) Consciousness, agreeableness and openness predict the OCB (Mahdiuon, & et al, 2010: 178). Methodology In our empirical analysis, we determined if there was a relationship between affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. We used Ellen and Meyer‟s (1991) scale of affective commitment which was improved by Wasti (2000). And, for the OCB scale, we used Konovsky and Organ‟s (1996) which was improved by Erdem (2003). At first, we determined the levels of AC, OCB and subcomponents of OCB. Secondly, the correlations between AC, OCB and the subcomponents of OCB were determined. Thirdly, we tried to determine if the employees‟ levels of AC, OCB and subcomponents of OCB change according to the types of enterprise and gender. The area of the study is public and private enterprises which employ at least 10 employees in the Dinar district of Afyonkarahisar. The samples were selected from the population by the method of decisionsampling. The samples from about 25% of the population. We chose eight enterprises for samples. Three of them are public (governmental) and the others are private (non-governmental). Totally, 128 employees answered the questionnaire. There are details about enterprises and employees in Table 1. To determine the relationship between affective commitment (AC) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), the analysis of correlation was performed. The data were entered into the Statistics Program of Social Sciences and processed. 5 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 1: Demographic information about employees in enterprises in Dinar TYPE Age Education Marital Status Tenure PRIVATE 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th T % Female Male 20 8 12 1 12 10 10 2 12 15 20 2 4 23 105 18 82 - 21 22-28 29-35 36-42 43-49 50+ 1 3 10 6 - 12 5 3 - 1 4 3 2 2 2 8 3 4 3 - 1 7 4 1 1 - 6 2 5 1 1 6 9 2 2 1 3 1 2 - 6 42 30 30 15 4 4 33 24 24 12 3 Elementary High School V.H.S. Faculty Master Doctorate 12 6 2 - 3 14 3 - 1 2 3 5 1 - 13 5 1 1 - 1 12 1 - 11 3 1 - 7 13 - 1 3 2 - 49 58 9 10 1 - 39 45 7 8 1 - Single Married Widow 1 18 - 7 13 - 4 8 - 8 12 - 3 11 - 5 10 - 2 18 - 3 3 - 33 93 - 26 74 - - 1 year 1-5 year 6-10 year 11-15 year 16-20 year 20 years + 6 5 2 7 - 20 - 4 3 1 4 1 1 10 2 2 1 3 4 10 - 5 2 3 2 3 20 - 3 3 - 8 78 12 8 14 7 6 61 9 6 11 7 - - 27 21 ENTERPRISE Gender PUBLIC Table 1(continued) First 8 1 4 10 2 2 Number of Second 4 9 2 7 2 4 - 1 29 23 Workplace Third 6 3 1 2 3 5 7 2 29 23 Fourth + 2 7 5 1 7 4 12 3 41 33 T = Total V.H.S.=Vocational High School The level of AC and OCB Table 2 shows the level of AC and OCB for public and private enterprises. The rating is following; “5,00-4,21 very high; 4,20-3,41 high; 3,40-2,61 medium; 2,60-1,81 low; 1,801,00 very low”. We evaluated the level of variables according to this rating. 6 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 2: Descriptive statistics for public (1,2,3) and private (4,5,6,7,8) enterprises Vari Conscientiou Altruism Civic virtue Sportsman Courtesy OCB AC able s M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD Ent. 4,50 0,56 4,21 0,66 4,08 0,61 3,98 0,80 4,22 0,53 4,20 0,51 4,50 0,63 1 4,62 0,47 4,38 0,51 4,46 0,35 4,65 0,59 4,79 0,35 4,58 0,39 4,19 1,41 2 3,95 1,04 3,85 0,76 4,46 0,68 3,62 1,03 4,12 0,65 4,00 0,71 3,16 1,33 3 4,41 0,72 4,19 0,66 4,32 0,57 4,14 0,88 4,41 0,58 4,29 0,57 4,06 1,25 M 4,07 0,57 3,62 0,66 4,03 0,60 3,78 0,77 3,77 0,76 3,85 0,57 3,59 0,95 4 3,76 0,26 3,48 0,50 3,45 0,38 4,17 0,41 3,90 0,38 3,75 0,32 3,79 1,30 5 4,24 0,72 4,04 0,64 3,88 0,72 3,91 0,79 4,23 0,49 4,06 0,59 2,66 0,78 6 4,22 0,75 4,02 0,57 4,20 0,62 3,93 0,69 4,09 0,50 4,09 0,57 3,99 0,61 7 3,63 0,51 3,69 0,94 3,83 0,47 3,11 0,98 3,71 0,69 3,60 0,62 4,58 0,30 8 4,05 0,63 3,79 0,66 3,92 0,63 3,87 0,75 3,97 0,59 3,92 0,55 3,63 1,02 M M=Mean; SD=Standard Deviation; OCB=Organizational Citizenship Behavior; AC=Affective Commitment; Ent.: Enterprise The general level of AC for public enterprises is high (4,06). The general level of OCB is very high (4,29). The subcomponents of OCB are high or very high. The highest ones are conscientiousness and courtesy behaviors (4,41). The general level of AC for private ones is high (3,63). But this level, in fact, is not enough; the managements must develop this type of commitment. Therefore, the managements must take care of employees psychological and social needs. For example, employees approved and rewarded by their managers, will probably commit to their organizations emotionally. The general level of OCB is high (3,92). Conscientiousness behavior is the highest (4,05). In comparison with conscientiousness behavior, altruism behavior is low (3,79). Employees helping the others must be rewarded by the management. For example, in basketball playing, number of assists is a dimension of performance. The questions and hypotheses of the study We tried to answer following questions; 1. Does the AC have a meaningful influence on OCB and subcomponents of OCB? 2. Does AC, OCB and components of OCB change according to the type of enterprise? 3. Does AC, OCB and components of OCB change according to gender? From the questions, we developed following hypotheses; H1: AC has a meaningful influence on OCB (H1a: AC has a meaningful influence on conscientiousness behavior; H1b: AC has a meaningful influence on altruisticbehavior; H1c: AC has a meaningful influence on civic virtue behavior; H1d: AC has a meaningful influence on sportsmanship behavior; H1e: AC has a meaningful influence on courtesy behavior) H2: AC changes according to the type of enterprise H3: OCB changes according to the type of enterprise (H3a: Conscientiousness behavior changes according to the type of enterprise; H3b: Altruism behavior changes according to 7 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo the type of enterprise; H3c: Civic virtue behavior changes according to the type of enterprise; H3d: Sportsmanship behavior changes according to the type of enterprise; H3e: Courtesy behavior changes according to the type of enterprise) H4: Employees‟ levels of AC change according to gender H5: Employees‟ levels of OCB change according to gender (H5a: Employees‟ levels of conscientiousness behavior change according to gender; H5b: Employees‟ levels of altruism behavior change according to gender; H5c: Employees‟ levels of civic virtue behavior change according to gender; H5d: Employees‟ levels of sportsmanship behavior change according to gender; H5e: Employees‟ levels of courtesy behavior change according to gender. The relationship between AC and OCB To determine the relationship between AC and OCB, and its subcomponents, we made correlation and regression analyses. The outputs can be seen in Table 4. Table 3: Correlations OCB AC Conscien tiousness Altruism civic virtue sportsma nship courtesy Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) OCB AC 0,126 conscient iousness 0,854(**) 1 0,126 0,157 1 0,157 0,854(**) Altruism 0,911(**) civic virtue 0,796(**) sportsman ship 0,829(**) courtesy 0,869(**) 0,000 0,170 0,000 0,123 0,000 0,113 0,000 0,059 0,000 0,079 0,170 0,056 1 0,167 0,740(**) 0,206 0,638(**) 0,510 0,618(**) 0,374 0,647(**) 0,000 0,911(**) 0,056 0,123 0,740(**) 0,000 1 0,000 0,728(**) 0,000 0,648(**) 0,000 0,783(**) 0,000 0,796(**) 0,167 0,113 0,000 0,638(**) 0,728(**) 0,000 1 0,000 0,490(**) 0,000 0,587(**) 0,000 0,206 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,829(**) 0,059 0,618(**) 0,648(**) 0,490(**) 1 0,704(**) 0,000 0,869(**) 0,510 0,079 0,000 0,647(**) 0,000 0,783(**) 0,000 0,587(**) 0,704(**) 0,000 1 0,000 0,374 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); AC=Affective Commitment; OCB=Organizational Citizenship Behavior There is a low correlation between AC and OCB (%12,6). When we look at the correlation between AC and the subcomponents of OCB, again we find the low correlations; %17, %12, %11, %6 and %8, respectively. The highest correlation is between AC and conscientiousness behavior (%17). We tested H1, H1a, H1b, H1c, H1d and H1e, according to correlations above. The level of significance (0,157) is higher than 0,05. There‟s a low correlation (%12,6) and there is not 8 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo a meaningful relationship between AC and OCB. So, the hypothesis H1 “AC has a meaningful influence on OCB” was rejected. The level of significance about conscientiousness is 0,056. In spite of the low correlation (%17), it‟s possible to say that there is a meaningful relationship between AC and conscientiousness behavior. So, the hypothesis H1a “AC has a meaningful influence on conscientiousness behavior” was accepted. The levels of significance about altruism behavior, civic virtue, sportsmanship and courtesy are higher than 0,05. So, the hypothesis H1b “AC has a meaningful influence on altruism behavior”, the hypothesis H1c “AC has a meaningful influence on civic virtue behavior”, the hypothesis H1d “AC has a meaningful influence on sportsmanship behavior”, the hypothesis H1e “AC has a meaningful influence on courtesy behavior” were rejected. The Change of AC and OCB according to the types of enterprises To determine if the employees‟ level of AC and OCB change according to types of enterprises, Independent-Samples T Test was fulfilled. The findings are summarized in Table 4. The employees‟ levels of AC and OCB in public enterprises are higher than the private ones. Table 4: The Change of AC, OCB, components of OCB according to the types of enterprise t-test for Equality of Means VARIABLE S OCB AC conscientio usness altruism civic virtue sportsmans hip courtesy EVA EVNA EVA EVNA EVA EVNA EVA EVNA EVA EVNA EVA EVNA EVA EVNA t df Sig. (2-tailed) MD SED -3,740 -3,721 -2,132 -2,061 -3,007 -2,942 -3,364 -3,363 -3,646 -3,712 -1,924 -1,869 -4,214 -4,226 126 110,080 126 97,565 126 102,899 126 111,999 126 118,719 126 99,762 126 113,307 0,000 0,000 0,035 0,042 0,003 0,004 0,001 0,001 0,000 0,000 0,057 0,065 0,000 0,000 -0,37508 -0,37508 -0,42994 -0,42994 -0,36065 -0,36065 -0,39632 -0,39632 -0,39604 -0,39604 -0,27799 -0,27799 -0,44439 -0,44439 0,10029 0,10079 0,20162 0,20863 0,11993 0,12259 0,11781 0,11784 0,10862 0,10668 0,14447 0,14874 0,10547 0,10515 95% CIOTD Lower Upper -0,57354 -0,57482 -0,82894 -0,84399 -0,59799 -0,60378 -0,62946 -0,62981 -0,61099 -0,60728 -0,56389 -0,57309 -0,65311 -0,65271 -0,17661 -0,17534 -0,03093 -0,01589 -0,12331 -0,11753 -0,16318 -0,16283 -0,18109 -0,18479 0,00792 0,01712 -0,23567 -0,23608 EVA= Equal variances assumed; EVNA= Equal variances not assumed; MD=Mean difference SED=Std.Error Difference; CIOTD=Confidence Interval of The Difference Significance level is lower than 0,05. So, AC, OCB and subcomponents of OCB, except sportsmanship, change according to the type of enterprise. Then, the hypothesis H3d “Sportsmanship behavior changes according to the type of enterprise” is rejected but the others are accepted. AC, OCB, subcomponents of OCB and gender To test the hypothesis H4 “Employees‟ levels of AC change according to gender”, the hypothesis H5 “Employees‟ levels of OCB change according to gender” K Independent Samples Kruskal Wallis H was applied. The findings are summarized in Table 5. 9 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table 5: The Change of AC, OCB, components of OCB according to gender OCB AC Conscientiousness civic virtue 1,204 sportsmanship 0,254 altruis m 0,364 0,063 courtes y 1,420 ChiSquare df 0,045 1,605 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Asymp. Sig. 0,833 0,205 0,615 0,546 0,273 0,802 0,233 a Kruskal Wallis Test b Grouping Variable: gender Significance levels for each variable are higher than 0,05. So, the hypothesis H4 “Employees‟ levels of AC change according to the gender”, the hypothesis H5 “Employees‟ levels of OCB change according to the gender”, and other ones about subcomponents of OCB were rejected. In Table 6, the results about hypotheses are summarized. Table 6: Accepted or Rejected Hypotheses HYPOTHESES ACCEPTED H1: AC has a meaningful influence on OCB REJECTED X H1a: AC has a meaningful influence on conscientiousness behavior X H1b: AC has a meaningful influence on altruism behavior H1c: AC has a meaningful influence on civic virtue behavior X X H1d: AC has a meaningful influence on sportsmanship behavior X H1e: AC has a meaningful influence on courtesy behavior X H2: AC changes according to the type of enterprise H3: OCB changes according to the type of enterprise X X H3a: Conscientiousness behavior changes according to the type of enterprise X H3b: Altruism behavior changes according to the type of enterprise X H3c: Civic virtue behavior changes according to the type of enterprise H3d: Sportsmanship behavior changes according to the type of enterprise X H3e: Courtesy behavior changes according to the type of enterprise X X H4: Employees‟ levels of AC change according to gender X H5: Employees‟ levels of OCB change according to gender H5a: Employees‟ levels of conscientiousness behavior change according to gender X X H5b: Employees‟ levels of altruism behavior change according to gender X H5c: Employees‟ levels of civic virtue behavior change according to gender H5d: Employees‟ levels of sportsmanship behavior change according to gender X X H5e: Employees‟ levels of courtesy behavior change according to gender X Conclusions Firstly, we determined the employees‟ levels of AC and OCB by the types of enterprises and gender. For the public enterprises, the mean of OCB is 4, 29 and the mean of AC is 4, 06. The mean for the private enterprises, OCB is 3, 92 and AC is 3,63. So, in comparison with the employees in private enterprises, the employees in public ones are committed to their organizations emotionally and have extra-role performance. For the subcomponents of OCB are the same. 10 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Gender is not a determinant factor for the employees‟ AC and OCB. For the subcomponents of OCB are the same. In our study, we‟ve determined there is no meaningful relationship between AC and OCB (and the subcomponents of OCB, except conscientiousness behavior). However, except sportsmanship behavior, all the other variables change according to the type of enterprise. The levels of the public enterprises are higher than the private ones. The employees in public sector have higher OCB and AC than those in private ones. But, gender is not a determinant for OCB and AC. There is no meaningful relationship between AC and OCB. But AC has a meaningful impact on conscientiousness behavior. Higher OCB and AC don‟t mean privatization is bad. Definitely not. We all know that hidden unemployment is in public enterprises generally. In addition, most public enterprises have wasteful expenditure. Most of the employees in private sector in Dinar have a low economical welfare. Most of them earn the minimum wage and have long working hours. They have to work for their company because there is unemployment in the environment. Especially, in institutionalized private organizations which have distanced human resource departments, employees‟ levels of AC, OCB, job performance, work motivation, job satisfaction etc. will probably be higher. In public enterprises, generally, the managers are not interested in employees‟ performance. But enterprises can exceed the objectives by only its human resources. So, the key factor for success is “human”. We think the privatization of enterprises is the most important factor for economical welfare. But the privatization is not enough itself. These private enterprises must be institutionalized, have professional managers. The managers of enterprises must develop their organizations. For this, the practitioners and the academics must help each other. They, in fact, must work co-operatively. The practitioners must provide information and the academics must share the findings with the practitioners. Academics, practitioners, representatives of government must participate in the symposiums about management actively. They must discuss the problems of working life in these meetings. Finally, advisable decisions must be made and fulfilled. References Alniacik, U, Cigerim, E., Akcin, K., & Bayram, O. (2011), Independent and joint effects of perceived corporate reputation, affective commitment and job satisfaction on turnover intentions, 7th International Strategic Management Conference, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 1177-1189. 11 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Barrick, M.R. & Mount, M.K. (2000). Select on conscientiousness and emotional stability. In E. A. Locke (Ed.), The Blackwell Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, 15-28. Bellou, V. (2008). Exploring civic virtue and turnover intention during organizational changes, Journal of Business Research, 61, 778-789. Bilgin, N. & Demirer, H. (2012). The examination of the relationship among organizational support, affective commitment and job satisfaction of hotel employees, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 51, 470-473. Bloemer, J., &Schröder, G.O. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of affective commitment, Australasian Marketing Journal,11 (3), 33-43. Borman, W.C. and Motowidlo, S.J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance: Personnel selection in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1993. Borman, W.C., Motowidlo, S.J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance, 10, 99-109. Breitsohl, H. and Ruhle, S. (2013). Residual affective commitment to organizations: Concept, causes and consequences, Human Resource Management Review, 23,161-173. Devin, H.F., Zohoorianb, Z., Peymanizad, H., & Sane, M.A. (2012), Investigating the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and self-esteem among physical education teachers, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 1203-1207. Dinçer, Ömer. (1998). Stratejik Yönetim ve İşletme Politikası, 5. Baskı, Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım, İstanbul. Erdem, U. (2003). Örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı: hastane çalışanları üzerinde bir uygulama,Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bilim Uzmanlığı Tezi, Ankara. Hadjali, H.R. & Salimi, M. (2012). An investigation on the effect of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) toward customer-orientation: A case of Nursing home, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 57, 524-532. Kuvaas, B. (2003), Employee ownership and affective organizational commitment: employees‟ perceptions of fairness and their preference for company shares over cash, Scand. J. Mgmt. 19, 193-212. Lambert, E.G., Kim, B., Kelley, T., &Hogan, N.L. (2013). The association of affective and continuance commitment with correctional staff life satisfaction, The Social Science Journal, journal home page: www.elsevier.com/locate/soscij, 1-9. Loi, R., Lai, J.Y.M. & Lam, L.W. (2012). Working under a committed boss: A test of the relationship between supervisors' and subordinates' affective commitment, The Leadership Quarterly, 23, 466-475. 12 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Mahdiuon, R., Ghahramani, M., & Sharif, A.R. (2010). Explanation of organizational citizenship behavior with personality, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 178-184. Meyer, J. P. and Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment, Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89. Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 20-52. Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Jackson, T.A., McInnis, Kate J., Maltin, Elyse R., & Sheppard, L. (2012). Affective, normative, and continuance commitment levels across cultures:A meta-analysis, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 225-245. Norris-Watts, C. & Levy, P.E. (2004), The mediating role of affective commitment in the relation of the feedback environment to work outcomes, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 351-365. Organ, D. W. (1988). The good soldier syndrome, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Lexington, Massachusetts/Toronto: HD.C. Heath and Company H. Podsakoff, P.M., Machenzie, S., Pain,J. & Bachrach, D. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of heretical and empirical literature and suggestion for future research, Journal of Management, 26 (3). Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Moorman, R.H. & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1 (2), 107-142. Polat, S. (2009). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) display levels of the teachers at secondary schools according to the perceptions of the school administrators, World Conference on Educational Sciences 2009, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, 1591-1596 Postlethwaite, B., Robbins, S., Rickerson, J., & McKinniss, T. (2009). The moderation of conscientiousness by cognitive ability when predicting workplace safety behavior,Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 711-716. Rego, A. Ribeiro, N., Cunha, M.P., &Jesuino, J.C. (2011). How happiness mediates the organizational virtuousness and affective commitment relationship, Journal of Business Research, 64, 524-532. Smith, C.A., Organ, D.W., & Near, J.P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents, Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 655-663. Swaminathan, S. & Jawahar,P.D. (2013). Job satisfaction as a predictor of organizational citizenship behavior: an empirical study, Global Journal of Business Research, 1, 71-80. 13 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Walz, Sandra, M. and Niehoff, Brian, P. (1996). Organizational Citizenship Behaviours and Their Effect on Organizational Effectiveness in Limited-Menu Restaurants, Academy of Management Proceedings, 307-311. Wasti, S.A. (2000), Örgütsel Bağlılığı Belirleyen Evrensel ve Kültürel Etmenler: Türk Kültürüne Bir Bakış, Türkiye‟de Yönetim, Liderlik ve İnsan Kaynakları Uygulamaları,ed. Z. Aycan, Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları, Ankara, 201224. 14 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1661 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship between Affective Commitment (Ac) and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb): A Study on Public and Private Enterprises in Dinar District Author Author AGCA, Veysel ERTAN, Hayrettin Abstract A summary of the resource. Meyer and Allen (1991) suggested a model of organizational commitment with three dimensions: Affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment. The first one is related to willing to stay in organizations. The employee wants to stay in his or her organization because he or she loves his or her organization. Even if other organizations give better job offers, they keep working in their organizations. So, this type of organizational commitment is very important for organizations. Especially to retain well-educated and hard-working human resources in organizations, organizations must have employees that committed to their organizations by affective. Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) can be defined as “the individual behaviors not defined directly or clearly in formal reward system but contribute to the organizational effectiveness”. Organ (1990) suggested a model of organizational citizenship behavior with five dimensions: Conscientiousness, altruism, civic virtue, sportsmanship, and courtesy. The objective of this paper is to determine the relationship between affective commitment (AC) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The importance of the study is great for especially enterprises operating in crisis. Employees committed to their organizations by affective and acting OCB will probably keep working in the same organization even if there is economic crisis. The area of the study is public and private enterprises in Dinar district of Afyonkarahisar. The samples will be selected from the population by the method of decisional sampling. To determine the relationship between affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior, the analysis of regression and correlation will be performed. The data will be entered into the Statistics Program of Social Sciences and processed. Finally, the findings, conclusions and recommendations will be presented. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ed2357271d404c1033ca60b0842356c4.pdf 840f3cb00cf1f118fcfa4f9d01627611 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina - Turkey Relations: Aid Perspective Engin Akçay Turgut Özal University, Ankara, Turkey eakcay@turgutozal.edu.tr Turkey’s existence in Balkans dates back to centuries. As of this long historical background Turkey has still strong ties with the Balkan countries in general and particularly the population that are described as friend and / or relative communities. In this respect, Bosnia and Herzegovina has a special place in Turkish approach not only in terms of foreign policy but also public point of view. Resulting from its crucial importance, Bosnia and Herzegovina has always been a preferential region by Turkish decisionmakers and considered one of the highest priorities of Turkish aid policy. Turkey, which is a re-emerging donor and power at the region, tries to use the assistance factor as a diplomacy instrument. Therefore this paper does mainly focus on the role of Turkish aid in the bilateral relations. By summarizing the cooperation and aid affairs at the late Ottoman period, the article rather enlightens the post - independence years of the country. While the study aims to briefly touch on the theoretical aspect of aid instrument on one hand, it also scrutinizes both the characteristics and the effectiveness of Turkish aid, on the other hand. When the past two decade is taken into consideration, no doubt that Turkish International Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA) has put an appearance as the institutional base for Turkish assistance. As TİKA has officially been declared the national coordinator agency for Turkish foreign assistance by 2005, TİKA’s role is analysed under the selected aid activities. By using these prominent examples, the article tends to reflect their impact to bilateral relations and the perception in Bosnia and Herzegovina in this context. How efficient was the Turkish aid to the country and what should be done for a better cooperation are the basic problematic areas to be handled. In order to contribute to the on-going altruistic efforts so far, the paper points out a set of ideas which may give concrete results in optimizing the current affairs. Keywords: Aid Policy, Balkans, Bosnia and Herzegovina, TİKA, Turkey. 100 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1508 Title A name given to the resource Bosnia and Herzegovina - Turkey Relations: Aid Perspective Author Author AKCAY, Engin Abstract A summary of the resource. Turkey’s existence in Balkans dates back to centuries. As of this long historical background Turkey has still strong ties with the Balkan countries in general and particularly the population that are described as friend and / or relative communities. In this respect, Bosnia and Herzegovina has a special place in Turkish approach not only in terms of foreign policy but also public point of view. Resulting from its crucial importance, Bosnia and Herzegovina has always been a preferential region by Turkish decisionmakers and considered one of the highest priorities of Turkish aid policy. Turkey, which is a re-emerging donor and power at the region, tries to use the assistance factor as a diplomacy instrument. Therefore this paper does mainly focus on the role of Turkish aid in the bilateral relations. By summarizing the cooperation and aid affairs at the late Ottoman period, the article rather enlightens the post - independence years of the country. While the study aims to briefly touch on the theoretical aspect of aid instrument on one hand, it also scrutinizes both the characteristics and the effectiveness of Turkish aid, on the other hand. When the past two decade is taken into consideration, no doubt that Turkish International Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TİKA) has put an appearance as the institutional base for Turkish assistance. As TİKA has officially been declared the national coordinator agency for Turkish foreign assistance by 2005, TİKA’s role is analysed under the selected aid activities. By using these prominent examples, the article tends to reflect their impact to bilateral relations and the perception in Bosnia and Herzegovina in this context. How efficient was the Turkish aid to the country and what should be done for a better cooperation are the basic problematic areas to be handled. In order to contribute to the on-going altruistic efforts so far, the paper points out a set of ideas which may give concrete results in optimizing the current affairs. Keywords: Aid Policy, Balkans, Bosnia and Herzegovina, TİKA, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/354232f211bf5518f857a5f025d1c914.pdf c221ae7bc81d93daf3e28f50cf2a45b3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Impact of Infrastructure Investments on Regional Economic Performance: A Meta-Analysis Mehmet Akif Kara Kahramanmaras Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey akifkara@hotmail.com Serkan Ada Kahramanmaras Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey ada13126@gmail.com Today, the notion of regional competition shapes regional economic policies, and these policies improve regions’ competitive power, in addition to channelizing the resources into the underdeveloped regions and supporting some of the activities in underdeveloped regions. Infrastructure investments, which can be evaluated as among these policy instruments, can be a determining factor in the choice of the facility location and can increase the output as well as private sector investments through increase in private capital and labour productivity. Furthermore, increase in public infrastructure investment expenditures will promote the demand through the multiplier impact in the short term and price decreases caused by the productivity improvement in infrastructure investments in the long term; this demand impact will cause an increase in the whole production and employment. At the same time, public infrastructure investments afford cities, regions, and nations the opportunity to improve their competitive structures, due to the fact that they are able to decrease transportation and production costs. Gramlich (1994: 1177) defines infrastructure investments as natural monopolies that require large capital intensity, such as highway and other transportation means, water and drainage lines, and communication systems and also alternatively defines and stresses that it is necessary to focus on the tangible capital stock possessed by the public sector. The expanded version of this definition also includes human capital as well as research and development investments. These types of infrastructure investments enable public policies to influence the long-term growth and productivity at the regional level. Particularly following the study of Aschaur (1989), many studies have been done in order to determine the impacts of different infrastructure types on national and regional economic growth by using various ways and methods. Some of these studies, that 195 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo were done particularly since 1990s, mentioned that economic and social infrastructure investments directly impact (or indirectly impact through externalities) regional output, private sector investments, costs, and employment. Studies also showed that these investments increased the competitive power of regions. In this study, the impact of infrastructure investments on regional economic performance has been investigated by using the meta-analysis methodology. Meta-analysis is a method used for quantitatively aggregate primary research studies in a particular field. A large collection of primary studies from a particular body of literature is surveyed in accordance with predefined coding protocols and procedures. Studies included in a metaanalysis need to be empirical and should examine similar and/or same constructs and relationships. In the current study, we have examined the relationship between infrastructure investments and regional economic performance thus included the studies that examined this relationship. In order to identify the sample of primary studies, we have initially searched the bibliography of previously published review studies on the same topic. We have also searched online databases for identifying the sample papers. This process yielded 87 numbers of studies, which were then reduced to 70 due to the inadequate data. The papers will be coded based on certain study characteristics, and then the data analysis will be done using SPSS statistical software package. Keywords: Public Infrastructure Investments, Private Investments, Regional Income, Regional Economic Performance, Meta-Analysis. 196 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1651 Title A name given to the resource The Impact of Infrastructure Investments on Regional Economic Performance: A Meta-Analysis Author Author AKIF KARA, Mehmet ADA, Serkan Abstract A summary of the resource. Today, the notion of regional competition shapes regional economic policies, and these policies improve regions’ competitive power, in addition to channelizing the resources into the underdeveloped regions and supporting some of the activities in underdeveloped regions. Infrastructure investments, which can be evaluated as among these policy instruments, can be a determining factor in the choice of the facility location and can increase the output as well as private sector investments through increase in private capital and labour productivity. Furthermore, increase in public infrastructure investment expenditures will promote the demand through the multiplier impact in the short term and price decreases caused by the productivity improvement in infrastructure investments in the long term; this demand impact will cause an increase in the whole production and employment. At the same time, public infrastructure investments afford cities, regions, and nations the opportunity to improve their competitive structures, due to the fact that they are able to decrease transportation and production costs. Gramlich (1994: 1177) defines infrastructure investments as natural monopolies that require large capital intensity, such as highway and other transportation means, water and drainage lines, and communication systems and also alternatively defines and stresses that it is necessary to focus on the tangible capital stock possessed by the public sector. The expanded version of this definition also includes human capital as well as research and development investments. These types of infrastructure investments enable public policies to influence the long-term growth and productivity at the regional level. Particularly following the study of Aschaur (1989), many studies have been done in order to determine the impacts of different infrastructure types on national and regional economic growth by using various ways and methods. Some of these studies, that were done particularly since 1990s, mentioned that economic and social infrastructure investments directly impact (or indirectly impact through externalities) regional output, private sector investments, costs, and employment. Studies also showed that these investments increased the competitive power of regions. In this study, the impact of infrastructure investments on regional economic performance has been investigated by using the meta-analysis methodology. Meta-analysis is a method used for quantitatively aggregate primary research studies in a particular field. A large collection of primary studies from a particular body of literature is surveyed in accordance with predefined coding protocols and procedures. Studies included in a metaanalysis need to be empirical and should examine similar and/or same constructs and relationships. In the current study, we have examined the relationship between infrastructure investments and regional economic performance thus included the studies that examined this relationship. In order to identify the sample of primary studies, we have initially searched the bibliography of previously published review studies on the same topic. We have also searched online databases for identifying the sample papers. This process yielded 87 numbers of studies, which were then reduced to 70 due to the inadequate data. The papers will be coded based on certain study characteristics, and then the data analysis will be done using SPSS statistical software package. Keywords: Public Infrastructure Investments, Private Investments, Regional Income, Regional Economic Performance, Meta-Analysis. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/26c33a8372b57291d5d77930f4a64fff.pdf 50890812c0eea60394a5197c85b62e67 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Contributions of Non-governmental and Governmental Organizations to Bosnian and Turkish Societies İlker Akkaya International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ilkerakkaya@gmail.com In this research while it will be examined that the conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Ottoman Empire, at the same time some historical facts regarding to Bosniaks and Ottomans will be provided moreover prewar and post war durations will be examined, especially this study will focus on situations right after the war and current situations between Turks and the Bosniaks. For all of that during this period the contributions of some Non-governmental and governmental foundations will be provided. In order to explain contributions of these foundations, we will use their activities which have been making in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey. Keywords: Foundations, Governmental Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations, Contributions of the Organizations. 169 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1592 Title A name given to the resource Contributions of Non-governmental and Governmental Organizations to Bosnian and Turkish Societies Author Author AKKAYA, Ilker Abstract A summary of the resource. In this research while it will be examined that the conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Ottoman Empire, at the same time some historical facts regarding to Bosniaks and Ottomans will be provided moreover prewar and post war durations will be examined, especially this study will focus on situations right after the war and current situations between Turks and the Bosniaks. For all of that during this period the contributions of some Non-governmental and governmental foundations will be provided. In order to explain contributions of these foundations, we will use their activities which have been making in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Turkey. Keywords: Foundations, Governmental Organizations, Non-Governmental Organizations, Contributions of the Organizations. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3e280d945a4968268cafc256cb63755d.pdf ca4d9717e633e15bf548e2743f93b413 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Transformational Approaches to Leadership of Alija Izetbegovic from the Perspective of Bosnian University Students İlker Akkaya International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ilkerakkaya@gmail.com Ali Göksu International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina agoksu@ibu.edu.ba The main aim of this study is making an examination over leadership of Alija Izetbegovic during the 1992- 1995 war period and eight years right after the war. It will be examined that how Alija Izetbegovic manage the crises during the war and post war time period. In order to comprehend the leadership of Alija Izetbegovic some questionnaires will be applied to Bosnian University students. By this way it will be understood the approaches of the students regarding this issue moreover all the approaches of the students will be explained via statistical methods. Keyword: Leadership and Characteristics of Leader, Crises Management, Statistical Methods, Transformational Approaches. 168 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1674 Title A name given to the resource Transformational Approaches to Leadership of Alija Izetbegovic from the Perspective of Bosnian University Students Author Author AKKAYA, Ilker GÖKSU, Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. The main aim of this study is making an examination over leadership of Alija Izetbegovic during the 1992- 1995 war period and eight years right after the war. It will be examined that how Alija Izetbegovic manage the crises during the war and post war time period. In order to comprehend the leadership of Alija Izetbegovic some questionnaires will be applied to Bosnian University students. By this way it will be understood the approaches of the students regarding this issue moreover all the approaches of the students will be explained via statistical methods. Keyword: Leadership and Characteristics of Leader, Crises Management, Statistical Methods, Transformational Approaches. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/740b802fe354836c99c1e7da3bcefa6a.pdf be818cd82e01383ae1aef405518de26a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Social Security Expenditure and Income Distribution: An Application of Turkey Gül Aksoğan Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey gulaksogan@hotmail.com Gülferah Bozkaya Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey gul_ferah_85@hotmail.com Social security, in essence, people are likely to encounter in their economic and social risks prior to them taking the necessary measures to ensure that the income generated public expenditure programs. Social security, poverty, unemployment, economic uncertainty about the future and old age and illness that may occur due to the social dangers which includes measures to eliminate or alleviate the negative. Re-distribution of income in the fiscal policy of the State to intervene using the tools of fiscal policy objectives is included. In this respect, the state, directly affect the distribution of income through the tax system and the secondary distribution of income transfer performs. In addition, public expenditures for social services and their financing for the development of infrastructure for the distribution of income through public revenues collected direct. Provision of social peace in a country largely depends on a fair distribution of income. However, a fair distribution of income as self-realization is not possible. State to intervene in the distribution of income through income distribution policies of the welfare state is seen as a requirement. This paper examines the relationship between social security expenditures and the distribution of income in Turkey for the period of 1975-2010. The study aims to reveal whether there is any relationship between the two variables in the long term, utilizing basic cointegration and VAR (Vector Autoregression) model. Keywords: Social Security Expenditures, Distribution of Income. 131 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1550 Title A name given to the resource Social Security Expenditure and Income Distribution: An Application of Turkey Author Author AKSOGAN, Gul BOZKAYA, Gülferah Abstract A summary of the resource. Social security, in essence, people are likely to encounter in their economic and social risks prior to them taking the necessary measures to ensure that the income generated public expenditure programs. Social security, poverty, unemployment, economic uncertainty about the future and old age and illness that may occur due to the social dangers which includes measures to eliminate or alleviate the negative. Re-distribution of income in the fiscal policy of the State to intervene using the tools of fiscal policy objectives is included. In this respect, the state, directly affect the distribution of income through the tax system and the secondary distribution of income transfer performs. In addition, public expenditures for social services and their financing for the development of infrastructure for the distribution of income through public revenues collected direct. Provision of social peace in a country largely depends on a fair distribution of income. However, a fair distribution of income as self-realization is not possible. State to intervene in the distribution of income through income distribution policies of the welfare state is seen as a requirement. This paper examines the relationship between social security expenditures and the distribution of income in Turkey for the period of 1975-2010. The study aims to reveal whether there is any relationship between the two variables in the long term, utilizing basic cointegration and VAR (Vector Autoregression) model. Keywords: Social Security Expenditures, Distribution of Income. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/50b55ab8496a67d63054761aee53f928.pdf 9a0bc79fc3b7717861505f25278d0fc3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Comparison between Industrial Policy of Turkey and Bulgaria İmren Alakuş Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey sandcastle_1989@hotmail.com Paper will make a comparison between Turkey’s industrial policy and Bulgaria’s industrial policy in terms of meeting European Union (EU)’s criteria. The topic is very significant because countries’ level of development depend on their industrial policies. This is why EU gives more importance to this sector and candidate countries have to meet chapter on industrial policy for becoming full membership. The paper will focus on improvement of two countries’ industrial policies year over year for being of a member of EU. Keywords: Industrial Policy, Turkey, EU, Bulgaria. 170 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1591 Title A name given to the resource Comparison between Industrial Policy of Turkey and Bulgaria Author Author ALAKUS, Imren Abstract A summary of the resource. Paper will make a comparison between Turkey’s industrial policy and Bulgaria’s industrial policy in terms of meeting European Union (EU)’s criteria. The topic is very significant because countries’ level of development depend on their industrial policies. This is why EU gives more importance to this sector and candidate countries have to meet chapter on industrial policy for becoming full membership. The paper will focus on improvement of two countries’ industrial policies year over year for being of a member of EU. Keywords: Industrial Policy, Turkey, EU, Bulgaria. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fa756564102332343460761ad248edc1.pdf 6cd10b18217a99ac23b0c9e8cf4c02a2 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Effects of Deepening Debt Crisis in the Member Countries of European Union on Turkish Economy Erdal Alancıoğlu Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey ealancioglu@harran.edu.tr H. Mustafa Paksoy Kilis December 7 University, Kilis, Turkey hmpaksoy@yahoo.com Sadettin Paksoy Kilis December 7 University, Kilis, Turkey spaksoy@kilis.edu.tr The world's second largest market after the United States is the European Union that has an important position in the context of the global economy. Since the last quarter of 2008, the global financial crisis spread to Europe from the U.S. Currently, the european Union crises which is perceived as an international problem has a negative effect on also our economy as well as on all over the world. Althought, Turkey is not a member of European Union the country is effected by each kind of crises by the Europen Union easily. The effect of European Union on Turkish economy is are examined in this study; foreign trade, credit and finance, dimensions of investment channels and perspective of Turkey in terms of being member of European Union will be evaluated. Keywords: European Union, the Debt Crisis, Economy of Turkey. 105 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/16212f904fc2e48adab6acd7c6577681.pdf 16e14d9ecbb24475119443c1cd709d1d PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Effects of DeepeningDebtCrisis in the Member Countries of European Union on TurkishEconomy ErdalAlancıoğlu Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey ealancioglu@harran.edu.tr H. Mustafa Paksoy KilisDecember 7University, Kilis, Turkey hmpaksoy@yahoo.com SadettinPaksoy KilisDecember 7University, Kilis, Turkey spaksoy@kilis.edu.tr Abstract In the context of the global economy, the world's second largest market after the United States, the European Union has an important position. Since the last quarter of 2008, the global financial crisis spread to Europe from the U.S., and especially in the last period, the economy and the policy dilemmas and in this sense the observed Debt Crisis in the European Union, which has become an international problem in our country, along with the effects observed in the entire world. Although Turkey is not a member state of the European Union, the European Union, the historical, social and economic ties affected by any development which is due to causes in Europe. In this study, the effects of the European Union Debt Crisis, Turkey's economy foreign trade, credit and finance, and Turkey's European Union membership perspective to the size of investment channels will be evaluated. Keywords: European Union, The Debt Crisis, Economy of Turkey 1. Introduction Integration of nations is getting stronger through increasing international goods and services’ trade volume and capital-labor flows across borders especially from the late of 1980s until now. “Economic globalization” has been experienced thanks to technological progress which enables faster and wide expansion all around the world. Global financial crisis appears at the end of 2008 in USA affects very fast because of characteristics of globalization. When the global crisis continues, European Union which is the biggest international economic organization in the world, is the most affected part of world economy. Financial fluctuations in European countries caused a devastating problems on real economies and financial markets. Diminishing of aggregate demand and financial markets involve lower trade volume. In one sense, governments increase their public spending to lower the effects of global financial crisis in EU countries. On the other hand, tax income of governments declines due to economic recession and these circumstances cause series budget deficits and higher debts in EU economies. The global financial crisis that shown as a debt crisis in Europe, influenced the UE deeply. Member states such as Ireland, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece are the first countries impressed by the global crisis. These five EU member 193 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo countries had a crisis not only economic but also political way. Eventually, it involves changes of governments in charge and shows the scope of the debt crisis. With a globalization process in recent years shows that countries which have regional integration and high trade volume are fully integrated on financial markets. Although Turkey is not a member state of EU, consolidation of Turkey and EU exists in a quiet high level. In this paper, current situation of EU debt crisis, effects through Turkish economy; foreign trade, financial conditions, investment performances are evaluated with respect of full membership process of Turkey. 2. Current Situation at EU Debt Crisis European countries did not use its debts effectively. In other words, debts are used in health, education and real estate sectors instead of covering the fields that create more income. Low debt costs enable the loans more attractive. More credits are needed to meet the cost of previous debts. Willingness of financial foundations to give loans and higher returns of financial markets than real markets evolve great debts in European countries. Banks and other institutions did not hesitate to give credits to EU countries and it is not questioned. When credit institutions which affected by global financial crisis increased interest rates, EU countries debt costs rose so that financing of debts is very hard. To conclude Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Italy and Spain called PIGS countries were faced with debt crisis in 2011 (Tunç, 2012:2). Current conditions of EU countries between 2009 and 2012 are shown at Table 1. Table : 1 Current conditions of EU countries Greece GDP (Million Euro) Public Debt 2009 231081 2010 222151 2011 208532 2012 193749 299685 329515 355172 303918 Public Debt / GDP % Portugal GDP (Million Euro) Public Debt Public Debt / GDP % İreland GDP (Million Euro) Public Debt Public Debt / GDP % Spain GDP (Million Euro) Public Debt Public Debt / GDP % 129.7 148.3 170.3 156.9 168 529 172 859 171 065 165 409 141 055 83.7 162 473 94.0 185 241 108.3 204 485 123.6 161 275 156 487 158 993 163 595 104 544 64.8 144 164 92.1 169 226 106.4 192 461 117.6 1 048 060 1 048 883 1 063 355 1 049 525 565 082 53.9 644 692 61.5 736 468 69.3 883 873 84.2 Source: Eurostat, 2013. Using common monetary policy carried out by European Central Bank (ECP) and common currency unit in Europe cause tighter economic relations which facilitate to spread damaging effects fast towards other European countries. Moreover, high integration level of real and financial markets increase response velocity of countries among each other. 194 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Thus, debt crisis appeared in Greece in the second quarter of 2010, treated all of the Euro Zone countries even the existence of economic and monetary union. Euro Zone countries struggled with not only low economic growth but also huge debts of governments and bankruptcy risk of Greece, Spain and Ireland in 2010. Briefly, global financial crisis was turned into European Union debt crisis and then bankruptcy crisis of Euro Zone countries. At this point, European Union faced with the biggest challenge that EU ever seen (Kutlay, 2011:2). Greek debt crisis started in 2009, expand to Portugal and Ireland. With an aid request from Italy and Spain at the end of 2011 and 2012, debt crisis spread much. This deploys mainly affected three ways: foreign trade, interest rates and exchange rates (KöseKarabacak, 2011: 300). When the member states of union are examined, the crisis originated different reasons for any European countries. For instance, Greek crisis was originated from public sector but Ireland suffered from banking sector and real estate. Being higher current account deficit of Portugal caused great risk for banking system; Spain’s inadequate internal and external demand leads to low economic performance with 20% unemployment rate. The weaknesses of public finance of Italy and Belgium make these economies worse (Ministry of EU, 2011:8). 3. Effects of Debt Crisis into Turkish Economy Global crisis appeared firstly in mortgage loans, expanded in financial markets in 20072009 before real markets. USA economy was faced with a serious unemployment rate and recession process. Strong financial relations between USA and other developed countries (especially EU countries) make the crisis easy to spread. Uncertainty and trust problems of credit mechanism restricts the borrowing possibilities and increase costs of debts (Kibritcioglu, 2010:6–7). “ EU and Euro Zone is an important partner with Turkey. Many countries have same position like Turkey and if the crisis deepen global economy will be affected and also Turkey. It will affect Brazil and USA. In comparison with some other countries, Turkey’s portion of trade with Euro Zone is higher but our trade structure is various, that a good thing. Turkish economy either flexible and various and dependence to EU is not too much (Dervis, 2011:1). Financial crisis that surrounds the global markets, affects Turkish economy indirectly, not directly. This indirect impact will continue as the crisis goes on. Euro-USD parity is affected by the crisis and US Dollar became more valuable. This means for the side of Turkey that decrease in export and increase in import because of imbalanced exchange parity. Reflection to the economy will be inflationist impact. Credit volume of Turkey will decrease because Turkish banks will not be able to find appropriate credit from EU financial markets (Tunc, 2012: 2). An economy which has free capital movements and great impacts of capital flows to domestic economy such Turkey, policy volume of government brings different influences on price stability and external balance (Aslan&Korap, 2007: 43). Essentially Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Belgium and Portugal and developing countries such as Turkey is influenced by debt crisis. 195 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 3.1. Impact Channels of Crisis for Turkey Foreign Trade Impact European Union consists of the biggest part of foreign trade of Turkey. Direct and indirect effects of EU reflect to Turkish economy as well. Intensity of Turkish export on EU originated by country’s export performance is quiet relevant with demand conditions of EU countries. Recession of EU economies influenced Turkish exporters and producers negatively (Vural, 2012: 52). 56 % share of Turkish export in 2007 is covered by EU and EU recession influenced the trade balance of Turkey negatively (TEPAV, 2009: 10). According to floating exchange rate system, exchange rate is determined in free market and it did not work properly because Turkish financial structure is fit with this system. Especially hot money flows and increasing foreign exchange debt of Turkish firms after 2003 put pressure on exchange rates. In addition, higher interest rates prevent the rise in exchange rates. Low exchange rates change the export-import equilibrium, and decrease inflation rate whereas current account deficit grows (Yıldırım, 2010: 50). With contracting external demand, manufacturing shrank. World bigger economies, decrease the interest rate in order to accelerate and exposedemand, in other words, some economic programs are applied to increase the demand. (Karagöz, 2009: 4). Table:2. Share of EU Countries in total Turkish export 16000000 14000000 12000000 10000000 80000000 Total Export (Thousand $) Total Import (Thousand $) 60000000 40000000 20000000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012* Source: Turkstat,2013 *Data for 2012 is for 10 months. Global financial crisis which started as a Mortgage crisis in the USA influenced EU countries substantially. Especially Greece, Spain, Italy and Ireland struggled with a huge 196 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo amount of debt and finally the whole EU countries found themselves in the middle of the crisis. Developments in EU made Turkey worried about because Turkey aimed to solve its current account deficit problem by export activity (Öztürkvd. 2012: 1). EU countries share ($) in Turkey’s total export is shown at Table 2. Turkey’s total export and export to EU started to fall in 2009 and 2010 and total export rose again in 2011 and 2012. Graph: 1.Turkey’s Export (2008–2011). 17.300% AB 1.500% ABD 46.800% Rusya İslam İşbirliği Teş 27.100% Çin Diğer 4.000% 3.200% Source:Turkstat, 2013. Trade relations between Turkey and EU affected negatively due to high budget deficits and financial problems in EU member countries which involve a recession in domestic aggregate demand and insufficient financial facilities. Especially, export amount of Turkey to EU is diminished. Foreign trade is fully related to EU debt crisis and Turkey. Still, EU is mainly trade partner of Turkey but the share of EU is decreasing in past few years and Turkey is trying to create new markets to meet this gap. At this point, a decline in EU import in generally causes a decrease the share of EU on Turkey’s export. Although Turkey did not lose its share in EU market, it is obvious that the crisis narrows Turkey’s export (Boyner, 2012:1). Turkey’s export towards economic groups and organizations between 2008 and 2011 is shown at Graph 1. The biggest share of export is in EU with percentage of 46 % and Muslim countries with 27 %. Notwithstanding economic relationships between EU and Turkey were influenced negatively, the union is still the most important trade partner of Turkey (Akses, 2012:4). A decline in aggregate demand in EU made Turkey to find alternative markets. Thus, Turkey improved its trade relationships with Middle East countries and Commonwealth of Independent States since 2008. Other reason to improve its trade relationship with third world countries is European international trade laws that apply a mutual customs union with inside and other countries. European Union is carrying out many negotiations about free trade agreements with a new perspective of foreign trade. For this reason, it is so 197 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo important that Turkey should execute new free trade agreements parallel to EU negotiations (Akses, 2012:4). Germany (13 billion $), Iraq (10.7 $) and UK (8 billion $) are the top countries in Turkey’s export in 2012 (Graph 2). The most of those countries show that Turkey’s export is still towards EU even though ongoing debt crisis. Additionally, 38.6 % of Turkey’s export is still consisting of EU countries. It shows that an export structure of Turkey which higher quality with low price, gave an advantage to Turkey. Besides, Turkey got a chance to make the crisis an opportunity by using its geopolitical location advantages and responding demands of other countries easily (Karagol, 2012:3). Graph 2. Export of Turkey (billion $), 2012 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Source:Turkstat, 2013 Turkey’s foreign policy decisions are started to applied with integrated economic policy since a new political balance. New policies about the Middle East and African countries made economic relations grown with those countries. It provides country variety in export of Turkey even if it is argued that a huge change of Turkish foreign policy. Free trade agreements that increase the diversity and visa exemption contribute to improve Turkish foreign trade (Karagol, 2012:3). When EU’s free trade agreements with third world countries contain Turkey, Turkey’s trade benefits are not considered by EU because Turkey is still not a full-member of EU. This case creates that third world countries that have an free trade agreement with EU gain a right to get a free trade with Turkey. Also, concessions which are provided by third world countries to EU are not valid for Turkey because of candidate membership of Turkey. Moreover, those countries continue to apply tariffs on Turkey’s export and they are not willing to agree on free trade agreements. For instance, Mexico and Algeria do not negotiate with Turkey about an free trade agreement whereas they have free trade agreement with EU (Akses, 2012:5). Turkey’s export amounts by countries are shown at Table 3. 198 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table:3. Export with Blocs, 2011-2012 Blocs Total A-EUROPEAN UNION (EU) B-FREE ZONES IN TURKEY C- OTHER COUNTRIES 1-Other European Countries 2-African Countries North African Countries Other African Countries 3-AmericanCountries North American Countries Central American and Caribbean Countries South American Countries 4-AsianCountries Near and Middle East Countries Other Asian Countries 5-Australia and New Zealand 6-Diğer Countries Source: Turkstat, 2013. 134 906 869 62 347 441 2 544 721 70 014 706 12 976 364 10 333 821 6 700 805 3 633 016 7 925 943 5 459 299 626 293 1 840 351 38 134 133 27 934 772 10 199 361 480 755 2011 Share(%) 100,0 46,2 1,9 51,9 9,6 7,7 5,0 2,7 5,9 4,0 0,5 1,4 28,3 20,7 7,6 0,4 152 560 775 59 240 765 2 295 409 91 024 601 14 373 164 13 361 451 9 448 432 3 913 019 9 635 644 6 673 256 769 879 2 192 509 53 058 624 42 476 952 10 581 671 490 446 2012 Share(%) 100,0 38,8 1,5 59,7 9,4 8,8 6,2 2,6 6,3 4,4 0,5 1,4 34,8 27,8 6,9 0,3 163 690 0,1 105 273 0,1 2011 Amount 2012 Amount Change (%) 13,1 -5,0 -9,8 30,0 10,8 29,3 41,0 7,7 21,6 22,2 22,9 19,1 39,1 52,1 3,7 2,0 -35,7 3.1.2. Credit- Finance Impact Another impact of the relationship is about credits. Approximately 75 % of credits that Turkish banks used are originated from EU and problems on banking and finance in EU are very dangerous for Turkey because it can affect Turkey’s growth performance that is dependent foreign savings. Turkish banking system that takes important cautions, still need to conduct profound analysis because of threats about EU debts (Boyner, 2012:2). Instability on foreign resource channel, global uncertainty and lack of confidence about economy cause to decrease credit amount of domestic banks. Especially, a decline in postdated check influences procurement of economy negatively such an environment. Elimination of procurement reflects to SME’s performance like a domino effect. On the other hand, narrowing volume in commercial credits affects in a very bad way to SMEs (TEPAV, 2009:10). Turkish economy applied an economic stability program with IMF after 2001 crisis (İncekara, 2012:4). Great successes are gained and Turkish economy has an outlook as below until debt crisis:  Structural reform and transformation on national economy,  Sustainable growth between 2002 and 2008 and a decreasing growth rate in past few years,  Creates employment and job opportunity,  Increasing export,  More efficient on manufacturing sector,  Increasing foreign direct investment,  Low inflation rates,  Decreasing public debt stock,  Conducting EU negotiations,  GDP per capita above 10.000 $. 199 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Global economic crisis was skipped with a recession because of the reforms on banking and financial after 2001 crisis (Karagol, 2011:3). Significant effect of the crisis was felt on September of 2008. Finance channels are became tight, a strong decline in both internal and external aggregate demand, production and employment losses are occurred in this period. Serious concerns about “bankruptcy again” involved a psychological trauma in the country (MÜSİAD, 2009:14). Global crisis influenced Turkey which is a profound connections with the world. According to both internal and external demand comedown, export and unemployment affected badly. Debt crisis affects occurred in three different ways (Usta, 2010).  Foreign Trade Channel: low external demand and production and employment losses  Credit channel: Scarcity of credit because of global finance system problems  Expectation channel: Domestic aggregate demand is declined because of uncertainties. 3.1.3. Expectation Impact Monthly expectation surveys of Turkish Central Bank did not show any good signal since 2007 and it showed that expectations were getting worse. Real sector confidence index did not get better after the middle of 2007 and it was getting worse on the third quarter of 2008. Consumer’s confidence to the future are gone (Sonmez, 2008). 3.1.4. Investment Impact When we evaluate the improvement on foreign direct investment of Turkey, one of the important factor is investment impact. According to data for past few years , most of the foreign direct investment to Turkey originated from European Union. In this respect, restriction of foreign investment originated from EU debt crisis prevent the opportunities to invest in Turkey and this is another risky factor of the crisis (Boyner, 2012:2). Top 10 countries which attract investment mostly is shown at Table 4. USA, China and Hong Kong are the top three countries and Turkey is the 17th most attractive country for foreign investment in 2010. When we look at the year of 2008 (19.5 billion $), there is a sharp decrease in foreign direct investment of Turkey. Table 4: Most Attractive Countries on Foreign Direct Investment (2010) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 17 Country FDI* (Billion US $) USA 228,2 China 105,7 Hong Kong 68,9 Belgium 61,7 Brazil 48,4 Germany 46,1 England 45,9 Russia 41,2 Singapore 38,6 France 33,9 Turkey 9,1 World Total 1.243,7 Source: Ministry of Economy of Turkey, Foreign Direct Investment 2012 Report p. 7. *FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 200 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo At present crisis is a situation where both parties are satisfied. Turkey is not insisting about membership and EU is not in a hurry about it. While we're not aware of time passing by this way, the biggest loss for the candidate countries, namely Turkey sees, or will see. Because when the countries join the EU, they must accept all the terms and conditions. Extension of the membership process means the arrival of new issues on the agenda.The EU is a dynamic structure, and continuously develops new rules and practices. As long as the membership process is extending, the candidate country countries have to adapt to the new situations and it must accept the new rules (Ozdemir, 2012:2). The decreasing of the support of EU to Turkey should not be interpreted as giving up the EU projects. Taking a look at the perception of EU in the world and in the EU will be useful to understand this situation. There are serious problems that disturb the public they are not about the state of crisis in the EU. Due to the structure of the EU institutions and decision-making mechanism, the lack of democratic accountability obligation has damaged the legitimacy of the EU institutions and it has reduced the credibility of the EU institutions. EU citizens are now on every occasion give the signal for that they do not like the integration process which is leading by elite class. The EU has to deal with the new regulations which provide legitimacy to overcome those problems. Meanwhile, the financial and debt crisis in the EU up to a short time to exit the growth and employment, rather than based on solid economic discipline and budget constraints compromising stability and social welfare state debate agenda, EU citizens' aspirations for EU integration is reduced(ArısanEralp, 2012: 3). 5. Conclusion Starting in 2007, the United States, the EU and other countries, the impact of the global financial crisis still continues to spread. Especially some EU countries are affected more than others. Despite all the problems and crises, the EU's economic model is still seen as a strong economic zooming and transformation mechanism. This situation shows that EU crises are not only financial but also structural. If the debt crisis will not be solved as soon as possible, it is obvious that debt crisis will be long and problematic process. in this case, Turkey should search for alternative markets to sustain, enhance the competitiveness of the international markets and take steps to fill the loss of the perimeter of the EU countries on world markets. With the financial crisis which arise in 2007 and affect all over the world, the dominant problems of economics such as growth dynamics, distribution problems in the financial sector has been started to discussed (Yener, 2010: 1). Mortgage crisis of 2007 put end to liberal economy policies which pretend that government interfere economy and the increasing of the doubt about the future of the liberal capitalist system makes the policies which regulate financial system important. Indeed, in the G-20 Summit of 2 April 2009 (referred to as the London Summit in London to made), it was stated that the cause of the crisis is the failure of financial regulation, the capable global system should be established, the global cooperation should be extended, transparency and market discipline should be given importance (Er,2011: 323). In this respect, derived lessons from mistakes are written below (Yeldan, 2009:16): 201 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo  First of all, neo-liberal economics doctrines which mention about free market without any government intervention will provide a stabilized and balanced economy, is wrong.  Second one is about process of financial system and structural characteristics. Financial system is a world of expectation and manipulation on the contrary of real sector. Financial system gains are came from “fast” decision mechanism that embodied short term point of view, manipulation and risks. Decision makers who ignore the characteristics of financial markets are still defending the thought that transparency is good solution. We can say the main things that should be done after the crisis (YılmazveGaygusuz, 2009):  Strong supervisions and regulations about extreme leverage are needed.  Much transparency should be needed to lower the counterparty risk.  New and different products that comes from financial system should be controlled by international independent foundations.  Standards and rules should be legislated on banking system and other institutions such as “Basel II”  Derived products markets must be controlled and supervised. With all these regulations, financial system will work properly and risks are lowered. Increasing desire for risk with profit maximization which has been in the nature of capitalistic system should be decreased. 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(2009). 2008 KrizininYeni Global EkonomikYapıÜzerineEtkileri, UluslararasıDavrazKongresi,SüleymanDemirelÜniversitesi, Isparta, 24-27 Eylül. (Erişim: http://idc.sdu.edu.tr/tammetinler/kalkinma/kalkinma39.pdf). http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-22042013-AP/EN/2-22042013-APEN.PDF 15.04.2013 204 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c15df617c2b6e1ed436032788fc8160b.docx ea3e9b61417d7556cf189707164e646d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a47eeb2ef3ff5dee07ffe00101d89a4c.pdf 16e14d9ecbb24475119443c1cd709d1d PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The Effects of DeepeningDebtCrisis in the Member Countries of European Union on TurkishEconomy ErdalAlancıoğlu Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey ealancioglu@harran.edu.tr H. Mustafa Paksoy KilisDecember 7University, Kilis, Turkey hmpaksoy@yahoo.com SadettinPaksoy KilisDecember 7University, Kilis, Turkey spaksoy@kilis.edu.tr Abstract In the context of the global economy, the world's second largest market after the United States, the European Union has an important position. Since the last quarter of 2008, the global financial crisis spread to Europe from the U.S., and especially in the last period, the economy and the policy dilemmas and in this sense the observed Debt Crisis in the European Union, which has become an international problem in our country, along with the effects observed in the entire world. Although Turkey is not a member state of the European Union, the European Union, the historical, social and economic ties affected by any development which is due to causes in Europe. In this study, the effects of the European Union Debt Crisis, Turkey's economy foreign trade, credit and finance, and Turkey's European Union membership perspective to the size of investment channels will be evaluated. Keywords: European Union, The Debt Crisis, Economy of Turkey 1. Introduction Integration of nations is getting stronger through increasing international goods and services’ trade volume and capital-labor flows across borders especially from the late of 1980s until now. “Economic globalization” has been experienced thanks to technological progress which enables faster and wide expansion all around the world. Global financial crisis appears at the end of 2008 in USA affects very fast because of characteristics of globalization. When the global crisis continues, European Union which is the biggest international economic organization in the world, is the most affected part of world economy. Financial fluctuations in European countries caused a devastating problems on real economies and financial markets. Diminishing of aggregate demand and financial markets involve lower trade volume. In one sense, governments increase their public spending to lower the effects of global financial crisis in EU countries. On the other hand, tax income of governments declines due to economic recession and these circumstances cause series budget deficits and higher debts in EU economies. The global financial crisis that shown as a debt crisis in Europe, influenced the UE deeply. Member states such as Ireland, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece are the first countries impressed by the global crisis. These five EU member 193 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo countries had a crisis not only economic but also political way. Eventually, it involves changes of governments in charge and shows the scope of the debt crisis. With a globalization process in recent years shows that countries which have regional integration and high trade volume are fully integrated on financial markets. Although Turkey is not a member state of EU, consolidation of Turkey and EU exists in a quiet high level. In this paper, current situation of EU debt crisis, effects through Turkish economy; foreign trade, financial conditions, investment performances are evaluated with respect of full membership process of Turkey. 2. Current Situation at EU Debt Crisis European countries did not use its debts effectively. In other words, debts are used in health, education and real estate sectors instead of covering the fields that create more income. Low debt costs enable the loans more attractive. More credits are needed to meet the cost of previous debts. Willingness of financial foundations to give loans and higher returns of financial markets than real markets evolve great debts in European countries. Banks and other institutions did not hesitate to give credits to EU countries and it is not questioned. When credit institutions which affected by global financial crisis increased interest rates, EU countries debt costs rose so that financing of debts is very hard. To conclude Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Italy and Spain called PIGS countries were faced with debt crisis in 2011 (Tunç, 2012:2). Current conditions of EU countries between 2009 and 2012 are shown at Table 1. Table : 1 Current conditions of EU countries Greece GDP (Million Euro) Public Debt 2009 231081 2010 222151 2011 208532 2012 193749 299685 329515 355172 303918 Public Debt / GDP % Portugal GDP (Million Euro) Public Debt Public Debt / GDP % İreland GDP (Million Euro) Public Debt Public Debt / GDP % Spain GDP (Million Euro) Public Debt Public Debt / GDP % 129.7 148.3 170.3 156.9 168 529 172 859 171 065 165 409 141 055 83.7 162 473 94.0 185 241 108.3 204 485 123.6 161 275 156 487 158 993 163 595 104 544 64.8 144 164 92.1 169 226 106.4 192 461 117.6 1 048 060 1 048 883 1 063 355 1 049 525 565 082 53.9 644 692 61.5 736 468 69.3 883 873 84.2 Source: Eurostat, 2013. Using common monetary policy carried out by European Central Bank (ECP) and common currency unit in Europe cause tighter economic relations which facilitate to spread damaging effects fast towards other European countries. Moreover, high integration level of real and financial markets increase response velocity of countries among each other. 194 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Thus, debt crisis appeared in Greece in the second quarter of 2010, treated all of the Euro Zone countries even the existence of economic and monetary union. Euro Zone countries struggled with not only low economic growth but also huge debts of governments and bankruptcy risk of Greece, Spain and Ireland in 2010. Briefly, global financial crisis was turned into European Union debt crisis and then bankruptcy crisis of Euro Zone countries. At this point, European Union faced with the biggest challenge that EU ever seen (Kutlay, 2011:2). Greek debt crisis started in 2009, expand to Portugal and Ireland. With an aid request from Italy and Spain at the end of 2011 and 2012, debt crisis spread much. This deploys mainly affected three ways: foreign trade, interest rates and exchange rates (KöseKarabacak, 2011: 300). When the member states of union are examined, the crisis originated different reasons for any European countries. For instance, Greek crisis was originated from public sector but Ireland suffered from banking sector and real estate. Being higher current account deficit of Portugal caused great risk for banking system; Spain’s inadequate internal and external demand leads to low economic performance with 20% unemployment rate. The weaknesses of public finance of Italy and Belgium make these economies worse (Ministry of EU, 2011:8). 3. Effects of Debt Crisis into Turkish Economy Global crisis appeared firstly in mortgage loans, expanded in financial markets in 20072009 before real markets. USA economy was faced with a serious unemployment rate and recession process. Strong financial relations between USA and other developed countries (especially EU countries) make the crisis easy to spread. Uncertainty and trust problems of credit mechanism restricts the borrowing possibilities and increase costs of debts (Kibritcioglu, 2010:6–7). “ EU and Euro Zone is an important partner with Turkey. Many countries have same position like Turkey and if the crisis deepen global economy will be affected and also Turkey. It will affect Brazil and USA. In comparison with some other countries, Turkey’s portion of trade with Euro Zone is higher but our trade structure is various, that a good thing. Turkish economy either flexible and various and dependence to EU is not too much (Dervis, 2011:1). Financial crisis that surrounds the global markets, affects Turkish economy indirectly, not directly. This indirect impact will continue as the crisis goes on. Euro-USD parity is affected by the crisis and US Dollar became more valuable. This means for the side of Turkey that decrease in export and increase in import because of imbalanced exchange parity. Reflection to the economy will be inflationist impact. Credit volume of Turkey will decrease because Turkish banks will not be able to find appropriate credit from EU financial markets (Tunc, 2012: 2). An economy which has free capital movements and great impacts of capital flows to domestic economy such Turkey, policy volume of government brings different influences on price stability and external balance (Aslan&Korap, 2007: 43). Essentially Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Belgium and Portugal and developing countries such as Turkey is influenced by debt crisis. 195 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 3.1. Impact Channels of Crisis for Turkey Foreign Trade Impact European Union consists of the biggest part of foreign trade of Turkey. Direct and indirect effects of EU reflect to Turkish economy as well. Intensity of Turkish export on EU originated by country’s export performance is quiet relevant with demand conditions of EU countries. Recession of EU economies influenced Turkish exporters and producers negatively (Vural, 2012: 52). 56 % share of Turkish export in 2007 is covered by EU and EU recession influenced the trade balance of Turkey negatively (TEPAV, 2009: 10). According to floating exchange rate system, exchange rate is determined in free market and it did not work properly because Turkish financial structure is fit with this system. Especially hot money flows and increasing foreign exchange debt of Turkish firms after 2003 put pressure on exchange rates. In addition, higher interest rates prevent the rise in exchange rates. Low exchange rates change the export-import equilibrium, and decrease inflation rate whereas current account deficit grows (Yıldırım, 2010: 50). With contracting external demand, manufacturing shrank. World bigger economies, decrease the interest rate in order to accelerate and exposedemand, in other words, some economic programs are applied to increase the demand. (Karagöz, 2009: 4). Table:2. Share of EU Countries in total Turkish export 16000000 14000000 12000000 10000000 80000000 Total Export (Thousand $) Total Import (Thousand $) 60000000 40000000 20000000 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012* Source: Turkstat,2013 *Data for 2012 is for 10 months. Global financial crisis which started as a Mortgage crisis in the USA influenced EU countries substantially. Especially Greece, Spain, Italy and Ireland struggled with a huge 196 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo amount of debt and finally the whole EU countries found themselves in the middle of the crisis. Developments in EU made Turkey worried about because Turkey aimed to solve its current account deficit problem by export activity (Öztürkvd. 2012: 1). EU countries share ($) in Turkey’s total export is shown at Table 2. Turkey’s total export and export to EU started to fall in 2009 and 2010 and total export rose again in 2011 and 2012. Graph: 1.Turkey’s Export (2008–2011). 17.300% AB 1.500% ABD 46.800% Rusya İslam İşbirliği Teş 27.100% Çin Diğer 4.000% 3.200% Source:Turkstat, 2013. Trade relations between Turkey and EU affected negatively due to high budget deficits and financial problems in EU member countries which involve a recession in domestic aggregate demand and insufficient financial facilities. Especially, export amount of Turkey to EU is diminished. Foreign trade is fully related to EU debt crisis and Turkey. Still, EU is mainly trade partner of Turkey but the share of EU is decreasing in past few years and Turkey is trying to create new markets to meet this gap. At this point, a decline in EU import in generally causes a decrease the share of EU on Turkey’s export. Although Turkey did not lose its share in EU market, it is obvious that the crisis narrows Turkey’s export (Boyner, 2012:1). Turkey’s export towards economic groups and organizations between 2008 and 2011 is shown at Graph 1. The biggest share of export is in EU with percentage of 46 % and Muslim countries with 27 %. Notwithstanding economic relationships between EU and Turkey were influenced negatively, the union is still the most important trade partner of Turkey (Akses, 2012:4). A decline in aggregate demand in EU made Turkey to find alternative markets. Thus, Turkey improved its trade relationships with Middle East countries and Commonwealth of Independent States since 2008. Other reason to improve its trade relationship with third world countries is European international trade laws that apply a mutual customs union with inside and other countries. European Union is carrying out many negotiations about free trade agreements with a new perspective of foreign trade. For this reason, it is so 197 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo important that Turkey should execute new free trade agreements parallel to EU negotiations (Akses, 2012:4). Germany (13 billion $), Iraq (10.7 $) and UK (8 billion $) are the top countries in Turkey’s export in 2012 (Graph 2). The most of those countries show that Turkey’s export is still towards EU even though ongoing debt crisis. Additionally, 38.6 % of Turkey’s export is still consisting of EU countries. It shows that an export structure of Turkey which higher quality with low price, gave an advantage to Turkey. Besides, Turkey got a chance to make the crisis an opportunity by using its geopolitical location advantages and responding demands of other countries easily (Karagol, 2012:3). Graph 2. Export of Turkey (billion $), 2012 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Source:Turkstat, 2013 Turkey’s foreign policy decisions are started to applied with integrated economic policy since a new political balance. New policies about the Middle East and African countries made economic relations grown with those countries. It provides country variety in export of Turkey even if it is argued that a huge change of Turkish foreign policy. Free trade agreements that increase the diversity and visa exemption contribute to improve Turkish foreign trade (Karagol, 2012:3). When EU’s free trade agreements with third world countries contain Turkey, Turkey’s trade benefits are not considered by EU because Turkey is still not a full-member of EU. This case creates that third world countries that have an free trade agreement with EU gain a right to get a free trade with Turkey. Also, concessions which are provided by third world countries to EU are not valid for Turkey because of candidate membership of Turkey. Moreover, those countries continue to apply tariffs on Turkey’s export and they are not willing to agree on free trade agreements. For instance, Mexico and Algeria do not negotiate with Turkey about an free trade agreement whereas they have free trade agreement with EU (Akses, 2012:5). Turkey’s export amounts by countries are shown at Table 3. 198 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Table:3. Export with Blocs, 2011-2012 Blocs Total A-EUROPEAN UNION (EU) B-FREE ZONES IN TURKEY C- OTHER COUNTRIES 1-Other European Countries 2-African Countries North African Countries Other African Countries 3-AmericanCountries North American Countries Central American and Caribbean Countries South American Countries 4-AsianCountries Near and Middle East Countries Other Asian Countries 5-Australia and New Zealand 6-Diğer Countries Source: Turkstat, 2013. 134 906 869 62 347 441 2 544 721 70 014 706 12 976 364 10 333 821 6 700 805 3 633 016 7 925 943 5 459 299 626 293 1 840 351 38 134 133 27 934 772 10 199 361 480 755 2011 Share(%) 100,0 46,2 1,9 51,9 9,6 7,7 5,0 2,7 5,9 4,0 0,5 1,4 28,3 20,7 7,6 0,4 152 560 775 59 240 765 2 295 409 91 024 601 14 373 164 13 361 451 9 448 432 3 913 019 9 635 644 6 673 256 769 879 2 192 509 53 058 624 42 476 952 10 581 671 490 446 2012 Share(%) 100,0 38,8 1,5 59,7 9,4 8,8 6,2 2,6 6,3 4,4 0,5 1,4 34,8 27,8 6,9 0,3 163 690 0,1 105 273 0,1 2011 Amount 2012 Amount Change (%) 13,1 -5,0 -9,8 30,0 10,8 29,3 41,0 7,7 21,6 22,2 22,9 19,1 39,1 52,1 3,7 2,0 -35,7 3.1.2. Credit- Finance Impact Another impact of the relationship is about credits. Approximately 75 % of credits that Turkish banks used are originated from EU and problems on banking and finance in EU are very dangerous for Turkey because it can affect Turkey’s growth performance that is dependent foreign savings. Turkish banking system that takes important cautions, still need to conduct profound analysis because of threats about EU debts (Boyner, 2012:2). Instability on foreign resource channel, global uncertainty and lack of confidence about economy cause to decrease credit amount of domestic banks. Especially, a decline in postdated check influences procurement of economy negatively such an environment. Elimination of procurement reflects to SME’s performance like a domino effect. On the other hand, narrowing volume in commercial credits affects in a very bad way to SMEs (TEPAV, 2009:10). Turkish economy applied an economic stability program with IMF after 2001 crisis (İncekara, 2012:4). Great successes are gained and Turkish economy has an outlook as below until debt crisis:  Structural reform and transformation on national economy,  Sustainable growth between 2002 and 2008 and a decreasing growth rate in past few years,  Creates employment and job opportunity,  Increasing export,  More efficient on manufacturing sector,  Increasing foreign direct investment,  Low inflation rates,  Decreasing public debt stock,  Conducting EU negotiations,  GDP per capita above 10.000 $. 199 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Global economic crisis was skipped with a recession because of the reforms on banking and financial after 2001 crisis (Karagol, 2011:3). Significant effect of the crisis was felt on September of 2008. Finance channels are became tight, a strong decline in both internal and external aggregate demand, production and employment losses are occurred in this period. Serious concerns about “bankruptcy again” involved a psychological trauma in the country (MÜSİAD, 2009:14). Global crisis influenced Turkey which is a profound connections with the world. According to both internal and external demand comedown, export and unemployment affected badly. Debt crisis affects occurred in three different ways (Usta, 2010).  Foreign Trade Channel: low external demand and production and employment losses  Credit channel: Scarcity of credit because of global finance system problems  Expectation channel: Domestic aggregate demand is declined because of uncertainties. 3.1.3. Expectation Impact Monthly expectation surveys of Turkish Central Bank did not show any good signal since 2007 and it showed that expectations were getting worse. Real sector confidence index did not get better after the middle of 2007 and it was getting worse on the third quarter of 2008. Consumer’s confidence to the future are gone (Sonmez, 2008). 3.1.4. Investment Impact When we evaluate the improvement on foreign direct investment of Turkey, one of the important factor is investment impact. According to data for past few years , most of the foreign direct investment to Turkey originated from European Union. In this respect, restriction of foreign investment originated from EU debt crisis prevent the opportunities to invest in Turkey and this is another risky factor of the crisis (Boyner, 2012:2). Top 10 countries which attract investment mostly is shown at Table 4. USA, China and Hong Kong are the top three countries and Turkey is the 17th most attractive country for foreign investment in 2010. When we look at the year of 2008 (19.5 billion $), there is a sharp decrease in foreign direct investment of Turkey. Table 4: Most Attractive Countries on Foreign Direct Investment (2010) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 17 Country FDI* (Billion US $) USA 228,2 China 105,7 Hong Kong 68,9 Belgium 61,7 Brazil 48,4 Germany 46,1 England 45,9 Russia 41,2 Singapore 38,6 France 33,9 Turkey 9,1 World Total 1.243,7 Source: Ministry of Economy of Turkey, Foreign Direct Investment 2012 Report p. 7. *FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 200 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo At present crisis is a situation where both parties are satisfied. Turkey is not insisting about membership and EU is not in a hurry about it. While we're not aware of time passing by this way, the biggest loss for the candidate countries, namely Turkey sees, or will see. Because when the countries join the EU, they must accept all the terms and conditions. Extension of the membership process means the arrival of new issues on the agenda.The EU is a dynamic structure, and continuously develops new rules and practices. As long as the membership process is extending, the candidate country countries have to adapt to the new situations and it must accept the new rules (Ozdemir, 2012:2). The decreasing of the support of EU to Turkey should not be interpreted as giving up the EU projects. Taking a look at the perception of EU in the world and in the EU will be useful to understand this situation. There are serious problems that disturb the public they are not about the state of crisis in the EU. Due to the structure of the EU institutions and decision-making mechanism, the lack of democratic accountability obligation has damaged the legitimacy of the EU institutions and it has reduced the credibility of the EU institutions. EU citizens are now on every occasion give the signal for that they do not like the integration process which is leading by elite class. The EU has to deal with the new regulations which provide legitimacy to overcome those problems. Meanwhile, the financial and debt crisis in the EU up to a short time to exit the growth and employment, rather than based on solid economic discipline and budget constraints compromising stability and social welfare state debate agenda, EU citizens' aspirations for EU integration is reduced(ArısanEralp, 2012: 3). 5. Conclusion Starting in 2007, the United States, the EU and other countries, the impact of the global financial crisis still continues to spread. Especially some EU countries are affected more than others. Despite all the problems and crises, the EU's economic model is still seen as a strong economic zooming and transformation mechanism. This situation shows that EU crises are not only financial but also structural. If the debt crisis will not be solved as soon as possible, it is obvious that debt crisis will be long and problematic process. in this case, Turkey should search for alternative markets to sustain, enhance the competitiveness of the international markets and take steps to fill the loss of the perimeter of the EU countries on world markets. With the financial crisis which arise in 2007 and affect all over the world, the dominant problems of economics such as growth dynamics, distribution problems in the financial sector has been started to discussed (Yener, 2010: 1). Mortgage crisis of 2007 put end to liberal economy policies which pretend that government interfere economy and the increasing of the doubt about the future of the liberal capitalist system makes the policies which regulate financial system important. Indeed, in the G-20 Summit of 2 April 2009 (referred to as the London Summit in London to made), it was stated that the cause of the crisis is the failure of financial regulation, the capable global system should be established, the global cooperation should be extended, transparency and market discipline should be given importance (Er,2011: 323). In this respect, derived lessons from mistakes are written below (Yeldan, 2009:16): 201 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo  First of all, neo-liberal economics doctrines which mention about free market without any government intervention will provide a stabilized and balanced economy, is wrong.  Second one is about process of financial system and structural characteristics. Financial system is a world of expectation and manipulation on the contrary of real sector. Financial system gains are came from “fast” decision mechanism that embodied short term point of view, manipulation and risks. Decision makers who ignore the characteristics of financial markets are still defending the thought that transparency is good solution. We can say the main things that should be done after the crisis (YılmazveGaygusuz, 2009):  Strong supervisions and regulations about extreme leverage are needed.  Much transparency should be needed to lower the counterparty risk.  New and different products that comes from financial system should be controlled by international independent foundations.  Standards and rules should be legislated on banking system and other institutions such as “Basel II”  Derived products markets must be controlled and supervised. With all these regulations, financial system will work properly and risks are lowered. Increasing desire for risk with profit maximization which has been in the nature of capitalistic system should be decreased. 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Küresel Güç Olmanın Kestirme Yolu,http://www.ankarastrateji.org/yazar/doc-dr-haluk-ozdemir/turkiyeicin-ab-uyeligi-neden-onemli-kuresel-guc-olmanin-kestirme-yolu/ 20.02.2013 Sönmez, M. (2008).KüreselKriz, TürkiyeVeSosyalDayanışmaProgramı,http://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q =&esrc=s&source=web&cd=54&ved=0CD0QFjADODI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fw ww.sendika.org%2Farsiv%2Fmsonmez-2008-1031.ppt&ei=kPUEUefHHsaFtAb5soGwCw&usg=AFQjCNE262d5VlgDp9hKw4jF4 wxu13QpYg&sig2=Bei99TfNCUXecYUHxQrJBQ 15.03.2013 TEPAV.(2009). Türkiye Ekonomisi için Kriz Önlemleri TEPAV Küresel Kriz Çalışma Grubu Raporu Tunç, H.(2012). “Avrupa Borç Krizi ve Türkiye Ekonomisi” http://www.havvatunc.com/avrupa-borc-krizi-ve-turkiye-ekonomisi-1701.html 05.04.2013 Türkiye Ekonomi Bakanlığı (2012), Uluslararası Doğrudan Yatırımlar 2012Yılı Raporu, www.ekonomi.gov.tr 15.04.2013 203 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Usta, E. (2010). Küresel Mali Kriz Ve Türkiye Ekonomisinin Orta Vadeli Perspektif, İstanbul Üniversitesi, II. Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Yönetim Kongresi19 Mart 2010 Küresel Mali Kriz Ve Türkiye Vural, G. (2012). AB Krizi ve Türkiye’ye Olası Yansımaları, http://www.sde.org.tr/tr/haberler/1906/ab-borc-krizi-ve-turkiyeye-yansimalarianalizi.aspx 15.04.2013 Yeldan, E. (2009). Kapitalizmin Yeniden Finansallaşması ve 2007/2008 Krizi: Türkiye Krizin Neresinde? http://www.calismatoplum.org/sayi20/yeldan.pdf Yener, C. (2010). Küresel Finansal Kriz ve Kredilendirme ve Değerleme Sorunları: ABD ve Türk İpotekli Konut Finansman Sistemleri Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme. Tam Metin Bildiri (21Kasım 2009, Taşınmaz Değerleme Günleri 2009). TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası İstanbul Şubesi Yayını: 223-249. Yıldırım, S. (2010). Yılı Küresel Ekonomi Krizinin Dünya ve Türkiye Ekonomisine Etkileri, KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 12 (18): 47-55, 2010 Yılmaz, D. ve Gayğusuz, F. (2009). 2008 KrizininYeni Global EkonomikYapıÜzerineEtkileri, UluslararasıDavrazKongresi,SüleymanDemirelÜniversitesi, Isparta, 24-27 Eylül. (Erişim: http://idc.sdu.edu.tr/tammetinler/kalkinma/kalkinma39.pdf). http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-22042013-AP/EN/2-22042013-APEN.PDF 15.04.2013 204 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1558 Title A name given to the resource The Effects of Deepening Debt Crisis in the Member Countries of European Union on Turkish Economy Author Author ALANCIOGLU, Erdal PAKSOY H., Mustafa PAKSOY, Sadettin Abstract A summary of the resource. The world's second largest market after the United States is the European Union that has an important position in the context of the global economy. Since the last quarter of 2008, the global financial crisis spread to Europe from the U.S. Currently, the european Union crises which is perceived as an international problem has a negative effect on also our economy as well as on all over the world. Althought, Turkey is not a member of European Union the country is effected by each kind of crises by the Europen Union easily. The effect of European Union on Turkish economy is are examined in this study; foreign trade, credit and finance, dimensions of investment channels and perspective of Turkey in terms of being member of European Union will be evaluated. Keywords: European Union, the Debt Crisis, Economy of Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a91c99eb16de67a4863ec4bbe8ef1fe5.pdf 2d9f1cc6083e24750a62524e9456517d PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Anti-Dumping Measures in European Trade Sato Alexej University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic sato@vse.cz Evolution of the globalization process is closely connected with a separation of free-standing and independent macro-regions of North America, Asia-Pacific and Europe. Despite their narrow and intense mutual economic and political contacts in the process of globalization, each of them try to defend the interests of its own members. The European Commission has expressed its intentions and interests in New business strategy, introduced in November 2010. This paper shows an example of protection of EU interests in the form of price dumping and anti-dumping measures, whereby the two macro-regions (European and Asia-Pacific) trying to find solutions to some of their internal economic problems. Keywords: Anti-Dumping Measures, Globalization, New Business Strategy 30 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9318b225c6501f411e9e96130b562fb7.docx fdac596a927800229e2b8f13aec841b8 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f932bad7af73ad63e9e611598a10127a.pdf fe59d1a90eae4d2e12d7e61709e40b4e PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Anti-dumping measuresin EuropeanTrade AlexejSato University of Economics,Prague, Czech Republic sato@vse.cz Abstract Evolution of the globalization processisclosely connected with a separation of freestanding and independent macro-regions ofNorth America, Asia-Pacific andEurope. Despite theirnarrowandintensemutualeconomicandpoliticalcontacts inthe process ofglobalization, eachof them try to defend the interests ofitsownmembers. The EuropeanCommission hasexpresseditsintentions and interests inNewbusinessstrategy, introducedinNovember 2010. Thispaper showsan exampleof protectionof EU interestsinthe formof pricedumpingandanti-dumping measures, whereby the twomacro-regions (EuropeanandAsia-Pacific) trying tofindsolutions tosome oftheirinternaleconomicproblems. Keywords:Anti-dumping measures, Globalization, Newbusinessstrategy Introduction The process of globalization is perceived by the public as a process of interconnecting national, regional and local economies and their markets, accompanied by an increasing dynamics of the exchange of goods, services, capital and labor, while also transferring technologies and know-how. However, such processes, which we have been witnessing for several decades, is neither an unexpected nor incidental phenomenon and it is not by far so balanced, smooth and non-conflicting as has been presented to us. Quite the contrary: it becomes apparent that the interconnection of regional economies is accompanied by the separation of their structures and that while these processes concur, they demonstrate a number of mutual contradictions. The development of global economies as a whole is thus accompanied by the separation of three relatively independent and in many aspects closed economic blocks – macroregions. In this respect, North American, Asian-Pacific and European macroregions are usually mentioned, each of them being characterized by a number of its own, distinctive integration tendencies and the related measures. The economic and financial crisis we have been facing over the past several months has revived considerations about the necessity, extent and intensity of regulation of integration processes, both at the national and regional level. New Trade Strategy EU 2020 In the EU countries, the extent and form of regulation in foreign trade is defined by the principles of the common commercial policy. Article 207 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (the so-called Treaty of Lisbon) states that it shall be based on uniform tariff rates, common non-tariff measures, bilateral and multilateral agreements relating to goods, services and intellectual property rights, foreign direct investment and measures to protect trade, including dumping and subsidies. In order to be sufficiently efficient, the common commercial policy must continuously adapt itself to the surrounding economic environment and flexibly react to changes in such environment. The last reaction 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo to global economic changes is the strategic communication from the European Commission of 9 November 2010 entitled „Trade, Growth and World Affairs“, which indicates the way to increasing the openness of European economy and to improving trade relationships with non-EU partners. In its New Trade Strategy EU 2020, the European Commission mentions six current priorities for its forthcoming negotiations: - To finalize, under the auspices of WTO, negotiations with the main trade partners (such as India, Mercosur and others) and to achieve an increase in the EU GDP growth by another, more than 1%. - To improve trade relationships with strategic partners (U.S., China, Russia and Japan), in particular by removing non-tariff trade barriers. - To improve European companies' access to world markets by creating a mechanism of balance renewal between open markets in the EU and more closed markets of trade partners outside the Union (in the form of public procurement, for instance). - To initiate negotiations with key trade partners concerning profound changes of investment conditions. - To ensure a wider applicability of EU law-based rules in trade. - To improve access to trading activities for all those who might be interested, to change rules for providing trade preferences to developing countries. In mentioning New Trade Strategy EU 2020, the European Commission expects that by 2015, 90% of world growth will be generated outside Europe, with approximately a third from China. Nevertheless, it intends to continuously seek to maintain world trade openness. In this respect, the European Commission works on the basic presumption that open economies tend to grow faster than closed economies and therefore, open markets are necessary to support its own, European competitiveness. These considerations also match with the Commission's effort to further reduce tariff rates, to conclude on-going negotiations concerning multilateral world trade liberalization, to open markets for services and investment and the possibility to participate in public procurement. This time, liberalization efforts should be more selective rather than general, in particular with respect to the main initiators of world growth, such as the BRIC countries, U.S. and Japan, which is also demonstrated by the current on-going process of negotiations. Of course, the previously mentioned vision is not completely original; the European Commission took numerous similar steps already in the past, although not always with clear positive results. One of the serious problems which occurred in the past was the relatively limited accessibility of liberalization steps for certain business entities. Especially small and medium-sized enterprises, which face a number of restrictions and barriers of administrative, legislative or fiscal nature when entering foreign markets, could not make use of the negotiated benefits. According to the 2010 Eurobarometer survey, only 8% of the total number of small and medium-sized European companies have been doing business abroad. As results from the strategic communication, the European Commission intends to be helpful, but not naive, towards its potential trade partners in trade policy matters in the future. The efforts to enhance the protection of intellectual property rights, to achieve the global harmonisation of technical and technological standards and to fight unfair practices 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo as well as the infringement of global trade rules are evident. In particular, the efforts to create and strengthen the role of tools for the enforcement of interests and rights, for instance through the World Trade Organisation (WTO), are significant. The content of the previously mentioned visions in discussions about the future trade and political strategy is sometimes termed „Assertive Europe“. Anti-dumping measures Anti-dumping measures are relatively frequently used and very controversially viewed protective tools of the EU trade policy. They allow to restrict the import of goods from third countries in such cases when the seller (producer) offers its product in the EU market at a price that is lower than the normal price for that product in such seller's (producer's) domestic market, thus causing material injury to domestic (European) producers. Such behavior (price dumping) is defined in Article VI of GATT, according to which dumping occurs if the price of a product is lower than the price of the like product sold by the exporter in the exporter's domestic market. If the producer does not sell the product in the domestic market, the price of goods is considered to be lower in the following cases: - If it is lower than the price of other domestic producers of the like (comparable) product destined for export to any other third country in the ordinary course of trade; - If the price is below the cost of production of the goods in the exporter's domestic economy, increased by a reasonable profit on sales. The investigation of complaints from the EU industry concerned due to alleged price dumping is conducted by the European Commission, which also proposes measures if dumping is ascertained. In the Czech Republic, protective measures associated with the implementation of the common commercial policy are governed by the Ministry of Industry and Trade. The Ministry collects and analyses information and opinions from the interested parties, professional associations and unions, its own specialist departments and other state administration bodies and institutions and formulates official opinions of the Czech Republic through its Anti-Dumping and Anti-Subsidy Advisory Committee and for the purpose of optimal defense of Czech entrepreneurs' interests. The industries most frequently affected by international dumping include, in particular, chemical and metallurgical production or clothing and textile industries. In the past, all these industries gained a very strong position in the Union market, which they were, however, not able to maintain being confronted with the competition from developing and newly industrialized countries (mainly from Asia). In the past decade, the European Commission initiated more than 330 investigations related to dumping allegations, in particular in the manufacturing of chemical, steel or metallurgical products, of which around 20% concerned exports from China. Almost 70% of investigations did prove the existence of dumping and were concluded by announcing an anti-dumping measure. However, in the same period, China applied only six measures of similar nature. The stated reasons for alleged price dumping include, in particular, the low wages of Chinese employees with relatively low production costs and the resulting high competitiveness. In 2010, the EU-China trade reached 320 billion EUR with an annual increase of almost one fifth. The growing volume of Chinese exports resulted in a rapid increase in the EU trade and payment 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Balance deficit towards China and a number of Union industries became dependent on imports from China.The individual EU member states have different opinions about the trade policy in terms of dumping stations. Discrepancies exist mainly between the countries with a more liberal view of the functioning of international trade (UK, Scandinavia) and the countries who rather prefer protectionist principles of trading (Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain), mostly those most deeply affected by dumping. In order to be able to objectively recognize the need for anti-dumping measures, the following facts required by international conventions should be objectively identified and supported with evidence: - The existence of dumping – which means to demonstrate the fact that a dumped product is present in the market and is offered at a price that is lower than the price for that product in the exporter's domestic market. - The existence (or threat) of material injury to an EU industry (for instance, the loss of market share, a significant drop in sales, profit or productivity of the industry). - The causal link between the existing dumping and the injury caused. A complaint leading to an anti-dumping investigation may be lodgedby any natural or legal person, or any association, acting on behalf of the whole Community industry. The preparation of the complaint, which is quite a demanding task from the administrative, financial, technical and linguistic point of view, can be entrusted to national control and administrative bodies before the complaint is lodged with the European Commission; in the Czech Republic it is the Ministry of Industry and Trade. The Commission initiates the investigation only when it makes sure that the complaint is supported by Union producers whose production accounts for at least 25% of the total Union production of the product to be investigated. Proceedings are not initiated against countries whose alleged dumped imports represent a Union market share of below 1%, or against a group of countries whose collective share does not exceed 3%. In exceptional cases, the Commission may initiate proceedings also of its own decision and without any complaint being lodged. When assessing the content and legitimacy of the complaint, the Commission follows Council Regulation (EC) No. 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community, which imposes an obligation on the Commission to decide on the complaint within 15 months of the date of lodging. Investigation may be terminated by one of the following steps: - Without adopting definitive measures the investigation is terminated if the complaint does not comply, formally or materially, with the established requirements, or if the complaint is withdrawn by the complainant and the Community has no interest to continue the investigation. - By announcing a definitive anti-dumping duty, which however requires, besides discussion in the European Commission, also approval from the EU Council. This measure can also be used if it is demonstrated during the investigation that the effects of a previously imposed anti-dumping duty are intentionally circumvented or frustrated. - The investigation may be terminated by accepting a price undertaking if the exporter is willing to change the price of its goods by the dumping difference so that the European Community interests are not harmed. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Both anti-dumping duties and price undertakings remain valid for a period of five years and their existence is published in the Official Journal. The Official Journal also publishes information about the expiration of the validity of individual protective measures, which allows to assess whether there is a significant risk of dumping to continue or recur and whether the Community might be exposed to injury. If no request for a further investigation of the case is presented after the lapse of the five-year period, the duty or the undertaking expires. Conclusion Within WTO and compared to other economic macroregions, the European Union is a very frequent user of anti-dumping measures against third countries, and the most frequent one in the long-term history. As regards dumping from Union producers, its share is significantly lower and has been decreasing in the long-term. In 2009, only 5% of the total number of complaints was lodged against Union producers.China is the leader among the countries with which the European Union has to solve dumping disputes most frequently: approx. 40% of all investigations are conducted against China, which is followed by other countries of Southeast Asia. Trade disputes between the EU, China and other countries of Southeast Asia have been rising proportionately to the deepening of the mutual trade and payment balance deficit. The protective measure recently adopted by the European Commission and aimed at roughly two hundred Chinese producers of screws and jointing material aroused considerable displeasure in business circles also because it includes a number of exceptions for Chinese branches of European companies raising concerns that double standards are often used with respect to the entities affected. Globalization is undoubtedly a necessary and inevitable process which brings the human society to a higher evolutionary stage. However, it is by far not as smooth and natural as is sometimes presented. Globalization is surely paralleled by a process which leads to the separation of relatively independent and distinctive economic and political structures – macroregions. Each of them uses, to a greater or lesser extent, their own organization, control and executive tools by means of which they defend, in particular, economic interests of their members on a global scale. References Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) Busch, K. (2010), World Economic Crisis and the Welfare State: Possible Solutions to Reduce the Economic and Social Imbalance in the World Economy, FriedrichEbert-Stiftung, Berlin. Available at: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/07000.pdf ECIPE (European Centre for International Political Economy)Occasional Paper 2/2011: Chinese Trade Policy after ten years in the WTO: A post-crisis stocktake Communication from the Commission COM (2010) of 3 March 2010 A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth Commission Communication COM (2010) 612/4 of 9 November 2010Trade, Growthand World Affairs 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Council Regulation (EC) No 384/96 of 22 December 1995 on protection against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Community Kellermann, Ch., Ecke, M., Petzold, S., (2009): A new growth strategy for Europe beyond 2010, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Berlin. Available at: http://library.fes.de/pdffiles/id/ipa/06219.pdf 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1467 Title A name given to the resource Anti-Dumping Measures in European Trade Author Author ALEXEJ, Sato Abstract A summary of the resource. Evolution of the globalization process is closely connected with a separation of free-standing and independent macro-regions of North America, Asia-Pacific and Europe. Despite their narrow and intense mutual economic and political contacts in the process of globalization, each of them try to defend the interests of its own members. The European Commission has expressed its intentions and interests in New business strategy, introduced in November 2010. This paper shows an example of protection of EU interests in the form of price dumping and anti-dumping measures, whereby the two macro-regions (European and Asia-Pacific) trying to find solutions to some of their internal economic problems. Keywords: Anti-Dumping Measures, Globalization, New Business Strategy Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8d87bcb332d34e2aa465189f37ef0861.pdf 6dfc2b9d13178c24d0fbe638a6a02c8f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Economic Crisis and Social Issues - The use of Islam by French politicians Farkhad Alimukhamedov Turgut Özal University, Ankara, Turkey falimukhamedov@turgutozal.edu.tr In our paper we aim to analyze how French parties use the rhetoric of social life problematiques during economic crisis and try to avoid direct responsability. Among the social problematiques we will focus on especially the issues relating to Islam as Muslims are among the most used rhetorics while economic crisis in Europe. According to the archives of Le Monde since the year 2000 the use of the term Islam is much higher than the use of the word Christianity and Judaism. The same applies to the use of the word Muslim which is higher than Christian or Jew. We find out the similar tendencies in Le Parisien, the journal which is mostly sold in France. Islam is mostly cited term among the religions which is unproportional to its presence in France. This shows that Islam overpasses purely religious aspects and includes more than other religions when it comes to its media visibility. French politicians use the different social problems in a critical situations. Islam is one of these easy scapegoats that is oftenly utilized by politicians in their difficulties. This shows that from one side Islam and Muslims are very weak in France which are unable to defend, but from the other part, it becomes a necessary tool for all parties to participate willingly or unwillingly on the debate related to Islam. Our work will be based on two steps: firstly, we focus on the main critical events related to Islam in France and analyze the positions of the main parties. Afterwards, we observe their approaches to Islam and compare their methods and outcomes. We believe that, economic difficulties could be resolved, but social impacts of the crisis may remain for the decades. Keywords: Economic Crisis, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Europe. 112 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1518 Title A name given to the resource Economic Crisis and Social Issues - The use of Islam by French politicians Author Author ALIMUKHAMEDOV, Farkhad Abstract A summary of the resource. In our paper we aim to analyze how French parties use the rhetoric of social life problematiques during economic crisis and try to avoid direct responsability. Among the social problematiques we will focus on especially the issues relating to Islam as Muslims are among the most used rhetorics while economic crisis in Europe. According to the archives of Le Monde since the year 2000 the use of the term Islam is much higher than the use of the word Christianity and Judaism. The same applies to the use of the word Muslim which is higher than Christian or Jew. We find out the similar tendencies in Le Parisien, the journal which is mostly sold in France. Islam is mostly cited term among the religions which is unproportional to its presence in France. This shows that Islam overpasses purely religious aspects and includes more than other religions when it comes to its media visibility. French politicians use the different social problems in a critical situations. Islam is one of these easy scapegoats that is oftenly utilized by politicians in their difficulties. This shows that from one side Islam and Muslims are very weak in France which are unable to defend, but from the other part, it becomes a necessary tool for all parties to participate willingly or unwillingly on the debate related to Islam. Our work will be based on two steps: firstly, we focus on the main critical events related to Islam in France and analyze the positions of the main parties. Afterwards, we observe their approaches to Islam and compare their methods and outcomes. We believe that, economic difficulties could be resolved, but social impacts of the crisis may remain for the decades. Keywords: Economic Crisis, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Europe. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564