143 10 3494 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3386 Title A name given to the resource IMPLEMENTING A LISTENING AND SPEAKING CURRICULUM IN A LINGUISTICALLY HOMOGENOUS ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES PROGRAM Author Author J. Zuraw, Clare Abstract A summary of the resource. Linguistic homogeneity in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) programs can be a challenge to curriculum design and implementation. In university EAP programs where the majority of students share an L1 with classmates, instructors sometimes struggle to balance the use of the L1 and L2 in class. Despite the potential for immersion, students in these settings may also socialize primarily in their L1 rather than English, the target language. These factors demand special consideration in courses focused on oral production and comprehension where sustained interaction and negotiation of meaning is crucial. Ninety percent of the students in the Intensive English as a Second Language Program at Michigan Technological University come from China and share an L1. In this context, the classroom provides important opportunities for interaction and negotiation of meaning in the target language. The program recently redesigned, piloted, and evaluated a new curriculum. Using examples from the curriculum and the classroom to present this case, I argue that linguistically homogeneous classrooms focusing on oral and aural communication require different curricula than more diverse EAP settings. Examples from the development and delivery of the new listening and speaking curriculum are potentially applicable in both ESL and EFL settings. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ca377db7072a3039713acbd9eb6af7fc.docx 51dd4e9e0097edaed39d78a0f4460037 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bdd2a0f7533dcbcaf3f397b525075b5b.pdf 69ee51a587e0ee2a8aa60a4a6f510d6b PDF Text Text Implications of Cognitive Developmental Theories for Teaching English as a Foreign Language Alma Žero University of Sarajevo / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: EFL, cognitive theories, language acquisition, teaching ABSTRACT One of the most fascinating aspects of human development is language acquisition and it has attracted the attention of linguists and psychologists for generations. Researchers all over the world discuss the particular developmental sequences and describe what it is that learners actually learn throughout their language development. In this paper, we attempt to focus on how this outstanding development takes place and what the implications are for teaching English as a foreign language (EFL), especially to younger and adolescent learners. We explore the role and importance of well-known language theories, including Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner and Skinner; and we transfer their ideas to the EFL classroom. Furthermore, we conducted a research comprised of questionnaires and observations of classes in NGO Creativus and elementary school Izet Šabić in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, so as to gain insight in particular theoretical uses when working with the mentioned ELL groups. The results show that the most appealing theory for teachers of younger language learners are Bruner’s scaffolding and Skinner’s behaviorism, as well as that teachers do try to incorporate theories in their everyday practice and that every one of the theories offers plenty of possibilities and suggestions for teaching EFL. Classroom activities and teacher decisions can create, or limit, the learners’ opportunities for learning EFL. For that reason, we aim and hope to help teachers make their teaching more effective by attending to the mental world of the learner and by understanding how theory works in EFL practice. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1697 Title A name given to the resource Implications of Cognitive Developmental Theories for Teaching English as a Foreign Language Author Author ŽERO, Alma Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: EFL, cognitive theories, language acquisition, teaching ABSTRACT One of the most fascinating aspects of human development is language acquisition and it has attracted the attention of linguists and psychologists for generations. Researchers all over the world discuss the particular developmental sequences and describe what it is that learners actually learn throughout their language development. In this paper, we attempt to focus on how this outstanding development takes place and what the implications are for teaching English as a foreign language (EFL), especially to younger and adolescent learners. We explore the role and importance of well-known language theories, including Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner and Skinner; and we transfer their ideas to the EFL classroom. Furthermore, we conducted a research comprised of questionnaires and observations of classes in NGO Creativus and elementary school Izet Šabić in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, so as to gain insight in particular theoretical uses when working with the mentioned ELL groups. The results show that the most appealing theory for teachers of younger language learners are Bruner’s scaffolding and Skinner’s behaviorism, as well as that teachers do try to incorporate theories in their everyday practice and that every one of the theories offers plenty of possibilities and suggestions for teaching EFL. Classroom activities and teacher decisions can create, or limit, the learners’ opportunities for learning EFL. For that reason, we aim and hope to help teachers make their teaching more effective by attending to the mental world of the learner and by understanding how theory works in EFL practice. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3382 Title A name given to the resource IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT GRAMMAR TEACHING Author Author Baytar, Birtan Abstract A summary of the resource. Grammar teaching has been a controversial topic in second language acquisition (SLA) for years. No consensus has been reached about whether it should be taught at all or not. Some experts in the field of SLA states the importance of explicit instruction in foreign language learning process and favors it, while some others notes it is implicit instruction that leads to higher proficiency levels in terms of use and usage of the target language. In this report, my goal is to review the previously conducted studies related to the very area that is the effect of explicit and implicit grammar instruction on language proficiency and their role in the learning process if either of them helps the learners acquire the structures of the language. Keywords: grammar teaching, explicit instruction, implicit instruction Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/48a8a83dbaa8acb26bc0dd0a5e5c9cbf.docx f23de17fb22b66bae15070d71d649c6d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5fe821e448de1fe9152f4d200ed6d783.pdf 218991520e8d027da89eb083661b32f1 PDF Text Text Mr. sci. Nermin Lapandić IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE Sažetak Dejtonskim mirovnim sporazumom okončan je oružani rat protiv Bosne i Hercegovine, a s ustavnopravnog stajališta parcijalno su riješeni specifični problemi međusobnih odnosa u Bosni i Hercegovini. U okviru pregovora u Daytonu, nije bilo rasprava o agresiji i odgovornosti za teške ratne zločine, stoga je posljedica tog izostanka ovakvo ustavno uređenje BiH. Trebaju li presude Međunarodnog suda za ratne zločine počinjene na području bivše Jugoslavije i presuda Međunarodnog suda pravde u predmetu Bosna i Hercegovina protiv Srbije i Crne Gore, aktivirati međunarodne aktere koji su podržali Dayton da kroz prizmu međunarodnog prava sagledaju komplementarnost rezultata ratnih zločina i počinjenog genocida sa ustavnim uređenjem Bosne i Hercegovine i da li ove presude zajedno sa presudom Evropskog suda za ljudska prava u slučaju Sejdić-Finci protiv BiH, trebaju biti dovoljan razlog za aktivnije angažovanje tvoraca Daytona u postupku revizije ustavnog uređenja BiH ili novog ustavnog graditeljstva, pitanja su koja će biti problematizirana u ovome radu. Ključne riječi: ustav BiH, međunarodno pravo, presuda,ratni zločin 465 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE IMPLICATIONS OF ICJ, ICTY, ECHR JUDGEMENTS FOR THE MORE ACTIVE PARTICIPATION OF DAYTON CREATORS IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL (RE)ORGANIZATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA. Abstract Dayton Peace Accords had ended the armed war against Bosnia and Herzegovina, and specific problems of mutual relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina were only partially solved from the constitutional law point of view. Within the framework of the Dayton negotiations, there was no discussion of aggression and accountability for serious war crimes, so the consequence of such an absence is the current constitutional order of BiH. Should the judgment of the International Court for war crimes in the former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro, motivate international actors who supported the Dayton to review the complementarity of the results of war crimes and genocide committed with constitutional system of Bosnia and Herzegovina through the prism of international law, and should these judgments, together with the judgment of the European Court of human Rights in the Sejdic-Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, be the reason enough for a more active engagement of the Dayton creators in the process of revision of the constitutional structure of BiH or a new constitutional architecture are the issues that will be touched upon in this paper. Key words: BiH Constitution, International Law, Judgement, War Crime 466 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ 1. Uspostava mira – legalizacija faktičkog stanja ostvarenog ratom Završetak rata protiv Bosne i Hercegovine s ustavnopravnog stajališta proveden je posredovanjem vodećih svjetskih sila, na čelu sa Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama (SAD). Washingtonskim sporazumom od 18.3.1994., koji je dogovoren u Beču, a zatim i prihvaćen od strane Ustavotvorne skupštine Republike Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH), pokušalo se s primjenom složenog federalnog uređenja riješiti sukobi u BiH. Međutim, ovakav koncept nije prihvaćen od strane bosanskih Srba, što je bio jasan signal da Međunarodna zajednica (MZ) treba promijeniti sredstva vanjske politike u cilju postizanje vanjskopolitičkih ciljeva1. Upotrebom političkih i ekonomskih sredstava nije prekinuta praksa činjenja ratnih zločina i kršenja osnovnih ljudskih prava na teritoriji međunarodno priznate Republike BiH. Nakon vojnog poraza srpskih snaga i velikog angažovanja američke administracije, sklopljen je Mirovni sporazum u Daytonu između predsjednika Republike BiH, Savezne Republike Jugoslavije (SRJ) i Republike Hrvatske (RH), uz sudjelovanje predstavnika konstitutivnih naroda BiH, Bošnjaka, Srba i Hrvata. Sporazum je službeno potpisan 14.12.1995. u Parizu, kao Opći okvirni sporazum za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini2, čiji je Anex IV zamijenio Ustav Republike BiH. Uključivanjem u mirovni proces i vojno intervenirajući, međunarodna zajednica je postala aktivan sudionik rješavanja bosanskohercegovačke krize3. Cjelokupno ustavno uređenje BiH, koncipirano je na učešću međunarodnih faktora u BiH. Tako je Aneksom 1.A. – Sporazum o vojnim aspektima mirovnog rješenja – propisano učešće međunarodnih vojnih snaga, Aneksom 2. – Sporazum o međuentitetskoj liniji razgraničenja – uspostavljena je međunarodna arbitraža za Brčko, Aneksom 3. – Sporazum o izborima – predviđeno da u prelaznom periodu, OSCE reguliše i provodi izbore za sve nivoe vlasti. Aneksom 4. Ustav BiH – 1 Opširnije o sredstvima i tehnikama vanjske politike vidjeti: Lidija Kos-Stanišić, Vojne komponente Američke vanjske politike, Polemos 3 (2000.), str.125-126. 2 Autentični tekst Sporazuma je na engleskom jeziku. Prilikom potpisivanja u Parizu, predstavnici ugovornih strana, RBiH, RH i ex SRJ, zaključili su dodatni sporazum kojim su se obavezali da će, u saradnji sa Ministarstvom vanjskih poslova Francuske, pripremiti autentične prijevode Opšteg okvirnog sporazuma i njegovih 11 aneksa na bosanski, srpski i hrvatski jezik. Međutim, zbog bitnih razlika u interpretaciji službeni prijevodi nisu do sada urađeni. U BiH je u upotrebi neslužbeni prijevod na tri jezika koje je objavio Ured visokog predstavnika (OHR) 1996. godine. Detaljnijom analizom tih prijevoda mogu se uočiti i određene razlike materijalno-pravnog značaja. 3 Vesna Ivanović, Raspad Jugoslavije i stvaranje Bosne i Hercegovine, Svjetlost, Sarajevo , 2006, str.194 467 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE predviđeno je učešće trojice međunarodnih sudija u Ustavnom sudu BiH, Aneksom 5. – Sporazum o ljudskim pravima – uspostavljene su institucije ombudsmena i doma (suda) za ljudska prava. Aneksom 7. – Sporazum o izbjeglicama i raseljenim osobama – UNHCR preuzima značajne odgovornosti u njegovom provođenju. Prema Aneksu 8. – Sporazum o Komisiji za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika – UNESCO imenuje članove u ovom tijelu koji imaju odlučujuću ulogu u ovome tijelu. Aneksom 9. – Sporazum o osnivanju javnih korporacija u BiH – formirana je odgovarajuća Komisija čiji je dio članova, koji su trebali imati odlučujuću ulogu, imenovao predsjednik Evropske banke za obnovu i razvoj. Aneksom 10. – Sporazum o civilnoj implementaciji Mirovnog sporazuma – uspostavljena je institucija Visokog predstavnika međunarodne zajednice sa značajnim ovlaštenjima. Aneksom 11. – Sporazum o međunarodnim policijskim snagama – uspostavljena je misija tih snaga u BiH. Osim propisanog i tada neophodnog međunarodnog mentorstva, treba napomenuti da su Daytonskim završetkom rata, parcijalno riješeni problemi specifičnih ukupnih međusobnih odnosa u BiH, a ustavno uređenje predstavlja projekciju ratnog stanja i kao takvo bazirano je na uspostavi mira a ne na uspostavi demokratije. Prema mišljejnju Kasima Trnke4 „suprotno svim principima međunarodnog prava i svjetskog poretka, Ustav BiH je pošao od priznavanja faktičkog stanja i pozicija stečenih silom i ratnim osvajanjima, uključujući i rezultate genocida, etničkog čišćenja i drugih masovnih kršenja međunarodnog humanitarnog i ratnog prava. Za razliku od ustava demokratskih zemalja, ustavna rješenja u BiH temelje se na ratnim zbivanjima i jedino se tako mogu objasniti. To se naročito ogleda u gruboj etnizaciji ustavnog modela, u uspostavljanju unutrašnje strukture koja nema uporišta u socijalnim, ekonomskim, kulturološkim, tradicionalnim ili bilo kojim drugim racionalnim kriterijima, u izostavljanju ili bitnom sužavanju demokratskog legitimiteta institucija javne vlasti i sl. Ilustrativna je činjenica da se međuentitetska linija razgraničenja praktično podudara sa linijom vojne konfrontacije u trenutku uspostavljanja prekida vatre, što nabolje ilustruje prihvatanje faktičkog stanja ostvarenog ratom.”5 Sam Ustav je u protivrječnosti sa raznim evropskim konvencijama na koje i sam upućuje, pa 4 prof. dr. Kasim Trnka - učesnik i akter pravnog preoblikovanja Republike BiH u dejtonski model Kasim Trnka, Specifičnosti ustavnog uređenja Bosne i Hercegovine, Revus 11 (2009), Ustavno pravo Zahodnega Balkana, 11,2009, str. 48 5 468 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ se sa ove vremenske distance može reći da Daytonski sporazum u sebi ne sadrži osnovni državotvorni projekt. Vrijeme je pokazalo da je primarna namjera Daytonskog sporazuma bila da kroz proces izgradnje mira pruži osnovu za demokratiju. Međutim etnički definisani “entiteti” cementirali su struktura “etnarhije”, učvrstili osjećaj kolektivnih prava, a da se nije uspjelo riješiti pitanje diskriminacije i kršenja prava pojedinca (implementacija presude Sejdić-Finci). Zbog glomazne administracije (14. vlada, stotine ministara, stotine parlamentaraca), upravljanje daytonskim sistemom je pretjerano skupo, te se trebaju postaviti pitanja efikasnosti i rentabilnosti ovakvog ustavnog uređenja. „Uspostavljena je nedovoljno definisana i nefunkcionalna distribucija moći između struktura države, asimetričnih struktura entiteta, vlasti kantona, te lokalne samouprave na opštinskom i gradskom nivou”6, a sve kao proizvod ratnih postignuća. 2. Od Daytonskog „polijetanja“ do Butmirskog „pada“ Dogovorom iz baze zračnih snaga Wright-Patterson u Daytonu, SAD, „poletila“ je nada, za spas i mir u BiH, pod nazivom Opći okvirni sporazum za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini ili Daytonski sporazum. Od Daytona, pristup međunarodne zajednice u i prema BiH možemo posmatrati kroz nekoliko etapa. Potpisivanjem Dejtonskog sporazuma, nastupa aktivnije učešće međunarodne zajednice u BiH, koje se manifestuje kroz provođenje odredbi Daytona, a u nastojanju da se naknadno izgrade kapaciteti države i općina. Taj proces dobio je svoj uspon 2000. godine, tj. u godini nakon rata na Kosovu, nakon kojeg su Evropska unija (EU) i Organizacija Sjevernoatlantskog ugovora (NATO) formalno otvorili svoja vrata za buduće članstvo državama Zapadnog Balkana, pod uslovom zadovoljavanja određenih standarda7. Za BiH razvoj regionalnih i unutrašnjih događaja, prije svega demokratska tranzicija u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji, energične akcije međunarodnih snaga na suzbijanju nezakonitih aktivnosti entitetskih službi sigurnosti koje su rezultirale radikalnu reformu sigurnosnog sektora u BiH, zajedno sa naporima tadašnjeg Visokog predstavnika i specijalnog predstavnika EU Paddyja Ashdowna, rezultirali su velikim napretkom BiH u 6 Kasim Trnka, Specifičnosti ustavnog uređenja Bosne i Hercegovine, Revus 11/2009, str. 53 Vidjeti: Bassuener “Lost Opportunities and Unlearned Lessons – the Continuing Legacy of Bosnia“, u After Intervention: Public Security Management in Post-Conflict Societies, 2004, str. 118-119, dostupno na http://www.dcaf.ch/ Publications/Publication-Detail?lng=en&id=19690. 7 469 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE period 2000-2005. U tom period uspostavljene su nove državne institucije, uključujući Sud BiH, s posebnim odjelima za ratne zločine i organizirani kriminal/korupciju, državnog tužioca, Visoko sudsko i tužilačko vijeće, Obavještajno-sigurnosnu agenciju BiH, Državnu agenciju za istrage i zaštitu (državnu policijsku službu), Ministarstvo odbrane i jedinstvene Oružane snage BiH. U 2005. godini ostalo je neriješeno pitanje restrukturiranja policije, što je bio zahtjev Evropske komisije, te je prepoznata potreba za reformom Ustava, sadržanog u Aneksu IV Dejtonskog sporazuma, ako bi se raščistile i osnažile ovlasti države i zadovoljili standardi Vijeća Evrope 8. U međunarodnoj zajednici bili su zadovoljni postignutim napretkom u BiH, te su procijenili da su bosanskohercegovačke strukture vlasti u stanju spremnosti da odgovore na poticaj potencijalnog članstva u EU-u i NATO, te da je samo tehničko pitanje vremena koliko dugo će povoljnosti Bruxellesa zamijeniti pritisak Daytona. Izjava Christiana Schwarz - Schillinga, koji je postavljen za Ashdownovog nasljednika, bio je prvi vidljivi element tog pristupa, naime Schilling je u svom prvom govoru na bosanskohercegovačkoj televiziji nakon preuzimanja funkcije jasno istakao da namjerava koristiti svoje izvršne “bonske ovlasti“ samo u određenim okolnostima i da će se općenito “povući“.9 Ovim je BiH ušla u etapu beaktivnog pristupa MZ prema rješavanju BH krize. Godinu dana nakon dolaska Schillinga, kada su domaći politički lideri spoznali da međunarodna zajednica mijenja pristup prema BiH, počeli su se stvarati izazovi. U martu 2006. premijer entiteta Republika Srpska (RS) postaje Milorad Dodik, kada prethodno dogovorenu saradnju o reformama koje je zahtijevala međunarodna zajednica naglo zaustavlja. U isto vrijeme, set ustavnih reformi koje su se našle pred Zastupničkim domom Parlamentarne skupštine BiH, nisu dobile potrebnu dvotrećinsku većinu. Neuspjeh ovog prijedloga, koji je široj javnosti poznat pod nazivom ‘aprilski paket’, bez obzira koji su bili razlozi njegovog neuspjeha, promijenio je do tada pozitivni proces u retrogradni, odnosno nastupio je period negativnih utjecaja na dinamiku integracija, što je impliciralo zastoj u reformi Daytonskog Ustava kao nužnog procesa u ispunjavanju uslova za članstvo BiH u Evropsku uniju. Ovakav postupak bosanskohercegovačkih 8 Ovo je utjelovljeno u mišljenju Venecijanske komisije iz 2005. godine, dostupnom na http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2005/CDL-AD(2005)004-e.asp. 9 Vidjeti“High Representative’s TV Address to Citizens of BiH“, 31. januara 2006, dostupno na http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/presssp/default.asp?content_id=36501. 470 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ parlamentaraca bio je dovoljan signal za međunarodne faktore da prebace svu odgovornost za neuspjeh na domaće lidere. Novi Visoki predstavnik/specijalni predstavnik EU-a (EUSR) Miroslav Lajčak 2007. nastojao je otkočiti blokirani proces, ali njegova nastojanja da težište prebaci na provedbu Daytona nametanjem izmjena pravila o kvorumu na sastancima Vijeća ministara naišla su na oštro protivljenje vlasti entiteta RS-a. U to vrijeme vodili su se razgovori o statusu Kosova, pa su Visoki predstavnik u BiH i EU nastojali izbjeći mogućnost iniciranja bilo kakve krize u BiH. S tim u vezi Lajčak je uradio nešto što je on nazvao “autentičnom interpretacijom“ vlastite naredbe i omekšao svoje namjere. Da bi svi bili zadovoljni EU je parafirala Sporazum o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju (SSP) s BiH u decembru 2007., a sporazum je potpisan u junu 2008. godine, nakon odluke Evropske komisije da će dva manja tijela za saradnju između entiteta zadovoljiti zahtjev za restrukturiranjem policije.10 Međutim ni ovaj potez MZ nije pokrenuo novi val reformi, pa je MZ promijenila pristup i ušla u novu etapu odnosa MZ prema BiH. Na sastanku Upravnog odbora Vijeća za implementaciju mira (PIC) u februaru 2008. odlučeno je da se s pristupa koji se rukovodio vremenom, pređe na pristup koji se rukovodi standardima, koji su oblikovani u pet ciljeva i dva uvjeta11 (5+2) čije ispunjavanje Upravni odbor PIC-a mora potvrditi prije zatvaranja Ureda visokog predstavnika (OHR). Rok za ispunjavanje ovih ciljeva bio je ambiciozan (do kraja 2008.), s ciljem favoriziranja pozitivnih pomaka. Pitanja ustavne reforme i provedba odluke Ustavnog suda o “konstitutivnosti naroda“, su izostavljena jer je zaključeno da su preambiciozna. Uslijedila je brza reakcija vlasti iz entiteta RS-a, koje su 10 Vidjeti stranicu 8. DPC-ovog brifing-dokumenta objavljenog 7. novembra 2008, Sliding Toward the Precipice: Europe’s Bosnia Policy autora Kurta Bassuenera, Jamesa Lyona I Erica A. Wittea. Vidjeti i http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/pressr/default.asp?content_id=40935. 11 Deklaracija PIC-a dostupna je na http://www.ohr.int/pic/default.asp?content_id=41352. Ciljevi koje organi BiH trebaju ispuniti prije zatvaranja OHR-a su: Prihvatljivo i održivo rješenje pitanja raspodjele imovine između države i drugih nivoa vlasti; Prihvatljivo i održivo rješenje za vojnu imovinu; Potpuna implementacija Konačne odluke za Brčko; Fiskalna održivost (promovirana putem Sporazuma o utvrđivanju stalne metodologije za utvrđivanje koeficijenata za raspodjelu sredstava UIO-a i osnivanje Nacionalnog fiskalnog vijeća); i Zaživljavanje vladavine prava (demonstrirano putem usvajanja Državne strategije za ratne zločine, donošenjem Zakona o strancima i azilu i usvajanjem Državne strategije za reformu sektora pravosuđa).Pored ovih ciljeva, Upravni odbor PIC-a također je utvrdio dva uslova koje treba ispuniti prije zatvaranja OHR-a: Potpisivanje SSP-a; i Pozitivna procjena situacije u BiH od strane Upravnog odbora PIC-a zasnovana na punom poštivanju Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma. 471 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE osudile postavljene uvjete i istakle da neće poštivati bilo kakvo korištenje bonskih ovlasti, uz ponovnu priču o secesiji. Na ovakve izjave iz entiteta RS, MZ nije reagirala čime je pokazala da su izjave Upravnog odbora PIC-a iz oktobra 2007. u kojima je naglašeno da će se suprotstaviti “pokušajima podrivanja Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma“12, ustvari “pucanj u prazno”. Visoki predstavnik/specijalni predstavnik EU-a Lajčak, u januaru 2009. povukao se s te pozicije, te priznao da realizacija ciljeva 5+2 nisu ni blizu ispunjavanja. U maju 2009., tračak nade u raspetljavanju gordijevih čvorova bosanskih pitanja, pružila je posjeta potpredsjednika SAD-a Joseph Bidena, koji je došao u Sarajevo, kao prvu stanicu svoje turneje po Balkanu. Biden je bosanskohercegovačkoj javnosti prenio zabrinutost SAD za stanje u BiH, međutim Američka vlada, Bidenovu posjetu nije popratila jasnim nastojanjima za realizacijom, što su retogradne snage u BiH iskoristile da se proces „gura unazad“.13 U novembru 2009. predstavnici predsjedništva EU-a na čelu sa švedskim ministrom vanjskih poslova (i bivšim visokim predstavnikom) Carlom Bildtom, kojima se pridružio i zamjenik američkog državnog sekretara James Steinberg, pokušali su u vojnoj bazi NATO-a/EUFOR-a na Butmiru (sarajevski aerodrom) sa predstavnicima lidera bosanskohercegovačkih političkih stranaka, postići dogovor kako bi pokrenuli proces s mrtve tačke. „Butmirski paket“ je obuhvatao set manjih ustavnih reformi (proizašlih iz “aprilskog paketa“ iz 2006. godine) te određene mjere čije bi ispunjavanje međunarodnoj zajednici omogućilo da može zatvoriti OHR, ispunjenjem ciljeva 5+2. U raskolu evropskih i američkih postavljenih željenih limita, gdje su evropljani bili zadovoljni i sa minimumom koji bi omogućio da se izvrši tranzicija, a amerikanci se zalagali za nešto više uslova prije svih usvajanje minimalnog paketa ustavnih promjena i ispunjavanje kriterija 5+2, profitirale su dezintegracijske snage u 12 “Upravni odbor PIC-a podvlači da je vrijeme da političari u BiH prekinu s praksom dovođenja u pitanje temeljne strukture države i njene sastavne dijelove…međunarodna zajednica zadržava potrebne instrumente za suprotstavljanje destruktivnim tendencijama i neće dozvoliti pokušaje podrivanja Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma, bilo da oni dolaze iz zemlje ili izvan nje.“ OSCE-ov Politički pregled za period 27.oktobar – 9. novembar 2007. 13 Ian Traynor, “The US is talking tough on the Balkans, and the Europeans don’t like it“,The Guardian, 21. maja 2009. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/21/bosniaand-herzegovina-eu 472 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ BiH, koje su na drugom sastanku u Butmiru išle sa maksimalističkim zahtjevima pa su pokrenule i pitanje “mirnog raspada“ države.14 Posebno je karakteristično da su EU i PIC, tokom cijelog tog procesa „naređivale“ visokom predstavniku Valentinu Inzku da izbjegava provokativne poteze – u biti da se ne ponaša kao visoki predstavnik. Ovakvim dešavanjima na Butmirskom aerodromu „pale“ su nade o aktivnijem sudjelovanju MZ u rješavanju pitanja ustavnog (pre)uređenje BiH. „Međunarodna zajednica je nastavila sa svojom licemjernom politikom prema BiH i danas u miru, kao što je imala i za vrijeme rata. Ona i danas govori o „tri strane“ u BiH, kao što je govorila i za vrijeme rata, a zna bolje nego što mi znamo, jer ima više informacija“15 i zna šta je prava istina. 3. Pravo i (ne)pravda međunarodne zajednice prema Bosni i Hercegovini U ustavnom pravu, pravni propisi redovito sadrže politička rješenja, a ne tehnička kao u nekim drugim pravnim granama, zato što se ustavno pravo ne može odvojiti od politike. Ustavotvorac tačno precizira šta želi politički postići određenim propisima. Ipak, politička rješenja ne sadrže samo ustavi, već i svi ostali zakoni i drugi propisi koji čine izvore ustavnog prava. Pored razmatranja na relaciji politika – pravo, da bi se Daytonski sporazum mogao u potpunosti razumjeti potrebno je isti posmatrati u cjelini društvenih, političkih, ekonomskih, pravnih, vojnih i međunarodnih odnosa. Uzimajući u obzir činjenicu da u vrijeme pregovora u Daytonu nisu postojale presude o počinjenim ratnim zločinima, zločinu genocida u BiH, fokusno pitanje rada je implikacije presuda ICJ, ICTY i ECHR-a na održivost ustavnog uređenja čiji su temelji postavljeni ratnim zločinom. 3.1. Odnos međunarodne zajednice prema Bosni i Hercegovini Radi boljeg razumijevanja odnosa MZ prema BiH, potrebno je prisjetiti se najvažnijih događaja u Evropi u vrijeme rješavanja krize na Balkanu, kako bi se spoznali razlozi Američkog uplitanja u rješavanje balkanskog pitanja. S tim u vezi, bitno je naglasiti da je pred balkansku krizu došlo do ujedinjenja Njemačke, da se Sovjetski Savez raspao, a time i 14 Razgovori sa ucesnicima u butmirskim razgovorima, oktobar http://www.b92.net/info/komentari.php?nav_id=387594. 15 Omer Ibrahimagić, Bosna i Bošnjaci poslije Dejtona, Kult, Sarajevo 2000, str:274 2009. Vidjeti: 473 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE Varšavski pakt, čime je Rusija bila „na koljenima“. Tokom krize na Balkanu, Francuska i Engleska igrale su dsvostruku igru i nisu imale rješenja za Njemačko preuzimanje inicijative u Evropi. Sve su ovo bili razlozi da Amerika dobro uzavrelu Evropu ne prepušta slučajnom razvoju događaja, nego da Evropu stavi pod svoj kišobran. Zbog navedenog, prema mišljenju Davora Rodina16, Amerika se „obratila izravno Rusiji: obećala joj velike kredite, podržala Jelcina i njegove reforme i time vezala Rusiju uz sebe, preskočivši kalkulacije svojih evropskih prijatelja.“17 Eliminacijom evropskih partnera otvoren je put prema Daytonskom sporazumu, koji je „plod još uvijek neprovidnog američko-ruskog koncenzusa.“18 Evropa je tada bila reducirana na finansiranje vojne i civilne uprave nad BiH. Skoro dvije decenije poslije Daytona situacija se izmijenila, Rusija se stabilizirala, iskoristila svoje prirodne energetske resurse, te postala značajan faktor u Evropi. Evropsku uniju „trese“ ekonomska kriza, a neke zemlje su pred bankrotom, SAD su svoj centar „gravitacije interesovanja“ izmjestile van Balkana na Bliski Istok, Avganistan. Na međunarodnoj sceni javljaju se transatlanski odnosi u kojima SAD-e prepuštaju Evropskoj uniji na dalje rješavanje skoro sva pitanja u Jugoistočnoj Evropi, što se može i konstatovati i površnom analizom indikatora koji pokazuju da su inicijative i djelatnosti koje su do sada provodile SAD-e u BiH, u znatnoj mjeri oslabile. Pozicija Evrope je značajno ojačana a posebno se manifestira kroz procese koji se vode u cilju integracija u EU. Gledano s pozicije BiH, može se konstatovati da je već od 2004., BiH iz ere Daytona krenula na put prema Bruxellesu. EU je preuzela vodeću ulogu u međunarodnom angažmanu u BiH – i to ne isključujući ostale partnere nego putem evolucionog odnosa koji se zasniva na težnji BiH da ostvari članstvo u EU.19 Specijalni predstavnik EU igra centralnu ulogu u promoviranju sveukupne političke koordinacije EU u BiH, predstavlja Vijeće EU i podnosi izvještaj Vijeću preko generalnog sekretara i visokog predstavnika za zajedničku vanjsku i sigurnosnu politiku. 16 Prof. dr. sc. Davor Rodin, redovni profesor Fakulteta političkih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Rodin, D, Daytonski sporazum- deklaracija volje Zapada, Politička misao, Vol XXXIII, 1996, br.4..str:152 18 Ibid,str:152 19 http://www.eubih.org/more-info/eusr.aspx?langTag=bs-BA, pristup 01.11.2013. 17 474 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Ako se analizira perioda 1991-95. kada je u srcu Zapadnog Balkana počinjen najteži zločin u Evropi poslije II Svjetskog rata, a da je cijela Evropa sve to uspavano posmatrala, postavlja se pitanje: zašto bi to isto područje u kakvo takvom miru bilo u fokusu istoj toj Evropi? Rat koji je imao karakter međunarodnog sukoba20 nije puno zabrinjavao Evropu, zašto bi pored recesije, globalne ekonomske krize i problema sa finansijama u EU, interesovanje bilo za ovakvu BiH. Kakav odnos prema BiH i kakvu istinu i pravdu želi MZ o tragičnim dešavanjima iz ratnog perioda na ovim prostorima, može se spoznati i iz fragmenata postupaka Međunarodnog suda pravde u Hagu (ICJ) u predmetu BiH protiv Srbije i Crne Gore. O tome je pisala Florence Hartmann u svojoj knjizi Mir i kazna, gdje navodi sljedeće: “Odbivši primijeniti članak 49. Statuta i tražiti izravno iz Beograda da mu preda ključne dokumente, ICJ je popustio pred pritiscima velikih sila koje su se suprostavljale osudi Srbije, među njima Velike Britanije, koja je više godina bezuspješno pokušavala nagovoriti Bosnu i Hercegovinu da povuče tužbu.“21 Sliku o odnosu i pogledu MZ prema BiH možemo spoznati i iz izdvojenog mišljenja sudije Bonelli na presudu Evropskog suda za ljudska prava (ECHR) iz Strazbura u predmetu ,,Sejdić i Finci protiv BiH“: „Šta je sa izuzetno izopačenim situacijama u kojima ostvarenje ljudskih prava može biti uzrok rata prije nego prenosilac mira? Jesu li prava dvojice aplikanata da se kandidiraju na izborima tako neograničena i primoravajuća da ponište mir, sigurnost i javni red uveden za cijelu naciju – uključujući i njih same?“ U istom kontekstu dala je svoje izdvojeno mišljenje i sudinica Mijović, kojoj se pridružio sudija Hajiev: “Ustav BiH bio je rezultat dugotrajnih i mukotrpnih pregovora predstavnika Bošnjaka, Hrvata i Srba, a pod nadzorom međunarodne zajednice. Njegova kompleksna rješenja u pogledu ravnopravne zastupljenosti ticala su se uglavnom upravo Bošnjaka, Hrvata i Srba, kao direktnih strana u sukobu 1992.- 1995., tako da su glavne političke institucije kreirane s ciljem uspostave ravnoteže između tri konstitutivna naroda. Druge etničke grupe nisu predstavljale dio tih rješenja, s obzirom na to da nisu ni imale status strane u sukobu. Nakon završetka rata, manjinske grupe dobile su pravo učešća u vršenju vlasti na entitetskom nivou. Na državnom nivou to nije bio slučaj i to je zapravo razlog za obraćanje 20 Mirko Pejanović, Ogledi o državnosti i političkom razvoju Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 2010, str.177. 21 Florence Hartmann, Mir i kazana, Baybook, Sarajevo, 2007, str:105. 475 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE aplikanata Evropskom sudu”. Ova izdvojena mišljenja preslikavaju većim dijelom i stav MZ prema BiH. 3.2. Različiti pristupi u rješavanju bosanskohercegovačkih pitanja Osim latergičnog odnosa MZ prema BiH, na sceni je i različit pristup u rješavanju pitanja bosanskohercegovačke krize. To se može vidjeti na pitanju produženja mandata međunarodnim sudijama i tužiocima, gdje je Odlukom Visokog predstavnika iz decembra 2009. nametnuto trogodišnje produženje mandata međunarodnim sudijama i tužiocima u posebnom odjelu Suda BiH za ratne zločine – ali ne i za sudije i tužioce u odjelu za organizirani kriminal i korupciju. SAD su podržavale rješenje kojim bi se produžio mandat i za jedne i za druge, a uz tu odluku bile su jedino Turska i Kanada. Produbljivanje krize među članicama Upravnog odbora PIC-a, pojačano je u maju 2011. godine, kada je Visoki predstavnik Valentin Inzko imao podršku svih članova Upravnog odbora PIC-a osim Rusije za poništavanje naredbe o referendumu o ustavnosti pravnih struktura na državnom nivou, uključujući i Sud BiH i s tim povezanih zaključaka u slučaju da ih vlasti RS-a ne povuku. Međutim, prije poteza Visokog predstavnika Inzka, visoka predstavnica EU-a za vanjske poslove i sigurnosnu politiku, baronese Catherine Ashton otišla je u Banja Luku da ubijedi Dodika da se suzdrži od održavanja referenduma dok se vidi kakve će rezultate dati obećani “strukturirani dijalog“ EU-a.22 Tim potezom minimizirana je institucija Visokog predstavnika/specijalnog predstavnika EU, a potvrda da se ne radi o slučajnom ili samovoljnom postupku baronese Catherine, došla je putem zahtjeva delegacije EU u Sarajevu da se budžet OHR-a smanji za 10 % u svim stavkama, s namjerom da se prekine ili radikalno smanji aktivnost OHR-a na polju vladavine zakona, ekonomije i supervizije za Brčko, iz razloga što će se “pojačana“ Delegacija EU-a, koja će preuzeti ovlasti i osoblje EUSR-a, vjerovatno baviti tim pitanjima. Ovom jednostranom potezu usprotivili su se SAD, Turska i Japan, pa je postignut kompromis zahvaljujući kojem su te funkcije ostale netaknute. 22 Vidjeti: referendum. 476 http://www.rnw.nl/international-justice/article/bosnian-serb-leader-drops-plandisputed- �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Nakon izjave Wolfganga Petrischa, da „neće biti novog Daytona“23, vjetar u leđa dezintegracijskim snagama bila je slaba reakcija međunarodne zajednice na izjave o disoluciji BiH, te opstrukcijama u procesu euroatlanskih integracija. Uz malo volje napr. uvođenjem „stajališta da snage koje zaustavljaju integraciju BiH u Evropsku uniju provode antidejtonske aktivnost“24 politički lideri u BiH bi se barem odgovornije ponašali prema državi ali i stanovnicima BiH. Raskol u pristupu MZ u rješavanju BiH krize na međunarodnom nivou indukovao je slično stanje i u samoj BiH. Pojačana je dezorjentacija u strukturi bosanskohercegovačkog društva predvođena koalicijom socio-nacionalnih stranaka na vlasti, koje iz sebi poznatih razloga ne žele postići koncenzus za izgradnju države koja će „stajati“ iza svojih „konstitutivnih i ne-konstitutivnih“ državljana, državu koja će garantovati jednak položaj i tretman svih građana BiH, uz poštivanje svih individualnih prava, državu „koja se kreće prema uspostavljanju međusobnih odnosa koji vode politiku životnog standarda“25, balansiranu s umjerenim i racionalnim nacionalnim interesima. Ostalo je veliko pitanje KAKO izgraditi funkcionalnu demokratsku državu, kako urediti temeljne odnose unutar Daytonske konstrukcije, kako izmijeniti „sve odredbe ustava koje su u suprotnosti sa aplikabilnim međunarodnim pravnim instrumentima i međunarodno-pravnim okvirom koji osigurava uživanje ljudskih prava bez diskriminacije.”26 Na koji način donijeti u pravom smislu riječi narodni ustav ili donijeti odluku da na snazi ostane ustavni tekst iz Daytona, sa ovakvim pristupom domaćih i međunarodnih faktora. Kako ustavotvornu politiku vladajućih političkih stranaka usmjeriti ka dosezanju ustavnog konsenzusa, odnosno ka formulisanju ustava kao vrjedonosnog, institucionalnog i pravnog okvira koji bi bio podjednako prihvatljiv za sve „konstitutivne i ne-konstitutivne“ građane BiH, kada je na bosanskohercegovačkoj sceni višegodišnji kontinuitet (zlo)upotrebe ustava u ime „nacionalnog interesa.“ Prema Mirku Pejanoviću, „da bi se reforma Ustava BiH odvijala uspješno, nužno je posuditi moć za izgradnju konsenzusa vladajućih stranaka. Tu moć ima međunarodna zajednica na osnovu ovlaštenja za provođenje Dejtonskog 23 Wolfgang Petrisch, Bosna i Hercegovina od Daytona do Evrope, Sarajevo 2002, Svjetlost, str.336. Mirko Pejanović, Ogledi o državnosti i političkom razvoju Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 2010, str.198. 25 Vesna Ivanović, Raspad Jugoslavije i stvaranje Bosne i Hercegovine, Svjetlost, Sarajevo , 2006, str.201. 26 Omer Ibrahimagić, i dr, Politički sistem BiH, Tom-I, Sarajevo, Promocult, 2010, str155. 24 477 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE mirovnog sporazuma.“27 Sličnog je razmišljanja i nekadašnji Visoki predstavniku, Christian Schwarce Schilling, „političari u Bosni su Daytonskim sporazumom, koji utvrđuje ethnical voting, vezani u korzet kojeg sami ne mogu razbit.“28 3.3. Transformacija od agresora do mirotvoraca i ustavotvoraca Potpisnici mirovnog sporazuma u Daytonu države SRJ i Hrvatska, koje su tokom agresije na BiH više puta pozivane, prozivane pa i sankcionisane od strane UN-a, kao agresori, pojavljuju se u ulozi ustavotvoraca susjedne države BiH. U maju 1992. Rezolucijom UN-a 752. zahtijevano je od susjednih država da poštuju integritet BiH, te da povuku ili stave pod kontrolu bh. vlade jedinice Jugoslovenske narodne armije (JNA) i Hrvatske vojske (HV) i raspuste paravojne jedinice. Rezolucijom 757. uvedene su ekonomske sankcije prema SR Jugoslaviji zbog ne sprovođenja rezolucije 752. Rezolucijom 819, a povodom izvještaja ICJ o ratnim zločinima u BiH, poziva se Srbija i Crna Gora da se pridržavaju Konvencije o sprečavanju ratnih zločina iz 1948. godine i preduzmu sve mjere da se spriječi vršenje ratnih zločina. Rezolucijom 838 - pored ponavljanja zahtjeva ranijih rezolucija, pozivaju se Srbija i Crna Gora da odmah obustave snabdijevanje paramilitarnih jedinica bosanskih Srba oružjem i vojnom opremom. Posebno treba napomenuti da Rezolucija Generalne skupštine UN-a o BiH, (47/121 od 08.12.1992 godine par. 2 i 11.) doslovno govori "o napadačkim aktima srpskih i crnogorskih neregularnih snaga i direktnoj i indirektnoj podršci JNA u njihovim agresivnim aktima protiv BiH i narušavanju suvereniteta, integriteta i političke nezavisnosti BiH“. Također, Rezolucijom Generalne skupštine UN-a 48/88 od 22.12.1992. godine, Generalna skupština "izražava duboku zabrinutost neprijateljstvima i agresijom koja se nastavlja protiv BiH." Već s prvim presudama, ICTY konstatuje (u predmetu Duško Tadić: IT-94-1-T), da “intenzitet neprijateljstva prevazilazi prag potreban da se 27 Mirko Pejanović, Ogledi o državnosti i političkom razvoju Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 2010, str.197. 28 Erich Rathfeder i Carl Bethke, Bosna u fokusu drugi politički izazov Christian Schwarce Schilling, Kult-B Sarajevo, 2010, str.436. 478 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ konstatuje postojanje kako međunarodnog tako i unutrašnjeg sukoba, a postoji i produženo, rasprostranjeno nasilje između oružanih snaga različitih država i između vladinih snaga i organizovanih pobunjeničkih grupa.”29 Prema sudijama ICJ koji u svojoj odluci u predmetu BiH protiv Srbije i Crne Gore konstatuju „da test o opštoj kontroli ima značajni nedostatak koji se sastoji u širenju djelokruga odgovornosti države prilično izvan osnovnog principa koji reguliše međunarodnu odgovornost,“30 pravna „logika ne traži primjenu istog testa za rješavanje pitanja stepena i prirode involviranosti države u oružanom sukobu na teritoriji druge države, što je nužno da bi se sukob okarakterisao kao međunarodni“ te da „može prilično i bez logičke nedosljednosti, da se razlikuje od stepena i prirode involviranosti koja je nužna da bi se pokrenula odgovornost te države za konkretno djelo koje je učinjeno tokom sukoba.“31 Osim što sudije ICJ nisu primijenile isti test o opštoj kontroli koji je korišten pred ICTY, sudije ICJ su „kritikovale“ svoje kolege ICTY da nije u njihovoj nadležnosti da mogu konstatovati da se rat u BiH može okarakterisati i kao međunarodni oružani sukob. Na ovaj način ICJ je vješto „izmanevrisao“ pitanje karaktera oružanog sukoba, odnosno agresije, a u postupku je primijenio izuzetno visoke standarde utvrđivanja odgovornosti Srbije za genocid počinjen u BiH. Ovako visoki standardi uspostavljeni su u slučaju Nikaragva protiv SAD 1986. godine, gdje je Sud tražio potpunu kontrolu SAD nad nesamostalnim grupama u Nikaragvi. Prvostepenom presudom ICTY32, čelnici HZHB, Jadranko Prlić, Slobodan Praljak, Bruno Stojić, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić i Berislav Pušić, su prema odluci suda, bili udruženi u zločinački poduhvat s namjerom pripajanja dijela teritorija BiH, Hrvatskoj u okvirima nekadašnje Banovine. Sudsko vijeće je utvrdilo fakte da je sukob imao međunarodni karakter jer je u isti bila umiješana Republika Hrvatska s vojnim i političkim planom i nalozima za izvršenje istog. Sudije ICTY su zaključile da su se pripadnici Hrvatske vojske borili zajedno s pripadnicima HVO-a. Postoje i drugi predmeti (Blaškić, Perišić, ..) u kojima je ICTY u obrazloženjima presuda pružio obilje argumenata i historijskih činjenica koje govore o tome da je u BiH, sem unutarnjeg sukoba, sve vrijeme trajao i 29 ICTY Predmet br. IT-94-1-AR72 49 2. oktobar 1995.paraf 70. Presuda ICJ BiH protiv Srbije i Crne Gore, paraf 406. 31 Presuda ICJ BiH protiv Srbije i Crne Gore, paraf 405. 32 Prvostepena presuda ICTY, Prlić i drugi, predmet IT-04-74 30 479 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE međunarodni oružani sukob u koji su bile umiješane vojne snage susjednih država Srbije i Hrvatske, te uz obrazloženje presude ICJ u kojoj se konstatuje vojna pomoć Srbije snagama bosanskih Srba, može se spoznati jasna slika o ulozi tadašnjeg vojnog i političkog vrha susjednih država u ratu protiv BiH. Kada se raspravlja o pitanju postojanja međunarodnog oružanog sukoba u BiH, odnosno time se rješava i pitanje agresije, osim analize presuda ovo pitanje potrebno je posmatrati i sa teorijsko pravnog aspekta. Prema Materijalu za praktičnu obuku Međunarodno krivično pravo i praksa Ratni zločini koju je izradio International Criminal Law Services (ICLS) „stanje oružanog sukoba traje do postizanja općeg sporazuma o miru ili u slučaju unutrašnjeg oružanog sukoba do postizanja mirnog rješenja. Stanje oružanog sukoba također se može završiti odlučujućim okončanjem vojnih operacija bez sporazuma.33 U pogledu trajanja jasno je da je oružani sukob u BiH trajao do postizanja „Općeg okvirnog sporazuma za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini“, a iz samog naziva sporazuma može se predpostaviti da se ne radi samo o unutrašnjem sukobu. Konkretna potvrda da su kreatori Daytonskog sporazuma znali da se ne radi samo o unutrašnjem sukobu, je u članu III, Aneksa 1-A, kojim se propisuje Povlačenje stranih snaga sa teritorije BiH u roku od 30 dana, izuzimajući snage UN-a, snage za implementaciju mira i međunarodne policijske snage. Upravo je to bio razlog što su potpisnici Daytonskog sporazuma susjedne države. Navedenim činjenicama kreatori Daytona su potvrdili da su susjedne države duboko involvirane u rat protiv BiH i da se radi o klasičnoj agresiji a ne o građanskom ratu. Parafiranjem Sporazuma u Zračnoj bazi Wright-Patterson, 21. 11. 1995., o prihvatanju Općeg okvirnog sporazuma za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini, došlo je do historijskog paradoksa. Upravo oni koji su počinili agresiju, Hrvatska i Srbija ispunjavajući sve uslove iz zvanične definicije Generalne skupštine UN-a od 1974 - upotreba oružane sile jedne države /u ovom slučaju Hrvatske i „Srbije ili Savezne Republike Jugoslavije / protiv suverenosti, teritorijalnog integriteta i političke nezavisnosti druge države / u ovom slučaju Republike Bosne i Hercegovine“34 pozvani su da budu ustavotvorci države koju su nastojali uništiti. 33 34 http://wcjp.unicri.it/deliverables/docs/Module_8_War_crimes_BCS.pdf, str.23-24. Čazim Sadiković, Ljudska prava bez zaštite, str12. 480 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Mirotvorci i ustavotvorci iz Daytona, Srbija i Hrvatska, 18. godina poslije, prema presudama ICJ i ICTY, se opisuju na način:„da je Srbija prekršila obavezu da spriječi genocid na što je bila obavezna na osnovu Konvencije o sprečavanju i kažnjavanju zločina genocida, koji se odnosi na genocid počinjen u Srebrenici u julu 1995. godine”, a za Hrvatsku (prvostepenom presudom) je utvrđeno da je bila umiješana s vojnim i političkim planom i nalozima za izvršenje u BiH. Ovim presudama uobličava se pravna priroda i karakter rata u BiH, odnosno presude impliciraju na međunarodnopravnu kvalifikaciju oružanog sukoba na području BiH. Bez obzira što je Međunarodna zajednica na čelu sa SAD, znala za duboku involviranost susjednih država u rat protiv BiH, nakon presuda ICJ i ICTY potrebno je analizirati trebaju li „garanti Daytonskog sporazuma“, prije svega potpisnici - garanti mira u BiH, Srbija i Hrvatska, nakon dokazivanja zločina i agresije sudova u Hagu, ostati i garanti Aneksa IV, tj. ustavotvorci Države koju su nastojali uništiti. Imaju li žrtve agresije i genocida pravo na bolji ustav, ustav koji će osigurati svakom građaninu ravnopravnost na cijeloj teritoriji BiH bez obzira na vjersku i nacionalnu pripadnost. Vrijeme će pokazati hoće li MZ dozvoliti da osnova za promjenu ustavnog uređenja bude agresija, genocid i drugi teški ratni zločini, što može postati pravni i politički presedan. 3.4. Obaveze kreatora Daytona prema Bosni i Hercegovini Kao što je već navedeno genocid u Srebrenici dokazan je pravosnažnim presudama Međunarodnog suda pravde u Hagu i Međunarodnog krivičnog tribunala za područje bivše Jugoslavije (ICTY), te bez obzira na stav pojedinih politčara ova pravna činjenica oba suda u Hagu je pravna realnost. Presudom od 26. februara 2007. godine, ICJ je utvrdio da: Srbija nije počinila genocid posredstvom svojih organa ili osoba čije radnje bi je činile odgovornom prema pravilima Međunarodnog običajnog prava, te da na strani Srbije, nije postojala namjera da se počini genocid, niti je Srbija podstakla (na) izvršenje genocida. Nadalje, ICJ je utvrdio da je Srbija povrijedila svoju obavezu da spriječi genocid iz Konvencije o sprečavanju i kažnjavanju zločina genocida (Konvencija o genocidu), odnosno ICJ je utvrdio da Srbija nije postupila po privremenoj mjeri koju je odredio Sud 8. aprila i 13. septembra 1993. godine, propuštajući da poduzme sve radnje unutar svojih ovlasti da spriječi genocid koji je počinjen u Srebrenici jula 1995. Osim ovoga, ICJ je utvrdio da je Srbija povrijedila svoju obavezu pune 481 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE saradnje sa ICTY. Sud je naložio Srbiji da odmah poduzme djelotvorne korake kako bi osigurala puno poštivanje Konvencije o Genocidu, da kazni radnje genocida i da izruči optužene za genocid ICTY. Svojom odlukom, a pozivajući se na drugostepenu presudu ICTY (generalu VRS Radislavu Krstiću), ICJ utvrđuje da je genocid u Bosni i Hercegovini počinjen od strane organa (uključujući policiju i vojsku) Republike Srpske. Prema ovakvoj presudi Srbija nije počinila genocid u BiH a ovakom odlukom odgovornost za počinjeni genocid u BiH prebačena je na Republiku Srpsku, koja je svoje legalno postojanje dobila u Daytonu. Vječno će ostati dilema o načinu pravne konstrukcije presude ICJ prema kojoj se „tvrdi da Srbija nije kriva niti za jedno od djela navedenih u članu III Konvencije o genocidu (genocid, planiranje izvršenje genocida, neposredno i javno podsticanje na genocid, pokušaj genocida i saučesništvo u genocidu), dok u obrazloženju konstatira čin(jenicu) pomaganja vojsci bosanskih Srba od strane ondašnjeg srbijanskog režima. Prama pravnoj teoriji, oblik saučesništva je i pomaganje, koje može biti fizičko ili psihičko. Fizičko pomaganje jeste nabavljanje, osposobljavanje, ili stavljanje izvršiocu na raspolaganje sredstava za izvršenje krivičnog djela (oružja, oruđa i dr.). Pomaganje može biti izvršeno i nečinjenjem (propuštanjem). Ovakvo pomaganje postoji ako je postojala dužnost na činjenje kojim bi se spriječilo izvršenje krivičnog djela, a upravo za ovakvo propuštanje je Međunarodni sud pravde oglasio odgovornom Srbiju“35. Presuda ICJ je deklaratorne prirode, odnosno izuzev utvrđivanja odgovornosti u sebi ne sadrži mjere i sankcije, kao što je u našem krivičnom pravu, ali je neminovno da ova presuda mora imati implikacije na daljnji razvoj situacije u BiH, prije svega na unutrašnje uređenje BiH. Ako Međunarodna zajednica zažmiri na činjenicu da je u BiH počinjen genocid, te ključnu ulogu za preuređenje unutrašnjih odnosa u BiH prebacuje na bh političare, to bi bilo porazno ne samo za BiH nego za cijeli Svijet i Međunarodno pravo u cjelini. Do sada su presude ICJ imale implikacije na međunarodne odnose, a sadašnje ustavno uređenje BiH je rezultat međunarodnog sporazuma, stoga je realno očekivati da međunarodna 35 Doc. dr. Zarije Seizović, NALIČJE “SVJETSKE PRAVDE” – PRESUDA MEĐUNARODNOG SUDA PRAVDE, DRUŠTVENA ISTRAŽIVANJA - Časopis Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Zenici; Godina I (2007); br. 1, str.29. 482 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ zajednica insistira da se provedu radnje usmjerene ka uklanjanju svih rezultata počinjenih zločina a time i ovakvog ustavnog uređenja. Na to su obavezni i prema članu 53. Bečke konvencije o međudržavnim ugovorima iz 1969. (koja je pridružena Povelji UN-a), prema kojem su ništavni ugovori koji su suprotni imperativnoj normi općeg međunarodnog prava (“ius cogens”). „Ništav je svaki ugovor koji je u trenutku sklapanja suprotan imperativnoj normi općega međunarodnog prava. U svrhe ove Konvencije, imperativna norma općega međunarodnog prava je norma što ju je prihvatila i priznala čitava međunarodna zajednica država kao normu od koje nije dopušteno nikakvo odstupanje i koja se može izmijeniti samo novom normom općega međunarodnog prava iste prirode“36. Ništavnim ugovorima može se smatrati čak i oni ugovori koji su dobrovoljno doneseni ako su suprotni internacionalnom pravu. Konvencija isključuje da se takvi ugovori, odnosno njihovo dejstvo, mogu protokom vremena konvalidirati ili postati pravosnažni. Nedopustivo je da nekadašnje „Sigurnosne zone UN-a“ Srebrenica i Žepa, mjesta za koja je dokazano da su počinjeni najteži ratni zločini od strane „institucija Republike Srpske, vojske i policije“ budu u sastavu tog entiteta. Posebnu analizu i pažnju zahtijeva odnos vlasti RS prema povratnicima - žrtvama genocida, stalnom negiranju genocida, kršenju osnovnih ljudskih prava poslije Daytona. Tolerantnim odnosom prema izvršiteljima genocida primoravaju se žrtve da prihvate stanje uspostavljeno agresijom i genocidom. Osim presuda ICJ, ICTY i ECHR-a, kao razlog zašto kreatori Daytona imaju obavezu prema BiH, mogu se uvrstiti i neki konstrukcijski prospusti. U Daytonu „nisu uspostavljeni efektivni mehanizmi kontrole provođenja Sporazuma, niti sankcije za slučaj neizvršavanja i opstrukcija. To se posebno odnosi na nedostatak instrumenata za eliminaciju rezultata genocida i etničkog čišćenja. U tom pogledu niti je precizirana uloga međunarodne zajednice niti odgovornost domaćih vlasti u slučaju neizvršavanja obaveza u ostvarivanju povratka prognanih. Naprotiv, brojna rješenja pogoduju onima koji nastoje da zadrže ratne dobitke etničke 36 Član 53 Bečke konvencije o međudržavnim ugovorima iz 1969 483 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE homogenizacije odgovarajućih teritorija. Zbog toga je, praktično, ostavljena mogućnost selektivne primjene Daytonskog sporazuma, da se, sa jedne strane, prednost daje jednonacionalnoj entitetskoj vlasti, a da se s druge, istovremeno, opstruiraju obaveze u pogledu povratka prognanih ili saradnje sa Tribunalom za ratne zločine.”37 ZAKLJUČAK Dok se ne dogovore promjene izvjesno je da će BiH i dalje živjeti sa posljedicama najtežih ratnih zločina, ali i da će se u BiH morati živjeti i bez prethodnog dogovora o tome šta sve podrazumijevamo pod posljedicama ratnih zločina. Transformacija ratnih zločina organizovanih u nelegalnoj državnoj tvorevini Srpske Demokratske Stranke (SDS) 1991.godine, u zamjenu za ozakonjenje političkih ciljeva SDS-a i uključivanje u demokratski proces u Daytonu, pokazale su se kao djelotvoran način okončanja krize, za ciljeve u čije ime su počinjeni najteži ratni zločini. Utilitarna norma ugrađena u taj pristup sugerira da je za prestanak nasilja i ratnih zločina ponekad „opravdano“ priznati secesioniste kao legitimne političke predstavnike. Također, alarmantna je i spoznaja o balansiranju međunarodnih moćnika između mira i pravde, koja se u Daytonu okončala na štetu pravde, a kao zalog nikada posve sigurnoj budućnosti. Sa velikom sigurnošću može se tvrditi da je međunarodna zajednica „baš htjela ovakvo uređenje BiH, koje ne može da funkcionira i da njegovo funkcioniranje cijelo vrijeme bude ovisno od njene volje koja će biti izrazom trenutačnih interesa zapadnih zemalja i Rusije na ovom prostoru.“38 Daytonska rješenja, koncipirana uz međunarodnu podršku, pokazala su se nedovoljna da saniraju posljedice ratnih dejstava, genocida i etničkog čišćenja. Protivnici Bosne i Hercegovine, propagiraju tezu da je „Bosna i Hercegovina crna rupa između Istoka i Zapada“, ne želeći uvažiti barem činjenicu da je Bosna i Hercegovina prirodni, demografski i kulturni „most između Istoka i Zapada“. Da bi BiH (p)ostala „most između istoka i zapada“ bilo bi prirodno okončati ili dalje razvijati Daytonski sporazum, stoga je u ovaj proces potrebno da se aktivno uključe svi relevantni faktori prije svih 37 Kasim Trnka, Specifičnosti ustavnog uređenja Bosne i Hercegovine, Ustavno pravo Zahodnega Balkana, Revus 11 (2009), str. 49 38 Omer Ibrahimagić, Bosna i Bošnjaci poslije Dejtona, Kult, Sarajevo 2000, str:275 484 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ SAD-e da završe posao koji su započeli, Evropska komisija kojoj bi Vijeće Evrope dalo širok mandat, te u proces uključiti Rusiju i Tursku, prije svega radi garancije mira i sigurnosti u Jugoistočnoj Evropi. Svi koji su involvirani u proces ustavnog (pre)uređenja BiH, neophodno je da kroz prizmu međunarodnog prava sagledaju komplementarnost rezultata agresije, ratnih zločina i počinjenog genocida sa ustavnim uređenjem Bosne i Hercegovine, a kao najbolji poticaj na takav pristup i aktivnije sudjelovanje tvoraca Daytona u postupku ustavnog (pre)uređenja Bosne i Hercegovine neka posluži dio izdvojenog mišljenja sudije Bonello, na odluku ECHR-a po tužbi Derve Sejdića i Jakoba Fincija koji su kao pripadnici nacionalnih manjina bili onemogućeni da budu birani u Predsjedništvo Bosne i Hercegovine i Dom naroda Bosne i Hercegovine. Sudija Bonello u svom izvdvojenom mišljenju navodi “Sud je naložio tuženoj strani da odbaci Dejtonski mirovni sporazum, samelje ga i onda počne tražiti neko novo rješenje... Sud u Strasbourgu rekao je i bivšim zaraćenim stranama i kreatorima mira i dobročiniteljima da su sve uradili pogrešno”. LITERATURA Knjige Ćazim Sadiković, Ljudska prava bez zaštite, Bosanska knjiga, Sarajevo, 1998. Erich Rathfeder i Carl Bethke, Bosna u fokusu drugi politički izazov Christian Schwarce Schilling, Kult-B Sarajevo, 2010. Florence Hartmann, Mir i kazana, Baybook, Sarajevo, 2007. Lidija Kos-Stanišić, Vojne komponente Američke vanjske politike, Polemos 3 (2000.) Mirko Pejanović, Ogledi o državnosti i političkom razvoju Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo/Zagreb, 2010. Omer Ibrahimagić, Bosna i Bošnjaci poslije Dejtona, Kult, Sarajevo, 2000. Omer Ibrahimagić, i dr, Politički sistem BiH, Tom-I, Sarajevo, Promocult, 2010. 485 �Nermin Lapandić: IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE Vesna Ivanović, Raspad Jugoslavije i stvaranje Bosne i Hercegovine, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 2006. Wolfgang Petrisch, Bosna i Hercegovina od Daytona do Evrope, Svjetlost, Sarajevo 2002. Članci “High Representative’s TV Address to Citizens of BiH“, 31. januara 2006, dostupno na http://www.ohr.int/ohrdept/presso/presssp/default.asp?content_id=36501. Bassuener “Lost Opportunities and Unlearned Lessons – the Continuing Legacy of Bosnia“, u After Intervention: Public Security Management in Post-Conflict Societies. Deklaracija PIC-a http://www.ohr.int/pic/default.asp?content_id=41352. Doc. dr. Zarije Seizović, NALIČJE “SVJETSKE PRAVDE” – PRESUDA MEĐUNARODNOG SUDA PRAVDE, DRUŠTVENA ISTRAŽIVANJA Časopis Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta u Zenici; Godina I (2007); br. 1, Ian Traynor, “The US is talking tough on the Balkans, and the Europeans don’t like it“ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/21/bosniaandherzegovina-eu Kasim Trnka, Specifičnosti ustavnog uređenja Bosne i Hercegovine, Revus 11 (2009), Ustavno pravo Zahodnega Balkana, 11,2009. Mišljenje Venecijanske komisije iz 2005. godine, dostupnom http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2005/CDL-AD(2005)004-e.asp. na Rodin, D, Daytonski sporazum- deklaracija volje Zapada, Politička misao, Vol XXXIII, 1996, br.4. Sliding Toward the Precipice: Europe’s Bosnia Policy autora Kurta Bassuenera, Jamesa Lyona I Erica A. Wittea. Vidjeti i http://www.ohr.int/ohr-dept/presso/pressr/default.asp?content_id=40935. 486 �ZBORNIK RADOVA - Međunarodna naučna konferencija „Javni i privatni aspekti nužnih pravnih reformi u BiH: Koliko daleko možemo ići?“ Pravni izvori Bečka konvencija o međudržavnim ugovorima iz 1969 Presuda Evropskog suda za ljudska prava u predmetu ,,Sejdić i Finci protiv BiH“ Presuda Međunarodnog suda pravde protiv Srbije i Crne Gore“ u predmetu „Bosna i Hercegovina Prvostepena presuda ICTY, Prlić i drugi, predmet IT-04-74 ICTY Predmet Tadić Duško br. IT-94-1 Rezolucija UN-a 752. (od 15 maja 1992.godine) Rezolucija UN-a 757. (od 30 maja 1992.godine) Rezolucija UN-a 819. (od 16 aprila 1993.godine) Rezolucija UN-a 838. (od 10 juna 1993.godine) Rezolucija Generalne skupštine UN-a 47/121 od 08.12.1992 godine Rezolucija Generalne skupštine UN-a 48/88 od 22.12.1992. godine, 487 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3077 Title A name given to the resource IMPLIKACIJE PRESUDA ICJ, ICTY, ECHR NA AKTIVNIJE SUDJELOVANJE TVORACA DAYTONA U POSTUPKU USTAVNOG (PRE)UREĐENJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE Author Author LAPANDIĆ, Nermin Abstract A summary of the resource. Dejtonskim mirovnim sporazumom okončan je oružani rat protiv Bosne i Hercegovine, a s ustavnopravnog stajališta parcijalno su riješeni specifični problemi međusobnih odnosa u Bosni i Hercegovini. U okviru pregovora u Daytonu, nije bilo rasprava o agresiji i odgovornosti za teške ratne zločine, stoga je posljedica tog izostanka ovakvo ustavno uređenje BiH. Trebaju li presude Međunarodnog suda za ratne zločine počinjene na području bivše Jugoslavije i presuda Međunarodnog suda pravde u predmetu Bosna i Hercegovina protiv Srbije i Crne Gore, aktivirati međunarodne aktere koji su podržali Dayton da kroz prizmu međunarodnog prava sagledaju komplementarnost rezultata ratnih zločina i počinjenog genocida sa ustavnim uređenjem Bosne i Hercegovine i da li ove presude zajedno sa presudom Evropskog suda za ljudska prava u slučaju Sejdić-Finci protiv BiH, trebaju biti dovoljan razlog za aktivnije angažovanje tvoraca Daytona u postupku revizije ustavnog uređenja BiH ili novog ustavnog graditeljstva, pitanja su koja će biti problematizirana u ovome radu. Ključne riječi: ustav BiH, međunarodno pravo, presuda,ratni zločin Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/de31371ab9fffff75607dc3aad76d9d3.pdf f7475c4825e32de8900b87a96de60d96 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Importance of carrying capacity for sustainable trout culture: the case of “bagci balik” Fatih Güleç1, Yusuf Güner1, Tolga Şahin2 1Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 17100 Çanakkale Abstract Trout is a fish species that is produced widely all over the world and it has an important place in the aquaculture industry. For the sustainable development of the trout culture, it is need to determine how much fish can be stocked per unit volume (carrying capacity). Over-stocking could threaten fish welfare and sustainable use of environmental resources. Estimating of carrying capacity is necessary both to minimize these adverse impacts on fish and environment, and in terms of sustainable use of water resources. In this study, carrying capacity of a commercial land based trout farm in Koycegiz (Mugla/TURKEY) was investigated. Two methods were used to calculate carrying capacity and compared with each other: “Oxygen requirement based carrying capacity” and “Metabolic waste based carrying capacity”. The mean values of studied water quality parameters that used in calculations were measured as; 14.12 ± 0.72 °C for temperature, 7.78 ±0.20 for pH, 10.1 ± 0.93 mg/l for oxygen, 3,05 ± 0,84 m3 s-1 for flow rate. The annual production capacity was calculated with these measured parameters. By the observed data, the carrying capacities of the farm were found respectively with based on oxygen requirement as 538.42 ± 196.22 tonnes; and based on metabolic waste as 1113.4 ± 463.7 tonnes per years. According to the results that obtained from the study, there was significant difference between two carrying capacity estimation methods. However when the oxygen levels of the water were examined, in some months the negative values, that could adversely affect the life and growth of the trouts, were observed. Fort this reason, to reduce the limiting effect of the oxygen and reach maximum carrying capacity; it is needed to be integrated oxygenation or aeration systems into the production ponds. On the other hand, for the sustainable use of the environmental sources in the facilities engaged in production according to the metabolic waste based carrying capacity, it is important to use advanced water filtration systems. Keywords: Carrying capacity, land-based trout culture, water quality. 1.INTRODUCTION Aquaculture is a farming method of aquatic animals and plants for nutrition, stocks enrichment, making ornaments, hobby activities, and for scientific studies in a controlled or semi-controlled manner, by human (Çelikkale, et al., 1999). Today, it is a rapidly growing industry especially in terms of animal food. The combined result of development in aquaculture worldwide and the expansion in global population is that the average annual per capita supply of food fish from aquaculture for human consumption has increased by ten times, from 0.7 kg in 1970 to 7.8 kg in 2008, at an average rate of 6.6 percent per year(FAO, 2010). According to data obtained from the FAO, in 2010, total global aquaculture 64 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo production (quantity) is 73 million tonnes. The value of the world aquaculture harvest, excluding aquatic plants, is estimated at US$110.1 billion in 2009 (FAO, 2010). Turkey’s total fisheries production is 653 thousand tons and 167 thousand tons of total production comes from aquaculture. More than half of the amount of aquaculture (51%) is due to the trout culture, and the value of production is around US$ 207 million (TUIK, 2010). Sustainability has great importance for the aquculture industry as in all sectors. At this point, the condition of the water is one of the vital criteria for aquaculture enterprises that are at the top level of the production cycle. Aquaculture can be made depending on the the physical, chemical and biological properties of water. These criteria should be in optimum standards fort he sustainable aquaculture. Rate of flow and quality of incoming water are the first parameters to be dealt with in establishing suitable living conditions for fish. (Penneli and Mclean, 1996). Because, the water that is used for aquaculture, both brings oxygen to the aquaculture environment and also provides removal of the accumulated wastes (Balık, et al., 2002). On the other hand, estimating the carrying capacity of the farm, is an important criteria to be considered. Carrying capacity is usually expressed in terms of quantity of fish per unit of water flow (loading rate) or per cubic meter of rearing space (density) (Hinshaw, 2000). Carrying capacity has an important influence on the success of aquaculture operations. The appropriate stocking level is ascertained in carrying capacity studies (Frechette, 2005). Many studies have demonstrated an effect of stocking density on various aspects of the welfare of farmed fish (Wedemeyer, 1997). In intensive aquaculture fishes are usually reared at high densities, which has led to concerns about welfare of the fish, so there is a need for the development of reliable stocking density guidelines (Adams, et al., 2007; Ashley, 2007; Ellis, et al., 2002; Huntingford, et al., 2006). Several causative mechanisms have been proposed to explain why high densities negatively affect growth and feed utilization. The biochemical, behavioural, and physiological changes induced by high stress levels are presumed to be energetically costly, affecting the amount of energy available for growth (Barton and Iwama, 1991; Pickering, 1992; Vijayan and Leatherland, 1998; Wendelaar, 1997). High rearing density in itself may further reduce access to feed, thereby reducing feed intake and directly affecting growth (Alanara and Brannas, 1996; Boujard et al., 2002; Marchand and Boisclair, 1998). Incorrect Carrying capacity aplications both affect negatively to fish welfare and cause environmental issues. This is the biggest obstacle in front of the goal of sustainable aquaculture. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the carrying capacity so good to reflect the facts. In this study, carrying capacity of a commercial land based trout farm in Koycegiz (Mugla/TURKEY) was investigated. For the sustainable use of Yuvarlak Çay, the optimum capacity and the maximum capacity had been calculated with both formulas. 2.Materials and methods 2.1.Experimental area The study was conducted in a commercial trout farm that was located on Yuvarlakçay Stream in Fethiye/Koycegiz. The commercial farm aimed to produce 900 tons trout per year in its project. For the sustainable trout farming on this stream continuously, optimum and maximum amount of fish, that could be stocked in the farm, was estimated. 65 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.Fish material The farmed fish species in the trout enterprise, was rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Walbaum, 1792), and the production period that was used in the farm, from egg to market size. Method A number of different formulas have been devised to calculate carrying capacities, taking into account oxygen consumption, growth rate of fish, feeding rates, water volume and temperature, and other factors. Dissolved oxygen and ammonia (un-ionized) concentrations are the primary limiting factors in the culture systems, with oxygen normally the more critical (Hinshaw, 2000). Therefore carrying capacity (stock density) of the fish farms, can be estimated with the amount of oxygen consumed by fish or methabolic wastes of the fish. To be able to make this calculation, it is important to know amount of the feed given to fish. Because, the single artificial input is the feed to the fish that grown in the farm and to the natural environment (Balık, et al., 2002). In the calculations; two criteria are taken into consideration: The oxygen rate that fish need to metabolize the feed and the amount of ammonia released by digestion of feed the environment. In this study the approach of Brannon, (1991), calculating carrying capacity of trout farming with oxygen and metabolic wastes based methods. 2.3.Oxygen-Based Carrying Capacity Estimation The optimum carrying capacity according to water flow rate and the dissolved oxygen in the water was calculated by the following formula: N = (0,25) / ( 0,00143 x Of) p=R/N *N : L /min required/kg of fish feed *0,25 : kg O2 to metabolize 1 kg of fish feed *0,00143 : conversion constant *Of : inlet oxygen minus outflow oxygen (Oa - Ob) *p : kg of food fed *R : total rate of flow in L / min. Mechabolic waste-Based Carrying capacity Estimation The maximum amount of fish that could be produced by increasing the amount of oxygen in the water, was calculated with this method. 66 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1. NH3 percentage of Total Ammonia Relationship to pH and Temperature Temp (°C) pH 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 4 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.37 1.10 3.39 8 0.02 0.05 0.16 0.50 1.58 4.82 12 0.02 0.07 0.21 0.68 2.12 6.40 16 0.03 0.09 0.29 0.92 2.86 8.52 20 0.04 0.13 0.40 1.24 3.83 11.18 N = (0,032 x r) / (0,00143 x 0,02) p =R/N *N : L / min. required/kg of food fed *0,032 : kg NH3 + NH4+ produced/kg of food fed *r : % NH3 of total ammonia present (Table 1. NH3 percentage of Total Ammonia Relationship to pH and Temperature(Brannon, 1991). *0,00143 : conversion constant *0,02 : ppm max. NH3 *p : kg of food fed *R : total rate of flow in L/min To use in the calculations, temperature(°C), flow rate (L/s), oxygen (mg/L) and the other chemical water parameters were measured regularly every month. Table 2. Monthly measured water parameters used in the calculations Parameters Ma y Jun e July Aug . Sep . Oct. Nov . Dec . Jan. Feb . Mar . Apr . Flow Rate 2,88 2,38 2,3 (m3/s) 4 1,94 1,9 8 2,7 4 2,91 3,09 4,1 3 4,0 9 4,05 4,04 Temperatur e (°C) 14,3 14, 5 14 13,7 13,5 12, 5 13, 7 14,2 14,2 67 14,7 15,3 14, 8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo pH 8,1 NH3 (%) 7,9 8,1 7,6 7,4 7,6 7,8 7,8 7,7 7,8 7,8 7,8 3,20 2,09 3,2 3 0,98 0,6 5 0,9 8 1,49 1,55 1,1 5 1,5 5 1,94 1,94 Oxygen (mg/l) 9,3 9,3 8,9 9,9 10, 0 11, 7 10,3 10,4 11, 0 9,5 9,3 11,6 Oxygen (mg/l) 4,0 4,2 5,7 5,12 3,8 5 4,9 7 4,97 6,35 8,0 1 6,3 6,51 7,77 (discharged from ponds) 3.Results and Discussion 3.1.Carrying Capacity According to “Oxygen-Based Carrying Capacity Estimation” method, it was calculated between May to April with the varying flow rate in the ongrowing ponds, respectively; 212.5 , 175.6 , 156.6 , 163.1 , 169.8, 315.0 , 264.7 , 295.3 , 406.0, 315.8 , 298.8 , 457.7 tons trout could be farmed in the months (Table 3. The total amount of fish produced by month (tons) The sample enterprise could make two production in a year. When the carrying capacity was calculated; 198,77± 24,58 tons trout could be farmed in the one production period and in the second period; 339,72 ± 30,64 tons. It was estimated that totally 538,49±55,22 tons of trout could be produced per year. According to the calculation of “Mechabolic waste-Based Carrying Capacity Estimation” method, that is taken into consideration the percentage of toxic NH3 in the total ammonia; respectively; 241.3, 305.3, 194.2, 529.5, 816.8, 747.9, 520.5, 534.6, 966.3, 707.6, 559.1, 557.7 tons fish could be farmed (Table 3. The total amount of fish produced by month (tons). 472,50 ± 109,01 tons trout could be farmed in the one production period and 640,97 ± 70,65 tons in the second period. It was estimated that totally 1113,47 ± 179,98 tons of trout could be produced per year. Table 3. The total amount of fish produced by month (tons) May June July Capacity (tonnes/ye ar) 68 Aug . Sep. Oct. Nov . Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar . Apr. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Based on 212, oxygen 5 175, 6 156, 6 163, 1 169, 8 315 264, 7 295, 3 406 315, 8 298, 8 457, 7 Based on 241, ammonia 3 305, 3 194, 2 529, 5 816, 8 747, 9 520, 5 534, 6 966, 3 707, 6 559, 1 557, 7 Figure 1. Estimated carrying capacities calculated with oxygen based and ammonia based methods between May to April. 4.CONCLUSION One of the most important issues is to measure water properties. While doing this the physical and chemical parameters should be known. Beveridge (2004), previously reported that any increase in temperature affected the metabolism, oxygen consumption and also increased activity of fish. Optimal on-growing temperature level was reported between 10-15 °C by Sedgwick, (1985) , and in addition to this between 12-18 °C by Çelikkale, (1988). In this study, the water temperature ranged between 12,5-15,3 °C and the average temperature level in the ponds was 14,12 ± 0,21 °C (Table 2). The temperature level did not adversely affect the development of the fish. Çelikkale, 1988 reported that 100 – 150 kg rainbow trout could be farmed with 1 L.s-1 . In this study the avarage flow rate was measured 3.05 ± 0.24 m3.s-1. Additionally, water flow rate was reduced during the experimental period due to very low rainfall in that season. The dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the water is another important criteria in the estimating of carrying capacity of the trout farm. Çelikkale, (1988); Edwards, (1987); and Stevenson, (1984); reported that the DO level had to be more than 6 mg.L-1 for the rainbow trout farming. The levels of DO varied between 8,9 and 11.7 mg.L-1 at farm inlet during the study and the lowest DO at the pond outlet was observed in September (3.85 mg.L-1) (Table 2). 69 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This value was found to be below the limit of DO concentration for rainbow trout farming (5 mg.L-1) as recommended by Belaud, (1995). Additional oxygenation systems were used to solve lower DO problem, in the farm. The present study showed that carrying capacity (stock density) of a trout farm was related with water parameters. Although, the presence of suitable water temperature for trout farming, the water parameters limited production. In the first method, oxygen was the significant limited parameters for carrying capacity. Especially between May and September, the oxygen levels decreased due to reduced water flow and as a result of this, amounts of the production in those months were minimum. Although this farm was allowed to produce 900 tons of trout, maximum 538,49±55,22 tons of rainbow trout could be farmed due to the low oxygene levels. The problem of low oxygen levels for carrying capacity can be solved with by adding alternative oxygenation systems. Aerators were used in this farm but it was observed that the aerators were not sufficient and suitable capacity. Toxicity of total ammonia in water, was the most important parameter that limiting carrying capacity. By using additional oxygenation systems, the carrying capacities were increased between May and September. But maximum carrying capacity was determinated by using the second method. By using the second calculation method, the maximum production and carrying capacity was observed 1113,47 ± 179,98 tons per year. REFERENCES Adams, C. E., Turnbull, J. F., Bell, A., Bron, J. E., and Huntingford, F. A. 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Annual Review of Fish Diseases, pp. 3-26. Belaud, A. (1995) Oxyge´nation de l’eau en Aquaculture Intensive. Toulouseı: Ce´padue´s l’Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse. Beveridge, M. C. (1984) Cage and pen fish farming: Carrying capacity models and environmental impacts. Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 255. Beveridge, M. C. (2004) Cage Aquaculture, 3rd Edition. Willey Blackwell. Brannon, E. L. (1991) Rainbow trout culture. In R. Stickney (Ed.), Culture of Salmonid Fishes (pp. 21-55). USA: CRC Press. 70 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Buhan, E., Koçer, M., Polat, F., Dogan, H., Dirim, S., and Neary, E. T. (2010) Evaluation of Almus Dam Lake Water Quality for Trout Culture and Estimating of Carrying Capacity. GOÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 57-65. Costa-Pierce, B. A. (2002) Ecological Aquaculture. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Çelikkale, M. S. (1988) Alabalık Yetiştiriciliğinde Su Miktarı. M. S. Çelikkale içinde, İçsu Balıkları Ve Yetiştiriciliği (Cilt I, s. 22-25). Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Basımevi. Çelikkale, M. S., Düzgüneş, E., and Okumuş, İ. (1999) Türkiye Su Ürünleri Sektörü:Potansiyeli, Mevcut Durumu, Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası. Edwards, D. J. (1987) Salmon and Trout Farming In Norway. Fishing News Books Lim., Surrey. Ellis, T., North, B., Scott, A. P., Bromage, N. R., Porter, M., and Gadd, D. (2002) The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology(61), 493–531. FAO. (2010) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture - 2010. Roma: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Frechette, M. (2005) A comment on the methodology of stocking experiments. Aquaculture(250), 291-299. Hinshaw, J. M. (2000) Trout Farming Carrying Capacity and Inventory Management. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Huntingford, F. A., Adams, C., Braithwaite, V. A., Kadri, S., Pottinger, T. G., Sandoe, P., and Turnbull, J. F. (2006) Current issues in fish welfare. Journal of Fish Biology(68), 332–372. Penneli, W., and Mclean, W. (1996) EARLY REARING. In W. PENNELL, and B. A. BARTON (Eds.), Principles of Salmonid Culture (pp. 365-451). ELSEVIER. Pickering, A. D. (1992) Rainbow trout husbandry – management of the stress response. Aquaculture(100), 125-139. Sedgwick, S. D. (1985) Trout Farming Handbook (4 ed.). Farnham: Fishing News Books. Stevenson, J. P. (1984) Trout Farming Manual (2. ed.). Fishing News Books, Surrey. Tekinay, A., Güroy, D., and Gültepe, N. (2008) The Sustainable Development of Trout Aquaculture Sector. 1. Ulusal Alabalık Sempozyumu (p. 21). ISPARTA: S.D.Ü. Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi. Tüfek, O. M., and Yalçın, N. (2007) Rezervuarlarda Su Ürünleri Yetistiriciliği. Türk Sucul Yasam Dergisi(5-8), 704-716. TÜİK. (2010) Su Ürünleri İstatistikleri. Ankara: TÜİK. Vijayan, M. M., and Leatherland, J. F. (1998) Effect of stocking density on growth and the stress-response in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Aquaculture(75), 159-170. Wedemeyer, G. A. (1997) Effects of rearing conditions on the health and physiological quality of fish in intensive culture. In G. W. Iwama, A. D. Pickering, J. P. Sumpter, and C. B. Schreck (Eds.), Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture (pp. 35-72). New York: Cambridge University Press. 71 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Wendelaar, B. S. (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, pp. 591-625. Wu, J.-T. (1999) A generic index of diatom assemblages as bioindicator of pollution in the Keelung River of Taiwan. Hydrobiologia(397), 79-87. Nedbal L., Soukupova J., Kaftan D., Whitmarsh J. and Trtilek M. (2000): Kinetic imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence using modulated light. Photosynthesis Research 66: 3-12 Schreiber U (2004) Pulse-Amplitude (PAM) fluorometry and saturation pulse method. In: Papageorgiou G, Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll fluorescence: A signature of Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp 279-319 Photon Systems Instruments (2011) FluorCam Instruction Manual, http://www.psi.cz The Effect Of Water Temperature On Spawning Out Of Season In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Yusuf Güner1, Halit Bayrak2, Fatih Güleç1 1Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2SuleymanDemirel University, Mehmet Süreyya Demiraslan M.Y.O, 32510 Isparta Abstract Salmonid culture is a production sector with widespread throughout the world. Different stocks of rainbow trout spawn in certain months of the year in hatcheries. This seasonality of spawning imposes considerable constraints on trout farming because the consequent restrictions on the supply of eggs and fry make it difficult for on-growing farm to maintain a continuity of production of table-size fish throughout the year. Hatcheries should artificially control the spawning time of their broodfish so that batches of eggs and fry might be produced all year round. The modification of spawning time are possible using manipulation of photoperiod. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. This study was carried out in two different facilities. In the first facility, the photoperiod regime was only consisted of constant short days (LD 6:18). The water temperature had been changed between 7.5 and 15 °C during the the experiment in this facility. In the second facility, it had been changed between 11 – 25.5 °C. The broodstock was seperated into two different group. These photoperioded regims consist of constant short days(LD 6:18) and altered photoperiod (LD 18:6 from February until May, then LD 12:12 from May until June, then LD 6:18 from June until November) which are acted to advanced spawning. In both experiments, photoperiod regimes changed the maturation time regardless of water temperature. However, when the water temperature is high, modulating effects of the temperature on the maturation and ovulation time were observed. When the spawning time modified to June – August, ovary growth and egg survival rate had been reduced by the temperature effect ( >14 °C). It was found that the egg quality decreased when the water temperature was 17 °C although the eggs could been removed from the fish. Based on the 72 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1228 Title A name given to the resource Importance of carrying capacity for sustainable trout culture: the case of “bagci balik” Author Author Fatih , Güleç Abstract A summary of the resource. Trout is a fish species that is produced widely all over the world and it has an important place in the aquaculture industry. For the sustainable development of the trout culture, it is need to determine how much fish can be stocked per unit volume (carrying capacity). Over-stocking could threaten fish welfare and sustainable use of environmental resources. Estimating of carrying capacity is necessary both to minimize these adverse impacts on fish and environment, and in terms of sustainable use of water resources. In this study, carrying capacity of a commercial land based trout farm in Koycegiz (Mugla/TURKEY) was investigated. Two methods were used to calculate carrying capacity and compared with each other: “Oxygen requirement based carrying capacity” and “Metabolic waste based carrying capacity”. The mean values of studied water quality parameters that used in calculations were measured as; 14.12 ± 0.72 °C for temperature, 7.78 ±0.20 for pH, 10.1 ± 0.93 mg/l for oxygen, 3,05 ± 0,84 m3 s-1 for flow rate. The annual production capacity was calculated with these measured parameters. By the observed data, the carrying capacities of the farm were found respectively with based on oxygen requirement as 538.42 ± 196.22 tonnes; and based on metabolic waste as 1113.4 ± 463.7 tonnes per years. According to the results that obtained from the study, there was significant difference between two carrying capacity estimation methods. However when the oxygen levels of the water were examined, in some months the negative values, that could adversely affect the life and growth of the trouts, were observed. Fort this reason, to reduce the limiting effect of the oxygen and reach maximum carrying capacity; it is needed to be integrated oxygenation or aeration systems into the production ponds. On the other hand, for the sustainable use of the environmental sources in the facilities engaged in production according to the metabolic waste based carrying capacity, it is important to use advanced water filtration systems. Keywords: Carrying capacity, land-based trout culture, water quality. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/46905e53509530841667a3f81b8b2de8.doc 611924576efa2beeacb997521de6b825 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8f27ba5d53f6fc2a638b42609b040832.pdf 0125a88f73bf067fa5e538f8b52a3a68 PDF Text Text 1st International Annual Student Symposium education in Turkey and how those defects may be reduced; and how learning a foreign language can be activated, having educated during pre-school age, and used outside of the life. Importance of languages Amila Hadžibajrić International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The modern world we live in thanks to technological advances came to the stage of globalization. Every day news are exchanged from all over the world and people communicate in the largest distances in the simplest ways. To be able to speak we use the language. Native language that we use is limited to geographical area in which it is being spoken. English language is widely spoken all over the world; it is the language that we use when we go on a trip around the world. When we apply for a job, one of the requirements is active knowledge of English language. Speaking English is a norm. So, it is not enough to be an expert in one specific area, it is needed to know the language. Today, many young people are speaking English. Those who do not speak English are not "in". English is all around us. When I decided to study English one person said to me: "Why are studying English you already knowing English?" What to answer on this superficial question that shows that the person who asked it considered enough to know how to communicate in English. Luckily, those of us who are studying English or any other language, we know why we are doing it. "A wound from a tongue is worse than a wound from the sword; the latter affects only the body-the former, the spirit, the soul" is an Old Persian proverb that indicates how the word can be difficult and painful. However, we believe 38 | �BOOK OF ABSTRACTS that the word can be sincere and human. We know that we cannot change the world, we can accept or not accept globalization and the imperatives imposed, but we want to be part of it. We want to show to the world our culture, our art, our history, our natural resources.” Translation studies: an emerging discipline Samra Krlicevic International Burch University / Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina ABSTRACT The increasingly interdisciplinary nature of translation studies has multiplied theories of translation. A shared interest in a topic, however, is no guarantee that what is acceptable as a theory in one field or approach will satisfy the conceptual requirements of a theory in others. In the West, from antiquity to the late nineteenth century, theoretical statements about translation fell into traditionally defined areas of thinking about language and culture: literary theory and criticism, rhetoric, grammar, philosophy. And the most frequently cited theorists comprised a fairly limited group. One such catalogue might include: Cicero, Horace, Quintilian, Augustine, Jerome, Dryden, Goethe, Schleiermacher, Arnold, Nietzsche. Twentieth-century translation theory reveals a much expanded range of fields and approaches reflecting the differentiation of modern culture: not only varieties of linguistics, literary criticism, philosophical speculation, and cultural theory, but experimental studies and anthropological fieldwork, as well as translator training and translation practice. Any account of theoretical concepts and trends must acknowledge the disciplinary sites in which they emerged in order to understand and evaluate them. At the same time, it is possible to locate recurrent themes and celebrated topoi, if not broad areas of agreement. | 39 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1420 Title A name given to the resource Importance of languages Author Author HADZIBAJRIC, Amila Abstract A summary of the resource. The modern world we live in thanks to technological advances came to the stage of globalization. Every day news are exchanged from all over the world and people communicate in the largest distances in the simplest ways. To be able to speak we use the language. Native language that we use is limited to geographical area in which it is being spoken. English language is widely spoken all over the world; it is the language that we use when we go on a trip around the world. When we apply for a job, one of the requirements is active knowledge of English language. Speaking English is a norm. So, it is not enough to be an expert in one specific area, it is needed to know the language. Today, many young people are speaking English. Those who do not speak English are not "in". English is all around us. When I decided to study English one person said to me: "Why are studying English you already knowing English?" What to answer on this superficial question that shows that the person who asked it considered enough to know how to communicate in English. Luckily, those of us who are studying English or any other language, we know why we are doing it. "A wound from a tongue is worse than a wound from the sword; the latter affects only the body-the former, the spirit, the soul" is an Old Persian proverb that indicates how the word can be difficult and painful. However, we believe that the word can be sincere and human. We know that we cannot change the world, we can accept or not accept globalization and the imperatives imposed, but we want to be part of it. We want to show to the world our culture, our art, our history, our natural resources.” Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics,PR English literature https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/657557017fc7079f03ac93a75e71c657.docx 71d21ba35eb5567b5c108bc6c4d15d96 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/35f58a8f980d553bb118b842829e0ea9.pdf d0fa2b56ea4ea4818a323f4253c68d2c PDF Text Text Importance of Pragmatic Competence in ESL Learners Somali Gupta Pt Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur/ Chhattisgarh, India Key words:Pragmatics, Presupposition, Implicature,Discourse, Strategic competence ABSTRACT The main aim of the paper is to make out a case for the inclusion of pragmatics in the curriculum. It is important to find ways to develop pragmatic competence in addition to linguistic, communicative and strategic competence. The student today violates Grice’s co-operative principles of quality, quantity, relation and manner when he is unable to comprehend how short a précis must be or write a personal /official letter. He speaks as he writes and for him there is no difference between speech and writing. Jokes are beyond his comprehension because he is unaware of the presuppositions underlying them. Learners should be able to understand and produce language appropriate to the context- not merely grammatically correct language. The three definitions of Pragmatics that we might look into are: • Pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of users, specially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and the effects their use of language has on other participants in the act of communication. • Pragmatics is the study of implicature, presupposition, speech acts and aspects of discourse structure. • The study of intended speaker meaning is called pragmatics. Pragmatics competence subsumes the three competencies needed to master a language, namely Linguistic competence, Communicative competence and Strategic competence. We cannot really understand the nature of language itself unless we understand pragmatics: how language is used in communication. The ESL learners do not sound like the native speakers mainly because they lack pragmatic competence. But then linguists believe that neither linguistic nor pragmatic competence is teachable. But they agree that it can be learnt through exposure to the language, eliciting examples and experiencing through role play exercises. This paper will also explore the strategies that will help the students to develop pragmatic competence. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1970 Title A name given to the resource Importance of Pragmatic Competence in ESL Learners Author Author GUPTA, Somali Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words:Pragmatics, Presupposition, Implicature,Discourse, Strategic competence ABSTRACT The main aim of the paper is to make out a case for the inclusion of pragmatics in the curriculum. It is important to find ways to develop pragmatic competence in addition to linguistic, communicative and strategic competence. The student today violates Grice’s co-operative principles of quality, quantity, relation and manner when he is unable to comprehend how short a précis must be or write a personal /official letter. He speaks as he writes and for him there is no difference between speech and writing. Jokes are beyond his comprehension because he is unaware of the presuppositions underlying them. Learners should be able to understand and produce language appropriate to the context- not merely grammatically correct language. The three definitions of Pragmatics that we might look into are: • Pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of users, specially of the choices they make, the constraints they encounter in using language in social interaction and the effects their use of language has on other participants in the act of communication. • Pragmatics is the study of implicature, presupposition, speech acts and aspects of discourse structure. • The study of intended speaker meaning is called pragmatics. Pragmatics competence subsumes the three competencies needed to master a language, namely Linguistic competence, Communicative competence and Strategic competence. We cannot really understand the nature of language itself unless we understand pragmatics: how language is used in communication. The ESL learners do not sound like the native speakers mainly because they lack pragmatic competence. But then linguists believe that neither linguistic nor pragmatic competence is teachable. But they agree that it can be learnt through exposure to the language, eliciting examples and experiencing through role play exercises. This paper will also explore the strategies that will help the students to develop pragmatic competence. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/07407b749e2e7d568879e0cb531d026f.docx 616ebdccd9e8427ad7658215b20c6992 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/55fd8ceb692e3e245a1f655c40f9309e.pdf 6ab6e585d12e8807d08406196c18cdd4 PDF Text Text IMPORTANCE OF PREBIOTICS IN AQUACULTURE Yusuf Güner Ege University, Izmir, Turkey yusuf.guner@ege.edu.tr Tolga Şahin Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey tolgasahin@comu.edu.tr Olcay Hisar Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey olcayhisar@comu.edu.tr İhsan Çelik Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey ihsancelik@comu.edu.tr Fatih Güleç Ege University, Izmir, Turkey fatih.gulec@ege.edu.tr Keywords: Prebiotic, probiotic, aquaculture. ABSTRACT The aquaculture industry is one of the fastest growing animal husbandry industries in the world with its annual growth rate. However, several disease outbreaks are posing a problem to the development of this sector. These problems constitute the largest single cause of economic losses in aquaculture. Therefore, new methods are needed to overcome disease problems. In the last decades, many fish farmers have attempted to use food additives and antibiotics to cope with fish disease problem. However, the use of antibiotics in fish farming is restricted in many countries due to occurrence of antibiotic residues in aquaculture products that threat human health. Antibiotics also cause immune-saving effect in aquatic pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, several new environment-friendly preventive and prophylactic methods are being developed nowadays to control such diseases and to maintain a healthier microbial environment in aquaculture systems. One of the methods used are probiotic supplementation to the aquatic animal in order to manipulate the gut flora and to control the microbial activity. The probiotics are described as live microorganisms which have beneficial effects on the health and physiology of host organisms. Prebiotics are also defined as non-digestible materials which provide host isolation by inhibiting the activity of harmful pathogenic microorganisms in the environment as well as supporting the development of beneficial probiotic bacteria by dint of mechanisms of various actions in the environment. The studies of prebiotics in fish have mainly researched the effect on growth, feed conversion, gut microbiota and resistance against pathogenic bacteria. Considering these components, the results have been obtained from previous scientific studies were investigated, advantages and disadvantages have been highlighted in this study. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2081 Title A name given to the resource IMPORTANCE OF PREBIOTICS IN AQUACULTURE Author Author GUNER, Yusuf SAHIN, Tolga HISAR, Olcay CELIK, Ihsan GULEC, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Prebiotic, probiotic, aquaculture. ABSTRACT The aquaculture industry is one of the fastest growing animal husbandry industries in the world with its annual growth rate. However, several disease outbreaks are posing a problem to the development of this sector. These problems constitute the largest single cause of economic losses in aquaculture. Therefore, new methods are needed to overcome disease problems. In the last decades, many fish farmers have attempted to use food additives and antibiotics to cope with fish disease problem. However, the use of antibiotics in fish farming is restricted in many countries due to occurrence of antibiotic residues in aquaculture products that threat human health. Antibiotics also cause immune-saving effect in aquatic pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, several new environment-friendly preventive and prophylactic methods are being developed nowadays to control such diseases and to maintain a healthier microbial environment in aquaculture systems. One of the methods used are probiotic supplementation to the aquatic animal in order to manipulate the gut flora and to control the microbial activity. The probiotics are described as live microorganisms which have beneficial effects on the health and physiology of host organisms. Prebiotics are also defined as non-digestible materials which provide host isolation by inhibiting the activity of harmful pathogenic microorganisms in the environment as well as supporting the development of beneficial probiotic bacteria by dint of mechanisms of various actions in the environment. The studies of prebiotics in fish have mainly researched the effect on growth, feed conversion, gut microbiota and resistance against pathogenic bacteria. Considering these components, the results have been obtained from previous scientific studies were investigated, advantages and disadvantages have been highlighted in this study. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3ff52ba204a0a0827fa13600f5c1e041.pdf ce75419525fc05beb7a761f0a7cf7f67 PDF Text Text Importance of Sustainable Aquaculture in Rural Development Telat YANIK Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Su Ürünleri Mühendisliği Bölümü 25240-Erzurum talatyanik@yahoo.com Mine ÖNALAN Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa Đlköğretim Okulu, Erzurum mineonalan@yahoo.com Abstract: Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing segments of the Turkey agriculture. Its popularity and success as an investment opportunity and a means of diversifying farming operations have resulted in a growing interest among traditional agriculture producers and others. As Turkish people have become more health conscious, the demand for fisheries production has increased. Per capita consumption of seafood has grown from about 1kg in mid 1980's to around 7 kg in 2008. To be successful, producers must have the ability to make a reasonable assessment of sustainable aquaculture enterprise opportunities and limitations including current breeding, feeding, water quality, production technologies and management practices. Therefore, in the present paper some aspects of sustainable aquaculture on the rural development will be discussed. Key words: sustainable, aquaculture, rural development Sustainable Development The Brundtland Commission (WCED, 1987) defined sustainable development as:‘...the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs’. The Principle of Sustainable Development as it was endorsed in the Rio-Declaration of 1992, interpreted as comprising the inter-relation of natural and technological aspects on the one hand, with socio-economic and value-based considerations on the other. Folke and Kautsky (1992) reported that a successful aquaculture system should not have wastes, only by-products, to be used as positive contributions to the surrounding ecosystems and the economy. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO,1995) define sustainable development in their Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, as:. . . the management and conservation of the natural resource base and theorientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as toensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for presentand future generations. Such sustainable development (in the agriculture,forestry, and fisheries sectors) conserves land, water, plant, and animal resources,is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable,and socially acceptable. Sustainability can be defined simply as the maintenance of capital (Goodland and Daly, 1996). According to Edwards and Demaine (1997) a new revolution or philosophy is required to promote sustainable development that will more equitably allocate resources among the world population. The Western philosophy in which humanity is considered as above and not part of nature, with a mandate to exploit it, should be replaced by the Oriental philosophy of man being a part of nature. Most of the countries in the world, the poor people live in rural areas. The most reported problems of rural areas are: poverty, unemployement, lack of land etc.. (Yanik, 2009a, Yanik 2010a). Various types of aquaculture form an important component within agricultural and farming systems development. These can contribute to the alleviation of food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty through the provision of food of high nutritional value, income and employment generation, decreased risk of monoculture production failure, improved access to water,enhanced aquatic resource management and increased farm sustainability (FAO 2000, Prein and Ahmed 2000). In order to solve these problems global aquaculture is now the fastest growing food production subsector in many countries. For example, FAO supports this process by promoting sustainable aquaculture development in its member countries and aims to assist them in achieving an increased contribution of this sector to rural development. As a developing country Turkey shows many similarities with the other countries with respect to reduce poverty and hunger and to ensure food security. Rural development has various dimensions such as the process of sustained growth of the rural economy and improvement of well-being of rural men, women and children (Yanik 2009b) . 624 �Fisheries being one of the four sub-sectors (plant production, animal husbandry and forestry) of the agricultural sector of Turkey. Although it has very large potential for aquaculture with its marine and fresh waters, it is not easy to say that the fisheries sector, with a share of 0.3% in GNP (Gross National Product) and 2.7% in the agricultural sector, has played its expected role in agriculture and national economy. However, it is estimated that more than 5 000 employees work in the sector and related activities (Okumus, 2003); the secondary support services, namely feed, equipment and consultancy are also developing rapidly and provide job opportunities. Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing segments of the Turkey agriculture (Yanik 2005). Its popularity and success as an investment opportunity and a means of diversifying farming operations have resulted in a growing interest among traditional agriculture producers and others. As Turkish people have become more health conscious, the demand for fisheries production has increased. Per capita consumption of seafood has grown from about 1kg in mid 1980's to around 7 kg in 2008 (Yanik, 2009b) . The aquaculture share of total fishery production (140.000 metric tonnes in 2007) is around 10–14 percent by volume and around 25 percent by value. The majority of production (about 98 percent) comes from intensive farming systems; rainbow trout is mainly consumed locally, while around 75 percent of seabass and the seabream are exported to EU countries. Almost all the aquaculture products are marketed as whole fresh fish. Aquaculture sector is developing in Turkey (Yanik 2009a and Yanik 2010ab). Major strengths of the sector are public support, fish demand and relatively cheap labour, and the limiting factors of it are poor species and product diversity, resource use conflicts, water availability and increasing environmental and animal welfare issues. To be successful, producers must have the ability to make a reasonable assessment of sustainable aquaculture enterprise opportunities and limitations including current breeding, feeding, water quality, production technologies and management practices. Some problems have been faced in the rural regions for sustainable aquaculture production: -Feed staffs and proving feeds for the farmers, -business viability and competitiveness, -marketing and processing problems -water sources should be cleaned by filtering or transferring sewages with a pipe and collecting in a septic tank. -Then this could be used as manure for agricultural purposes. -Soil erosion to the riverine systems -Adaptations to mitigate climate change. Due to climate changes some of the species may not give best performance, so studies should be conducted considering this matter (Yanik, 2009). Sustainable System According to FAO, (1995) the sustainable development is the management and conservation of the natural resource base and the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a manner as to ensure the attainment and continued satisfaction of human needs for present and future generations. Such sustainable development (in agriculture, forestry, fisheries sectors) conserves land, water, plant, and animal resources, is environmentally non-degrading, technically appropriate, economically viable, and socially acceptable. It is believed that the rapid development of aquaculture and its social-economic environment necessitates a periodical re-assessment of the guidelines as well as their implementation. The sustainable development of aquaculture requires adequate consideration of interactions among environmental, social, and economic factors that accompany any development (Chua 1992; WB 1998; NACA/FAO 2000). In assessing the sustainability of any enterprise or technology, consideration should be given to at least the following (Frankic and Hershner, 2003): . the sustainability (or continuity) of supply, and quality of inputs; . the social, environmental and economic costs of providing the inputs (e.g., depletion of resources elsewhere); . the long-term continuity (or sustainability) of production; . financial viability; . social impact and equity; . environmental impact; and . efficiency of conversion of resources into useful product. Full development of aquaculture has been constrained by a variety of technical, institutional, and financial problems. More specifically, aquaculture is faced with the following key constraints: (i) limited access of fish farmers to high-yielding environment-friendly aquaculture technologies; (ii) inadequate research and protocol development for breeding high value species; (iii) inadequate processing facilities for producing value-added 625 �products for the export market; (iv) lack of private sector participation in various stages of aquaculture production, trade, and marketing; (v) inadequate regulatory framework including land and water use; (vi) slow market development including infrastructure and market information support, trade and commercialization; and (vii) non-implementation of international accreditation systems (e.g., European Union and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point). (Anonymous, 2005). Ommani and Chizari (2010) showed the interactions between social, ecological and economical factors in sustainable system (Fig 1). According to Greenpeace (2010), in order to be regarded as sustainable, an aquaculture system should have following properties that must be fully realised to achieve the sustainability. -using of plant-based feeds originating from sustainable agriculture -not using fishmeal or fish-oil-based feeds from unsustainable fisheries -using cultured juveniles instead of wild-caught ones. -cultivating non native species in land-based tanks -not releasing discharges and effluents to the surrounding environment -not disturbing the ecological balance by representing a risk to local wild plant and animal populations -not using genetically modified fish or feed -using suitable stock size to prevent the risk of disease outbreaks and transmission -not depleting local resources, i.e, drinking water supplies -not creating risks for the health of inhabitants -giving support to the long-term economic and social well-being of local communities (Greenpeace, 2010). Fig. 1. Indicators of ecological, economic and social aspects of sustainability of the fishery system (Ommani and Chizari 2010). Regarding sustainable development many efforts has been given to increase aquaculture in rural areas (Caffey et al. 1998;Yanık, 2005) For this purpose many guideleness have been published and symposiums were held in many countries. For example The First International Symposium on Sustainable Fish Farming in Oslo in 1994 and the Second International Symposium on Sustainable Aquaculture in Oslo in 1997. It was the time the Holmenkollen Guidelines for Sustainable Industrial Fish Farming were declared. According to Holmenkollen guidelines for sustainable aquaculture (Anonymous 1998.) Each State should: -establish an aquaculture development plan based upon the need for food security, rural development, disease control, biodiversity and sustainable use of resources. The context of integrated use of water resources and of potential production areas should be applied -establish and implement a national strategic development plan, which identifies and designates areas and resources important for future aquaculture or other food productions, and protects them from being irreversibly allocated to other purposes. 626 �-ensure co-ordination between relevant governmental departments, and implementation of participatory planning processes involving local communities and all stakeholders, in the development of aquaculture. -establish, implement and enforce appropriate laws and regulations to ensure responsible aquaculture, including food safety, environmental safety and ethical criteria and the protection of the rights of indigenous people and local communities. -establish and implement a licensing or regulatory system governing the use of exotic species, including genetically modified organisms and organisms from breeding programs, with due considerations to human health and to impacts of escapees. -be appreciative of the difficulty that allowing aquaculture to develop in response to market demand can generate problems of equity, for example if aquatic resources currently consumed by the poorer section of the community are to be used as feed for aquaculture. Producers and industry should: -take full advantage of new technologies and management procedures that can improve quality and quantity of aquaculture products and reduce risk of adverse effects on the environment and on the livelihood of other people including future generations. -strictly abide by the internationally agreed food safety, environmental safety and ethical criteria if genetically modified organisms, chemo-therapeutants or hormones are utilized in the production. -develop standards and practices, which embody ethical principles for ensuring health and welfare of fish and shellfish and for slaughter practices. -become increasingly customer oriented in defining quality attributes and strengthen dialogue with the consumer. In particular the industry has an independent responsibility to provide adequate product and production information on all issues recognized to be of consumer concern. The scientific and technological community should: -give a priority to domestication of relevant aquaculture species, involving control of the whole life cycle and thus allowing genetic improvement. As the economic costs of domestication efforts are high, concentration will be on few species. However, this should not preclude the evaluation of alternative species. -give a priority to the development of integrated, polyculture-based fish farming for omnivorous or herbivorous species, specially those useful in utilizing organic wastes. -give a priority to the development of sources for animal feed other than fish protein and fish lipid. -recognize the responsibility to develop and make available the best technology, in particular for the efficient use of the resources and for avoiding harm to the environment. Intergovernmental organizations and development agencies should: -recognize the potential of aquaculture to contribute significantly to the world´s aquatic food supply and support its realization. -require, as a precondition for involvement in aquaculture development projects, that all parties abide by these guidelines. -give a priority to transfer, adaptation and implementation of technological innovations, capacity building, training and education in order to harvest the full potential of aquaculture in developing countries. Conclusions Farmers should be able to; -Explain the primary water chemistry parameters and water quality management strategies required to maintain health. -Recognize how to select an aquaculture site and explain the differences in construction techniques, and yields from levee ponds, cages, raceways, and recirculating aquaculture systems. -Describe the life histories (reproductive, nutritional and temperature) and production strategies for 20 species of food, bait, sport, and ornamental species with highest aquaculture potential. -Describe the processing and marketing strategies with special emphasis on niche marketing. -Select a species, production system, and market and write an aquaculture business plan (Yanik 2009b). Recommendations The Technical Assistance 627 �The Technical assistance should be given freely and help to construct fish farms at different capacities as longterm aquaculture subsector strategy that will reduce poverty and enhance the sustainability of the subsector. It will cover teaching govermental laws and policies about rural areas, projecting fish farms to be submitted Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), aquaculture support infrastructure facilities and services, including research, training and extension, credit, trade and marketing as well as fish health management. The outcomes will include rationalization of subsector policies, institutional arrangements, and planned interventions expansion of aquaculture production and productivity that will particularly benefit the poor and prevent the migration from villages to city centers or even big cities. Methodology and Key Activities In long term, area specific strategies and interventions based on an in-depth study and evaluation of present conditions and projected changes in the regional, national, and international settings should be created to overcome the constraints of the areas. In order to solve the problems, the technical assistance will be included surveys to gather pertinent information in support of strategy formulation, and workshops for consultation with stakeholders. In short term, considering the aquacultural potential of the areas, the technical assistance will cover the analyzing existing policies and institutional arrangements and identify required changes for subsector development; reviewing technical issues relevant to aquaculture development and management, and formulating a strategy and innovative measures to effectively address the issues i.e finding suitable places for aquaculture and solutions for the water pollution. As an example Aras et al. 2002 reported that the nort eastern anatolia has 30000 metric tonnes per year aquacultural potential, although there has been only about 1000 metric tonnes of annual production. Implementation Arrangements There should be a reponsible govermental organization such as Managery of Agriculture in city centers for administration, implementation and designing strategies for sustainable aquaculture. It will implement the technological assistance through its Fisheries division. References Anonymous 1998. Sustainable Aquaculture. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Sustainable Aquaculture, Oslo, Norway 2.-5. November1998; A.A.Balkema: Rotterdam/Brookfield Anonymous, 2005. Technical Assistance Republic of the Philippines: Strategy for Sustainable Aquaculture Development for Poverty Reduction Project. Project Number: 39031 Aras NM, Yanık T, Kocaman EM, Haliloğlu HI., 2002. Kuzey Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi kapsamında su ürünleri sektörünün ulaşabileceği potansiyel büyüklüğünün mali projeksiyonu. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg. 33:447-449 Caffey, R.H., R.F., Kazmierczak, R.P. Romaire, and J.W. Avault. (1998). Indicators of aquaculture sustainability: a Delphi survey. Presented at World Aquaculture '98; Las Vegas, NV. The international triennial conference and exposition of the World Aquaculture Society, the National Shellfisheries Association and the Fish Culture Section of the American Fisheries Society. Book of Abstracts, p. 91. Chua T.E. 1992. Coastal aquaculture development and the environment: the role of coastal area management. Marine Pollut. Bull. 25(1–4): 98–103. Edwards, P. and Demaine, H. (1997) Rural Aquaculture: Overview and Framework for Country Reviews. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Bangkok, Thailand. RAP Publication 1997/36. FAO (1995) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 41pp. FAO. 2000. Small ponds make a big difference. Integrating fish with crop and livestock farming. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 30 pp Folke, C. and Kautsky, N. (1992) Aquaculture with its environment: prospects for sustainability. Ocean and Coastal Management 17, 5–24. 628 �Frankic, A. and Hershner, C., 2003. Sustainable aquaculture: developing the promise of aquaculture. Aquaculture International 11: 517–530. Goodland, R. and Daly, H. (1996) Environmental sustainability: universal and non-negotiable. Ecological Applications 6, 1002–1017. Greenpeace, 2010. Sustainable Aquaculture. At: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/oceans/sustainableaquaculture/ NACA/FAO 2000. Aquaculture development beyond 2000: the Bangkok Declaration and Strategy. Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, 20–25 February, Bangkok, Thailand, 27 p. Ommani A.R. and Chizari, M., 2010. Strategies for Sustainable Aquaculture: Designing for the future. Retrieved 10 April, 2010 from http://ommani.webs.com/a35.pdf Prein, M. & Ahmed, M. 2000. Integration of aquaculture into smallholder farming systems for improved food security and household nutrition. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 21, 466-471 WB (World Bank) 1998. Sustainable aquaculture. Rural Development Department. No. 22. WCED (1987) Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Yanik, 2005. Some General Aspects in Fish Farming, American Fisheries Society Student Sub-unit at SUNY Cobleskill, NY. Sep 12. Yanık T., 2009a. Aquaculture in Turkey. FAO/NACEE Conference on Aquaculture in the Caucasus Region, International Conference on Aquaculture 21-22 April 2009, Armenia Yanik, 2009b. Main Concerns to Increase Potential Aquaculture in Ispir Region of Erzurum. Rural Development Challenges in the EU and Turkey, Workshop of Defining of Alternative Products Đspir-Erzurum Turkey, 3-4 April 2009 Yanık T., 2010a. Status and Poteinal of Aquaculture in Turkey. Seminar of Erasmus exchange staff at Firenze University, Feb 4. Yanık T., 2010b. Some Sample Boreal Water sources of Anatolia For Fish Culture in Erzurum, Visitor staff at Erasmus Program (European Region Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Staff/students) Firenze University Italy, Feb 4. 629 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 610 Title A name given to the resource Importance of Sustainable Aquaculture in Rural Development Author Author YANIK, Telat ÖNALAN, Mine Abstract A summary of the resource. Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing segments of the Turkey agriculture. Its popularity and success as an investment opportunity and a means of diversifying farming operations have resulted in a growing interest among traditional agriculture producers and others. As Turkish people have become more health conscious, the demand for fisheries production has increased. Per capita consumption of seafood has grown from about 1kg in mid 1980's to around 7 kg in 2008. To be successful, producers must have the ability to make a reasonable assessment of sustainable aquaculture enterprise opportunities and limitations including current breeding, feeding, water quality, production technologies and management practices. Therefore, in the present paper some aspects of sustainable aquaculture on the rural development will be discussed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3525e0adbf590c934f279cbb99e9dfc5.docx 94eb9421175d21863e89d193987bf5fd https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a03862e76f1819c9efeb9c24f82d495e.pdf 9051cf1da10dcd815c88a33af229fe82 PDF Text Text Importance of the European Union Regional Development Fund: The Case of Turkey OnurDurukal Adnan Menderes University Turkey onurdurukal@adu.edu.tr RecepTekeli Adnan Menderes University Turkey rtekeli@adu.edu.tr Abstract: Development is one of the major concepts that determine the countries’ place among other nations in the world and the welfare of the citizens of country. The concept of development in the globalization process can be discussed in transnational, national and regional dimensions. While nation-states are improving their own development strategies, transnational structures try to employ different methods on a global scale in order to promote development. In this context, answering these questions such as what the main factors is to determine the development index and what degree these factors influence on the development are very important. In this paper we will review the literature to find out (1) which factors are effective to ensure the development, (2) what type of work these actors carried out in order to ensure the development, (3) what are the common elements in the documents that national and transnational organizations revealed, and (4) in the process of European Union membership, what proportion of the grant programs has impact on Turkey's regional development. In our study we will examine these issues by comparing the grant programs with the development criteria. We will analyze project proposals that Turkish Regional Development Agencies, Turkish Ministry for European Union andTurkish Ministry of Development called for during the period of 2007-2013 IPA (Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance). We will compare the fund release with millennium development criteria and IPA components over the period undertaken and tabulate the results. Keywords: Development, Regional Development, Grant, European Union, Turkey. 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2432 Title A name given to the resource Importance of the European Union Regional Development Fund: The Case of Turkey Author Author DURUKAL, Onur TEKELI, Recep Abstract A summary of the resource. Development is one of the major concepts that determine the countries’ place among other nations in the world and the welfare of the citizens of country. The concept of development in the globalization process can be discussed in transnational, national and regional dimensions. While nation-states are improving their own development strategies, transnational structures try to employ different methods on a global scale in order to promote development. In this context, answering these questions such as what the main factors is to determine the development index and what degree these factors influence on the development are very important. In this paper we will review the literature to find out (1) which factors are effective to ensure the development, (2) what type of work these actors carried out in order to ensure the development, (3) what are the common elements in the documents that national and transnational organizations revealed, and (4) in the process of European Union membership, what proportion of the grant programs has impact on Turkey's regional development. In our study we will examine these issues by comparing the grant programs with the development criteria. We will analyze project proposals that Turkish Regional Development Agencies, Turkish Ministry for European Union andTurkish Ministry of Development called for during the period of 2007-2013 IPA (Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance). We will compare the fund release with millennium development criteria and IPA components over the period undertaken and tabulate the results. Keywords: Development, Regional Development, Grant, European Union, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General)