143 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f39eca056d5903e344e4ae6d699aa1da.pdf 3f31b672612ef7dbb9aeedee5ed098f1 PDF Text Text The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) website in the context of sustainable development Emir Cickusic, Teo Domuz, Anisa Topalovic, Emir Becirovic International Burch University, Faculty of Economics, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: ecickusic@hotmail.com, teo3520@yahoo.com, anisatopalovic@gmail.com, emirbecirovic@hotmail.com Abstract The objective of this study was to examine one real world e-business system in this case www.iisd.org website (International Institute for Sustainable Development) through specific standard website specifications or checklists. Website was evaluated through eight different sets of criteria. Website www.iisd.org is compared to standard criteria and results revealed that website www.iisd.org have some weaknesses but also and strengths. Findings show that website has good inflow of information but organization and positioning of data is very poor. In the present time, most of the importance is given to the e-business system due to the radical changes in technology. Internet is a huge market and in order to succeed website need to have certain criteria which will attract customers and retain them. Keywords: e-business, sustainable development, environmental impacts, IISD 1. INTRODUCTION The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) is a Canadian-based, public policy research institute that has a long history of conducting cutting-edge research into sustainable development. IISD promotes the transition toward a sustainable future; they seek to demonstrate how human ingenuity can be applied to improve the well-being of the environment, economy and society.45 45 http://www.iisd.org/about/ 534 �When you think of the world as a system over space, you grow to understand that air pollution from North America affects air quality in Asia, and that pesticides sprayed in Argentina could harm fish stocks off the coast of Australia. And when you think of the world as a system over time, you start to realize that the decisions our grandparents made about how to farm the land continue to affect agricultural practice today; and the economic policies we endorse today will have an impact on urban poverty when our children are adults. We also understand that quality of life is a system, too. It's good to be physically healthy, but what if you are poor and don't have access to education? It's good to have a secure income, but what if the air in your part of the world is unclean? And it's good to have freedom of religious expression, but what if you can't feed your family? The concept of sustainable development is rooted in this sort of systems thinking. It helps us understand ourselves and our world. The problems we face are complex and serious—and we can't address them in the same way we created them. But we can address them. It's that basic optimism that motivates IISD's staff, associates and board to innovate for a healthy and meaningful future for this planet and its inhabitant.46 46 http://www.iisd.org/sd 535 �In present time there are two main drivers that change global economy. First one is huge development of technology (Internet) and all businesses are radically shifting toward the sustainable development. These drivers can transform companies and markets. The world is in the midst of multidimensional transformation: technological, economic, social, cultural and political (Handzic et al. 2010). To be successful in nowadays needed is to improve in technological direction especially information systems. Competition is very fierce so organizations must have a website based system. Internet as a whole is a very dynamic and powerful generator so website needs to be day to day updated and to follow some general rules and criteria. These criteria (indicators) are a measure for a well prepared website and provide a huge contribution to the quality of website. Indicators don’t guarantee results. But results are impossible without proper indicators. And proper indicators, in themselves, can produce results.47 3. Research Method This study was examined through specific criteria for website. It examines website through nine different sets of criteria:48 1) First impression - is very important. If the website is not functioning very well and if it is not accurate than potential customers create a bad image about it and they may not return back. 2) Navigation - stands for being offered an easy way to find way around the website. 3) Content - stands for useful and valuable information’s and key to good content is that it must be extensive and original. 4) Attractors - draw individuals and other organizations to the website. 5) Findability - stands for ease of finding website in the first place. 6) Making contact– many interacting and negotiating. organizations 47 . http://www.iisd.org/pdf/s_ind_2.pdf 48 http://www.mcil.co.uk/review/7-10-criteria.htm 536 demand some contact information for �7) Browser Compatibility – make the website visit a much more useful and pleasant experience. 8) User satisfaction – satisfying the users is essential part so the users will co me again. 9) Other useful information – giving additional information will build confidence in customer’s minds 4. Results Evaluation of www.iisd.org website Score 1. FIRST IMPRESSIONS 537 URL 8 Download time - size of home page 10 Look and feel - readability 5 Need to download software * 8 Home page on one screen (above the fold) 7 Unique Selling Point (USP) or Value Proposition 10 Ability to take action (Key action point – KAP) 9 Feeling of wanting more - depth of site 9 Contact details 10 Credential validation - certifications, associations 0 Statement from management 10 Use of attractors 10 Are you made to register to get into site? 10 �Total score for section (max 130) 106 2. NAVIGATION Ease of use 6 Site map 10 Return to Home Page from any page 10 Internal search engine 10 Internal links 10 Broken links 10 Text as well as graphic links (ALT tags) 10 Navigational links visible 10 Opens multiple windows 10 Total score for section (max 90) 86 3. CONTENT 538 Useful information 10 Degree of substantiated information 9 Level of interaction 8 Use of valuable graphics 8 Use of valuable animation 7 Use of valuable sound 2 Reviews, testimonials and certifications 10 �Content in digestible quantity 7 Up-to-dateness 10 Terms and conditions 10 FAQ’s 10 Availability of follow up discussion 10 Total score for section (max 120) 101 4. ATTRACTORS Invitation to register for something 10 Competitions 6 Special offers 7 Freebies 9 Breaking news 10 External links 9 Newsletter 10 Other (Specify) 539 �Total score for section (max 70) 61 5. FINDABILITY Intuitive URL 5 Designed for search engine performance 8 Intuitive keywords 8 Use of metatags 9 Advertising On-line advertising 3 Off-line advertising 0 On-line recommend a friend 0 Partner and affiliate sites 8 Total score for section (max 80) 41 6. MAKING CONTACT Email and other details visible 540 10 �Use of online forms 10 Telephone contact number provided 10 Telephone call back offered 10 Total score for section (max 40) 40 7. BROWSER COMPATIBILITY Internet Explorer 8 Google Chrome 9 Mozilla Firefox 9 Resizeability 10 Total score for section (40) 36 8. USER SATISFACTION Robustness/reliability of the site 9 Clicks to completion 10 Acknowledge order/request 0 541 �Order/request tracking online 0 Retain personal information to minimise detail Entering 0 Total score for section (max 50) 19 9. OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION List of career opportunities 10 Contact details for HR department 0 Financial results 10 Up-to-date financial news 8 Stock prices 0 History of the company 10 Management and geographical structure of company 542 Mission statement 10 10 Up-to-date press coverage 10 Total score for section (max 90) 40 OVERALL TOTAL SCORE (max 710) 530 �Main Findings Criteria Website score Max. score 1. First impression 106 130 2. Navigation 86 90 3. Content 101 120 4. Attractors 61 70 5. Findability 41 80 6. Making contact 40 40 7. Browser Compatibility 36 40 8. User satisfaction 19 50 9. Other useful infor. 40 90 Overall total score 530 710 In the first impression URL is short but not very intuitive. Size of the home page is not exceeding normal 50kb which is a good point. Main disadvantage is that text is too much cluttered on the website and another problem is there is a need for installation of java plug-in which can make problems for beginners. Home page is needed to be scrolled down to read all the text instead of being it centered on one place. Main advantage is when entering website immediately objectives and usage of website are well known. Contact details are easy accessible and there is no need for any registration. Navigation system is pretty good developed. Site index and access from any links are working. There is a search engine so all data can be looked up through search engine. When entering into many internal links there is always an option to return to a home page with one single click. Content is mostly filled with great information which is needed for those groups of users. There is a usage of audio and video on website and many links which will guide you to the needed information but disadvantage is that text is very cluttered in many places so it is hard readable. All information’s are always updated and content is available in different languages. In attractors section main advantage is that there is no need for the registration on the website so all users can easily reach all information without annoying memberships and every time there are some breaking news which will give users reasons to come back. Everything is provided with external links and main point is that website has its own newsletter for the ir users. 543 �Findability section has many disadvantages such as online advertising and offline advertising. Advertising is not so much developed but rather they focus more on the good keywords and short URL. Making contact gathered full points for it good and well organized contact section. Briefly everything is explained. There are all needed e-mails, addresses and their location of departments. On the website there is Contact Us section which provide needed information. Browser Compatibility is doing just fine especially on Google Chrome but there may be some small resolution problems on Internet Explorer. A resize ability problem occurs when resizing the browser. User satisfaction is a major part and all attention should be given to this part. Reliability of the website is very good since website is stable and didn’t crash any time. Clicks to completion are short so information are easy accessible. On the website other useful information are also provided. Financial statements, Career Opportunities, Board Members, Calendar of Events, FAQ, and Sustainability report. Implications During the research there were some implications like browser compatibility since it is hard to evaluate browser compatibility when all computers had already installed java flash player or other plug-ins so browser don’t recognize any problems when website is opened but having a fresh installed copy of windows would show different. Another implication occurred when evaluating the frames of the website, extensions. Limitations and Future Research There were several limitations due to the lack of professional stuff. For the better evaluation of the website there is a need of professional computer engineers which will also evaluate the website through the html codes. Computer engineers knows more about website extensions and plug-ins so future research would be more focused on evaluating a website with harsh criteria and evaluation of website through the survey of random chosen people which will give their opinion of the website. There is a need for larger group of people which will divide tasks and provide more data about every section. Survey will give additional information where possible outcomes and results would change due to the positive or negative feedback of the surveyed users. 544 �6. CONCLUSIONS This study examined how the e-business system correlates and helps to deal with sustainable development. In present times where scarce resources are lacking than need of retaining it is important so awareness of sustainable factor through the website is much easier since it affects larger groups of people. Now, everyone is trying to promote its business through the internet. In order to gain competitive advantage on the internet there is a need for a good and well developed website. To gain statuses of nearly perfect website there have to be some criteria so the users can find and meet their requirements when searching online. To gain competitive advantage usage of links, visual animations, updated news, customer oriented website must be given in certain ratio. Website www.iisd.org (The International Institute for Sustainable Development) give users all information about the sustainable development and putting the awareness of sustainable development on higher level. Screen shot of the International Institute for Sustainable Development website 545 �Source: http://www.iisd.org/ REFERENCES http://www.iisd.org/about/ http://www.iisd.org/sd/ Indicators and Information systems (http://www.iisd.org/pdf/s_ind_2.pdf) for Sustainable Development http://www.mcil.co.uk/review/7-10-criteria.htm 5. Ten criteria to evaluate the website (http://www.mcil.co.uk/review/7-10-criteria.htm) Handzic, M., Obralic, M. and Cickusic, E. (2011). The Use of IT Tools in Everyday Classes Where Foreign Language is Taught. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Foereign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (FLTAL 2011), pp. 546–551. Sarajevo, 5-7 May. 546 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1212 Title A name given to the resource The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) website in the context of sustainable development Author Author CICKUSIC, Emir Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this study was to examine one real world e-business system in this case www.iisd.org website (International Institute for Sustainable Development) through specific standard website specifications or checklists. Website was evaluated through eight different sets of criteria. Website www.iisd.org is compared to standard criteria and results revealed that website www.iisd.org have some weaknesses but also and strengths. Findings show that website has good inflow of information but organization and positioning of data is very poor. In the present time, most of the importance is given to the e-business system due to the radical changes in technology. Internet is a huge market and in order to succeed website need to have certain criteria which will attract customers and retain them. Keywords: e-business, sustainable development, environmental impacts, IISD Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/40386bd4e35c5c32152d26ca609f50a9.pdf 0e3c543a20674a21645197b3df8bdd6f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Infectıon of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (fouget, 1876) ın Some of the Aquarıum Fıshes (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum gunther, 1867) ın Mersin. ¹C.Erkin Koyuncu ²Erol Tokşen 3 Serhat Taşkın ¹Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mersin University,Turkey ²Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University,Turkey 3Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Mersin University,Turkey E-mails: ekoyuncu@mersin.edu.tr, erol.tokşen@ege.edu.tr, staşkın@mersin.edu.tr Abstract This study were conducted in October 2008 in order to find out the reason of instant mortality of Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Gunther, 1867) fishes in some of the aquarium facility in Mersin. The fish parasitological point of view. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouget, 1876) was found responsible high mortality. The histopathology samples from the skin tissues of infested fish were examined and hyperplasia of epithelial in the skin of the fish were markely determined. Fish were succesfully treated with FMC bath (15 mg l‫־‬¹, 60minutes/2-3day). After FMC applications the mortality stopped. 1.INTRODUCTION Commonly known as “Ich”, the white spot disease (Ichthyophthiriasis), can infect almost all freshwater fish (Ventura and Paperna, 1985). The disease is recognized as one of the most pathogenic diseases of fish caused by eukaryote parasites resulting in significant economic losses in the affected cultured fish species (Matthews, 1994). Causing infection in fish Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouget, 1876 are included within the genus Hymenostomatida family. The parasite is commonly distributed, occurring in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, and extending north to the Arctic Circle (Matthews, 1994). The fish, which are cultivated in the pools of the fish farms or in the aquariums, have high numbers of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in their skin if the enviroment is stressful, the water criteia is not appropriate and if they are given low quality feed. This situation can lead to high rates of mortality (Riehl et al. 1996). Observed in fish Ichthyophthirius multifiliis of general effects; parasites of fishes of the skin tissue between the epithelial layer into that, and reached the basal membrane mucus production by increasing irritation of the surface epithelium, mucous cells does not begin to be, skin damage and the number of parasites depending on the breathing difficulties as have been identified. Histopathologic examinations identified dropsy in lamella, hypertrophy in epithelium cells, hyperplasia, dejeneration and necrocisis in line with the degree of irrritation (Ferguson, 1989). Against the infection, formaldehyde (100-200 ppm/an hour), malachite green (1.25-2.0 ppm/30minutes,5-10 days), methylene blue (2.0ppm/one day), acriflavin (10 ppm/3-10 days), Chloramin-T (2.5-20 mg l‫־‬¹), Trypaflavine(10 mg l‫־‬¹), Brillant green (0.1-0.2 ppm) have already been used by the researchers, and they have all proved to be effective. 95 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (Van As et al. 1984; Schperclaus, 1991; Egusa, 1992; Stoskoph, 1993; Hans et al. 2000; Tokşen, 2000). In the present study; the ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis which has been observed in cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum Gunther, 1867) and with symptoms that make up the skin tissue that is intended to treat the disease and histopathological changes. 2.Materials and Methods: The present study has been conducted in a fish farm located in Mersin/Turkey, which cultivates aqarium fish in 2008. The study has been conducted in the cyclitis fish Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum Gunther, 1867) to learn the reason of mortality as they have 50% mortality rate (see Table 1). Total body length (cm) Number of fish (N) Mean weight (gr) ± SE 3-4 2 1,09±0,15 4-5 19 3,06±0,17 5-6 20 3,95±0,35 6-7 16 6,68±1,63 7> 10 15,73±0,86 Table 1. Mean weight for height groups Prozotoas, which live in fish as ectoparasites, leave the fish by the time the enviromental conditions change in a short time. That’s why, fish has been observed in the farm. As the first step, 67 cichlite fish’s skin, which are about to die, has been exarated so as to make preparation. Secondly, gill lamels have been extracted carefully, and they have been taken into petri dish which includes the surrounding water. These extracts are examined in terms of parasite via using microscope. The criterias and the identification of the parasites have been done according to Bykhoskaya-Pavlovskaya (1962), Bauer (1969), Nigrelli,(1976), Kabata (1985)’s studies. The photographs and measurements of the permanent parasite preparations have been done in Nikon (H550L) Phase Contrast Microscope. The lamellas including parasite have been taken to the dishes which include 10 % formaldehyde. The gills of the infected fish’s some sections has been taken histopathologically, and they have been colored via the histological sections were haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) were stained with. Histopathological examinations have been done (Takashima et al., 1995). In the volume of 30 liters of aquarium fish in ventilation for a period of 60 minutes can be made 1 liter Formaldehyde (37%), 3.7 g Methylene Blue (methylene blue powder) 3.7 gr Malachite Green (malachid green powder) was prepared from 2 ml of concentration by taking bath application of FMC were. After application of the skin and gill preparations were examined by preparing. 96 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.Results Business owner, fish pieces in the normal 3-6 at a time the death number rise to 20-50 numbers on the complaint of the diseases were determined. Ten days later, the average daily death number has reached 100 numbers were seen contains the mortality rates. The owner of the farm stated that the mortality number increased from 3 to 6, to 20-50 abruptly. Due to this fact, the disease has been identified. After 10 days, it has been observed that the mortality rate has increased to 100 fish. The mortality rates can be seen in figure 1. 100 80 Mortality (number) 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Time(days) Figure 1. The rate of mortality after the infestation Ichthyophthirius multifiliis In the course of the days which have high mortality rate, the measurements have been conducted, and the water temperature has been identified as 24-27.5°C on average. The average absorption level of pH was 7-7.81, and the amount of oxygen dissolved in water, the average 4,4-4,8 mg / l was determined as.. In the examination done in the farm, these things have been observed in the infestated fish; , swimming closer to the floor and borders of the pool, putting their gills closer to their body, swimming faster than they usually, and even splashing to the surface of the water. It has been identified that some fish has been gathered around the entrance of water, and they have been also observed to open and close their gills in a rapid way. In many fish, many red and gray spots have been observed in skin, fin and gills even with bare eye. Prescription preparation which has been prepared from the spots’ place, there has been observed macronucleus trofont in the shape of horseshoe, and tomit in the shape oval and pear have been observed. Mature fish have been measured as 0.8-1.mm, and tomitler have been measured as 30-50 µm. (Figure 2). The number of parasites in a view range (X100) have been counted as more than 10. (Figure.2). When the preparations of the surface that include many parasites have been examined in the microsope, it has been identified that there has been a significant increase in mucus cells. In the feeding done daily, the infected fish has been observed not to take the feed, and they have seemed to be weaker than other fish. The parasite has been observed to increase its number by splitting up. The parasite has been observed to multiply by dividing. When the preparations of the surface that include many parasites have been examined in the microsope, it has been identified that there has been a significant increase in mucus cells. In 97 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the feeding done daily, the infected fish has been observed not to take the feed, and they have seemed to be weaker than other fish. The parasite has been observed to increase its number by splitting up. The parasite has been observed to multiply by dividing. Figure 2. The show are Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in dorsal view In the histopathologic examinations, it has been observed that mature parasites have entered between epitel layer, and reached to basal membrane. The cells between parasite basal membrane have been observed to be necrotik and hydropic. They have also become vacuolization. Due to the tissue reaction, it has been observed that there has been an increase in epithelial hyperplasia ve mucus cells (Figure 4). Throughout two days, (pH:7, 25°C) 2ml FMC concentration has been applied, and it has been bathed for 60 minutes to treat the disease. Also, throughout the treatment, tanks have been ventilated. The fish haven’t been given feed prior to the treatment day. Moreover, during the application, the toxic due to the medicine has not been observed. After the application, the preparations have been observed via microscope, and there has not been observed any parasite. 4. Discussion and Conclusion In this research, a common aquarium fish business in the cause of death was determineted Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Under adverse environmental conditions Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections grown in intensity and weak fish in fish appear to be rising too much (Kabata 1985). This study also grown in unsuitable conditions infectıon was seen in fish. Keeping the high water quality, feed residues and cleaning of the pool is very important in the control of the parasite (Oğut et al 2005). We should use appropriate feeding for fishes, instantly wipe out the wasted food from the bottom. Moreover, water circulation should be conducted in a good way and we should use ventilate enough. The most important rule is that inlet water must be filtered definitely (Woo,1995). At the month which the parasites appeared, we have observed that the water has not been ventilated enough, and the farm hasn’t got filtler system. 98 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo At the patterns of under one age of carp, in x100 zoom in, Schaperclaus (1991) suggests that when you see 5-10 parasites at one eyesight, you should treat. In this research, we have taken some samples from the skin and gills of juvenils of cihklit. We have found 1060 parasites on an average. Ventura and paperna (1985) once in the host of the parasite is located in the epithelial layer is reported. Epithelial cell layer of the timing of parasite development had increased in number and development period, such as a capsule covering the parasites are indicated. Tokşen (2000) reported that in raınbow trout fish experimentally infected with I.multifiliis, an increase in the number of cells, mucus with hyperplasia is reported. In this study prepared under the late histopatholojik sections trofont epidermis and dermis was determined that the best accommodation. Epithelial cell hyperplasia in the region of interference settlement have been identified. As for this research, in the district of Mersin/Turkey, FMC has been applied for 60 minutes bathing throughout two days, and it has proved to be effective for parasite. Via this research, the ectoparasite which causes sudden mortality in Chiklit ICH has been identified. Moreover, the clinical symptoms and its effects on gill tissues have been identified histopathologically. As a result, the fish has been treated with FMC 2 ml concentration for 60 minutes. REFERENCES Bauer ON (1969) Key to the Parasites of Freshwater Fauna of The USSR, Vol.1, Leningrad, Vol 1, 428. Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya IE, Gusev AV, Dubinina MN, Izyumova NA, Smirova TS. Sokolovskaya IL, Shtein GA, Shulman SS. & Epshtein VH (1962) Key To Parasites Freshwater Fishes of the USSR. Izdatel’stvo Akademi Nauk S.S.S.R., Moskova, Leningrad: 1-919. Egusa S (1992) Infectıons Diseases of Fish A.A Balkema/Rotterdam, Bookfield, 696. Ferguson HW 1989 Systemik Pathology of Fish. Iowa State University Press, USA, 1260 . Kabata Z (1985) Parasites and Diseases of fish cultured in the Tropics. Taylor & Francis (Eds.), London: 1-318. Kinne O (1984) Diseases of marine animals. Vol. IV, Part I, Introductions, Pisces. Hamburg. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, 114-179. Matthews RA (1994) Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876: Infection and protective response within the fish host. In (Pike AW & Lewis JW Eds.), pp.17-42. Parasitic Disease of Fish. Samara Publishing, Tresaith, UK. Nigrelli RF, Pokorny KS, Ruggieri GD (1976) Notes on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliate parasitic on freshwater fishes, with some remarks on possiblephysiological races and species. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 95: 607-613. Ogut H, Akyol A, Alkan MZ (2005) Seasonality of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in the Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Farms of the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 5: 23-27 Ribelin EW& Migaki G (1975) The Patology of Fishes. The University of Wiscosin Press, USA, 117-143. 99 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Riehl R, Baensch H.A (1996) Aquarium Atlas, Publishers of Natural History and Pet Books, Germany, 1-991. Schaperclaus W (1991) Fish Diseases Volume 2 A.A Balkema/Rotterdam, 1397. Stoskoph MK (1993) Fish Medicine, W.B. Saunders company, PA, USA, 882. Takashıma F & Hıbıya T (1995) An Atlas of Fish Histology Normal and Patholological Features. Second Edition, Kodansa Ltd., Tokyo, 195. Tokşen E (2000) Ege Bölgesinde Bir Alabalık (Onchorhynchus mykiss) İşletmesinde Görülen Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouget, 1876 Enfeksiyonu ve Tedavisi, Bornova Vet. Kont. Araşt. Enst. Dergisi, 25 (39) 59-64. Ventura MT& Paperna I (1985) Histopathology of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections in fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 27, 185-203. Woo PTK (1995) Fish Diseases and Disorders.CAB International. 200-202. Researches on Protection, Propagation and Sustainable Usage of Native Bulbous Plants of Turkey Özgül Karagüzel1, İbrahim Baktır2, Deniz Hazar3, Gülden Yılmaz2 1 Western Mediterranean Research Institute, Antalya 2Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Antalya 3Akdeniz University, Kumluca Vocational School, Antalya E-mail: tezkara@yahoo.com Abstract Over 1000 flowering bulbous plants are naturally grown in Turkey. Flowering bulbs exportation has been in effect for years from Turkey. In recent years, exportation has been under strict control, it has been realized according to yearly given quota by The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestocks. Even though the present regulations and status, negligable amount of illegal wild collections are still going on. A number of researches has been conduted to prevent illegal collections and meantime to encourage artificial propagations and sustainable uses. These projects are mainly financed by the concern ministries, research institutes and universities. A good scale of geophyte exibition garden has been establised in Yalova Provience to take the interest of people and administrative staff. The present research projects are mainly concentrated on some well known flowering species such as tulips, hyacinthus, crocus, stenbergia, iris, fritillaria, snowdrop, lilies so on. Keywords: Geophytes, sustainability, researches 100 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1232 Title A name given to the resource The Infectıon of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (fouget, 1876) ın Some of the Aquarıum Fıshes (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum gunther, 1867) ın Mersin Author Author C.Erkin , Koyuncu Abstract A summary of the resource. This study were conducted in October 2008 in order to find out the reason of instant mortality of Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Gunther, 1867) fishes in some of the aquarium facility in Mersin. The fish parasitological point of view. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouget, 1876) was found responsible high mortality. The histopathology samples from the skin tissues of infested fish were examined and hyperplasia of epithelial in the skin of the fish were markely determined. Fish were succesfully treated with FMC bath (15 mg l־¹, 60minutes/2-3day). After FMC applications the mortality stopped. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5f10381dc9cdcce8299fb4f6ad797386.pdf fb86f00f35096aee155693f91dbabc12 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo World Bank Pension Reform Primer (n.d.), Notional Accounts: Notional Defined Contribution Plans as a Pension Reform Strategy. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPENSIONS/Resources/3954431121194657824/PRPNoteNotionalAccts.pdf (11.12.2011) www.invest.gov.tr, “Turkish Social Security System” (01.02.12) Yazici,Berna, “The Return to the Family: Welfare, State, and Politics of the Family in Turkey”,http://readperiodicals.com/201201/2592689941.html#ixzz1swIsiFRFhttp://readperio dicals.com/201201/2592689941.html#ixzz1svtHJz7Y (01.02.2012) TISK,Turkey in Figures,July 2009 TUIK,Turkiye Istatistik Yıllıgı,2011 A Critique On The Consistency Ratios Of Some Selected Articles Regarding Fuzzy Ahp And Sustainability Bülent Başaran Affiliation: Bilecik University, the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Bilecik, Turkey Abstract Consistency ratio (CR) is a very important indicator for achieving the reliability of an individual’s pairwise comparisons in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Although the applications of fuzzy AHP need this kind of CR results as well, only a few of studies include these results. The most accepted method to calculate CR for fuzzy pairwise comparison matrices (PCMs) is to transform fuzzy numbers to crisp versions and to proceed as in the ordinary CR calculations of AHP. Triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are usually used to present linguistic terms of an individual’s pairwise comparisons. In this research, CRs of 242 PCMs presented with TFNs, found in 39 articles, have been calculated based on four widely used defuzzification methods. The aim of this research is to find out if the PCMs of some available articles regarding sustainability issues in literature are reliable. After CR calculations of those PCMs, it has been found that some of them are reliable while many others are not. After reviewing these findings, researchers in fuzzy AHP field are expected to give much attention to those CR issues and try to obtain PCMs that are more reliable. 318 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: fuzzy AHP, consistency ratio, sustainability, defuzzification, fuzzy numbers 1.INTRODUCTION Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), developed by Saaty (1980), is a very powerful multicriteria prioritization technique. However, its applicability is not only limited to the number of criteria but also to the consistency ratio (CR) of pairwise comparison matrices (PCMs). If the CR value of a PCM passes 0.1, it means that the matrix is not consistent and comparisons should be made again in order to have a reasonable CR value. Fuzzy AHP is developed because of the fuzzy nature of those pairwise comparisons (Chang 1996). To provide more fuzziness (according to Saaty and Tran’s ‘2007’ criticism), usually triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are used in pairwise comparisons. Although some kind of CR value is needed to evaluate those PCMs in fuzzy AHP as well, many of the research articles skip this evaluation. The aim of this study is to present how much the results of those researches are reliable when taking CR issues into consideration. A total of 242 PCMs, found in 39 articles, have been examined in terms of their crisp version CR values. The paper is organized as follows: first, the applications of fuzzy AHP in literature are described; second, some defuzzification methods for obtaining the crisp versions of those TFNs are explained; third, how TFNs differ in their crisp versions under different diffuzzification methods are shown; fourth, CR values of PCMs in some selected articles are evaluated. Finally, remarkable conclusions and some future directions are given. 2.FUZZY AHP AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN LITERATURE Fuzzy AHP is one of the most widely used methods in multicriteria decision making although Saaty and Tran (2007) criticizes it seriously about its fuzzifying judgments. Some applications of fuzzy AHP exist in the field of sustainability and sustainable developments. Although there are some fuzzy approaches to obtain a priority weight vector (Chang 1996, Liou and Wang 1992), Chang’s extent synthesis method is used in many fuzzy AHP studies. Among many research areas regarding sustainability and fuzzy AHP, some of them can be given as follows:         319 Supplier or firm selection: Kahraman et al. (2004), Chan et al. (2008), Efendigil et al. (2008), Lee et al. (2009), Şen et al. (2010), Chen et al. (2011), Pei et al. (2011), Aydin et al. (2012), Öztürk and Başkaya (2012). Production process selection: Talinli et al. (2010). Market selection: Deng and Molla (2008), Toksarı and Toksarı (2011). Facility location selection: Ertuğrul and Karakaşoğlu (2008), Kayikci (2010). Resource allocation: Ahari et al. (2011), Bulut et al. (2012). Personnel selection: Celik et al. (2009), Pei et al. (2011), Bulut et al. (2012). Quality issues: Kwong and Bai (2003), Büyüközkan et al. (2011), Aydin et al. (2012). Strategy prioritization: Lin et al. (2010), Chaghooshi et al. (2011). �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo   Environmental issues: Lee et al. (2009), Tseng et al. (2009), Zheng et al. (2010), Karimi et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2011). Some other managerial issues: Zheng (2011), Bulut et al. (2012). 3.DEFUZZIFICATION OF TRIANGULAR FUZZY NUMBERS A TFN can be defined by the membership function (1) (Bulut et al. 2012). 0, ( x  l ) /(m  l ),   A ( x)  1, (u  x) /(u  m),  0, x  l, l  x  m, x  m, (1) m  x  u, u  x, where l and u correspond to the lower and upper bounds of the fuzzy number Ã, respectively, and m is the midpoint. The TFN is indicated as à = (l, m, u). The methods for defuzzification of TFNs used in this study are as follows:  Weighted Mean Method: According to Kwong and Bai (2003), a TFN can be defuzzified to a crisp number by equation (2). A crisp  (l  4m  u ) 6 (2) This method has been used by some researchers for transforming TFNs to crisp versions and calculated CRs accordingly. Although equation (2) is very easy to calculate, it may cause some bias problems because of weighting. It is more appropriate for the TFNs shaping as an equilateral triangle. However, especially the reciprocals of TFNs used in fuzzy PCMs do not shape as an equilateral triangle most of the time.  Centroid Method: It is also called “center of gravity” method and is the most widely used one among other defuzzification methods. Centroid defuzzification returns the center of area under the curve as in equation (3). A crisp    ( x).xdx   ( x)dx A (3) A For TFNs as in function (1), the result of centroid method will be equal to (l + m + u)/3.  Bisector Method: The bisector is the vertical line that will divide the region into two subregions of equal area. It will be equal to m for equilateral TFNs.  Middle, Smallest, and Largest of Maximum (MOM, SOM, and LOM) Methods: Since any TFN used in a PCM has a unique maximum, the result of these three methods will be the same. Therefore, only the MOM results have been shown in this study. 320 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.VARIATIONS IN TRIANGULAR FUZZY NUMBERS The TFNs used for importance degrees are equilateral linguistic variables except for the highest level. In some researches such as Zheng et al. (2010), Zheng (2011), Wang et al. (2011), Tseng et al. (2009), Toksarı and Toksarı (2011), Bozbura and Beskese (2007), Ahari et al. (2011), Büyüközkan et al. (2011), the highest level is also equilateral. However, in many other researches, the highest level is not equilateral. On the other hand, reciprocal values of any TFNs are not equilateral in almost every time. Because of these reasons, weighted mean method is not the best approach in many situations and researchers need to look at how some other defuzzification methods will result. Table 1 shows how crisp versions of some reciprocal TFNs can differ in terms of different defuzzification techniques. Table 1. Defuzzification of TFNs Crisp Versions Resulting from Defuzzification Methods Importance Degrees* Equally important TFNs Weighted Mean Centroid Bisector MOM (1/2, 1, 3/2) 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 Weakly more important (1, 3/2, 2) 1.5000 1.5000 1.5000 1.5000 Strongly more important (3/2, 2, 5/2) 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 (2, 5/2, 3) 2.5000 2.5000 2.5000 2.5000 (5/2, 3, 7/2) 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 3.0000 (2/3, 1, 2) 1.1111 1.2222 1.1835 1.0000 Reciprocal of weakly more important (1/2, 2/3, 1) 0.6944 0.7222 0.7113 0.6667 Reciprocal of strongly more important (2/5, 1/2, 2/3) 0.5111 0.5222 0.5176 0.5000 Reciprocal of very strongly more important (1/3, 2/5, 1/2) 0.4056 0.4111 0.4087 0.4000 Reciprocal of absolutely more important (2/7, 1/3, 2/5) 0.3365 0.3397 0.3383 0.3333 Very strongly more important Absolutely more important Reciprocals Reciprocal of equally important Notes: * These can be found in Zheng et al. (2010), Zheng (2011), Wang et al. (2011), Tseng et al. (2009), Toksarı and Toksarı (2011), Bozbura and Beskese (2007). 5.EVALUATIONS OF SOME SELECTED ARTICLES A total of 39 articles regarding fuzzy AHP and sustainability have been taken from the literature. There are 242 PCMs developed with TFNs in those articles. A MATLAB m_file has been coded to compute all of those PCMs’ CRs according to above mentioned four defuzzification methods. Table 2 shows just two of those articles’ calculation results. It is not 321 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo possible to show all CR values for all PCMs in this space limited study. On the other hand, the articles and their number of PCMs that have CR values above 0.1 are shown in Table 3. Table 2. Some examples of exact CR calculation results CR Values based on The Following Methods Articles Chen et al. (2011) Lee et al. (2009) PCMs Presented with TFNs Weighted (Matrix No.) Mean Centroid Bisector MOM 1 0.0432 0.0771 0.0637 0.0089 2 0.0965 0.1655 0.1464 0.0176 3 0.1566 0.1826 0.1724 0.1304 4 0.3750 0.3950 0.3878 0.3533 1 0.0761 0.0988 0.0912 0.0526 2 0.1573 0.2216 0.2006 0.0910 Table 3. CR results of matrices in literature Number of PCMs whose Crisp Versions Have a CR above 0.1 based on The Following Defuzzification Methods Number of PCMs Articles Presented with TFNs Weighted Mean Centroid Bisector MOM Ahari et al. (2011) 2 - 1 1 - Aydin et al. (2012) 1 1 1 1 1 Bulut et al. (2012)* 25 14 19 19 3 Büyüközkan et al. (2011)* 26 - 2 1 - Celik et al. (2009) 6 4 4 4 2 Chaghooshi et al. (2011)* 4 1 2 1 - Chan et al. (2008) 8 1 1 1 1 Chen et al. (2011) 4 2 3 3 2 Deng and Molla (2008) 5 5 5 5 4 Efendigil et al. (2008) 1 1 1 1 1 322 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ertuğrul and Karakaşoğlu (2008) 6 6 6 6 6 Kahraman et al. (2004) 15 9 10 9 9 Karimi et al. (2011) 5 1 1 1 1 Kayikci (2010) 1 1 1 1 1 Kwong and Bai (2003)* 9 2 3 3 - Lee et al. (2009)* 2 1 1 1 - Lee et al. (2011)* 5 2 3 3 2 Lin et al. (2010) 6 5 6 6 - Öztürk and Başkaya (2012)* 19 7 14 11 - Pei et al. (2011) 21 18 20 20 9 Şen et al. (2010) 4 - 2 1 - Talinli et al. (2010) 1 1 1 1 1 Toksarı and Toksarı (2011) 8 5 5 5 5 Tseng et al. (2009)* 5 3 3 3 3 Wang et al. (2011) 4 1 1 1 - Zheng (2011) 3 - 2 1 - Zheng et al. (2010) 7 - 1 - - Notes: * Some CRs or related explanations are presented inside the article. 6.CONCLUTIONS Many researchers continue to use fuzzy AHP without any explanation and calculation about CRs of PCMs used in their studies. Although the methods and applications submitted in their researches give valuable contributions to literature, violation of the CR limit may decrease the reliability of their currently published articles. In this study, after a broad review of literature, 242 PCMs in 39 articles have been examined. The TFNs have been transformed into their crisp versions via four different defuzzification methods and the CRs of those PCMs have been calculated as in the ordinary AHP. The results have shown that many of those PCMs violated the 0.1 upper-limit under some defuzzification methods while they did not violate this limit under some others. Because of this reason, researchers in fuzzy AHP field need to pay much attention to the CR issues for their PCMs. More researches are needed to formulate a more suitable CR for fuzzy AHP applications. REFERENCES 323 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ahari, S.G., Ghaffari-Nasab, N., Makui, A. and Ghodsypour, S. H. (2011) A Portfolio Selection Using Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process: A Case Study of Iranian Pharmaceutical Industry, International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations, 2, 225-236. Aydin, S., Kahraman, C. and Kaya, İ. (2012) A New Fuzzy Multicriteria decision Making Approach: An Application for European Quality Award Assessment, KnowledgeBased Systems, Article in Press. Büyüközkan, G., Çiftçi, G. and Güleryüz, S. (2011) Strategic Analysis of Healthcare Service Quality Using Fuzzy AHP Methodology, Expert Systems with Applications, 38, 94079424. Bozbura, F.T. and Beskese, A. (2007) Prioritization of Organizational Capital Measurement Indicators Using Fuzzy AHP, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, 44, 124-147. Bulut, E., Duru, O., Keçeci, T. and Yoshida, S. (2012) Use of Consistency Index, Expert Prioritization and Direct Numerical Inputs for Generic Fuzzy-AHP Modeling: A Process Model for Shipping Asset Management, Expert Systems with Applications, 39, 1911-1923. Celik, M., Kandakoglu, A. and Er, I.D. (2009) Structuring Fuzzy Integrated Multi-Stages Evaluation Model on Academic Personnel Recruitment in MET Institutions, Expert Systems with Applications, 36, 6918-6927. Chaghooshi, A.J., Fathi, M.R., Omidian, A. and Zarchi, M.K. (2011) Integration of FPM, Fuzzy AHP and ANP Methods in Formulation of Software Industry Strategy (Case Study: System Group Company), Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9), 1232-1247. Chan, F.T.S., Kumar, N., Tivari, M.K., Lau, H.C.W. and Choy, K.L. (2008) Global Supplier Selection: A Fuzzy-AHP Approach, International Journal of Production Research, 46(14), 3825-3857. Chang, D.Y. (1996) Applications of the extent analysis method of fuzzy AHP, European Journal of Operational Research, 95(3), 649-655. Chen, S., Jian, T. and Yang, H. (2011) A Fuzzy AHP Approach for Evaluating Customer Value for B2C Companies, Journal of Computers, 6(2), 224-231. Deng, H. and Molla, A. (2008) Multicriteria Analysis for Evaluating and Selecting E-Markets in Business-to-Business E-Business, International MultiConference of Engineers & Computer Scientists 2008, 870-877. Efendigil, T., Önüt, S. and Kongar, E. (2008) A Holistic Approach for Selecting a Third-Party Reverse Logistics Provider in the Presence of Vagueness, Computers & Industrial Engineering, 54, 269-287. 324 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ertuğrul, İ. and Karakaşoğlu, N. (2008) Comparison of Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Methods for Facility Location Selection, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 39, 783-795. Kahraman, C., Cebeci, U. and Raun, D. (2004) Multi-attribute Comparison of Catering Service Companies Using Fuzzy AHP: The Case of Turkey, International Journal of Production Economics, 87, 171-184. Karimi, A.R., Mehrdadi, N., Hashemian, S.J., Nabi-Bidhendi, Gh.R. and TavakkoliMoghaddam, R. (2011) Using of the Fuzzy TOPSIS and Fuzzy AHP Methods for Wastewater Treatment Process Selection, International Journal of Academic Research, 3(1), 737-745. Kayikci, Y. (2010) A Conceptual Model for Intermodal Freight Logistics Centre Location Decisions, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2, 6297-6311. Kwong, C.K. and Bai, H. (2003) Determining the Importance Weights for the Customer Requirements in QFD Using a Fuzzy AHP with an Extent Analysis Approach, IIE Transactions, 35, 616-626. Lee, A.H.I., Kang, H-Y., Hsu, C-F. and Hung, H-C. (2009) A Green Supplier Selection Model for High-Tech Industry, Expert Systems with Applications, 36, 7917-7927. Lee, C-C., Tzeng, G-H. and Chiang, C. (2011) Determining Service Quality measurement Key Indicators in a Travel Website Using a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 9(4), 322-333. Lin, C-T., Lee, C. and Wu, C-S. (2010) Fuzzy Group Decision Making in Pursuit of a Competitive Marketing Strategy, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, 9(2), 281-300. Liou, T.S. and Wang, M.J. (1992) Ranking Fuzzy Numbers with Integral Value, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 50, 247-255. Öztürk, B.A. and Başkaya, Z. (2012) Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci ile Bir Ekmek Fabrikasında Un Tedarikçisinin Seçimi, Business and Economics Research Journal, 3(1), 131-159. Pei, W., Liao, H-F. and Tan, B-L. (2011) A Revised Model of Fuzzy Extended AHP", International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 4(1), 27-44. Saaty, T.L. (1980) The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, NY. Saaty, T.L. and Tran, L.T. (2007) On the Invalidity of Fuzzifying Numerical Judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46, 962-975. Şen, C.G., Şen, S. and Başlıgil, H. (2010) Pre-Selection of Suppliers Through an Integrated Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Max-Min Methodology, International Journal of Production Research, 48(6), 1603-1625. 325 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Talinli, I., Topuz, E. and Akbay, M.U. (2010) Comparative Analysis for Energy Production Processes (EPPs): Sustainable Energy Futures for Turkey, Energy Policy, 38, 44794488. Toksarı, M. and Toksarı, M.D. (2011) Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) Yaklaşımı Kullanılarak Hedef Pazarın Belirlenmesi, ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 38, 51-70. Tseng, M-L., Lin, Y-H. and Chiu, A.S.F. (2009) Fuzzy AHP-Based Study of Cleaner Production Implementation in Taiwan PWB Manufacturer, Journal of Cleaner Production, 17, 1249-1256. Wang, L., Xu, L. and Song, H. (2011) Environmental Performance Evaluation of Beijing's Energy Use Planning, Energy Policy, 39, 3483-3495. Zheng, G., Jing, Y., Huang, H., Shi, G. and Zhang, X. (2010) Developing a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Process Model for Building Energy Conservation Assessment, Renewable Energy, 35, 78-87. Zheng, J. (2011) Enterprise Knowledge Management Application Evaluation Based on Cloud Gravity Center Model and Fuzzy Extended AHP, Journal of Computers, 6(6), 11101116. Using Artificial Neural Networks To Forecast Gdp For Turkey Karaatli Meltem, Göçmen Yağcilar Gamze, Karacadal Hüseyin, Sezer Fırat Suleyman Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: meltemkaraatli@sdu.edu.tr,gamzeyagcilar@sdu.edu.tr, huseyin_karacadal@hotmail.com,cihangir_07_@hotmail.com Abstract Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is a system resembling biological neural systems and uses working principles of human brain as a base. ANN can be applied in various fields for the purposes of forecasting, classification, optimization, data binding and so on. ANN has been frequently used in financial applications in recent years. In this study, ANN is used in forecasting Gross Domestic Product of Turkey. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) refers to the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP can be thought as the size of an economy and it is the foremost important measure of macroeconomic performance of a country, a country’s health and standard of living. Therefore, expectations about future GDP can be the primary determinant of investments, employment, wages, profits and even stock market activities. With respect to its economic 326 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1128 Title A name given to the resource A Critique On The Consistency Ratios Of Some Selected Articles Regarding Fuzzy Ahp And Sustainability Author Author Bülent, Başaran Abstract A summary of the resource. Consistency ratio (CR) is a very important indicator for achieving the reliability of an individual’s pairwise comparisons in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Although the applications of fuzzy AHP need this kind of CR results as well, only a few of studies include these results. The most accepted method to calculate CR for fuzzy pairwise comparison matrices (PCMs) is to transform fuzzy numbers to crisp versions and to proceed as in the ordinary CR calculations of AHP. Triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are usually used to present linguistic terms of an individual’s pairwise comparisons. In this research, CRs of 242 PCMs presented with TFNs, found in 39 articles, have been calculated based on four widely used defuzzification methods. The aim of this research is to find out if the PCMs of some available articles regarding sustainability issues in literature are reliable. After CR calculations of those PCMs, it has been found that some of them are reliable while many others are not. After reviewing these findings, researchers in fuzzy AHP field are expected to give much attention to those CR issues and try to obtain PCMs that are more reliable.Keywords: fuzzy AHP, consistency ratio, sustainability, defuzzification, fuzzy numbers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd11442ee79c22fd0ea89e2cb626bc05.pdf c13967e2471cf266bacbbc4690ca0316 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Agency of Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina www.bhas.ba “Bosnia and Herzegovina: Letter of Intent and Technical Memorandum of Understanding“, Published:June 16, 2009, Available at IMF officaila page www.imf.org, “Bosnia and Herzegovina: Letter of Intent and Technical Memorandum of Understanding“, Published:June 16, 2009, Available at IMF offical page www.imf.org Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Various Issues, www.cbbh.ba Consequences of the global financial crisis on BiH economy“, Source: FENA, Published: December 30, 2008., http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/region/74519.html International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2010/pr10111.htm , . http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10348.pdf “The Western Balkans: Between the Economic Crisis and the European Perspective”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, September 2010, page.52 http://www.iris-bg.org/files/The%20Western%20Balkans.pdf, 2008 Global Crisis, The Case Struggle Turkey “You are the Privileged, give us lessons”* Bulut Şahin1, Göçer İsmet1, Dam M. Metin1, Mercan Mehmet2 Martin Wolf, Financal Times' chief economic commentator. 1Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Aydin, Turkey 2Lec. Hakkari University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Aydin, Turkey E-mails: sbulut@adu.edu.tr, igocer@adu.edu.tr, mdam@adu.edu.tr, sbulut@adu.edu.tr Abstract In this survey, how Turkey overcame the 2008 crisis was studied using 2002:1-2011:12 period data through co-integration test. Within the scope of Empiric analysis, the influence of 397 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo selected macroeconomic variables such as Economical growth, ISE, unemployment, export, agriculture, foreign currency rate-USD and supply of Money were studied through two-stage Engle-Granger co-integration method. As a result of co-integration test, in the long run, export policies, IMKB, agriculture and foreign currency policies practiced have positive contribution to economic growth; therefore, Turkey has been successful in the struggle against economic crisis. Money supply policies had negative effect on economic growth and the recent economic crisis affected the growth of Turkish economy in a negative way. In the short term, export and agriculture had a positive effect on the growth of Turkish economy but global economic crisis had a negative effect. Keywords: 2008 Global economic crisis, struggle, Turkey, co-integration. 1.INTRODUCTION In a globalizing world, all countries monitor and study what happens in a particular country. As a result of globalization, all countries are interrelated directly or indirectly. Economic and political relations have become more and more important along as a result of globalization. Developed countries not only manipulate globalization for their own sake, but also they use it as a weapon against developing countries (John Perkins, 2006) the rapid change in the accelerated with immense developments in hi-tech, communication and transport, and there remains no limitation in front of capital and information. The spread of c rises to a different country is regarded as the result of a globalization (Öztürk and Gövdere, 2010) the recent crisis which broke out with the bubbles in the mortgage markets in USA and continued with the publication of the two giants of the market, Fannie May and Freddie May and deepened with bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in USA in September, 2008 and detriments from private sectors (General motors etc.) first influenced finance markets (American stock markets in the first place and then the whole world economies fell sharply) and then real economies (economic growth, unemployment etc.). (Turkish ministry of Finance). The influences of the crisis are still on the go in especially EU countries (Greece, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Hungary etc.) The globalizing world had its first devastating economic recession 1929 and it was followed by oil crises in 1970 and 1980. however new crises were on the way: European monetary crisis(1992-1993), Mexico Tequila Crisis (1994-1995), south-east Asia crisis (1997-1998), Indonesia Crisis (1997), Russia Crisis (1998), Brazil Crisis (1999), and Argentina Crisis (2002). Recent crises in Turkey are; 4th April, 1994, November 2000, and February 2001 (Koyuncu and Şenses, 2003) The concept of crisis which badly affects living standards of people and financial crises definitions and their types were handled. Next, the world financial crisis process which emerged in mid-2007 but whose effect was felt in 2008 in Turkey, and also known as mortgage crisis was explained and finally the effects of crisis on Turkish economy and its reflections were mentioned and the effects mentioned were analyzed econometrically and its results were assessed. 398 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.ECONOMIC CRISIS, DEFINITIONS AND TYPES 2.1.Definition of the Economic Crisis A great many definitions have been made for economic crisis. Only a few of those will be given here. “Economic crises can be defined as violent surges which happens beyond an acceptable change limit in any kind of goods, service, production factor or foreign Exchange market.” (Kibritçioğlu, 2003) it means “incidents which happen all of a sudden and unexpectedly in the economy result in quakes in a country’s economy (macro) and firms (micro)” (Aktan and Şen, 2002) In other words, economic crisis can be stated as an unexpected and unpredictable state of nervousness which requires quick action, which needs to be managed well and which threatens the company’s current values, goals and assumptions by making its prevention and adaptation mechanisms inadequate. (kobifinans, 2010) “Financial crisis is a nonlinear corruption in which adverse selection and moral risks are at an advanced level, consequently, financial markets cannot convert funds actively into economic institutions which have the most productive investment opportunities. (Mishkin, 1996) 2.2. 2008 Process of Global Economic Crisis Most of the countries were effected by the crisis. In this period there were also less effected countries(China, Rusia, Brazil etc.). the negative effects of crisis were felt in turkey in the last quarter of 2008. In this crisis real sector was effected in Turkish economy unlike fiscal sector crisis in 2001-2002(Global crisis and Turkey, 2009). The recession in developed countries and sharp falls in the growth rate of developed countries diminished foreign demand, world export rate has declined since the last quarter of 2008. The most effected economies were those which based their growth on exports. As a result of the decline in foreign demand as well as obscurity consumer and real sector reliability declined to the lowest and resulted in a sharp decrease in domestic demand primarily investment(Yörükoğlu, 2009). Figure 1: Selected Macroeconomics Overall Views Of Selected Groups 2002-2011 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 -5,00 -10,00 -15,00 Figure 1.7 Campus status DI CAD/GDP Sources: The data was created by me taking IMF(World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012). 399 Figure 1.7 Campus statu �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1: Descriptions of variables used in Figure 1 WORLD EG WORLD TV D UN D CAD/GDP DI TV DI TIV DI TXV DI CAD/GDP World Real Economic Growth World Trade Volume Development Countries Unemployment Rate Development Countries Currnet Account deficit/GDP Developing Countries Trade Volume Developing Countries Total Import Volume Developing Countries Total Export Volume Developing Countries Currnet Account Deficit/GDP According to the chart above, 12% by volume of global trade in 2009, recorded a 23% reduction In terms of value. Apparently the U.S. economy which started the crisis transferred it to EU. US appear to have got over the crisis. In the EU zone crisis tends to spread. Even though Greece was healed temporarily countries such as Spain and Portugal are also susceptible. International credit rating institute(S&P) warned that it would lower 15 EU countries’ ratings in December 2011, and decreased 9 EU countries’ ratings including France, Austria, Italy on 13 January 2012(Haberturk, 14 Jan. 2012). So what happened in Turkish economy while all these were taking place in the world? 2.3. Process of 2008 Global Economic Crisis Turkey Reconstruction, strengthening and durability of Turkish banking sector following 2001 crisis enabled it to be more resistant to global crisis. Therefore real sector, not the banking sector, was effected by the recent global crisis. Thus Turkey was less effected by the crisis and got rid of its negative effects easily. In order to perceive the effects of crisis on Turkish economy, developments of basic macroeconomic parameters are written below. Figure 2: General Wiev of Selected Turkey macroeconomics Variables 2002-2011 (% annually) 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -10,00 -20,00 400 EG TI/GDP TS/GDP CPI TX UNM GGE/GDP CAD/GDP 2011 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sources: The data was created by me taking IMF(World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012) . Table 2: Descriptions of variables used in Figure 2 Variables EG TX TI/GDP UNM TS/GDP GGE/GDP CPI CAD/GDP Descriptions Economic Growth Total Export Total Investment /Gross Domestic Product Unemployment Rate Total Saving/ Gross Domestic Product General Government Expenditures / Gross Domestic Product Consumer Price Index Current Account Deficit / Gross Domestic Product In figure 2 some annual economic data are provided for 2002-2011 period. According to the chart, of the economic indicators growth rate, export volume, total savings, total investments and inflation fell while current account deficit, government expenditures and unemployment rate increased. Turkey is the fastest growing economy of Europe in 2010 and in the first quarter of 2011. In the second quarter of 2011 Turkey reached 8.8% growth rate being the second after China 9.5% in the world. OECD foresees that Turkey will be fastest growing OECD country for 2011-2017 period. What helped Turkey overcome the crisis most is trade Turkey follows aggressive export policies(cooperating with African and Asia countries) and is shifting its trade to other places at a time when Europe is in crisis(Çağlayan, 2011). Turkey’s export reached 114 billion dollars in 2010 rising four times and imports reached 185,5 billion dollars rising 3,5 times in the last decade. In 2011the country’s export was 134 billion 969 million dollars. According to the first 79 months data of 2011 exports were made to 79 countries/regions (Çağlayan, 2011). Let’s look into the effects of crisis by checking Turkish economy’s recent data: according to the chart below Turkey started to feel the recent global crisis in the last quarter of 2008 and found itself in the middle of the crisis Feb. 2009. Macroeconomic indicators, especially unemployment rates in 2009, growth rate, ISE as a finance indicator and consumption figures demonstrate this clearly. Then Turkey continued its economical activities, shifted its export from Europe to other countries and started to get over effects of the crisis in a very short time by applying strict fiscal policies. This situation is clear in the next figures. Table 3: Selected Macroeconomic Indicators of the Global Economy in Crisis and Post-2008 Turkey 2008-2012 Selected 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Q1* Macroeconomic Indicators Economic Growth % 0,7 -4,8 9,2 8,5 Total Consumption % -0.4 10,9 -2.0 14,0 5.9 11,9 7.2 9,7 37587,1871 37489,9219 59440,0334 60724,6953 Unemployment Rate % Istanbul Stock Market Endex Credit Volume (Million 401 9,1 58226,7269 114.657.587,4 124.082.398,6 166.330.794,2 231.587.129,9 634.752.560,9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TL) Total Export (Million 132.027.190 102.142.606 113.883.213 134.969.268 34.744.000** USD) Sources: The data was created by me taking TUIK. *: Quarter of 2012, while expressing 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 year period represents. **: http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/tim-gundem-8.html (DA:20.04.2012) 3.LITERATURE Short quotations were made from the crisis studies and given in this section. Obstfeld and Rogoff (2009), used oil prices, economic growth, international reserves, long term interest rates, policy interest rate, estate prices(case-shiller index), exchange rate, net trade figures, current account deficit, the portion of settled investments in GDP, international investments and foreign deficit while clarifying global imbalances and financial crisis Gourinchas and Rey (2007), showed econometrically that price arrangements of dollar which has been held as reserve currency in the last 10 years determined US net export. Zandi, expressed that low energy costs would greatly contribute to the US economy and would help development in technology. Verick and Islam (2010), suggested that the recent global crisis significantly effected economic growth first, then mixed and the related factors emerged in the markets, freedom of monetary policies has occurred, global imbalances emerged and financial risks have increased. In the most recent of them, beyond all these, economic collapse and unemployment increased and focused on this issue. Taylor (2009), clarified reactions of inflation and macroeconomic activities that was used by CMB’s which use interest rate instrument. Especially short-long term interest rate being used: 1. Current interest rate to target interest rate, 2. How far Current economic activities are from full employment, 3. At what level short long term interest rate should be in full employment. Krugman (1999), expressed that at the time of crisis firms and entrepreneurs could provide growth using foreign capital. Hayaloğlu and Artan (2011), examined IMF well and tried to make out its role. Şimşek and Altay (2009), studied fiscal policies applied during global crisis in their survey and emphasized that. Economy would not recover by only increasing public spending without foreign sources. And they stated that crisis could only be prevented by studying the effects of crisis well, recovering the global liquidity congestion, decreasing domestic obscurities, applying monetary and fiscal policies that are freed from diminishing effects of real sector. 4.DATA SET, METHODOLOGY AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS 4.1.Data Set Data used for analysis between 2002:01 – 2011:12 monthly closed values for 120 observations from Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey-CBRT-(Electonic Data Delivery System). Analysis was conducted using E-wievs 5.1 packet program. 402 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4: Variables Used in Analysis And Descriptions IPI X ISE M2 AGR USD DUM Industrial Production Index Export Istanbul Stock Exchange Market Monetary Supply Agriculture ABD ($) Dummy variable for month of February 2009 For analysis first of all logarithmic series were obtained by taking logarithm of the indexes monthly average values and the integration level of logarithmic series were examined. Whether logarithmic series are stationary or not was studied Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF)(Dickey and Fuller, 1981) and Phillips-Perron (PP)( Phillips-Perron, 1988, 1990) tests. 4.2.Methodology Some pretests need to be carried out so that EKKY-two stage Engle-Granger co-integration analysis could be made to the least squares method. First selected variables were analyzed for stationary. In this survey series stationary was tested with ADF and PP methods. Short and long term relations between the series were conducted Engle-Granger two stage co-integrations analysis. Moreover short term models are obtained when long term equation residuals are added to series whose differences are taken. 5.EMPIRICAL RESULTS 5.1.Unit-Root Test Results and Evaluations The stationary of the variables are calculated for the ADF in Table 5. Table 5: ADF Unit Root Test Results Variables lnIPI lnX lnISE lnM2 lnUSD lnAGR DUM ∆IPI ∆X ∆ISE ∆M2 ∆USD ∆AGR Variables 403 t-Statistic -1.54 [12] -1.94 [2] -1.45 [1] -2.75 [1] -1.64 [2] -0.07 [12] -10.98 [0] -9.44 [11] -13.02 [1] -8.95 [0] -7.85 [0] -8.06 [1] -4.02 [12] t-Statistic %1 -3.49 -3.48 -3.48 -3.48 -3.48 -3.49 -3.48 -3.49 -3.48 -3.48 -3.48 -3.48 -3.49 %1 Critical Values %5 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 -2.88 Critical Values %5 %10 -2.58 -2.58 -2.57 -2.57 -2.58 -2.58 -2.57 -2.58 -2.58 -2.57 -2.57 -2.58 -2.58 %10 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo -1.66 [12] -4.04 -3.45 -3.15 lnIPI -2.07 [2] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnX -1.68 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnISE -0.62 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnM2 -1.78 [2] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnUSD -2.21 [12] -4.04 -3.45 -3.15 lnAGR -10.91 [0] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 DUM -9.35 [11] -4.04 -3.45 -3.15 ∆IPI -13.10 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆X -8.98 [0] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆ISE -8.49 [0] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆M2 -8.08 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆USD -4.14 [12] -4.04 -3.45 -3.15 ∆AGR Note: MacKinnon (1996), Δ symbol indicates that the variables taken the first difference. In values [ ]; The optimum length of lag is determined (Schwarz Information Criterion: SC). As shown in Table 5, the series has a unit root at level of first-degree differences, but that is not a unit root at a significance level of 5%. It appeares to be stationary. In other words, the level of alignment of the series I (1) is. PP test results are given in Table 6. Table 6: PP Unit-Root Test Results Critical Values %1 %5 %10 -3.48 -2.68 [7] -2.88 -2.57 lnIPI -3.48 -1.84 [21] -2.88 -2.58 lnX -3.48 -1.20 [6] -2.88 -2.57 lnISE -3.22 [2] -3.48 -2.88 -2.57 lnM2 -3.48 -1.78 [1] -2.88 -2.57 lnUSD -3.07 [2] -3.48 -2.88 -2.57 lnAGR -3.48 -10.98 [0] -2.88 -2.57 DUM -23.06 [26] -3.48 -2.88 -2.57 ∆IPI -93.94 [24] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆X -30.15 [14] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆ISE -39.86 [33] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆M2 -50.43 [96] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆USD -30.03 [7] -3.48 -2.88 -2.58 ∆AGR Critical Values Variables t-Statistic %1 %5 %10 -4.01 [4] -4.03 -3.44 -3.11 lnIPI -3.83 [4] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnX -1.83 [6] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnISE -0.68 [2] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnM2 -1.95 [1] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnUSD -3.97 [2] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 lnAGR -10.91 [0] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 DUM -25.22 [28] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆IPI -94.64 [24] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆X -30.52 [14] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆ISE -40.31 [34] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆M2 -56.72 [102] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆USD -29.87 [7] -4.03 -3.44 -3.14 ∆AGR Note: MacKinnon (1996), Δ symbol indicates that the variables taken the first difference. In values [ ]; Barlett-Kernel used as a prediction method is the optimum length of lag. Variables 404 t-Statistic �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As shown in Table 6 that the series has a unit root, but the first degree level at 5% significance level differences appear to be stationary, ie there is a unit root. In other words, the level of alignment of the series I (1) is. After levels of integration of series is determined I (1) the error terms of the series obtained by regression of the series I (0) is expected to be (Brooks, 2008). When ADF test is applied for a series of error terms, the ADF test statistic is 7.288124, given a series at a critical value of 1% does not have 5% significance level a unit root is seen in Table 7. Table 7: The Regression error terms Unit Root Test The length of lag: 0 ADF Test Statistical Test Critical Values Critical Values 1% level t- St. Prob. -7.288124 0.0000 -3.48 5.2. Long-Term Analysis Long-term model for the series included in analysis was estimated and the results are given Table 8. Table 8: Long-Term Analysis Variables Statistical Values C -3.45 [-8.71] AGR 0.04 [4.92] USD 0.277 [4.22] ISE 0.164 [6.83] X 0.428 [12.12] M2 -0.166 [-5.20] DUM -0.148 [-2.95] Table 9: Long-Term Analysis Statistic 2 R 0.93 CRDWAC 1.25 CRDWTAB 0.511 Fist 287.78 In Table 9 the descriptive statistics for the analysis of long-term value of CRDWAC CRDWTAB, in Table 10, the ADFAC value of long-term residuals are significant because of the 5% level of co-integration analysis of long-term relationship between the series. In table 8, long term analysis crisis effected Turkish economy in a negative manner and its statistically significant. Export is the most remarkable variable which contribute to the country’ economy. This rate is statistically significant coefficient and 0,428. The other variables that contributed to the growth of Turkish economy are ISE, USD and AGR and they are statistically significant. Supply of money effects economic growth negatively. 5.3 Testing for Co-Integration Residuals series were composed from long term analysis of countries and ADF and CRDW tests were applied to the series. Table 10: The Relationship Co-Integration ADFAC ADFTA CRDWAC DWTA Conclusion -7.28 -3.77 1.25 0.511 Yes VARIABLES Note: Critical values, Engle-Granger, 1987, taking in Table II. The calculated test statistics, in absolute value, the table is larger than the critical values, the existence of co-integration relationship between the series makes decisions. 405 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In table 10, its clear that there is a co-integration relation between Turkey macroeconomic series. Since a co-integration relation is found its decided that short term analysis could be made. 5.4. The Short Term Analysis Short-term error correction model and the results are given in Table 11. Table 11: The Short Term Analysis Variables Statistical Values ECt-1 -0.531 [-5.49] C -0.002 [-0.38] ∆AGR 0.032 [3.23] ∆USD 0.175 [1.24] ∆ISE -0.020 [-0.31] ∆X 0.495 [12.12] ∆M2 -0.110 [0.40] Table 12: The Short Term Analysis 2 R DW Fst LMols WHols Constant 0.75 1.84 48.48 0.75 0.06 -0.002 Variables Note: LMols: Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test probability values, WH ols: White Heteroskedasticity test probability refers to the value. These values are less than 0.05 is large, the model is considered Note a problem. When the results in table 12 are examined, its observed that error corrections term coefficients in the short term are negative and statistically significant. Therefore, deviations occurring in the short term between series which move together in the long run are removed and series approach their long term balance value again. The variable which effects economic growth n the short term is export series with 0,49 coefficient and in a positive way. Agriculture an exports effect economic growth in a positive way and its significant. Effect of global economic crisis is negative and statistically significant. 6.CONCLUSION In this survey, the effects of 2008 global economic crisis on the selected macroeconomic variables in Turkey was studied using 2002-2011 period monthly data. Crisis was represented in analysis with a dummy variable. In the long term analysis it was proved empirically that in Turkish economy agriculture, exchange rates, exports effected economy in a positive way while money supply and 2008 global crisis effected negatively. All of the variables in the analysis are significant. While exports effected economic growth in a positive way as expected the effect of crisis on Turkish economy is negative. In the short term analysis; error correction terms coefficients is negative and statistically significant. Therefore, deviations occurring in the short term between series which move together in the long run are removed and series approach their long term balance value again. In other words the effect of a shock on one of the variables disappear in the long run. According to empirical results obtained; the biggest contribution to Turkish economy was made by export and agriculture and recent economic crisis had a negative effect on its growth. Because, crisis in Turkey lasted relatively short and precautions were effective. REFERENCES AKTAN, Coşkun Can and ŞEN, Hüseyin, (2002), “Ekonomik Kriz: Nedenler ve Çözüm Önerileri”, Yeni Türkiye Dergisi 2002/1, 2002. 406 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo BROOKS, Chris (2008), “Introductory Econometrics for Finance”, 2nd Edition, ISBN:9780521873062, Publication date:May 2008 ÇAĞLAYAN, Zafer (2011), “Ekonomi Bakanı, DTÖ Müzakereler Koordinasyon Kurulu Toplantısı Açılış Konuşması”, 22 Kasım 2011. DICKEY, David A., and FULLER, Wayne A., (1981), “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root”, Econometrica, (49), 1057-72. ENGLE, Robert and GRANGER, C. W. J. (1987), “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Represention, estimation and Testing”, Econometrica, no: 55(2), pp.251-276. GOURINCHAS, Pierre-Olivier and REY, Hélène (2007). “International Financial Adjustment.”, Journal of Political Economy 115 (August): 665-703. HABERTURK, EKONOMİ SERVİSİ, 14 Ocak 2012 Cumartesi, 11:07:36 http://ekonomi.haberturk.com/finans-borsa/haber/705852-iste-sira-dayagi-magdurlari (DA:20.04.2012) HAYALOĞLU, Pınar and ARTAN, Seyfettin (2011), “Küresel Ekonomik Krizle Mücadelede İMF’nin Değişen Rolü”, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, Yıl:3 Sayı:6, Kış 2011 ISSN 1307-9832 IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2012 (DA: 25.04.2012) KİBRİTÇİOĞLU, Aykut (2003), “Türkiye’de Ekonomik Krizler ve Hükümetler”, 19692001, http://politics.ankara.edu.tr/~kibritci/ytd-kibritcioglu.pdf, s.1, 28/08/2003. KOYUNCU, Murat and ŞENSES, Fikret (2003), “Kısa Dönem Krizlerin Sosyoekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye, Endonezya ve Arjantin Deneyimleri” , Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, S . 13. , Mart-2003, s. 11. KRUGMAN, Paul(1999), “Balance Sheets, the Transfer Problem and Financial Crises”, International Tax and Public Finance, 6, 459–472 (1999). MACKINNON, James G. (1996), “Numerical Distribution Functions for Unit Root and Cointegration Tests”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, (11), 601-618. MISHKIN, Frederic S, (1996), “Understanding Financial Crises: A Developing Country Perspective,” Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World Bank, Washington, pp. 29-62. 1996. OBSTFELD, Maurice and ROGOFF, Kenneth (2009), “Global Imbalances and the Financial Crisis: Products of Common Causes”, Paper prepared for the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Asia Economic Policy Conference, Santa Barbara, CA, October 18-20, 2009. Barbara, CA, October 18-20, 2009 PERRON, P. (1990), Testing For a Unit Root in a Time Series With a Changing Mean, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, no: 8(2), pp.153-162. PHILIPS, P.C.B. and PERRON, P. (1988), Testing For a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biomètrika, no:75 (2), pp.336-346. ŞİMŞEK, Hayal A. and ALTAY, Asuman (2009), “Küresel Kriz Ortamında Türkiye'de Maliye Politikalarının Değerlendirilmesi”, Gündem 1, Sayı 528, <http://www.ekonomikyorumlar.com.tr/dergiler/gundem/Gundem_1_Sayi_528.pdf> 407 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TAYLOR (2009), “Voluntary social initiatives in fresh fruit and vegetables value chains; ISBN 978-92-2-122007-7 (print); 978-92-2-122008-4 (web pdf) Sarah Best and Ivanka Mamic. VERICK, Sher and ISLAM, Iyanatul (2010), “The Great Recession of 2008-2009: Causes, consequences and policy responses”, Employment Sector Employment Working Paper No. 61. WOLF, Martin (2012), http://ekonomi.haberturk.com/makro-ekonomi/haber/710434-bizeders-verin- 28 Ocak 2012 Cumartesi, 13:13:34 (DA:05.04.2012) YÖRÜKOĞLU, Mehmet (2009), “Küresel Mali Kriz ve Türkiye Ekonomisi”, Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Başkan Yardımcısı, 2009, İstanbul. ZANDI, Mark. Chief economist of Moody's Analytics Inc. He can be reached via help@economy.com. http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/144040636.html “Gas prices and the economy” www.tcmb.gov.tr www.imf.org www.tuik.gov.tr http://www.kobifinans.com.tr/tr/bilgi_merkezi/02061001/20892 (DA:17.04.2012) http://www.tim.org.tr/tr/tim-gundem-8.html (DA:20.04.2012) xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/22560935/886502103/name/ikp-pdf.pdf (17.04.2012) Natural Resources and Economical Growth in Central Asia and Caucasus Filiz Kadi Fatih University Economics Department Abstract As it is known, all former Soviet states faced serious economical and social problems after they gained independency. At this stage of history, these countries took into their hands responsibilities for self-development. To overcome their problems, they tried to find and imply suitable policy in all spheres of social life. In order to strengthen their economy, they had to look their capability and capacity, and use them in the right direction. However, many factors such as cut off the link between the main provider of the Soviet Union, Russia and other republics, problems in management, the lack of experience in market economy brought to serious problems in these countries. As a result, production process was seriously damaged in all sectors of their economy. Consequently, without being able to manufacture products, these countries began to focus on the raw materials, not considering effects of economic dependency on natural recourses. 408 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1348 Title A name given to the resource 2008 Global Crisis, The Case Struggle Turkey Author Author Bulut, Şahin Abstract A summary of the resource. In this survey, how Turkey overcame the 2008 crisis was studied using 2002:1-2011:12 period data through co-integration test. Within the scope of Empiric analysis, the influence of selected macroeconomic variables such as Economical growth, ISE, unemployment, export, agriculture, foreign currency rate-USD and supply of Money were studied through two-stage Engle-Granger co-integration method. As a result of co-integration test, in the long run, export policies, IMKB, agriculture and foreign currency policies practiced have positive contribution to economic growth; therefore, Turkey has been successful in the struggle against economic crisis. Money supply policies had negative effect on economic growth and the recent economic crisis affected the growth of Turkish economy in a negative way. In the short term, export and agriculture had a positive effect on the growth of Turkish economy but global economic crisis had a negative effect. Keywords: 2008 Global economic crisis, struggle, Turkey, co-integration. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5d68af629fe27c641c6636337d23e6f0.pdf 33fabf6bac700a4af0b8471073a2d165 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Whıte, T.H. (1996). Working in Interesting Times: Employee morale and business success in the information age. Vital Speeches of the Day”, , Vol XLII, No. 15. Whitney, D. and Trosten-Bloom, A. (2003). The Power of Appreciative Inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Berrett Koehler, pp. 69-71. Yurdakul, S. (2009). “Olumlu Sorgulama (AI): Teorik Temelleri; Pratikte Uygulanması,” www.ikedaconsulting.com, Date of access: 17.03.2012. Yüksel, M. (2000), “Yönetişim Kavramı Üzerine”, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 58(3):145-159. Effects Of Hoshin Kanri And Balance Scorecard With Integrated Strategic Plan To Sustainable Development: Application To Chamber Of Commerce And Industry Buket Karatop1 Zeynep Kahraman2 Cemalettin Kubat3 Özer Uygun3 Adem Korkmaz4 1Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Uluborlu Selahattin Karasoy MYO, Elektronik ve Otomasyon Bölümü, Isparta 2Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Isparta 3Sakarya Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Sakarya 4Isparta Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası, Isparta E-mails: buketkaratop@sdu.edu.tr, zeynepkhrmn11@hotmail.com,kubat@sakarya.edu.tr ouygun@sakarya.edu.tr,ademkorkmaz@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Strategic management can be defined as an administrative technique in taking decisions for the future in an organization, implementation and evaluation. In fact, It can be said that, applications of strategic management provides sustainable development. Strategic management has a dynamic structure and it requires continuous improvement. When Strategic management is used integrated with management tools such as Total Quality Management, Process Management, Hashin Kanri can be more efficient and effective. Using Balance 358 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Scorecard (BSC) as a tool for performance assessment in strategic management and Hoshin Kanri for continuous improvement İs resulted as increase in efficiency. Strategic management which has a vital importance in institutions and organizations and which is a derivative of its strategic plan is been more practical with Hoshin Kanri. Hoshin Kanri which has a process-oriented structure and it is a method that works to enrich the process, is proved with studies in strategic planning help us to be more effective results. On the other hand, BSC is a comprehensive system for focusing on strategies to manage in organizations that combines and evaluates both financial and non-financial (physical) strategic criterias. So, it can be understood from title of the BSC is based on the balanced examination of performance parameters’. Thus, performances are emphasized on the enterprises not only for short-term but also for long term at the same time in organizations and its impact on sustainable development. BSC has become the ideas and efforts combination for enterprises to make a difference to its competitors such as strategies becoming a form of action to use in business. Therefore, BSC to be an important performance measurement system and it has become entrenched system with more widespread in the business life. In turkey, a strategic planning which was made mandatory in public institutions and organizations is chamber of industry agenda in recent years. The chamber of commerce and industry is an organization that directly effects to sustainable development. Strategic plans of the chamber of commerce and industry is important in this regard. The relationship investigated between Strategic plans of the chamber of commerce and industry with Hoshin Kanri and BSC applications and sustainable development. In this research, the integrations of Strategic planning with Hoshin Kanri and Balance scorecard has been investigated to sustainable development. Aim of this study is Hoshin Kanri and balanced scorecard applications to illustrate the effectiveness in strategic planning and its impact of sustainable development to discuss by making an application in Isparta Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICCI). Keywords: Hoshin Kanri, Balance Scorecard, Strategic Management, Strategic Planning, Sustainable Development, Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 1.INTRODUCTION The strategic plans which are tools to ensure the continuous development of organizations, become more meaningful when there is a performance evaluation. Thanks to the performance evaluation, the advancement of the targets within the strategic plan is followed. However, the fact that performance evaluation is multi-dimensional increases the quality of the evaluation. Performance indicators like customer, quality, finance, strategy with a multidimensional performance evaluation is used and provides managers explicit information during the rational use of resources. One of the performance evaluation methods, BSC performs the evaluation in four dimensions. These are: financial, customer, internal, learning and development. 359 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In strategic planning, performance evaluation is important in a few ways and it may be considered as a new starting point. For the unreachable targets we need to make improvements. According to Akao “Hoshin is the center of continuous improvement method”. Hoshin Kanri is the application of cycle of PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act) into the management processes. For this reason, the evaluation of Unreachable targets with Hoshin Kanri method may be beneficial (AKAO, 1999: 22). With the first studies of quality circle in Japan the philosophy of “Firstly human develops, as a result of human development, workshops, factories, and the company develops” is adopted (Yenersoy,1997:). Considering the same philosophy, as the factories, workshops and companies develop, they improve the environment they work in. So development can be achieved. For a sustainable development, environmental, economic and social sustainability should be ensured (Vikipedi,2012). Strategic plans are road maps ensuring the development of the companies. The correctly prepared and applied strategic plans provide the development of companies and at the same time contribute to the development of their environment. If a country prepares and implements the strategic plans properly it may be concluded that it will have a direct impact on the sustainable development. 2.STRATEGY The concept of strategy appears as a term that emerged with the presence of people and used mostly in the military field. Strategy is everywhere where there is competition; in wartime, sport, companies etc. Strategies may be at the country,company or individual level. According to Saatçioğlu “Enterprise-level strategy utilizing the corporate resources and cempetencies with the aim of meeting the expectations of stakeholders, consists of routing and actions that provide companies superiority in the long-term changing environment ( Editör: Öztemel, 2009: 66). According to Ülgen and his friends, “Strategy is defined as the final result-oriented dynamic group of decisions determined to reach the goals by examining the activities of competitors” (Ülgen, Mirze, 2004: 33). According to Şişman, “strategy requires to do a different job or to do the same work in different ways. This is similar to map out in earthquake zone in short, “Strategy is a revolution” (Şişman, 2007). Strategy is a phenomenon need to be planned. According to Eisenhower “plans are nothing but planning is every thing.” 360 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 1: Creative fields of the strategy (Wittman, Reuter: 2008,6) Firstly, man should make an analysis to create a strategy. These analyses are carried out by comparing the risks, opportunities and threats from the outside of outside and resources of companies. With these analyses, better understanding (conception) of competition and information is provided. When the application comes into effect, progress must be measured. Otherwise, you can not measure how much you have developed. Controlling the execution completes the loop. Strategic plans are the fields of creating strategy. (Figure 1) 3.STRATEGIC PLANNING Strategic planning, enables strategic thinking and acting in a rapidly changing competitive environment (Söyler, 2012:106). Strategic plans have the characteristics of a router enabling the distribution of resources in regard to strategic priorities and a reference document guiding the organizations ( DPT, 2006:3). According to Brauers and Weber “The purpose of strategic planning is to guide an organization to achieve her desired goals of the long-term development under the variation of environment. Therefore, strategic planning is based on the forecasting” (Wang, Chang: 2001: 193). Strategic planning, describes and defines the path between the the location of the company and the point it desires to go. To do these things it is necessary to determine its position correctly and determine the place it desires to arrive clearly. Analysis determining the current position of the company is the situation analysis. The situation analysis consists of internal analysis, environmental analysis, stakeholder analysis, PESTS (Politic, Econimic, Social, Tecnologic, Sectorial) analysis. SWOT consists of internal and environmental analysis. The SWOT analysis for the strategic planning is just like the backbone of the human body. 361 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo So, the SWOT analysis forms the basis of the strategic plan. In addition, stakeholder analysis, analysis of pests also can not be underestimated. Steakholder analysis, is important for the image the company will constitute. PESTS analysis is important as it will provide the correct identification of the company in the environment. According to Akgemci and his friends “In order to actulize the vision specified for the future of the enterpriese in the junction of resource, environment and values, SWOT analysis is helpful in establishing a balance between these factors” (Akgemci, Güleş, 2010: 42). There are four questions that are essential in strategic planning: ( DPT, 2006: 8) 1. 2. 3. 4. Where are we? Where do we want to go? How do we get where we want to go? How do we follow and evaluate our success? Answer of question “Where are we?” is given by the situation analysis. Answer of question “Where do we want to go ?” will give the company's mission, vision, goals and objectives. Answer of the question “How do we get where we want to go?” will be found with the strategies, objectives, activities and projects. The purpose of the strategic objectives is to bring the company’s performance to the desired direction and desired size. Converting the data collected during the strategic planning to a resolution is at this stage. In this sense, this is an important step. Answer of the question “How do we follow and evaluate our success?” will be found with process monitoring, performance measurement and evaluation. Final goal of a company is its strategic plan. (Figure 2) Because, it describes the last place company wants to be. The sub-goals that contribute to the formation of the final target is the SWOT analysis, mission. Sub-sub goals are required for the creation of sub-goals. Sub-sub goals are datum creating the sub-goals. 362 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2. Goal-oriented view of strategic planning.(Orwig, Chen, Vogel, Nunamaker: 1996: 39) 4.BALANCE SCORE CARD Companies care about planning the future by evaluating the past. Balance scorecard allows organizations to see where they were in the past, their current status and where they will go. As balance scorecard directs organization’s all resources towards the targets, it is a quite effective managment system. According to Güner “BSC provides to managers a framework in which management mission, vision and strategy are converted into a set of financial and non-financial power measures” (Güner, 2008: 247). BSC tries to establish a strategic balance between strategic performance values in a strategic dimension (Özbirecikli, Ölçer, 2002: 2). According to Kaplan and Norton, indicator of overall success BSC is a performance management system based on measurement and it transforms the mission, and strategy of the companies into a set of evaluation criteria and creates a framework for the strategic performance evaluation and management (Coşkun, 2006). BSC was originally designed forprofit businesses. The method has started to be used over time in nongovernmental organizations and public institutions. BSC are examined in four area to measure the performance of the strategic decisions: 1) Financial dimension 3) Inner functional dimension 2) Costumer dimension 4) Learning and development dimension Financial Dimension: Performance criteria in the financial dimension is used to describe long-term goals (Kaplan, Norton, 1996). Financial dimension shows if operational strategies are applied or not, if it is applied weather it provides contributions to the improvments of the operating results or not (profit / loss statement) (Utkutuğ, 2007). Costumer Dimension: In the present age with the increasing consumer awareness with an acceleration, companies have started to develop costumer-focused strategies. The new economic structure have changed the balance of power between manufacturer, dealer and costumer on behalf of the costumers (Özbirecikli, Ölçer, 2002: 2). Customer perspective of the evaluation is carried out according to different customer evaluation criteria. Customer / stakeholder assessments are performed on the perception of the company. Inner Functional Dimension: Financial profits acquired by improvement of inner functional dimensions emerge at certain periods (Kaplan, Norton, 2001: 94). In inner functional dimension studies must be done 363 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo through bussiness processes which should be improved. Strategies must be created over processes that create value. These processes are the ones mostly directed to increase the customer satisfaction. Learning and Development Dimension: Creating value and ensuring the continuity of improvements are the goals of this dimension. According to Ergüder and his friends “A company's ability of learning, continuous improvement and creativity are linked directly to company’s value” (Ergüden, Sağdıç, 2000: 42). 5.HOSHIN KANRI It is the combination of two Japanese words: Hoshin and Kanri.   Hoshin: Compass, followed path, route, policies and objective. Kanri: Managment control of companies’ focus (Planning) (Jolayemi, 2008). Hoshin Kanri emerged from the principle continuous improvment of tranquality in total quality managment is a system devoted to quality control and continuous improvment activities (Akao, 1999: 49). At the same time Hoshin Kanri provides an oppurtunity to measure the level of reaching the goals defined by improvements (Akao, 1999: 43). Hoshin Kanri which is the center of managment of continues improvment has worked in two stages: 1. Jumps and strategic objectives 2. Business principles of administrative control over day Hoshin Kanri enables deciding the companies’goals and reaching the goals which are designed. It encourages to promote a dialogue during the development of strategies and measures. So Hoshin Kanri is a method which is applied by considering what are the needs of costumers (Akao, 1999: 22). According to the descriptions we can say Hoshin Kanri is a method which is used to decide a strategic way -without losing sight of the focus point-. Hoshin Kanri is a processbased approach. It is not only intrested in results but also focuses on how to enrich the process (Asan, Tanyaş, 2007: 1001). Hoshin Kanri is adopted as a FAIR (Focus, Arrangement, Integration, Remark) cycle by Deming’s PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act). Hoshin Kanri cycle has 4 stages. The cycle begins with the stage of prevention (Focus) which business executives review the previous managment performance (Strategy). At this stage, the previous year’s performance is examined and focusing on the next year, strategy (goals and priorities) is generated. In subsequent planning (Arrangement) stage, strategic priorities are arranged according to units’ priorities. Application (Integration) stage is a stage which is integration of priorities with daily activities and project works. Control stage (Review) includes appropriate managment of daily activities in accordance with the strategic goals and supervision. The datum which are 364 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo obtained from this supervision and review provide feedback to focus stage (Asan, Tanyaş, 2007: 1002). 6.APPLICATION Companies, in order to gain an advantage in the competition think and approach decisions strategically. The common ground of strategic planning, common denominator of Hoshin management and BSC is their vision, Objectives, strategies and performance. (Figure 3) In the strategic planning, action plans are prepared taking into consideration the vision, objectives and strategies. By evaluating the action plans, performances are presented or emerge. BSC evaluates the performance in 4 perspective. It used to analyze the tasks fast with Key Performans Indicator (KPI). Hoshin is based on continuous improvement and process oriented. When there is a need of improvement in the targets evaluated by BSC within four dimensions, Hoshin management steps in. Figure 3. Comparison of strategic planning, BSC and Hoshin management. (source:yang,yeh,2009: 996) This paper is based on the 2010-2014 strategic plan of ICCI. This paper is based on the 2010-2014 strategic plan of ICCI. Performance of 2010 was evaluated by BSC (Tablo 1-2-3-4-5-6). How to brought achieving these targets with the BSC, so the performance was measured. As the table shows some of the indicators, there is a discrepancy between planned and actual. So, target was 365 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo missed for various reasons. Accordance with ITSO’s mission, most of these causes, stems from stakeholders. To achieve these goals, while Hoshin Kanri form (Form 1) was filling, improvement team is established. We followed the conversion of PDCA (FAIR) in forms, then improvement is made. With the unemployment rate and the rate of entrepreneurship was achieved success inthe studies. ICCI continued evaluation studies of strategic plan with the BSC and Hoshin Kanri in 2010, targets were gaining momentum with the development of industry and city in 2011-2012. For example; ICCI has entered the top ten a study conducted in Turkey with Turkish Employment Organization (ISKUR) and Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, although the pilot province of unemployment. In entrepreneurship while average of Turkey is the 5%, with studies was achieved in 14%. This is a leap. This is indication of the result reached with training and fieldwork. 366 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.1. Criteria of Strategic Goal DIMENSIONS Financial Dimensions Customer/ Steakholder /Member Dimension Functional Dimension to in ICCI Learning and Development Dimension 367 CRITERIA To Contribute To An Increase In Exports(1.1. ) Raise the Level of Activity Satisfaction (5.12.) Members' Contact Information (5.11) Training of Employees (5.6.) Activity To Increase The Added Value Of Agricultural Products(2.1.) Studies To Increase Tourism Revenue(1.3. ) Increase the Contribution Of The Economy Of Antalya To Isparta(1.4) To Start the Works To Support in the the Branding Steakholders of and members Products (4.6.) (4.9) Upgrade the image (4.3.) Participation in Exhibition With Members (4.4.) Activation the Professional Committees(5.1. ) Making the Infrastructur e work for Web-based To Complete Member the Electronic Services and Archiving Disclosures Project(5.3.) (5.5) Training of Members (5.7.) Satisfacton Surveys for Members and Staff (5.4.) To Create the a Unit of Consulting and Projects (5.2.) EU Vision (5.8.) Activity for Isparta's Rose and Carpet (4.11.) Working for Collaboration Between UniversityIndustry (2.11.) Follow-up Study for Reducing Unemploymen t (2.12.) Control Of Workings The Quality andAccreditation(5.10 ) Works of Reconstruction and Rational Use of Resources(5.14 ) Activity in Renewable Energy(2.3.) Works for Developing the Entrepreneurshi p (2.7.) Activities for Increasing Worksho the Product p for Give Range in Direction Volume of to the the Industry Domestic (2.8.) Trade(1.2.) To Cooperate with Commodit y Exchange (1.7.) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.2. Classification and Description of Strategic Goals CLASSIFICATION STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIPTION F1 To Contribute To An Increase In Exports(1.1.) increase in profit/end of period F2 Activity To Increase The Added Value Of Agricultural Products(2.1.) Units of Activity/end of period F3 Studies To Increase Tourism Revenue(1.3.) % increase in income/end of period F4 Increase the Contribution Of The Economy Of Antalya To Isparta(1.4) unit of Thematic working/year C1 Raise the Level of Activity Satisfaction (5.12.) % increase C2 Upgrade the image(4.3.) Pieces of positive news/year C3 Participation in Exhibition With Members(4.4.) total of fair/year C4 To Support the Steakholders and members(4.6.) kind of activity/year C5 To Start the Works in the Branding of Products(4.9) total of working/end of period C6 Activity for Isparta's Rose and Carpet (4.11.) total of working/end of period C7 Working for Collaboration Between University-Industry (2.11.) total of network/end of period C8 Follow-up Study for Reducing Unemployment(2.12.) total of working/year C9 Works for Developing the Entrepreneurship (2.7.) total of entrepreneur/year C10 Workshop for Give Direction to the Industry (2.8.) total of workshop/end of period C11 Activities for Increasing the Product Range in Volume of the Domestic Trade(1.2.) total of product/end of period C12 To Cooperate with Commodity Exchange (1.7.) total of cooperation/year I1 Members' Contact Information(5.11) % increase I2 Activation the Professional Committees (5.1.) total of report/year I3 To Complete the Electronic Archiving Project (5.3.) Adet proje/end of period I4 Making the Infrastructure work for Web-based Member Services and Disclosures(5.5) time (Project completion time-2010) I5 EU Vision(5.8.) Units of Activity/end of period I6 Control Of Workings The Quality and Accreditation (5.10) total of monitoring activity/year I7 Works of Reconstruction and Rational Use of Resources(5.14) total of project/end of period I8 Activity in Renewable Energy(2.3.) kind of activity/year L1 Training of Employees(5.6.) kind of education/year L2 Training of Members(5.7.) kind of education/year L3 Satisfacton Surveys for Members and Staff(5.4.) survey/year L4 To Create the a Unit of Consulting and Projects(5.2.) total of unit/end of period 368 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.3. Financial Dimensions FINANCIAL DIMENSIONS STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIPTION ADDED DESCRIPTION GOALS FULFİLLED To Contribute To An Increase In Exports(1.1.) This will take place too is subject end of the 5 yeras. increase in profit/end of period 20% Activity To Increase The Added Value Of Agricultural Products(2.1.) 7activity/5year Units of Activity/end of period Studies To Increase Tourism Revenue(1.3.) end of the period %80 % increase in income/end of period 8% 7% Increase the Contribution Of The Economy Of Antalya To Isparta(1.4) 4 activity of a year unit of Thematic working/year 4 4 18% 1,4 2 Table.4. Customer’s Dimensions CUSTOMER'S DIMENSIONS/STEAKHOLDER'S DIMENSIONS/MEMBER'S DIMENSIONS STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIPTION ADDED DESCRIPTION Raise the Level of Activity Satisfaction (5.12.) Upgrade the image(4.3.) 369 3 times a year GOALS FULFİLLED % increase 80% 92% Pieces of positive news/year 3 5 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Participation in Exhibition With Members(4.4.) total of fair/year 2 2 To Support the Steakholders and members(4.6.) kind of activity/year 1 1 To Start the Works in the Branding of Products(4.9) total of working/end of period 3 3 Activity for Isparta's Rose and Carpet (4.11.) total of working/end of period 2 3 Working for Collaboration Between University-Industry (2.11.) 5ativity/5year total of network/end of period 1 1 Follow-up Study for Reducing Unemployment(2.12.) 4 times a year total of working/year 4 3** Works for Developing the Entrepreneurship (2.7.) total of entrepreneur/year 3 2** Workshop for Give Direction to the Industry (2.8.) total of workshop/end of period 1 1 Activities for Increasing the Product Range in Volume of the Domestic Trade(1.2.) 5total/5year total of product/end of period 1 3 To Cooperate with Commodity Exchange (1.7.) 2times/1year total of cooperation/year 2 2 ** Hoshin Karni Form, organized. 370 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.5. Functional Dimensions FUNCTIONAL DIMENSIONS TO IN ICCI ADDED DESCRIPTION GOALS FULFİLLED % increase 100% 100% total of report/year 4 6 To Complete the Electronic Archiving Project (5.3.) Adet proje/end of period 100% 100% Making the Infrastructure work for Web-based Member Services and Disclosures(5.5) time (Project completion time-2010) 100% 100% EU Vision(5.8.) 5activity/ 5year Units of Activity/end of period 1 2 Control Of Workings The Quality and Accreditation(5.10) 4total/year total of monitoring activity/year 4 4 Works of Reconstruction and Rational Use of Resources(5.14) 1 working total of project/end of period 1 1 Activity in Renewable Energy(2.3.) 1variety/year kind of activity/year 1 1 STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIPTION Members' Contact Information(5.11) Activation the Professional Committees (5.1.) 371 4total/year �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.6. Learning and Development Dimensions LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT DIMENSION STRATEGIC GOALS DESCRIP ADDED TION DESCRIPTION GOA LS FULFİLLED Training of Employees(5.6.) 3varietyi/y kind of ear education/year 3 2 Training of Members(5.7.) 5variety/ye kind of ar education/year 5 5 Satisfacton Surveys for Members and Staff(5.4.) To Create the a Unit of Consulting and Projects(5.2.) 372 1total/year survey/year 1 1 total of unit/end of period 100 % 100% �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Form.1. Hoshin Kanri Form 373 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 7.CONCLUSION Accordance with its mission, ICCI, plays an important role in the development of the country. For this reason, strategic plan of ICCI is important. Ensuring sustainable development of strategic plans, will have a positive impact on sustainable development. The study revealed that; improvements such as to reduction in the unemployment rate and to increase the success of entrepreneurship in strategic plan in ICCI are factors that affect sustainable development. So we can say; efficient ICCI's strategic plans, positive impact on sustainable development. REFERENCES AĞCA,V, TUNÇER, E. (2006) “Çok Boyutlu Performans Değerleme Modelleri ve Bir Balanced Scorecard Uygulaması”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, http://www.iibfdergi.aku.edu.tr/pdf/8-1/10.pdf (Erişim Tarihi:21.12.2011) AKAO, Y. (1999) “Hoshin Kanri Yönetim Pusulası”, BZD Yayıncılık, İstanbul AKGEMCİ, T, GÜLEŞ, H.K. (2010) “İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim”, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara ASAN, S. & TANYAŞ, M, (2007) “Integrating Hoshin Kanri and the Balanced Scorecard for Strategic Management: The Case of Higher Education”, Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 18(9), pp. 999-1014. COŞKUN, A. 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(1997) “Toplam Kalite Yönetimi”, Rota Yayınları, İstanbul. 375 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1132 Title A name given to the resource Effects Of Hoshin Kanri And Balance Scorecard With Integrated Strategic Plan To Sustainable Development: Application To Chamber Of Commerce And Industry Author Author Buket, Karatop Abstract A summary of the resource. Strategic management can be defined as an administrative technique in taking decisions for the future in an organization, implementation and evaluation. In fact, It can be said that, applications of strategic management provides sustainable development. Strategic management has a dynamic structure and it requires continuous improvement. When Strategic management is used integrated with management tools such as Total Quality Management, Process Management, Hashin Kanri can be more efficient and effective. Using Balance Scorecard (BSC) as a tool for performance assessment in strategic management and Hoshin Kanri for continuous improvement İs resulted as increase in efficiency. Strategic management which has a vital importance in institutions and organizations and which is a derivative of its strategic plan is been more practical with Hoshin Kanri. Hoshin Kanri which has a process-oriented structure and it is a method that works to enrich the process, is proved with studies in strategic planning help us to be more effective results. On the other hand, BSC is a comprehensive system for focusing on strategies to manage in organizations that combines and evaluates both financial and non-financial (physical) strategic criterias. So, it can be understood from title of the BSC is based on the balanced examination of performance parameters’. Thus, performances are emphasized on the enterprises not only for short-term but also for long term at the same time in organizations and its impact on sustainable development. BSC has become the ideas and efforts combination for enterprises to make a difference to its competitors such as strategies becoming a form of action to use in business. Therefore, BSC to be an important performance measurement system and it has become entrenched system with more widespread in the business life. In turkey, a strategic planning which was made mandatory in public institutions and organizations is chamber of industry agenda in recent years. The chamber of commerce and industry is an organization that directly effects to sustainable development. Strategic plans of the chamber of commerce and industry is important in this regard. The relationship investigated between Strategic plans of the chamber of commerce and industry with Hoshin Kanri and BSC applications and sustainable development. In this research, the integrations of Strategic planning with Hoshin Kanri and Balance scorecard has been investigated to sustainable development. Aim of this study is Hoshin Kanri and balanced scorecard applications to illustrate the effectiveness in strategic planning and its impact of sustainable development to discuss by making an application in Isparta Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICCI). Keywords: Hoshin Kanri, Balance Scorecard, Strategic Management, Strategic Planning, Sustainable Development, Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b80bb3fedd1819ac964e4ef4e3b9ce69.pdf 825193b27d7d92bb232b283aead4ab42 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Importance Of Strategic Management And Intellectual Capital In Sustainable Development: The Case Of Suleyman Demirel University Boşgelmez Günseli1, Öksüz Mehmet Kürşat2, Alduğan Kevser2 1Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta Vocational School, Isparta-Turkey 2Suleyman Demirel University, Engineering and Architecture Faculty Department of Industrial Engineering, Isparta–Turkey E-mails: gunselibosgelmez@sdu.edu.tr,m.kursat.oksuz@hotmail.com, kevseraldugan@hotmail.com Abstract Universities are one of the main elements of current notion of development since they are the institutions that produce the knowledge. They also hold a significant position in social and economic development in addition to their conventional roles of education and research. In this sense, they are expected to support sustainable development on local, regional and national basis through conducting research in cooperation with industrial establishments. Because producing professionals of the future is an important activity related to sustainability. In terms of sustainable development, intellectual capital and strategic management are two essentials to create a vision for the future. In the study, Süleyman Demirel University, which started in a small town in 1976 with only 40 students and has expanded to 50,000 students today, was discussed in terms of its developmental influence on Isparta and its surroundings. The implementations of intellectual capital and strategic management that originated this development were described as a model. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Entrepreneurial University. Strategic Management, Intellectual Capital, 1. INTRODUCTION Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from “Our Common Future”, also known as the Brundtland Report(WCED, 1987): "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” It contains within it two key concepts: 134 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. The concept of needs , in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and 2. The idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." 1.1.Sustainable Development Strategies Strategies for Sustainable Development can be summarized under six topics: Environment: The natural world has a value on its own. No one mustn’t mishandles physical carrying capacity of nature in order to meet the needs of their own use. The Future: While meeting our own needs, we shouldn’t forget that we have to leave the world for future generations to meet their own needs. Quality of Life: Human welfare depends on, not only materially, but also social, cultural, moral and spiritual dimensions. Justice: Welfare, opportunities, rights and responsibilities between countries and between different social groups in the same country must be apportioned fairly. The needs and rights of the poor and those who are face to face with some limitations should be considered. The same fair share must be done on natural resources, between future generations and today's people. Precautionary Principle: If we don’t sure effects of any movement or development, we should take more precaution. Because environmental issues are global, taking measures should be ascertained with special emphasis on social benefits. Holistic thinking: If we are faced with a complex problem of sustainability all the factors should include the solution of this problem. For each problem with based on scientific data and special emphasis on social benefits, solution must be produced. Therefore, any decisions taken, the individuality of each application should be removed then moved to an international platform. 1.2.Dimensions of Sustainable Development There are 3 dimensions of sustainable development: 1. Social Dimension: With permanent education, the benefits of "Enhancement of Quality of Life," should be explained to public for themselves and future generations. 2.Economic Dimension: Every source on earth is limited. Therefore, we have whatever the source, this resource must be distributed the fairest way to improve the quality of human life. 3.Environmental Dimension: Recycled or not, the use of every natural resource is aimed to provide continuity. 135 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.3.STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 1.3.1.Definition of Strategic Management Strategic management is a management technique that analyzes the process "What an organization do, reason of existence, demonstrate the goals which want to reach in the future and show how to reach these objectives "(Bryson, 1988). 1.3.2.Characteristics of Strategic Management The main features of Strategic Management (Aktan, 2008): Strategic management enables to the organization's organization, coordination, implementation and control. future activities, planning, Strategic Management helps to think strategically. In this to determine the correct strategy and tactics then these are applied. respect, they try Strategic management emphasizes the importance of organization's goals based on the teamwork . Strategies that are executed with a wide range of participation by senior management and the most optimal one is chosen for the company from decisionmaking techniques. Strategic management helps to determine the most effective way to solve problems. In this respect, total quality management techniques are used extensively. 1.4.INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL Stewart, in his book published in 1997, defined the intellectual capital the most general way as “obtained useful information” and noted that it includes the information about organization's processes, technologies, patents, skills of employees and customers, suppliers and other related parties. (Demirkol, 2007). 1.4.1.Sustainable Development and Human Capital The most important element of intellectual capital is human capital. Human capital is the most difficult elements of intellectual capital within the definition of capital, employees of business have collective knowledge, which is the value of their abilities and experiences, constitute the main source of renewal and innovation process. In 136 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo addition, employees receive training, examined in this type of capital. (Ecer, 2004) behavior patterns and attitudes are The most important element of sustainable development is human capital. The only way of transforming sustainable development as a life style is raising it passes individuals who believed sustainable development as a philosophy of life. The principal elements of human capital are as follows (Demirkol, 2007):        Know-how, Training, Business-oriented features, Work-related information, Work evaluation, Work-related competition, The power of entrepreneurship, innovation, insight before and after the process, variability. 2. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND UNIVERSITIES 2.1. University in Regional Development • • • Intra-regional division of development task between different institutions in a region Does the university has the internal capacity in responding to growing expectations directed at it with regard to social, cultural and economic development in terms of economic and social capital? Rising question: What is the role of universities in regional development 2.2. The Contribution of Universities in Regional Development • • • • • • 137 Generating revenue, spending this revenue in the region and attracting students who will spend money on their education Conducting scientific researches regarding regional questions or commercial studies for the firms in the region Improving the social and cultural life of a region Researches which takes place at universities stimulates regional development through an increase in GDP and employment and has a strong, deep effect on the productivity of the economy in a region Universities affect regional development through training students to create new ideas and innovations University students assist firms in increasing their productivity, effectiveness, and in the introduction of new products which generates growth in the region �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo • • • Creating new industries by science & engineering researches, technology licensing policies, promoting/assisting local entrepreneurial businesses (incubation services, etc.) Upgrading existing industries by problem-solving for industry through contract research, faculty consulting, etc. and education/manpower development Importation/transplantation of industries: advancement of education, manpower development, research and training of human resources. 2.3.Changing Role of Universities in Turkey by time through Changing Economic and Social Structure • • • • 1923-1950: Nation building 1950-1980: Modernization 1980-1990: Reorganization 1990-2011:Internationalization, Marketisation and Harmonization along with European Higher Education System. 2.4.Changing Nature (Antonelli,2003) of Knowledge and its Implications on Universities Knowledge as a Public Good :     Public funding of universities and other public research centers. Top-down view about the generation of technological knowledge. Linear approach: technological knowledge is the eventual result of the application of new scientific discoveries. Universities and public research centers were better equipped to perform scientific research. Application of scientific discoveries for the actual generation of technological knowledge and the introduction of technological innovations is assigned to corporations. Knowledge as a Proprietary/Private Good:     138 The new enclosures substitute the knowledge commons. Universities enters the markets for the technological (knowledge) outsourcing of large corporations. The mobility of human capital is more and more regarded as a sensitive issue. New effective tools of stimulating the distribution of knowledge and increasing the incentives to its production: Academic patenting and scientific entrepreneurship. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.5. Changing Roles of Universities TRADITIONAL ROLES NEW ROLES Nation Building: National demands for Higher Education Region Building: Local demands for HE (Role in socialeconomic-cultural development of regions and growing needs for local technology & skills) Raising general education level: Basic HE Facilitating learning at various levels: Lifelong Learning Increasing the stock of formal knowledge University as a knowledge producing actor: Creating internal/external spillovers of knowledge Transferring global to local space In addition to traditional role: transferring local to global space Research based activities Being an institution which is capable of producing commercialisable research based activities & technologies Helping entrepreneurs: Increasing the stock of researches University as an entrepreneur: Using output of its own researches Part of central governance approach Part of local governance approach Disciplinary (integrated) approach for teaching & research Non rigid (flexible) approach: Growing separation between teaching & research 3.MODEL Strategic thinking is the basic way to success. Süleyman Demirel University’s intellectual capital and strategic management decisions guided development of Isparta city. The university's strategic plan changed the fate of the Isparta city and it became a small example of sustainable development. Professional strategic planning process began in 2005 at Süleyman Demirel University. University is one of the cornerstones of sustainable development. Süleyman Demirel University has become an institution with the awereness that change and development has become conditions of looking the future. The university has made its first strategic plan for 2006-2010 which its physical and institutional structure largely completed. Then, for the years 2011-2015, S.D.U revised its strategic plan and determined the mission, vision, core values and principles. 139 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mission: Süleyman Demirel University provide international, national and local levels education and training, execution scientific research, publications and consulting activities, his research and projects on a national and international level in science, art and technology is committed to producing nation and the sake of all humanity. Vision: The university aims to be a pioneer, be preferable and have the high mobility in higher education network. This mission, vision, core values and principles through with SWOT analysis and stakeholder analysis, strategic goals and objectives identified.Affecting factors of Süleyman Demirel University evaluated under two main headings; internal analysis and external environmental analysis. With the internal analysis, internal environments affect of the future conditions and trends are examined. In the study of external environmental analysis, non control external conditions and trends to university are evaluated. With the external environment analysis, opportunities and threats were determined by taking opinions of internal and external stakeholders.(Suleyman Demirel University's Strategic Plan, 20112015) 4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Today, Universities has become one of the basic elements of sustainable development because of producing knowledge, qualified labor force and technology for humanity and universe. Universities also hold a significant position in social and economic development in addition to their conventional roles of education and research. In addition, illumination of society routing, transformation and lead the change are functions too. As shown in this study, Süleyman Demirel University has important role on creating vision for the future with using intellectual capital and strategic management in sustainable development. REFERENCES AKTAN, Coşkun Can (2008) “Stratejik Yönetim ve Stratejik Planlama”. ANTONELLI, Cristiano (June, 2003) “The Governance Of Technological Knowledge: Strategies, Processes And Public Policies”. BRYSON, John M. “Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations”, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988. DEMİRKOL, İsmet (2007) “Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Değerine Etkisi ve İMKB’de Sektörel Uygulamalar”. 140 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ECER, H. Ferhat (2004) Yüksek Lisans Tezi “Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Değeri Üzerindeki Etkisi ve Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. HATİBOĞLU, Z. (1986) “İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim” İstanbul: İrfan Yayıncılık. KÖSE & AKGÜN (2004) “Süleyman Demirel University’s 10. Year Gift”. Isparta. Süleyman Demirel University's Strategic Plan (2011). Isparta. TUIK (2011) Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Veri Tabanı. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) “Our common future” Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. Institutionalization In Hotel Management And An Applied Study On Cappadocia’s 4 And 5 Star Hotels Mustafa Caliskan, Hayrullah Cetin Nevsehir University, Nevsehir, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION In the simplest terms, institutionalization means that the specific rules are to be valid in all the relevant issues. In other words, certain rules are dominated in all of the social processes such as from the one’s individual life to the family life and to the institutions and organizations, societies, and inter-communal relations. Institutionalization is not just a question of top management. A general management philosophy covering the entire of the enterprise is a corporate culture.The decision or personal behavior of salesman working at the endpoint of organization is an indication of the level of institutionalization of the company. Recently, it is seen that many enterprises enter into the process of institutionalization so that they have more stable and more planned growth path. The most important element of the tourism sector is the hotel enterprise. Revealing that hotel enterprises give importance to which points to institutionalization and determining the viewpoint of them on the institutionalization constitute the basic question of the study. In the study, primarily by considering the institutional framework; institutionalization term, principles, the importance of institutionalization in terms of hotel enterprises and the concept 141 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1107 Title A name given to the resource The Importance Of Strategic Management And Intellectual Capital In Sustainable Development: The Case Of Suleyman Demirel University Author Author Boşgelmez, Günseli Abstract A summary of the resource. Universities are one of the main elements of current notion of development since they are the institutions that produce the knowledge. They also hold a significant position in social and economic development in addition to their conventional roles of education and research. In this sense, they are expected to support sustainable development on local, regional and national basis through conducting research in cooperation with industrial establishments. Because producing professionals of the future is an important activity related to sustainability. In terms of sustainable development, intellectual capital and strategic management are two essentials to create a vision for the future. In the study, Süleyman Demirel University, which started in a small town in 1976 with only 40 students and has expanded to 50,000 students today, was discussed in terms of its developmental influence on Isparta and its surroundings. The implementations of intellectual capital and strategic management that originated this development were described as a model. Keywords: Sustainable Development, Strategic Management, Intellectual Capital, Entrepreneurial University. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/29691458d3acf33ad62557735791a029.pdf cb036e1e44b431540eef36ca7dcdf26a PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Globalization and Youth Unemployment Paradox: Turkey Sample Boran Toker1, Çiğdem Demir2 1Akdeniz University, Ayşe Sak School of Applied Sciences, Antalya, 07197, Turkey 2Akdeniz University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Antalya, 07058, Turkey E-mails: borantoker@akdeniz.edu.tr,demircigdem@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Globalization process, which has developed with the application of neo-liberal policies in the world, is the primary and most discussed concept in terms of its positive and negative effects on developing and developed countries. Aforesaid process has caused power imbalance between the developed countries that have completed their industrializations and developing countries that have not completed their industrializations; and with the liberalization of capital and commerce, it has made the capital sovereign on labor. In this context, the most important disadvantage of globalization, which is a knife-edge situation for developing countries, is unemployment. Unemployment for a developing country like Turkey, which has large young population, is a serious problem that globalization causes in economic and social field. The reason that underlies this problem is that globalization causes unemployed growth in Turkey that has a young and dynamic population. The relative height of young unemployed in the rates of unemployment affects the Turkish nationality growing unemployed with its economic, social and psychological dimensions deeply. In this study, it is aimed to determine the dynamic economic effects of globalization process exercising power over Turkey with 1980s onwards on youth unemployment. In this context, the relationship between youth unemployment and globalization was econometrically analyzed with VECM approach by using the annual data of 1980-2011 periods. With Johansen Co-integration Test, long term relationship between youth unemployment and globalization variables was researched and with error correction variable the time to adjust the deviation that may occur in long term balance was determined. Moreover, with the results of Impulse-Response Function and Variance Decomposition, solutions are offered for sustainable economic development and effective employment policy by revealing how youth unemployment reacts to globalization and how it has been affected from globalization. Keywords: Globalization, Youth Unemployment, Sustainable Economic Development, Employment Policy, VECM. 1. INTRODUCTION Globalization is a new world economic system, which prescribes and describes ways in which businesses, concepts and events are organized around the world. It is a phenomenon that has affected people differently in every sphere of life (Ukpere and Slabbert, 2009). Globalization is defined as the free movements of goods, services and capital across borders. It is a contentious process by which the western market economies have effectively spread across the globe 460 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (Heshmati, 2003). Globalization also has been viewed as; it is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world (Globalisation101.org, 2012). Although it does not constitute a new phenomenon, it is viewed as an inexorable integration of markets, nations and technologies to a degree never witnessed before in a way that is enabling individuals, and corporations to reach around the world further, faster, deeper and more economically than ever before (Heshmati, 2003). Globalization and technological advances have been changing labor markets around the world. Young workers are facing new challenges in making the transition from school to work. While for some the opening of national economies to international competition through trade and investment as well as information and communications has generated income and improved welfare, for others the process of globalization has been a source of persistent inequality and social exclusion (Morris, 2006). Youth employment creation is a critical component of a country’s long-term economic stability and growth. There are difficulties in Turkey in employment generation in general, in youth employment generation in particular (Ercan, 2007). The 15-24 years75 old composed 16% of the Turkish labor force in 2011. The unemployment rate for youth aged 15-24 is 18.4% in 2011 (832.000 unemployed). The unemployment rate among university educated youth is 30% (TURKSTAT Household Labour Force Survey, 2012). Employment remains a problem for this group and oddly enough more so for the educated youth group. Paradoxically, with such low average education levels and the demand by employers for better-qualified workers, educated young people (high school and above) have higher relative unemployment rates in urban Turkey. Turkey has a serious bottleneck in job creation for its young cohorts, especially for the educated portion (Ercan, 2007). 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Meidani and Zabihi (2012) investigate the dynamic effect of globalization on unemployment rate in Iran during the period 1971 to 2006 using Johansen-Juselius co-integration test. In the study, the trade intensity index (ratio of total exports and imports to GDP) as a measure of globalization have used. Also in this model, gross domestic product, the consumer price index as well as other variables affecting the unemployment rate have considered. They show that the globalization has a significant and negative effect on unemployment rate. The value of error correction coefficient is equal to -0.46 implying that around 95% of the unemployment rate adjustment occurs after two years. 75 The United Nations defines youth as young women and young men aged 15–24 years. This group includes teenagers aged 15–19 and young adults aged 20–24. National definitions for youth do not necessarily correspond to this age group. These often depend on such factors as voting rights, land rights, the end of compulsory education and eligibility for military service, liability for criminal offences (Morris, 2006). 461 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ukpere (2011) posits that there is a strong linkage between globalization, unemployment, income inequality and poverty in Africa. He reveals that the current globalization seems to have aggravated the problem of unemployment, the corollary of which is endemic income inequality and mass poverty in Africa. He also maintains that capitalist globalization undeniably, created wealth but also intensified inequality and poverty, particularly in Africa. African countries need to develop comprehensive strategies to create jobs locally. Aremo, et al. (2010) investigated the impact of globalization on labor force utilization in Nigeria was addressed with a view to assessing the extent to which globalization has influenced the structure of development in Nigeria. They showed that globalization practice could generate negative impact on employment in both short and long run periods suggesting that if globalization continues as being practiced, globalization could further worsen the extant decrepit state of unemployment in Nigeria other things being equal. Yusof (2010) investigates the link between globalization and the Malaysian labor market by applying the autoregressive distributed lag approach, a relatively new-time series technique to the analysis. The findings of this study indicate that globalization does not significantly affect the labor variables in the long-run. Dutt, et al. (2009) presents a model of trade and search-induced unemployment, where trade results from Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) and/or Ricardian comparative advantage. Using crosscountry data on trade policy, unemployment, and various controls, and controlling for endogeneity and measurement-error problems, they find fairly strong and robust evidence for the Ricardian prediction that unemployment and trade openness are negatively related. This effect dominates the positive H-O effect of trade openness on unemployment for capital-abundant countries, which turns negative for labor-abundant countries. Using panel data, they find an unemployment-increasing short-run impact of trade liberalization, followed by an unemployment-reducing effect leading to the new steady state. Lee and Vivarelli (2009) use an ex-post measurable definition of globalization, namely increasing trade openness and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). A general result is that the optimistic Heckscher-Ohlin/Stolper-Samuelson predictions do not apply, that is neither employment creation nor the decrease in within-country inequality are automatically assured by increasing trade and FDI. Jenkins (2006) considers the impact of foreign direct investment on employment in Vietnam, a country that received considerable inflows of foreign capital in the 1990s as part of its increased integration with the global economy. Despite the significant share of foreign firms in industrial output and exports, the direct employment generated has been very limited because of the high labour productivity and low ratio of value added to output of much of this investment. In this study also shows that the indirect employment effects have been minimal and possibly even negative because of the limited linkages which foreign investors create and the possibility of “crowding out” of domestic investment. Harms and Hefeker (2003) demonstrate that international portfolio diversification can help to reduce unemployment. If workers earn a capital income that is negatively correlated with domestic labor demand shocks, the wage set by a monopoly union may be lower and thus expected employment higher than in the case of a positive correlation. 462 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ghose (2000) reveals that in the case of industrialized economies, growth of manufactured imports from developing countries has had a small adverse effect on manufacturing employment but virtually no effect on wages. Thus unemployment and growing wage inequalities cannot really be attributed to trade. He maintains that in those developing economies which emerged as important exporters of manufactures to industrialized countries, growth of trade had a large positive effect on manufacturing employment and wages. In some of these economies, moreover, growth of trade was also associated with declining wage inequality. Thus, on balance, the global effects of trade liberalization on manufacturing employment and wages appear to have been significantly positive even though there have been job-losers in both industrialized and developing economies. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this section, the VECM approach which has been used to analyze the relationship between globalization in Turkey and young unemployment with 1988-2010 annual data has been introduced and the results have been presented. 2.1. DATA In the model the young unemployment rates in Turkey (YI) are dependent variable and economical globalization (EG), sociological globalization (SG) and political globalization (PG) are explanatory variables. Furthermore, in order to find out the effects of economic instability together with globalization on young unemployment, the inflation rates have also been included. For the data of these variables, World Development Indicators (WDI) of The World Bank and the KOF Index of Globalization tables have been used. 2.2. VECM APPROACH Starting point of this approach is an adequate statistical description of the linear relation between the k nonstationary variables. The usual way is the modelling as a vector autoregressive process of finite order p. where U denotes a normally distributed k-dimensional white noise process, D represents the deterministic terms, and Aj, j = 1, 2, …, p, are kxk dimensional parameter matrices. The reparametrisation as a vector error correction model leads to 463 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The matrix  represents the long-run relations between the variables. Since all components of Yt are I(1) variables, each component of Yt,…, Yt-p+1 is stationary and each component of Yt1 is also integrated of order one. This makes relation (2) unbalanced as long as  has a full rank of k. In this case the inverse matrix exists and we could solve equation (2) for Yt-1 as a linear combination of stationary variables. However, this would be a contradiction. Therefore,  must have a reduced rank of r < k. Then, the following decomposition exists: where all matrices have rank r. B'Yt-1 are r stationary linear combinations which guarantee that the equations of system (2) are balanced. The columns of B contain the r linearly independent cointegration vectors and the matrix Γ contains the so-called loading coefficients which measure the contributions of the r long-run relations in the different equations of the system. The adjustment processes to the equilibria can be derived from these coefficients. (Kirchgässner & Wolters, 2007:219) It can be shown that for a given r, the maximum likelihood estimator of defines the combination of that yields the r largest canonical correlations of with after correcting for lagged differences and deterministic variables when present. Johansen proposes two different likelihood ratio tests of the significance of these canonical correlations and thereby the reduced rank of the matrix: the trace test and maximum eigenvalue test, shown in equations (4) and (5) respectively. (4) (5) 464 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Here T is the sample size and is the i:th largest canonical correlation. The trace test tests the null hypothesis of r cointegrating vectors against the alternative hypothesis of n cointegrating vectors. The maximum eigenvalue test, on the other hand, tests the null hypothesis of r cointegrating vectors against the alternative hypothesis of r +1 cointegrating vectors. Neither of these test statistics follows a chi square distribution in general; asymptotic critical values can be found in Johansen and Juselius (1990) and are also given by most econometric software packages. (Hjalmarsson & Österholm, 2007:4 In the study, in order to analyze the stationary of the variables used, “Augmented Dickey-Fuller” (ADF) developed by Dickey and Fuller (1979) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root tests have been used and the obtained results have been presented in Table 1. Table 1. Unit Root Test Results ADF VARIABLES (constant) YI (Lag Lenght) 465 -1.0134 (0) ADF PP PP (constant trend) (constant) (constant trend) -2.2697 -1.0760 -2.2697 (0) (1) (0) SG -2.2656 -5.0074 -1.5182 -2.5918 ( Lag Lenght) (5) (4) (0) (0) PG -2.9232 -2.2288*** -1.3754 -1.8523 ( Lag Lenght) (5) (1) (3) (1) EG -2.0258 -1.3735 -2.0195 -1.0593 ( Lag Lenght) (0) (0) (4) (3)  YI -4.2456*** -4.2343*** -4.2380*** -4.1946*** ( Lag Lenght) (0) (0) (1) (2) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  SG -2.9120* -2.9179 -5.5809*** -5.4989*** ( Lag Lenght) (5) (5) (0) (0)  PG -5.1870*** -5.4243*** -5.2272*** -5.5823*** ( Lag Lenght) (0) (0) (1) (1)  EG -4.4412*** -4.8041*** -4.4412*** -4.9752*** ( Lag Lenght) (0) (0) (0) (5) Note: ***, ** and* indicate statistical significance at 1% ,5% and 10% levels, respectively. Lag lengths, determined by AIC, are in parenthesis. Critical values are from MacKinnon (1996). Johansen Cointegration Test results which reveal the long term relationships between the I(1) variables have been shown in Table 2. Table 2. Cointegration Tests based on the Johansen Approach Eigenvalue value % 5 critic value value % 5 critic value 0.874759 99.9679*** 69.8188 43.6277*** 33.8768 0.740981 56.3402*** 47.8561 28.3679** 27.5843 0.576180 27.9723* 29.7970 18.0273 21.1316 Note: ***, ** and* indicate statistical significance at 1% ,5% and 10% levels, respectively. In both trace and the max test results, three cointegration relationships among young unemployment, economical-social-political globalization and the inflation rates have been determined. It has been found that there is a power balance which these variables will move together. (0.099) (0.370) (0.311) (0.022) 3. CONCLUSION In the study, the effects of globalization on young unemployment in Turkey have been modelled with 1988-2012 annual data by using VECM method. Although several studies assessing the relationship between unemployment and globalization in Turkey theoretically are available in the 466 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo literature, an empirical study has not been found. Another difference of this study comes at this point. The paradox between young unemployment and globalization has been presented by using econometric analysis which has been conducted to find out how globalization with its economical, social and political dimensions together with the instability in the country affect young unemployment. It has been found that social globalization and the inflation rate increases young unemployment significantly in the long term, and this result shows consistency with economical expectations. REFERENCES Aremo, A.G., & Adele, A.M. 2010. Empirical analysis of the impact of globalization on labour force utilization: Evidence from Nigeria. African Economic and Business Review, 8 (1), 1-18. Dutt, P., Mitra, D., & Ranjan, P. (2009). International trade and unemployment: Theory and cross-national evidence. Journal of International Economics, 78 (1), 32-44. Ercan, H. (2007). Youth Employment in Turkey. Ankara: International Labour Office. Ghose, A.K. (2000). Trade Liberalization and Manufacturing Employment, ILO Employment Paper, No.3. Geneva: International Labour Office. Harmsa, P., & Hefeker, C. (2003). Globalization and unemployment: the role of international diversification. Economics Letters, 78, 281–286. Heshmati, A. (2003). The relationship between ıncome inequality and globalization. Last Accessed on 4.20.2012, from http://www.soc.iastate.edu/sapp/globalizationoutcomes4.pdf Hjalmarsson, E. and Österholm, P. (2007) Testing for Cointegration Using the Johansen Methodology whenVariables are Near-Integrated, International Finance Discussion Papers, No.915 Jenkins, R. (2006). Globalization, FDI and employment in Viet Nam. Transnational Corporations, 15 (1), 115-142. Kirchgässner, G & Wolters, J. (2007). Introduction to Modern Time Series Analysis. Springer. Lee, E., & Vivarelli, M. (2006). The Social Impact of Globalization in the Developing Countries. Discussion Paper No.1925. Meidani, A.A.N., & Zabihi, M. (2012). The dynamic effect of globalization on unemployment rate in Iran: a co-integration analysis. International Business Research, 5 (1), 120-126. Morris, E. (2006). Globalization and its effects on youth employment trends in Asia. Regional Expert Group Meeting on Development Challenges for Young People. Bangkok. Ukpere, W.I. (2011). Globalisation and the challenges of unemployment, income inequality and poverty in Africa. African Journal of Business Management, 5 (15), 6072-6084. Ukpere, W.I., & Slabbert, A.D. (2009). A Relationship between current globalisation, unemployment, inequality and poverty. International Journal of Social Economics, 36 (1/2), 3746. 467 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Yusof, S.A. (2010). Globalization and the Malaysian labor market: an empirical investigation. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 31 (1), 17-40. Factors Affecting The New Vehicle Registration In The Eu Countries Cumhur Erdem1, Şaban Nazlioğlu2 1Department of Economics ,Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat-Turkey 2Department of Econometrics, PamukkaleUniversity, Denizli-Turkey E-mails: Cumhur_erdem@yahoo.com,snazlioglu@pau.edu.tr Abstract Theobjective of this study is to determine whether economic factors (namelyprice, consumer preferences, consumer income, interest rate, fuel prices, industrial production, and trade)have any explanatory power on new vehicle registry in the EU member countries. To meet this objective, a panel cointegration analysis was applied to the panel of thirteen EU countries for the time period spanning from January 1999 to August 2010. This study concludes that while the vehicle sales in the EU are determined by the macroeconomic factors instead of the factors in the demand theory, the consumer preferences are impetuses for passenger car sales in the EU countries. Keywords: newvehicle sales, demand theory, macro economic variables, EU countries, panel cointegration, 1. INTRODUCTION Automotiveindustry has become very dynamic and competitive sectors on a global scale in recent years. Since the industry is considered as a crucial contributor to economic growth, it has been observed that most of the developed countries (such as. the USA, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain and South Korea) and many of the less developed ones (such as China, India, Malaysia, Thailand) have policies for becoming major players on world market by improving their own industry. Therefore, prediction of new vehicle registry is of great interest for policy makers, legislators, transport and urban planners, and traffic engineers in nations whose economies highly depend on the vehicle industry because the prediction of future vehicle registry has a vital importance in terms of forecasting national accounts as well as future energy and infrastructure requirements (Abu-Eisheh and Mannering, 2002). Predicting the new vehicle registration and having information about the determinants of the vehicle demand has also crucial importance for the strategic planning of vehicle manufacturers. The industryplays a vital role in the economies of European Union (EU) member countries, the world’s largest vehicle producer and playground for a highly competitive and innovative 468 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1354 Title A name given to the resource Globalization and Youth Unemployment Paradox: Turkey Sample Author Author Boran , Toker Abstract A summary of the resource. Globalization process, which has developed with the application of neo-liberal policies in the world, is the primary and most discussed concept in terms of its positive and negative effects on developing and developed countries. Aforesaid process has caused power imbalance between the developed countries that have completed their industrializations and developing countries that have not completed their industrializations; and with the liberalization of capital and commerce, it has made the capital sovereign on labor. In this context, the most important disadvantage of globalization, which is a knife-edge situation for developing countries, is unemployment. Unemployment for a developing country like Turkey, which has large young population, is a serious problem that globalization causes in economic and social field. The reason that underlies this problem is that globalization causes unemployed growth in Turkey that has a young and dynamic population. The relative height of young unemployed in the rates of unemployment affects the Turkish nationality growing unemployed with its economic, social and psychological dimensions deeply. In this study, it is aimed to determine the dynamic economic effects of globalization process exercising power over Turkey with 1980s onwards on youth unemployment. In this context, the relationship between youth unemployment and globalization was econometrically analyzed with VECM approach by using the annual data of 1980-2011 periods. With Johansen Co-integration Test, long term relationship between youth unemployment and globalization variables was researched and with error correction variable the time to adjust the deviation that may occur in long term balance was determined. Moreover, with the results of Impulse-Response Function and Variance Decomposition, solutions are offered for sustainable economic development and effective employment policy by revealing how youth unemployment reacts to globalization and how it has been affected from globalization. Keywords: Globalization, Youth Unemployment, Sustainable Economic Development, Employment Policy, VECM. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a864d6420187fb0f9e46500edcea31a0.pdf aa99f2b030f03eeb428f4cc4725ee7ab PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Socıal Anxıety And Usage Of Onlıne Technologıcal Communıcatıon Tools Among Adolescents Bilal Sisman1 ,Sinan Yoruk2, Ali Eleren1 1Economics and Administrative Science Faculty, Department of Administrative Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey 2Education Faculty, Department of Education Science Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey E-mails: bilalsis@hotmail.com, syoruk@aku.edu.tr,aeleren@hotmail.com Abstract With the growing popularity of Internet communication applications among adolescents, the Internet, online social sites, instant messaging and cell phones have become an important social tool for their development. For adolescents who perceive low friendship quality, Internet use for communication purposes predicted less depression, whereas Internet use for non-communication purposes predicted more depression and more social anxiety. This study examined teens’ use of social interactive technologies and the role that social anxiety plays on how adolescents communicate with others (technology or face-to-face). The questionnaire was prepared to apply in Afyonkarahisar, Manisa and Uşak cities in order to measure any relationship between social anxiety and choise of communication options among adolescents. Questionnaire datas were gathered from High School adolescents (ranged from 15-18; freshman, sophomore, junior and senior) included 544. Adolescents almost don’t use messanger sites and mail address. They generally use instant message with their cell phones. They spend 1-2 hours for a day by listening music and avarage 30 minutes during the day by using Facebook. More than half of teens have cell phones that able to call, message and access to Internet. The findings of the current study found that females are using text messaging more than males. However, males are playing games for a long time than females. In addition, females are feeling more uncomfortable talking with others face-to-face than males. And, females also prefer talking with some on computer instead of talking face-to-face than males. Similarly, females prefer making new friends with someone on computer more than males. Keywords: Social Anxiety, Communication Tools, Technology, Adolescents 1.INTRODUCTION The use of socially interactive technologies, such as online social sites, text messaging or instant messaging is rising among young people (Pierce, 2009). Among adolescents, the Internet has become indispensable for instrumental purposes such as school work information gathering as well as for communication purposes. The communication applications of the Internet, such as e-mail, instant messaging (IM), blogs and chat rooms have entrenched 67 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo themselves in the lives of adolescents and the Internet has become an important social context in the lives of adolescents today. In fact, a national survey of adolescents (10-17 years of age) revealed that in the year before they were surveyed 25% of Internet users had formed casual online friendships (Wolak et al., 2002; Subrahmanyam and Lin, 2007). Instant messaging is also an increasingly popular form of communication. A study by the Pew Internet and American Life Project found that 53 million Americans use IM, and 36% of these users reported using IM on a daily basis (Shiu and Lenhart, 2004). IM is a textbased form of communication in which two or more people exchange text messages in realtime using the Internet (Lenhart, 2005). Some researches suggest that socially interacitve technologies allow users to avoid or replace face-to-face communication (Nie and Erbring, 2000). If the person is shy (socially anxious) and feels uncomfortable withy face-to-face interactions, these technologies may serve as a useful tool for avoiding such unpleasant situations and therefore may replace face-to-face communication (Pierce, 2009). US, Canadian and Dutch studies have shown that the vast majority of adolescents spends several hours daily online. Further surveys show that adolescents consider the Internet a highly important medium in their everyday social life and use it to form and maintain social relationships (Selfhout et al., 2009). Social anxiety, social fobia and shyness are features that seen every individuals of all ages. Both adolescents and adults who have social anxiety against life and their environment scope, has led to more research on them. This study is related on teens that high school level about 15-18. The reason selecting this age range takes plece the beginning of puberty and the end of puberty. Because, puberty is a vital phase for growing of young people and determine their personalities. The study is not only for Afyonkarahisar teens but also Uşak and Kütahya provinces are included. The purpose of this study is to research adolescents’ use of online sites, computers, text messaging, cell phones and instant messaging related to social anxiety effectives technological tools versus face-to-face communication. Because, especially 15-20 years-old-teens have been noticed to use on-line communication means having faster and interactive features rather than having face-to-face communication while talking to their friends or their parents. Consequently, in this study, whether the reason for this choice has a connection with social anxiety or gender will be researched. 1.1.Internet Use Among Teens Usage of the Internet continues to increase worldwide. Colley and Maltby (2008) indicated that, in the UK 57% of households now have access, in comparison to 46% four years ago (National Statistics, 2006). The Digital Future Project in the US has found that 78.6% of Americans went online in 2005, with an accompanying increase in the amount of time spent per week on the Internet (Centre for the Digital Future, 2005 ). Many of the studies in this area have been conducted with university students, in part because of their widespread use of the Internet as a social tool; indeed such use among students is increasing. In addition, a number of studies have found a high prevalence of social anxiety among university students who may then turn to the Internet as a way of regulating, challenging or escaping their social fears (Shepherd and Edelmann, 2005). Many university students commenting that thety are shy in social stuations, but are more open, easy going on 68 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the net, in chat rooms. They are shy about approaching people at a party or in large group, for example, but not about talking to people in chat rooms. 1.2. Cell Phone Use Among Adolescents Auter (2007) researched thatsome of them related to adolescents and young adults use the cell phone differently than their parents and other older users. They prefer to consider it their primary phone – in lieu of the traditional landline phone – for its. Some studies have found little or no difference in use based on gender (e.g., DeBaillon, 2003; DeBaillon and Rockwell, 2005). Other studies have found, however that boys tend to be more intrigued with technical aspects of the devices, while girls tend to prefer the interpersonal connectivity – and spend more time using their phones for voice calls (Henderson et al., 2002; Rakow and Navarro, 1993; Skog, 2002). In fact, while women in one study felt the phones resulted in more freedom, male teens found the additional connectivity a constraining inconvenience (Auter, 2007). A recent Pew Internet research study found that approximately 33% of teens have a cell phone. Of the 33% of teens who reported owning a cell phone, approximately 64% said they had sent text messages. In addition, the Pew study found that of the young cell phone users, teenage girls tended to use text messaging much more than their male counterparts. Older teens (17 year olds) also reported sending more text messages on average than younger teens. Although cell phone use and text messaging have risen among U.S. teens, their popularity remains considerably less than European teens (Lenhart et al., 2005; Pierce, 2009). Seventy-five percent of teenagers now own cell phones, and 25% use them for social media, 54% use them for texting, and 24% use them for instant messaging. Thus, a large part of this generation’s social and emotional development is occurring while on the Internet and on cell phones (Hinduja and Patchin, 2007). 2. SOCIAL ANXIETY Social anxiety has variously been referred to as both shyness and social phobia. Social phobia, (also known as social anxiety disorder) is at the more extreme end of the continuum of social anxiety and “includes a collation of symptoms which unlike shyness can vary in severity throughout one’s life” these symptoms are only elicited in certain social situations (Leary, 1983). In contrast shyness while at the less severe en of the social anxiety continuum is more likely to be a life long charecteristic of an individual’s temperament which is experienced in every social occurences (Lecrubier et al., 2000; Shepherd and Edelmann, 2005). Individuals are often motivated by a need to feel a sense of belonging, however, those with social anxiety may find it difficult to fulfill this social need because of the Internet. For socially anxious individuals, the Internet and socially interactive technologies (text messaging) can have both positive and negative results. Kraut et al (1998) found that online interaction greatly reduced face-to-face social interaction. 2.1.Social Anxiety, Gender Differences and Online Communication The two previously mentioned theoretical approaches might adhere to different types of Internet activities that may have differential effects on well-being. One type of activities 69 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo surfing, which can be described as visiting web sites on the Internet for non-communication purposes. In contrast to surfing, Instant Messaging (IM-ing) consists of sending messages directly to others one has invited to the online conversation. Because of its dyadic, real-time, and private format, IM-ing has been seen as an excellent ‘training ground’ for adolescents in terms of their social skills ( Morgan & Cotten, 2003; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007). A survey study showed that among freshmen college students whereas increased time spent IM-ing was uniquely associated with less reported depression, increased time spent surfing was uniquely associated with more reported depression (Morgan and Cotten, 2003). Females usually have more negative attitudes toward computers and greater computer anxiety than males. Researhes on computer self-efficacy in general also revealed that males on average have better computer self-efficacy than females (Hackett, 1985). Similarly, one might expect adolescent girls to be more worried than boys about peers' negative evaluations of them. Indeed, surveys have found that adolescent girls are more concerned than boys about others' judgments of their appearance and behavior. Moreover, rates of internalizing problems are higher among girls than boys and adult women are about twice as likely to be socially phobic as men (Schneier et al., 1992). Thus, adolescent girls may be more vulnerable than boys to feelings of social anxiety, and this may have implications for their social functioning (La Greca and Lopez, 1998). On the other hand, Shaw and Giacquinta (2000) discovered that educational technology students reported using computers more frequently, for a wider array of purpose, and for greater number of hours each week than students in the Educational Administration, Business Education and Higher Education programs. They also reported completing more formal instruction and more positive attidudes toward the value of computers in academic students (Sam et al., 2005). Jackson et al. (2001) predicted that women would use e-mail more and men use the Web for information more, based on the greater interpersonal orientation of women and greater task orientation of men. This prediction was supported in a large sample of Anglo-American undergraduates, even after computer self-efficacy, loneliness and depression were controlled for. Wasserman and Richmond-Abbott (2005) found that women use e-mail slightly but not significantly more than men but that men use chat rooms more. Shepherd and Edelmann (2005) study to explore social anxiety and Internet use in relation to regulation of social fears. It is hypothesised that high social anxiety will be associated with low ego strength as well as greater scores on the Internet. 3.METHODS 3.1.Purpose Given the significant popularity of instant messaging, text messaging and other socially interactive technologies among teens, it is important to examine their use. Since social anxiety can effect one’s type of social interaction, it is prominent to examine if social anxiety is influencing how adolescents communicate with others and which technology. The purpose of this study is to research adolescents’ use of online social sites, cell phones, test messaging and instant messaging and if social anxiety influences technology versus face-to-face communication. So, the following hypotheses are proposed: H1: Females use socially interactive technology (text messages, cell phones, e-mail, instant messages) more than males. 70 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo H2a: There is a relationship between not feeling comfortable talking with others in person and feeling more comfortable talking with others online. H2b: There is a relationship between not feeling comfortable talking with others in person and feeling more comfortable messaging with others. H2c: There is a positive relationship between social anxiety (social phobia) and making new friends online. H2d: There is a relationship between the amount of their families’ monthly income and social anxiety. H3: Males are more social anxiety with face-to-face interactions than females. H4: Males are feeling more comfortable talking with others through a social interaction technology than females. 3.2.Participants and Datas Participants consisted of 544 students from six High Schools in Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya and Uşak cities. The age of the participants ranged from 15 to 18. 32.4% were freshman, 24.1% were sophomore, 28.1% juniors and 15.4% were seniors. The sample consisted of 227 (41.7%) males and 317 (58.3%) females. We first were contacted the principals and asked permission in order to survey some classes on school. After that teachers was choosen to gain a sample of students from each school year. After obtaining permission from teachers, each students were warned about survey able to tell it their parents. The survey was applied in the students’classrooms and teachers was present during all testing. All students received the same instructions and their identity would remain secret. Each participant completed a report questionnaire. 3.3. Measures The first two questions of the questionnaire consisted of primarily demographic questions such as age, sex, year in school, and general informations. The next series og questions included items of the students’ comfort level in interacting with others face-to-face, online talking, cell phone or text messaging. Questions were prepared by using both nominal (yes or no) and 5 point likert-type scales. Cronbach α for social anxiety and technological communication is acceptable. (α=62.4) 4.RESULTS 3.7% stated the amount of chlidren who separate from their families is not adequate for measuring the relationship between social anxiety and family stuation. First of all, participants were asked about type of technological tools they had use. 88.9% reported having Personel computer. 79.2% reported having Internet on their PC. 92.6% stated that having messanger adress. 71 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 73% reported having e-mail accounts. 96.7% reported having cell phones. 72.2% reported having text messaging capabilities on their cell phones. 84.3% stated having online social sites and most of them are using facebook (49.2%). Most of the other have more than one membership in social sites (twitter, myspace, linkedin etc). The fallowing next questions asked how much time adolescents use each of their time on their technological tools on average day. Table 1 shows the results. Table 1. Technological tools use 9 h (%) + 7-8 (%) h 5-6 (%) h 3-4 (%) h 1-2 (%) h 30 (%) min None(%) Msn 0.4 0.4 0 0.6 4.3 13.6 80.7 İnstant message 3.7 2.2 4.6 10.8 17.5 23.6 37.5 Cell phone 0.6 0.2 0.4 2.2 11.9 56.9 27.8 Social sites 0.7 1.7 1.5 8.0 29.0 33.3 25.8 Music 3.9 2,4 5.0 10.3 39.0 31.8 7.6 Game 0.7 0.9 1.3 4,3 17.7 24.0 51.0 Mail 0.9 0.2 0.2 1.1 3.9 12.8 80.9 İnternet 1.1 0.4 1.1 6.7 26.8 40.1 23.8 As shown in Table 1, adolescents almost don’t use messanger sites and mail address. They generally use instant message with their cell phones. They spend 1-2 hours for a day by listening music and avarage 30 minutes during the day by using Facebook. More than half of teens have cell phones that able to call, message and access to Internet. All following hypothesis were examined to 95% level of confidence. Hypothesis 1 stated that females use socially interactive technology (text messages, cell phones, e-mail, instant messages) more than males. Females (M:1.08, SD:1.9) reported that they are using text messaging more than males and significant relationship between text messaging and interactive technology (M:1.52, SD:2.31, p:0.019). In addition, males (M:0,3, SD:0.75) reported that they are playing games for a long time than females and there is a gender differences between playing games on computer and social technology using (M:1.06, SD:1.66, p:0.000). There is not gender differences in use of instant messaging, e-mail, social network sites and chat rooms. 72 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Hypothesis 2a posited that there could be a relationship between not feeling comfortable talking with others in person and feeling more comfortable talking with others online. When someone have to talk face to face, feeling anxiety was positively correlated with feeling comfortable with others through cell phones and social media sites (r:0.445, p: 0.000). Hypothesis 2b related that there would be a relationship between not feeling comfortable talking with others in person and feeling more comfortable messaging with others. Results revealed, there isn’t a relationship between social anxiety of face-to-face interaction and feeling comfortable with others via messaging (p:0.204). Hypothesis 2c reported that there would be a positive relationship between social anxiety (social phobia) and making new friends online. There isn’t any relationship between social anxiety and making new friends online (p:0.072, t: 1.801). but, there is a negative relationship between online communication without face-to-face interactions and feeing anxiety when having to talk face-to-face (p:0.024). Hypothesis 2d revealed that there would be a relationship between the amount of their families’ monthly income and social anxiety. The regression analysis showed, their isn’t a relationship between the amount of families’ monthly income with social interaction technologies (p: 0.230, r: 0.134). Hypothesis 3 stated that males are more social anxiety (not comfortable with others by talking) face-to-face interactions than females. Significance was not found for this hypothesis. However, females are feeling more uncomfortable talking with other face-to-face than males (Levene’s test p:0.017). There is just significant differences feeling comfortable by talking with social media sites with gender (p:0.003), that is; famales (M:2.12, SD:0.92) are more uncomfortable than do males (M:1.86, SD:0.99, p: 0.000). Hypothesis 4 posited that males could more prefered talking with others through a social interaction technology than females. There are significant difference, but only prefer talk with someone on computer instead of talking and make new friends with someone on computer. Females (M:3.71, SD:0.96) prefer talking with some on computer instead of talkin face-toface than males (M:3.48, SD:1.05, p: 0.009). Similarly, females (M:4.14, SD:1.04) prefer making new friends with someone on computer more than males (M:3.62, SD:1.19, p: 0.000). 5.DISCUSSİON AND CONCLUSION In Turkey, cell phone, text messaging, instant message and social sites membership are recognized as the most important medium of communications among adolescents. Internet access via PCs and mobile phones plays very significant role Turkey adolescents. Technology tools effect teens’ social emotions against their families and friends. This study demonstrated that teens are using socaily interactive technology to communicate with others and it serves social anxiety and decreasing face-to face communication. The findings of the current study found that females are using text messaging more than males. However, males are playing games for a long time than females. In addition, females are feeling more uncomfortable talking with others face-to-face than males. And, females also prefer talking with some on computer instead of talking face-to-face than males. Similarly, females prefer making new friends with someone on computer more than males. Beyond the results of this study, we examined something very important stuation related to adolescents’ today currents. While the age of participants were increasing, the time spend in social media is decreasing. The reason for such conclusion revealed that, senior students have 73 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to work more for university exams during education session. So, they can’t spend their time on social media sites. Many studies in this area is conducted for university students. The use of Internet as a social tool is more common among at this age adolescents. But this study is related to high school level for students and we examined the relationship between social anxiety and the use of Internet, cell phone as a technological tools. Further studies may apply for university students.Finally, adolescents who may be shy, have social fobia, and feel anxiety about talking with someone, vairous and different technologies provide reliable opportunity for them to contact with them. It is possible to reproduce the contributions of technology for our world. Althought this technology facilities the lives of people, it sometimes breaks the peace. Technology has changed the way we live todayand also changing our communication skills with high costs. Only time will tell what is going on in the future. Parents and teachers have great responsibilities for this subject. REFERENCES Auter P. J., (2007) Portable Social Groups: Willingness To Communicate, Interpersonal Communication Gratifications, and Cell Phone Use Among Young Adults, Inetrnational J. Mobile Communications, 5(2) 139-156. Colley, A., and Maltby, J., (2008) Impact Of The Internet On Our Lives: Male and Female Personal Perspectives, Computers In Human Behavior, 24, 2005-2013. Hinduja S, Patchin J. (2007) Offline Consequences Of Online Victimization: School Violence And Delinquency. J Sch Violence. 6(3): 89 –112. La Greca, A. M. and Lopez N., (1998) Social Anxiety Among Adolescents: Linkages With Peer Relations and Friendships, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(2), 83-94. Lenhart, A. (2005) Protecting Teens Online. Pew Internet and American Life Project. URL: http://www.pewInternet.org/. Morgan, C., and Cotten, S. R. (2003) The Relationship Between Internet Activities and Depres-sive Symptoms in a Sample of College Freshmen. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 6(2), 133–142. O’Keeffe, G. S., and Pearson, C., (2011) The İmpact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents and Families, Journal of American Academy Of Pediatric, 800-805. Pierce, T., (2009) Social Anxiety and Technology: Face-To-Face Communication Versus Technological Communication Among Teens, Computers İn Human Behavior, 25, 13671372. Sam, H. K., Othman, A. E. A., and Nordin, Z. S. (2005) Computer Self-Efficacy, Computer Anxiety, and Attitudes Toward The Internet: A Study among Undergraduates in Unimas. Educational Technology & Society, 8 (4), 205-219. Selfhout, M. H. W., Branje, S. J. T., Delsing, M., Bogt, T. F. M., and Meeus W. H. J., (2009) Different Types Of Internet Use, Depression, and Social Anxiety: The Role Of Perceived Friendship Quality. Journal of Adolescence, 32 819-833. Shepherd, R. M., and Edelmann, R. J., (2005) Reasons For İnternet Use and Social Anxiety, Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 949-958. Subrahmanyam S. and Lin, G., (2007) Adolescents On The Net: Internet Use and WellBeing, Adolescence, 42(168), 659-677. 74 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1151 Title A name given to the resource Socıal Anxıety And Usage Of Onlıne Technologıcal Communıcatıon Tools Among Adolescents Author Author Bilal , Sisman Abstract A summary of the resource. With the growing popularity of Internet communication applications among adolescents, the Internet, online social sites, instant messaging and cell phones have become an important social tool for their development. For adolescents who perceive low friendship quality, Internet use for communication purposes predicted less depression, whereas Internet use for non-communication purposes predicted more depression and more social anxiety. This study examined teens’ use of social interactive technologies and the role that social anxiety plays on how adolescents communicate with others (technology or face-to-face). The questionnaire was prepared to apply in Afyonkarahisar, Manisa and Uşak cities in order to measure any relationship between social anxiety and choise of communication options among adolescents. Questionnaire datas were gathered from High School adolescents (ranged from 15-18; freshman, sophomore, junior and senior) included 544. Adolescents almost don’t use messanger sites and mail address. They generally use instant message with their cell phones. They spend 1-2 hours for a day by listening music and avarage 30 minutes during the day by using Facebook. More than half of teens have cell phones that able to call, message and access to Internet. The findings of the current study found that females are using text messaging more than males. However, males are playing games for a long time than females. In addition, females are feeling more uncomfortable talking with others face-to-face than males. And, females also prefer talking with some on computer instead of talking face-to-face than males. Similarly, females prefer making new friends with someone on computer more than males. Keywords: Social Anxiety, Communication Tools, Technology, Adolescents Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/526af53602e113658824c2078ccb6f9a.pdf 39f93afce0d809081027cb4a0ea905ed PDF Text Text Watkıns K. And Marsick V. (1997) Dimensions of The Learning Organization Questionnaire [survey] (Warwick, RI: Partners for the Learning Organization) Civil Law Notaries in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Actors in Preventive Justice Bakšić Šukrija1, Oruč Esad2 1University of Zenica, Faculty of Law, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E –mails: sukrijabaksic@gmail.com,eoruc@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Civil law notaries are professional lawyers and public officials appointed by the State to confer authenticity on legal deeds and contracts contained in documents drafted by them and to advise persons who call upon their services. Institution of the notary was introduced for the first time in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007. Introduction of the office of notary was one of the steps taken to ensure independent and impartial judiciary and to adapt legal system with European Union law. Before its introducing there was no institution or legal profession which acted impartially on behalf of all parties to a contract or transaction. Notarial services are very wide and complex. It encompasses all judicial activities in noncontentious matters, ensure legal certainty to clients, thus averting disputes and litigation. As a guarantor of legal certainty, notary is one of the most important actors of preventive justice which include all means of reducing resort to the courts for the settlement of controversies. In this study we analyzed contribution of notary office to preventive justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: civil law notary, preventive justice, legal certainty, realising justice, avoiding disputes 412 �1.INTRODUCTION The 1995 General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina ended the 1992-95 war and created the independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). BiH consists of two entities and one district: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Republika Srpska (RS), as well as Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BD BiH), which is an autonomous district. The entities and the BD BiH have their own government and assemblies and enact their laws and regulations, which are typically harmonized, but yet separate and distinct. Furthermore, the FBiH consist of 10 administrative units – cantons, which have their own constitutions and administrative organization. We can conclude that BiH has a specific and very complex constitutional and legal system which remains inefficient and is subject to different interpretations. The complicated decision-making process has contributed to delay in structural reforms and reduce the country's capacity to make progress towards the EU.25 Few credible steps have been taken to improve the adoption of key legislation relevant to EU integration. One of those steps was introduction of notary office into domestic legal system. It represents an effort of getting closer to the European standards governing legal services, especially in the fields of civil and business law.26 Before the Second World War the office of notary did exist in the region of the ex Yugoslavia but was abolished by enactment of the Implementing Statute relating to the Office of Notary passed on 17th November 1944. After abolition of the office of notary the notary's duties were at first taken over by the courts; later some of the notarial duties were also transferred to the advocates and administrative bodies.27 Although a number of notarial positions were determined by the Ordinance on the Number and Location of Notarial Positions for BiH as well, they never start with performance of the duties.28 Institution of the notary was introduced for the first time in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in 2007. As a consequence of constitutional organization of the State, three different laws have been introduced: the Notary Law of the Federation of Bosnia and 25 European Commition, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 Progress Report, page 11. 26 M. Povlakić, Country Reports on Notary Service in Southeast European Countries, German Organisation for Tehnical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH Open Regional Fund for South East Europe Legal Reform, 102. 27 E. Braniselj, Notarius International, No 3-4/2004, page 169. 28 Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia No 7610 413 �Herzegovina (FBHLN)29, the Notary Law of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BDLN)30 and the Notary Law of the Republic of Srpska (RSLN)31. First notaries started to perform their duties in 2007 in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Brčko District, while notaries of the Republic of Srpska began their work in March 2008. The Notary as existing today in BiH belongs to the Civil law or Latin notarial system. The specific structuring of preventive justice differs from country to country. In general preventive justice include all means of reducing resort to the courts for the settlement of controversies. The term should cover the following things: - the legal settlement of issues of fact through administrative tribunals, leaving a resort to the courts on issues of law; the prevention of litigation through the settlement of disputes out of court and the prevention of disputes through care in the avoidance of grounds of disputes, when entering into transactions giving rise to legal rights.32 Notaries are part of prevetive justice and they can contribute to development of legal system in general troughout the strengthening of legal certainty, protection of public interest and avoiding disputes. 2.Entry to the profession and powers of notaries A notaries are appointed to a vacant notarial position by the Justice Minister of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Justice Minister Republic of Srpska and President of Judiciary Commission of Brčko District BiH (hereinafter: Justice Minister). Advertising of a free notarial position is announced by the Justice Ministry in the Official Gazette of the relevant entity/District. In order to be appointed as notary, a candidate must fulfill the following requirements: - Bosnian nationality, Legal capacity and sound health, An academic title as graduate in law, Successfully completed the bar exam, Successfully completed the notary exam, 29 Official Gazette of the FBiH No 42/02 30 Official Gazette of the BDBiH No 09/03 31 Official Gazette of the RS No 86/04, 02/05, 74/05, 76/05, 91/06, 37/06, 50/10 32 W. F. Dodd, Progress of Preventive Justice, American Bar Association No 6-1920, 151. 414 �- - Not to have been convicted of crimes against humanity and international law, offence against duty or any other premeditated offence that is still a matter of criminal public record with the relevant body at the time of appointment, Not to be a member of a political party.33 In accordance with the BiH Law notaries draw up authentic documents relating to legal transactions or for proceedings establishing a legal right; they take documents, money and securities for delivery to third parties or to state bodies into safekeeping and on behalf of the court or other state body handle matters which can be passed on to them in accordance with the law.34 Certain legal transactions require the form of a notarial act in order to be valid, in particular: - Contracts relating to the settlement of financial relations between spouses, Contracts relating to the disposal of the assets of a minor or persons without legal capacity, A promise of a gift, Incorporation documents for a legal entity, All types of real-estate contracts. All of the aforementioned legal transactions have to be authenticated by a notary. Transactions that are concluded without observing the statutorily or contractually required form or that are not given corresponding approval will be null and void.35 3.Functions of the notary office in BiH Notaries in BiH, like a most of notaries in civil law countries all over the world, exercise a public power. Their primary task is to confer authenticity on the legal instruments and contracts they establish for their clients, mainly in area of civil law. Although notaries in BiH are not paid by the State, this does not make their role any less of a public role. They hold a portion of public power and have the status of public official. The notary’s role contributes to preventive justice and increasing legal certainty in BiH in several ways: 33 Article 26 FLN,208 RSLN, 5 BDLN 34 Articles 69-72 FLN, 64-67 RSLN, 43-46 BDLN 35 Article 73 FLN, 68 RSLN, 47 BDLN 415 �3.1.Ensuring legal certainty Although one of the most important principle of the Contract law in BiH is freedom of contract it does not eliminate the need for supervision regarding its implementation. The notarial function is particularly important in ensuring an effective legality check.36 By placing the State's seal next to the signatures of the parties on the instruments they draw up, notaries are responsible for the content and the form. They ensure that the authentication process has been respected perfectly and that the authenticated instrument expresses the wishes of its signatories, their correct identity and the date and substance of their commitments.37Authentic instruments in general have almost same value as a judgment and can be contested only through judicial proceedings. Furthermore, each notary has a legal duty to be aware of the provisions of the 2009 Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorist Activities (hereinafter Act) to prevent and detect the commission of money laundering and terrorist financing.38 The 2009 Act transposes the Third EU Money Laundering Directive (2005/60/EC) and associated implementing Directive 2006/70/EC into domestic legal system. When performing duties notary, if they found that there are reasons to suspect money laundering or funding of terrorist activities, in connection with transaction or certain person, they are obliged to inform the State Investigation of Protection Agency -Financial-Intelligence Department without delay (FID). Every time when a client requests an advice in relation to money laundering or funding of terrorist activities, notaries have to inform the FID immediately and not later than three working days from the date when the client requested such advice. 39 Throughout this function notaries protect not just consumers but public interest as well. 3.2.The notarial function in avoiding disputes Notaries act as independent, impartial and objective advisers to all parties to contract or a transaction. The independence and impartiality is ensured by an incompatibility of notary's 36 C. Jaquet, Notariat without borders: legal security at the service of Europeans, 1st Congress of EU Civil Law Notaries 37URL http://www.cnue.be/ 38 Official Gazette of BiH, No 53/09 39 Article 41 of the Act. 416 �work with any other for-profit work with the exception of the administration of his/her own assets. Nevertheless, a notary public may perform any scientific, publishing, teaching, interpreting, expert witnessing and artistic work against payment.40 The impartiality of the notary in all his activities is the foundation of the Notary profession in BiH. The notary must exercise his office faithfully to his oath. He is not the representative of one party, but an independent and impartial guide for the parties concerned - unlike an advocate who always looks for the benefits for his client. The impartiality of the notary guarantees a new contractual order which is characterised by the search for balance between the parties and the protection of the consumer.41 They examine the intentions of the parties, draft the contracts and instruments necessary to carry out the intended transaction and ensure that the contractual provisions are in full compliance with the law. They also verify that the parties have full capacity to enter into the intended agreement and that they have fully understood the legal implications of their commitment.42 Otherwise, the civil law notary is required by law to refuse his participation. Essential idea of notaries impartiality is to establish a preventive legal control by informing and advising clients on the legal and financial consequences of their transactions. This is why notaries are thought of as amicable settlement magistrates, practicing preventive justice.43 3.3.Realising justice Realising justice is also very important function of the notaries in BiH as well as important part of a system of preventive justice. The backlog of cases remained one of the most acute problems facing the BiH judiciary and court proceeding are generally lengthy. Despite the many reforms conducted by the State bodies, the backlog still stands at over 2.1 million cases country-wide. The fragmented legal framework across the country restricts effectiveness of 40 Article 56 FLN, 51 RSLN, 35 BDLN 41 XXIV International Congress of the Latin Notariat, Mexico City, October 2004, Impartiality of the Notary: ensuring certainty in contractual relationships, http://www.uinl.net/congreso.asp?idioma=ing&submenu=CONGRESOEJORNADAS&submenu2=CON CLUSIONESANTERIORES 42 Article 80 FLN, 70 RSLN, 53 BDLN 43 http://www.cnue.be/ 417 �judiciary system in BiH. Also existence of 14 different ministries of justice with its own budget continues to adversely affect the independence of the judiciary in BiH.44 Notarial documents enjoy a presumption of legality and exactness of content and may only be contradicted through judicial proceedings. They have evidentiary value and enforceability which reduces the costs of lawsuits as it avoids the reiteration during the proceedings of proof that had already been declared extra judicially. Enforceability avoids long and costly lawsuits and evidently represents a saving on costs. Like judicial decisions, they are enforceable, enabling the parties to have their obligations enforced directly by the judicial officers, without having to pass before the courts. 4.CONCLUSION By introducing the notary profession, BiH has made a big step towards improvement of consumer protection, independent and impartial judicial system, as well as adaptation domestic legal system with European Union law. In our study we have found that notaries have contributed to the development of preventive justice in BiH by ensuring legal certainty, avoiding disputes and realising justice. As independent, impartial and objective advisers to all parties to a transaction, notaries lead to the strengthening of legal certainty and protection of public interest. They also provide the market and development with trust. The main idea by introducing notary office into the legal system of BiH was to establish a preventive legal control in order to avoid costly and time-consuming litigation. Additional improvement in the context of the administration of preventive justice can be made by transferring more powers to the notary office, such as process of mediation which makes process of dispute resolution simpler, quicker and less costly in the interest of citizens. REFERENCES C. Jaquet, Notariat without borders: legal security at the service of Europeans, 1st Congress of EU Civil Law Notaries E. Braniselj, Notarius International, No 3-4/2004 European Commition, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 Progress Report High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010 Annual Report 44 High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010 Annual Report, 144. 418 �Law on the Prevention of Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorist Activities, Official Gazette of BiH, No 53/09 M. Povlakić, Country Reports on Notary Service in Southeast European Countries, German Organization for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH Open Regional Fund for South East Europe - Legal Reform Notary Law of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Official Gazette No 09/03 Notary Law of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Official Gazette No 42/02 Notary Law of the Republic of Srpska, Official Gazette No 86/04, 02/05, 74/05, 76/05, 91/06, 37/06, 50/10 Ordinance on the Number and Location of Notarial Positions, Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia No 7610 W. F. Dodd, Progress of Preventive Justice, American Bar Association No 6-1920 XXIV International Congress of the Latin Notariat, Mexico City, October 2004, Impartiality of the Notary: ensuring certainty in contractual relationships, http://www.uinl.net/congreso.asp?idioma=ing&submenu=CONGRESOEJORNADAS&subm enu2=CONCLUSIONESANTERIORES http://www.cnue.be/ 419 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1197 Title A name given to the resource Civil Law Notaries in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Actors in Preventive Justice Author Author Bakšić, Šukrija Oruč, Esad Abstract A summary of the resource. Civil law notaries are professional lawyers and public officials appointed by the State to confer authenticity on legal deeds and contracts contained in documents drafted by them and to advise persons who call upon their services. Institution of the notary was introduced for the first time in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007. Introduction of the office of notary was one of the steps taken to ensure independent and impartial judiciary and to adapt legal system with European Union law. Before its introducing there was no institution or legal profession which acted impartially on behalf of all parties to a contract or transaction. Notarial services are very wide and complex. It encompasses all judicial activities in noncontentious matters, ensure legal certainty to clients, thus averting disputes and litigation. As a guarantor of legal certainty, notary is one of the most important actors of preventive justice which include all means of reducing resort to the courts for the settlement of controversies. In this study we analyzed contribution of notary office to preventive justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: civil law notary, preventive justice, legal certainty, realising justice, avoiding disputes Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/61943e1a9cab7217b72e923627a9bbf8.pdf ac29c16826953794065cd9d2c6edd3cd PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Length-length and length-weight relationships of the round sardinella Sardinella aurita Valenciensis, 1847 (Osteichthyes, Clupeidae) from the Aegean Sea Bahar Bayhan, Ali Kara Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey E-mail: bahar.bayhan@ege.edu.tr Abstract This study describes the length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of round sardinella Sardinella aurita (Linnaeus, 1758) from Izmir Bay, Turkey. A total of 1948 specimen of S. aurita collected from fisherman’s catch with gillnets from November 2004 to October 2005 were used for this study. Fish size ranged in total length (TL, minimum) 15.0 cm for males, 14.2 cm for females and 14.2 cm for both sexes. The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationships were calculated as W=aLb and LWRs for males, females and the total sample population determined to be W=0.0033L3.279, W=0.0025L3.375 and W=0.0027L3.340 respectively. The values for allometric coefficient b of the LWRs showed positive allometric growths in the both sexes. LLRs were measured as TL=a+bFL, FL=a+bSL and SL=a+bTL equation in all sexes and combined. In all the samples together, LLRs are as follows: TL=-1.3284+1.2087FL, FL=1.4623+0.9581SL and SL=0.0000+0.8382TL. The results further indicated that LLRs were highly inter correlated (r2˃0.9, p˂0.01). Keywords: Round sardinella, Sardinella aurita, length-weight relationship, condition factor, Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea. 1. INTRODUCTION Length-weight relationhips, LWRs, are important because they; (a) allow the conversion of growth-in-length equations to growth-in-weight, (b) for use in stock assessment observations; (c) allow an estimate of the condition of fish and (d) are useful for between region comparisons of life histories of a certain species (Wooton, 1990; Pauly 1993; Petrakis and Stergiou, 1995; Gonçalves et al., 1997; Binohlan et al., 1998; & Moutopoulos and Stergiou, 2002). Relationships between different types of length (length-length relationships, LLRs), are also very important for comparative growth studies and also useful in local and interregional morphological and life historical comparisons in species and populations. In fish studies, fish length is often more rapidly and easily measured than mass. Thus information on the lengthweight relationships makes it more convenient to determine mass where only the length is known. In the field, the tail flukes of fish are often cut, making it difficult to measure the total 110 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo length correctly to measure the total length. Knowledge of the standard length should allow the total length to be determined (Binohlan et al., 1998; & Lalèyè, 2006). The aim of this study is to determine relationships of length-weight and length-length in S. aurita captured from Izmir Bay in central Aegean Sea and find out monthly differences in view of the parameters involved. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish samples were collected monthly during commercial fishing trials using gillnets from Izmir Bay (Fig. 1). The study period was from November 2004 to October 2005. Gillnets used to catch S. aurita in Izmir bay have the characteristics below: twine thickness 210 D/3 no, multiflament mesh size (bar length) 23-25 mm, 105-210 meshes deep, hanging ratio of the float line, E=0.67. Gillnets are utilized as drift nets ranging from 800 to 1600 m in length. They are usally used within 5m from surface down to bottom. Mean annual temparature of sea water in Izmir bay is 18.5 Cº with the lowest 10.5 Cº in February and the highest 25 Cº in July. Figure 1 Sampling locality of Sardinella aurita in Izmir bay (central Aegean Sea) . 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Length-weight and length-length of S. aurita inhabiting Izmir Bay of central Aegean Sea in Turkey were estimated by sexes and sampling time. All relationships were found to be significantly linear in all cases. 111 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A total of 1948 individuals were sampled during the study period and the shortest, 14.2 cm TL and the longest, 28.5 cm TL individuals obtained in August. It was determined that 52.4% of the fish were female (n=1014), 47.5% male (n=921) and 0.07% immature (n=13). Because immature individuals did not reach adult body shape, length-weight relationship was not measured (Froese, 2006). The sex ratio was not significantly different from parity (x2=4.469; p˂0.01). female:male ratio was calculated as 1:10. Erkoyuncu (1995) and Avşar (1998) pointed out that female:male ratio may vary between 1:1 and 1:1.3 in a typical population. The values obtained in our study were within the reasonable range expected for a natural population. Monthly length-weight relationships for males, females and the total sample population were determined as W=0.0033L3.279, W=0.0025L3.375 and W=0.0027L3.340 respectively (Table 1). The b value was used in the length-weight relationship as the indicator of the growth type of S. aurita, to find out whether there deviation from isometric growth had occurred between the sexes and among the sampling times. Monthly LWRs of S. aurita presented in Table 1 show that the calculated allometric coefficients vary between 2.121 (May) and 3.777 (February) in males and between 2.350 (October) and 3.762 (December) in females. As expected, an allometric relationship was observed between length and weight of the species. In males, allometry was closer to isometry, however total population found a positive allometry including males and females. Gonadal development affected the relationship between length and weight of the individuals positively, of females in particular. The t-test was used to compare a significant distinction between the calculated slope (b) values and the cube of the length (Table 1). Male and female individuals did not exhibit a significant difference during spring summer and autumn months, however they showed a significantly defined variation especially in winter months, which was found to be caused by the fact that gonads mature in winter when the slope value of female individuals was highest in particular. On the other hand, slope values (b) of males began to increase in autumn to reach maximum in winter in the same way as in females. In winter months, abdomen of the fish increased most just because of gonadal development, with a even more positive allometric growth. The intercept a values diminished in winter for both female and male individuals as compared to the rest of the year. The index of length-weight pointed to winter months when reproduction occurs intensively and condition is minimum. All allometric coefficients (b) estimated in this study were within the expected range 2.1-3.7, and according Benegal and Tesch (1978); Koutrakis and Tsikliras (2003) allometric coefficients may range from 2 to 4. 112 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1235 Title A name given to the resource Length-length and length-weight relationships of the round sardinella Sardinella aurita Valenciensis, 1847 (Osteichthyes, Clupeidae) from the Aegean Sea Author Author Bahar, Bayhan Abstract A summary of the resource. This study describes the length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships of round sardinella Sardinella aurita (Linnaeus, 1758) from Izmir Bay, Turkey. A total of 1948 specimen of S. aurita collected from fisherman’s catch with gillnets from November 2004 to October 2005 were used for this study. Fish size ranged in total length (TL, minimum) 15.0 cm for males, 14.2 cm for females and 14.2 cm for both sexes. The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationships were calculated as W=aLb and LWRs for males, females and the total sample population determined to be W=0.0033L3.279, W=0.0025L3.375 and W=0.0027L3.340 respectively. The values for allometric coefficient b of the LWRs showed positive allometric growths in the both sexes. LLRs were measured as TL=a+bFL, FL=a+bSL and SL=a+bTL equation in all sexes and combined. In all the samples together, LLRs are as follows: TL=-1.3284+1.2087FL, FL=1.4623+0.9581SL and SL=0.0000+0.8382TL. The results further indicated that LLRs were highly inter correlated (r2˃0.9, p˂0.01). Keywords: Round sardinella, Sardinella aurita, length-weight relationship, condition factor, Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General)