142 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/64bd4a65cc6cdd8fbd439be49c6f8bcc.docx 55917313e38d55ee185f60f2677d8928 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2bfba118613d61a052ab991e3d58a286.pdf a66adb289d756d6912020ea78ea196ab PDF Text Text IMPLEMENTATION OF A BUILDING AUTOMATION TRAINING MODULE FORELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION Selami Kesler Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey skesler@pau.edu.tr Sinan Kıvrak Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey sinan.kivrak@hotmail.com Keywords: Building automation, Power Electronics, Energy Efficiency, Training Module, Touch Panel, Microcontroller. ABSTRACT Building automation systems improve lifetime quality of people and reduce energy consumption. In this study, a building automation module for home applications is implemented to help students comprehend related concepts. Purposed system has some units such as a garage barrier, curtains, led bulbs, an air conditioner, gas leakage sensors, burglar alarm, an air-conditioner unit and comfort applications. To control these units, a control board is developed. Control commands are entered by operator via a resistive touch panel which is associated and programmed for this project. This automation module is used for electrical enginering education especially to execute power electronics applications and building automation trainings. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2134 Title A name given to the resource IMPLEMENTATION OF A BUILDING AUTOMATION TRAINING MODULE FORELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION Author Author KESLER, Selami KIVRAK, Sinan Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Building automation, Power Electronics, Energy Efficiency, Training Module, Touch Panel, Microcontroller. ABSTRACT Building automation systems improve lifetime quality of people and reduce energy consumption. In this study, a building automation module for home applications is implemented to help students comprehend related concepts. Purposed system has some units such as a garage barrier, curtains, led bulbs, an air conditioner, gas leakage sensors, burglar alarm, an air-conditioner unit and comfort applications. To control these units, a control board is developed. Control commands are entered by operator via a resistive touch panel which is associated and programmed for this project. This automation module is used for electrical enginering education especially to execute power electronics applications and building automation trainings. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bbe9bc9f43b68eea7645b1e3ff58fdbc.pdf 9230e0e8d2430c9e2429beb5e4542fc3 PDF Text Text Implementation of a Computer-Based Course on Moodle Özcan Asilkan, Ph.D. Department of Computer Engineering, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania oasilkan@epoka.edu.al Igli Hakrama Department of Computer Engineering, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania, ihakrama@epoka.edu.al Abdurrahman Çelebi Department of Computer Engineering, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania, acelebi@epoka.edu.al Abstract: Increasing popularity of Internet led to expectation of course materials and activities to be distributed and collected online. Many universities have already started to support the courses with the technology. But most of them are still lack of a structured, well designed Learning Management System. Therefore, instructors in these universities are still distributing course materials (like presentation files) to students at the end of their lectures and collecting assignments by email. This approach is open to many problems. Being aware of these problems, Epoka University started a pilot implementation of Moodle in 2010. This study presents experience of this implementation on a computer-based course (C Programming) which is aimed to be useful to the other education institutions. Introduction The recent advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), especially Internet, generated a need and an expectation of presenting courses online. It is becoming evident that on-line education will become an integral part of higher education in the foreseeable future (Nakos et al., 2002). Many universities have already started to offer on-line education, or simply “e-learning” which aims to eliminate the dependency to the traditional classrooms and/or improve the learning environment (Eastman & Swift, 2001). But most of them are still lack of a structured, well designed online Learning Management System (LMS). Therefore, instructors in these universities are still distributing course materials (like presentation files) to students at the end of their lectures and collecting assignments by email. This approach is open to many problems. For example, some students complain for not being supplied with the course materials and some claim that they have emailed the assignments which are not received by instructor. Being aware of the mentioned problems, Epoka University started a pilot implementation of Moodle, an Open-Source Free Learning Management System, in 2010. This study presents experience of the pilot implementation of Moodle on a computer-based course (C Programming), considering that this experience may be useful to the other education institutions. Open-Source Learning Management Systems Interest in open source has grown exponentially in the recent years. In mid January, 2005 a Google search of the phrase “open source” returned approximately 28.8 million webpage hits (Kapor, 2005). That number jumped significantly to 376 million when a similar search was conducted on October 12, 2006. There seems a high increasing interest in open source software (Pan and Bonk, 2007). Wikipedia defines Learning Management System (LMS) as “a software package, usually on a large scale (that scale is decreasing rapidly), that enables the management and delivery of learning content and resources to students.” The LMS allows students to register for online courses, delivering and tracking e-based 366 �learning courses, testing and much more. The tools used in LMS include email, chat groups, grade books and interactive quizzes. It is designed to manage the educational courses online to help the teachers and students with course administration (Cheung, 2006). Moodle LMS MOODLE (Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment) is an open source Learning Management System (LMS) created by Michael Dougiamas (http://dougiamas.com) to serve as an online interactive environment between educators and students. Sometimes it is referred to as a course management software or virtual learning environment. Moodle is defined on its official website as: “A course management system (CMS) – a free open source software system designed using sound pedagogical principles to help educators create effective online learning communities” (Moodle, 2010). Moodle is widespread all over the world in more than 200 countries with 50,000 registered installations according to the project website. Among them are the public educational institutions as universities and schools as well as private institutions (Wikipedia, 2010). Moodle presents the following advantages for acquiring as a learning management system (Goba, 2004). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Being free of charge without any advertisement. It allows full control of settings and editing. Its extensibility enables adding new functionalities by installing plug-ins called modules. Using as a content based web management leads to a modular object oriented dynamic learning environment. Online courses can be easily integrated and files may be archived and saved online. Providing collaborative medium where everybody can meet and communicate. Getting support and help easily. By clicking on the help symbol a pop up window opens offering help. Other advantages include easy installation on any platform, interfaces in more than 50 languages and extensibility by adding new modules created in PHP script. Moodle can run on any platform like Windows, Unix, Linux, Mac OS X which supports PHP. In order to implement Moodle some software requirement must be fulfilled. First a web server with PHP is needed. As a web server IIS (included in windows) or Apache (http://httpd.apache.org) can be used. The platform on which Moodle will run must support many types of database systems like mySQL or Oracle. The whole free Moodle software package (Moodle, PHP, MySQL and Apache) can be downloaded from the official website of Moodle. Implementation 1.8 version of Moodle was downloaded from the vendor’s official web site (http://download.moodle.org) and installed on a Windows server which runs MySQL Database Management System and Apache Web Server. After some server settings had been done, course categories were defined and some courses were created under these categories. We preferred to create the main categories as the name of the Faculties. Then under each faculty category, we created subcategories as the name of the Departments. The current faculties and departments of the Epoka University (the main and subcategories in Moodle) are as follows: 1. 2. Faculty Of Engineering And Architecture 3. Computer Engineering 4. Civil Engineering 5. Architecture Faculty Of Economics And Administrative Sciences 3. Economics 4. Banking and Finance 5. Business Administration 6. Political Science and International Relations Courses were created under related Faculty/Department categories. This approach led both instructors and students access their courses rapidly. To start using the Moodle, firstly, the accounts of course instructors (teachers) and all the student accounts in Epoka University were created by using a batch file. Thanks to its practicality, Moodle allows to create user accounts from a batch CVS file including some essential account information like username, 367 �password, email, first name, last name, etc. Then related system roles have been assigned to course creators and teachers using Site Administration panel which is only visible to Administrators. The related screen is shown in Figure 1. The other accounts are assigned “Student” role by default, eliminating to bother for assigning this role to a lot of users. Figure 1: Site Administration Panel of Moodle: Assigning roles in System Instructors started to customize their courses by editing the contents online. After they had informed the students during the classes about how to access the course by using their accounts, students started to benefit from accessing their course contents online. Figure 2 displays the main welcome page of the Epoka University Learning Management System, http://moodle.epoka.edu.al which was customized to display the categories, courses, latest news, calendar and online users, considering that these are the most useful items that should exist on the welcome page. Main page also includes a combo button on the upper right side to change the language. It includes a rich set of different languages. 368 �Figure 2: Main welcome page of Epoka University Learning Management System Both instructors and students can access their courses simply by clicking the related course name link. It will take them to the login screen as shown in Figure 3 (It is also possible to click on the login link on the upper right side of the page). Figure 3: Login screen This page allows users to login the course site with the owned account or as a guest. Moodle allows instructors to distribute a unique “enrollment key” of the course to all the class without the need to create accounts of all the students. This key has two benefits: First, anyone without an account can enroll the course as guest. Guest users can access all the course contents except interacting with activities like participating quizzes, submitting assignment, etc. The instructors that do not use such activities and just need to distribute online course materials to their students can highly benefit from enrollment key. They do not need to bother with the accounts of their students. Second, enrollment key prevents other users (including those who have the account in the system, like students of other classes), to access the course materials if they are not supplied with this key. Enrollment key functionality can be customized by the instructors in the Course Settings section in their administration panels. 369 �On the login page, there’s one more option allowing users (like students) to create their accounts by clicking “Create a new account” button on the page. After users create account, a confirmation mail is sent to the administrators to approve the new account. For some technical reasons, we didn’t prefer to allow this option for now and hid that button. In order to give an idea about the implementation of Moodle, we will enroll to a sample course, “CEN112 / C Programming”, with a test student user account (student000) and present the course contents with the perspective of a student. After entering username and password and login the first time, students will be asked for the enrollment key that their instructor has given for this course. After entering the correct enrollment key, the students will face the contents of the course as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Course Content Site Main page of the course includes major three parts. On the left side, there exist some panels like People (participant list), Activities (assignments, chats, forums, quizzes, resources, etc), Search, Administration and enrolled Courses. On the right side, there exist Latest News, Calendar, Upcoming events, Online Users and Messages specific to logged user. In the middle, the Course Outline is shown. Actually, almost all these parts can be customized by the instructor of the course, as the sample course page was already done. Throughout the following parts, we will have a more detailed look into some of the parts that we have implemented so far. We will skip items whose functions can easily be understood (like Search Forums) Left Part Left part of the course page includes several links that display different lists or events. Participants link displays the list of students enrolled the course. Assignments and Quizzes links display all the assignments (homework, project, etc.) or quizzes prepared by the instructor. Chats section display chat sessions defined by the instructor. Forums section allows students to discuss and cooperate during their studies and is an effective tool for the instructors to monitor their students’ work. Resources section allows students to upload files to in order to share with the others. Grades section allows students to see their grades earned from the evaluation of online quizzes and assignments. Profile section allows students to update their profiles like adding birth date, picture, etc. 370 �Right Part Latest News section serves like an information board containing the recent news entered by the instructor, for example the announcements of class hour change, new assignment, exam date, etc. Items in this section are located starting from the most recent one to the oldest one. By clicking, “more” under each news, full explanation can be accessed. Upcoming Events section displays future events (like scheduled chat sessions, quizzes, etc). The message section displays a list of new messages that logged user has received, with a link to detailed messages window. Middle Part In the middle of the main page, a description of the course was entered. Following the description, a link to all the files (ALL_FILES) was inserted to allow the students to see easily and to access directly the course materials. All the files used in the course have been saved under folders in a structured manner. After some experiments we have decided to use the following folder names: • • • • • • • • Assignments: Stores the files explaining the homeworks, projects, etc. Class_lists: Stores various lists of students, like attendance list, grade list, project list, etc. Lectures: Instructor’ s class presentation files Notes: Instructor’s class notes, Syllabus, Policy, etc.. Student_Files: Files uploaded by the students. Teacher_Files_Private: Private files of the teacher like exam questions. Videos: Video files eBooks: Electronic books Links to Syllabus and Policy of the course were also put on the front (main) page. Actually these files already exist inside some categories under ALL_FILES, but displaying the shortcuts to these critical files on the main page was considered to be useful so that students can easily see them. The major section of the middle part is Course Format. Moodle allows different course formats like topics format, weekly format, etc. We preferred to use weekly format and organized the course in 16 weeks with a clear start date and a finish date in each week. The course outline was distributed to related weeks including links to related lecture files and activities. Some activities are shown in figure 5. Figure 5: Sample activities in the week format In week 12 (26 April – 2 May), a Homework activity has been entered. Students can click this link to see the detailed explanation of the homework. After preparing their homework, they can upload the related files 371 �and input some explanation here. Hence, instructor can easily collect all the homeworks in this section and even evaluate them online. In week 13, a Quiz activity has been entered. Quiz becomes active on the date and time specified by the instructor, mostly during the practice hour in the computer laboratory. Students are expected to answer the questions in a limited time. If allowed by the instructor, they can also see correct answers, their grades, and instructor’s evaluation notes later by clicking the same activity. In week 14, a video resource has been entered. Student can watch the video uploaded by the teacher. In the last week, final exam date and an instructor note have been entered. Conclusion This study presented the implementation of an online course in Epoka University by using Moodle LMS. The great features of Moodle led to successful implementation of a web based course. The course allowed the students downloading course materials easily, being informed by the recent news, taking online quizzes, uploading assignments and sources, participating in forums, etc. On the other hand, it allowed instructors to easily distribute course materials, announcing assignments and collecting them, applying quizzes and evaluating them in an online environment without burdening the hassle of email traffic. This collaborative learning experience has been found very user friendly and efficient by the students and instructors. It encouraged collaboration among students and contributed much to the increasing participation of the students. As the interest in Moodle is rapidly growing within e-learning community, we highly suggest education institutions to use Moodle LMS in order to improve the total satisfaction of their students and instructors. References Cheung, B., Stewart, B., & McGreal, R. (2006, July) Going Mobile with MOODLE: First steps. IADIS International Conference Mobile Learning 2006. Dublin: International Association for the Development of the Information Society. Eastman, J. & Swift, C. (2001). New horizons in distance education: The online learner centered marketing class. Journal of Marketing Education, 23, (1), 25-34. Goba, Nimrod, Gareth (2004). Course Management Systems. Retrieved April, 2010 from http://www.edutools.info/static.jsp?pj=8&page=HOME Kapor, M. (2005). How is open source special? EDUCAUSE Review,40(2), 72-73. Moodle, (2010). Course Management System. Retrieved April, 2010 from http://moodle.org Nakos, G. E., Deis, M.H., & Jourdan, L. (2002). Students’ Perceptions of On-line Courses: An Exploratory Study. Turkish Journal of Online Distance Education (TOJDE), 3 (1). Pan, G. & Bonk, C.J, (2007). The Emergence of Open-Source Software in North America. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, Volume 8, Number 3. Wikipedia. (2010). Moodle. Retrieved April, 2010 from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle. 372 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 530 Title A name given to the resource Implementation of a Computer-Based Course on Moodle Author Author ASILKAN, Özcan Hakrama, Igli Çelebi, Abdurrahman Abstract A summary of the resource. Increasing popularity of Internet led to expectation of course materials and activities to be distributed and collected online. Many universities have already started to support the courses with the technology. But most of them are still lack of a structured, well designed Learning Management System. Therefore, instructors in these universities are still distributing course materials (like presentation files) to students at the end of their lectures and collecting assignments by email. This approach is open to many problems. Being aware of these problems, Epoka University started a pilot implementation of Moodle in 2010. This study presents experience of this implementation on a computer-based course (C Programming) which is aimed to be useful to the other education institutions. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/14a430719d98239eb843e9242c23cca0.pdf d9e7575ab8aeefe868d3d8229854da7a PDF Text Text “IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) AND ITS EFFECT ON THE MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM” Amar Čolaković International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina amarchola@hotmail.com Abstract: In the previous period, organizations from very different sectors have successfully adopted ERP systems. In this study, we will research the impact of ERP in the accounting industry regarding the case study from company in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By many theorists, accounting is usually described as the process of collecting, analyzing, and presenting financial data required for taking appropriate management decisions. Studies have explored the effects of IT in the business and accounting, but they didn’t cover complex technologies such as ERP. Utilizing ERP in accounting allows spending more time on analyzing the data instead of collecting it. This is possible because all information is stored in one place (database) which is easily accessed by everyone allowed to use it. With the successful implementation of ERP in company, accountants have more time to spend for analyzing and reporting, enhancing their roles, and shortening common tasks and activities. The aim of this paper is to explore the significance of ERP systems in management accounting. This research will try to understand what is the role of modern accountants. Enterprise resource planning software has shaped activities and processes in the accounting sector. Keywords: accounting software, ERP, Enterprise resource planning, modern accountants. JEL Classification: M41, L86. Introduction In this paper, we will analyze recent sensational changes that have reshaped accounting practice and research. In particular, the advanced upheaval, has changed the very way of work for accountants and constrained analysts and specialists alike to battle with a large group of new threats and opportunities confronting. Accounting specialists specifically should manage a wide cluster data handling and choice making issues that did not exist before two decades. Thus, we are meant to research how accounting is moved to another level of value and importance by joining the effect of information technologies on human mentality and performance. In this work, we will look at the part of certain elements that impact the accounting, in light of innovation. We will likewise concentrate on the collaboration impact between a possibility variable and the data framework. In today’s time of computerized innovation, each business is going digital. From exceptionally old organizations to incipient developing organizations, this change is universal and exponentially expanding, with incredible number of rate of new businesses now picking an advanced stage on which to acquaint themselves with purchasers. We will focus our area of research mainly on the accounting sector, and ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 99 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) we will try to give the answer on the question what is the role of modern accountant. Opposing achievement and disappointment results consolidated with the way that there is no accord on the effect of ERP implementation identified with business is the motivation behind why scientists, specialists and researchers are progressively inspired by breaking down components which decide ERP achievement and ERP client fulfillment. The utilization of big enterprise resource planning (ERP) innovation has encouraged us to analyze this vision. Literature review The presentation of ERP innovation has in a general sense changed the accounting practices either at the budgetary reporting and administration bookkeeping level or at the reviewing strategies and assessment level (Scapens and Jazaeyri, 2003). As per Malinić and Todorović (2012) the genuine center and desire of ERP is coordination of the considerable number of offices and elements of big business into one data framework, which can address specific issues of different clients. As contended in Grabski et al. (2007), ERP frameworks are not the same as customary frameworks in scale, unpredictability, authoritative effect, cost and resulting business sway. The ascent and fall of the e-transformation has been breathtaking; be that as it may, the guaranteed connection will continue to go on (Desmukh, 2006). Peccarelli (2004) sees the achievement of accountants in light of how they utilize their time, how quick and simple they get to information from various sources, and how well they comprehend coordinated frameworks and virtual office capacities using the web. While, IT specialists and ERP specialists can be considered as interpersonal channels to give illumination and extra data on the ERP framework and along these lines encourage the presentation of new accounting work (Daoud and Triki, 2013). Pierce and O’Dea (2003) have analyzed managers’ sentiment concerning the future part of management accounting and found that the real components include: association, physical area, collaboration and comprehension of the business. Pierce and O’Dea (2003) propose that future management accountants need information of accounting and back as well as learning of the organization’s business, particularly comprehension of production and sales exercises. Organizations which have better AIS, have upper hand. Additionally, organizations need to enhance their frameworks with a specific end goal to coordinate their data requirements for better basic leadership (Ballada and Ballada, 2012). Cutting edge period of organized registering is described, in programming sense, by the control of customer server design. Key programming components of this configuration are system programming and administration database framework. By their specialized attributes and exhibitions, they give, as administration suppliers, for the clients (customers) to get to and utilize the information and data from databases in system environment. On the bases of customer engineering, business data or coordinated data framework (ERP) was created (Malinić and Todorović, 2012). 100 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Despite the fact that ERP frameworks are outlined by non-accountant specialists, they prompt bookkeeping forms (Chapman, 2005). Since modules of accounting are the heart of ERP framework which include: ledger, receivable records, payable records, settled resources, transferable and non-transferable resources, administration of money, cost control and planning. For organizations, we ought to concentrate on reinforcing its cost idea to workers, fortify the nature of development representatives, and continually upgrade their education specialists to ERP as the center, the foundation of interior control instruments and venture advancement to adjust to persistently enhance the inner administration of undertakings Level (Zheng, 2014). Along these lines, to put it plainly, straightforward terms, Cloud Computing can be characterized as an answer for use outer IT assets (servers, stockpiling media, applications and administrations), by means of Internet. Distributed computing is just the guarantee of a simple open innovation. On the off chance that the guarantee will inevitably transform into something certain yet stays to be seen (Mihai, 2015). Data The goal of this study is to recognize, assess and examine the effect of ERP on the management accounting framework and management accountants. A research gap appears to exist concerning how management accounting is bolstered by various information systems. Along these lines, it is the purpose for this research undertaking to build up a comprehension of the relationship between management accounting and ERP. In this research, data is obtained from online surveys, which were distributed to the participants of the research. Sample, and participants in this survey, are employees of accounting agency in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which have successfully adopted ERP system in their work. The sample is relatively small with the number of participants being equal to 20. Because of this reason we have used Nonparametric tests to analyze the data. The term nonparametric is not intended to infer that such models totally miss parameters yet that the number and nature of the parameters are adaptable and not settled in advance. In the table 1. We have analyzed descriptive statistics of the data obtained. Variables for this analyze were age, gender and education level of respondents. We can see that N is 20, what is the number of respondents included in this research. Those three variables help us shape the image of the accountants employed in one company. In the next section of this paper, we will show graphically results of the obtained data. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 101 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Table 1. Descriptive Statistics Statistic Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean 3.50 Lower Bound Upper Bound 5% Trimmed Mean 4.674 Range 22 Interquartile Range ERP_2_gender 1 Lower Bound Upper Bound 4.219 .512 18.370 .992 5% Trimmed Mean 1.55 .114 Median 1.31 Variance 1.79 Std. Deviation 1.56 Range 2.00 Interquartile Range .261 Skewness Kurtosis Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean 5% Trimmed Mean ERP_3_education 5.69 21.842 Std. Deviation Mean 1.31 2.00 Variance Skewness Kurtosis Mean 95% Confidence Interval for 1.045 2.56 Median ERP_1_age Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound .510 1 1 -.218 Median -2.183 Variance 2.15 Std. Deviation Range 1.84 Interquartile Range 2.46 Skewness 2.17 Kurtosis 2.00 .512 .992 .150 .450 .671 2 1 102 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book -.177 .512 -.548 .992 �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Figure 1: Gender of employees From this figure, we can see that relation between male and female in the company is almost equally distributed, where number of female employees is bigger for one employee. This is interesting case, when there is a bigger number of women than men in one company. Figure 2: Education level In figure 2. We can analyze education level of employees. With only 3 employees who have finished high school, we can say that education level of employees in this company is relatively big, considering that 11 employees have finished their undergraduate level of faculty, and that six of them have graduated. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 103 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Figure 3: Understanding ERP In the figure number three we have analyzed understanding of the broader term of ERP. We can see from the figure 3, that less than half of employees are aware of term ERP. Nine employees answered that they understand ERP, five of them don’t understand ERP concept, and six of them answered that they understand partially. We can comment that maybe they have heard of that term but are not sure what does it represent truly, or so what does it contains from the operational side of it. Figure 4: Work in the accounting sector without ERP support 104 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation In this question, respondents were asked if they are able to work in the accounting company, without ERP support. It is reasonable that 19 of them have answered that they are not able to work in the accounting sector without proper IT software. In our case, it is ERP software. From the figure 4, we can see that only one employee think that it is possible to properly do the job without ERP support. We can comment, that it is reasonable that not all employees in the company are accountants, and that this answer can come from the non-accountant. H1. IT doesn’t shape the role of modern accountants Table 2: Information technology influence We have analyzed our hypothesis in statistical software IBM SPSS, and following data has been obtained. With the significance level of 0.000 which is less than 0.05 our hypothesis is rejected what means that IT strongly influence and shape the role of modern accountant. In the table 3. we can see that observed meidan is 9.00 what is bigger than the hypothetical median 5.00. Table 3: One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test H2. Accountants are not fully aware what ERP concept represents ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 105 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Table 4: Understanding of ERP concept In the table 4 we have analyzed understanding of ERP concept. This means that employees are fully aware and have understanding what actually ERP bring to them. With the result of 0.439 which is bigger than 0.05 we accept H0. In table five we see that observed median is equal with the hypothtetical. Table 5: One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test H3. There is relation between extent that organization’s information system have impact on reporting, and whether IT influence employees’ work 106 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Table 6: Correlations In this table we have analyzed correlation between extent that organization’s information system have impact on reporting, and whether IT influence one’s work. With the significance level of 0.005 our hypothesis is accepted. Correlation Coefficient is 0.604. This is highly positive correlation. H4. There is a relation between department of studying concerning employees and their opinion on actual changes in the accounting processes brought in via ERP systems Table 7: Correlations In the table 7. we have analyzed correlation between department of studying concerning employees and their opinion on actual changes in the accounting processes brought in via ERP systems. With the significance level of 0.008 which is less than 0.05 our hypothesis is accepted. Correlation coefficient is -0.592, with the negative sign, what means that this is a negative correlation. H5. Accountants agree that organization’s information system has impact on Operational planning, Reporting and Flexibility and efficiency. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 107 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Table 8: Kruskal-Wallis Test In the table 8. we have analyzed whether accountants agree based on their ages if organization’s information system has impact on Operational planning, Reporting and Flexibility and efficiency. With the significance level of 0.511; 0.464 and 0.202 all respectively bigger than 0.05 we accept the null hypothesis in all three cases which concern planning, reporting and flexibility and efficiency. CONCLUSION A research gap appears to exist concerning how management accounting is bolstered by various information systems. Along these lines, it is the purpose for this research undertaking to build up a comprehension of the relationship between management accounting and ERP. The fact is that technology is a key driver of progress, and more particularly, it highlights the developing significance of the web, knowledge management and the computerization of financial information taking care of. Information technology progressions have incredibly helped the accounting frameworks of business units. Because of today’s modernized accounting data frameworks, business framework seems to move forward. Numerous exchange procedures were streamlined consequently making productive operations. The reasonableness of information innovation for business units makes new way for these elements to enhance their business. In the years to come, business sector union will be an absolute necessity, to make strong arrangements that would draw in consideration and would assemble trust of the business sector in this better approach for overseeing organizations. ERP systems likewise have the capacity to help in the present management accounting processes. This conclusion strengthens the case that having an ERP system is still superior to having no ERP system. 108 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation REFERENCES • Ballada, W., & Ballada, S. (2012). Basic Accounting-Made Easy. • Chapman, C. S. (2005). Not because they are new: Developing the contribution of enterprise resource planning systems to management control research. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 30(7), 685-689. • Daoud, H., & Triki, M. (2013). Accounting information systems in an ERP environment and Tunisian firm performance. • Deshmukh, A. (2006). Digital accounting: The effects of the internet and ERP on accounting. IGI Global. • Grabski, S.V., & S. Leech (2007) Complementary controls and ERP implementation success. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 8(1), 17-39. • Malinić, S., & Todorović, M. (2012). How Does Management Accounting Change under the Influence of ERP?. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 25(3), 722-751. • Mihai, G. (2015). Cloud ERP and Cloud Accounting Software in Romania. • Peccarelli, B. (2004). Technology in accounting. Practical Accountant, 37(6; SUPP), 10-11. • Pierce, B., & O’Dea, T. (2003). Management accounting information and the needs of managers: Perceptions of managers and accountants compared. The British Accounting Review, 35(3), 257-290. • Scapens, R. W. and Jazayeri, M. (2003). ERP Systems and Management Accounting Change: Opportunities or Impacts? A research note. European Accounting Review, Vol. No. 1 pp. 201-233. • Zheng, H. (2014). Research of Enterprise Accounting Information System Internal Control Based on ERP. International Conference on Management Science, Education Technology, Arts, Social Science and Economics (MSETASSE 2015). ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 109 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3311 Title A name given to the resource IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING (ERP) AND ITS EFFECT ON THE MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM Author Author Colakovic, Amar Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: In the previous period, organizations from very different sectors have successfully adopted ERP systems. In this study, we will research the impact of ERP in the accounting industry regarding the case study from company in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By many theorists, accounting is usually described as the process of collecting, analyzing, and presenting financial data required for taking appropriate management decisions. Studies have explored the effects of IT in the business and accounting, but they didn’t cover complex technologies such as ERP. Utilizing ERP in accounting allows spending more time on analyzing the data instead of collecting it. This is possible because all information is stored in one place (database) which is easily accessed by everyone allowed to use it. With the successful implementation of ERP in company, accountants have more time to spend for analyzing and reporting, enhancing their roles, and shortening common tasks and activities. The aim of this paper is to explore the significance of ERP systems in management accounting. This research will try to understand what is the role of modern accountants. Enterprise resource planning software has shaped activities and processes in the accounting sector. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ac5f944f4ef95a7a3d7fd6232b148164.pdf 54e8d6680158472248051fb551a2bb3a PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Porter, M. E. (2009). The Competitive Advantage of Nations, States, and Regions, Harvard Business School, Advanced Management Program. OECD, (2007). Competitive Regional Clusters: National Policy Approaches, (http://www.oecd.org/document/2/0,3746,en_2649_33735_38174082_1_1_1_1,00.html), (22.04.2012). Singh, A., (1999). Competition Policy, development and developing Countries, Indian Council for research on international economic relations, New Delhi. Vietor, R.H.K. (2006). Strategy, Structure, and Government in the Global Economy, Harvard Business School Press ,Boston, Massachusetts. World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report, (2008-2009). World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report, (2009-2010). World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report, (2010-2011). World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report, (2011-2012). Implementation Of Critical Path Method And Project Evaluation And Review Technique Ali Göksu, Selma Ćatović International Burch University,Faculty of economics Management and information technologies Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract Because of the growing effects of the globalization in various business environments, the manufacturing industry is expected to be effective and yet efficient. According to this, in 205 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo planning, scheduling and controlling a project, which is a combination of various activities, project management techniques (PERT and CPM) are used. Therefore, the research question is How will the implementation of CPM and PERT influence the effectiveness and efficiency of furniture company ''Dallas''? The answer to this question is relevant in oder to point out the importance of those methods in reducing the project completion time and costs. The data are taken from the furniture company ''Dallas'' and it will be combined with literature reviews. The research study is fueled by the following objectives: First is to determine the activities that are involved in the manufacturing proces in selected company. Second is to demonstrate the benefits, as well as the drawbacks that those methods might create in the organization. And third is to demonstrate the influence of CPM and PERT in the entire furniture industry and its competitiveness. Implications of this research paper are evaluation of the project completion time and control of the resources, in oder to see that the project is completed within the planned time and cost by using mentioned methods. At the end of the study, the result is expected to help all the individuals as well as the companies to understand more the concept of CPM and PERT methods in reducing the project completion time and costs. Keywords : CPM, PERT, Furniture Company, Optimization 1.INTRODUCTION Planning, Scheduling (or organising) and Control are considered to be basic Managerial functions, and CPM/PERT has been rightfully accorded due importance in the literature on Operations Research and Quantitative Analysis. Far more than the technical benefits, it was found that PERT/CPM provided a focus around which managers could brain-storm and put their ideas together. Most important, it became a useful tool for evaluating the performance of individuals and teams. The research study is fueled by the following objectives: First is to determine the activities that are involved in the manufacturing proces in selected company. Second is to demonstrate the benefits, as well as the drawbacks that those methods might create in the organization. And third is to demonstrate the influence of CPM and PERT in the entire furniture industry and its competitiveness. This paper comprises the possibility to generate importance of CPM and PERT methods in reducing the project completion time and costs in furniture industry. The study can gain advantages that are helpful in the continuous progress of the investigation. One of those advantages is to cover the literature gaps concerning the past studies related to the same subject. In addition, through the collection of information, the study can emphasize the idea about the methods applied in production process in furniture industry. 1.1.Previous Literature Review In This Field Since the development of CPM and PERT during the 1950s, the techniques have been the subject of hundreds of research papers, but little work has been done in the area of the time-cost problem in furniture industry. Research has generally been focused on PERT, since 206 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the deterministic CPM presents few problems of interest. Feng, Liu, & Burns, (2000) presented a hybrid approach that combines simulation techniques with a genetic algorithm to solve the time-cost trade-off problem under uncertainty. Lu and Li (2003) suggest that redundant relationships be removed before the backward pass, but they do not provide a procedure as to how to remove them. In response to some shortcomings of the CPM model, Kuchta (2002) proposed a fuzzy method to measure the criticality of project activities and the whole project. In another study, Jassbi (2008) proposed a fuzzy inference system to determine activities’ criticality in deterministic networks. Mota (2009) presented a model for supporting project managers to focus on the main tasks of a project. They used a multiple criteria decision aid (MCDA) approach and considered several points of view in their study. 2.MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING Mathematical Programming (MP) is the use of mathematical models, particularly optimizing models, to assist in taking decisions. The term 'Programming' antedates computers and means 'preparing a schedule of activities'. Mathematical Programming is more restrictive in what it can represent than other techniques and it is very suitable for problems involving blending, continuous flow processing, production and distribution, and strategic planning. 2.1.Critical Path Method CPM is for projects that are made up of a number of individual "activities." If some of the activities require other activities to finish before they can start, then the project becomes a complex web of activities. Risk analysis modules can be used as an enhancement of CPM. In such case, the assumption is that deterministic analysis can provide a solid basic schedule and budget unless risk events interfere. Either way, potential risk events, their likelihoods, and their anticipated effects are listed in a risk register. Float (slack) - amount of time that a task can be delayed without causing a delay to: subsequent tasks (free float) project completion date (total float) Critical path is the sequence of activities which add up to the longest overall duration. It is the shortest time possible to complete the project. Any delay of an activity on the critical path directly impacts the planned project completion date (there is no float on the critical path). A project can have several, parallel, near critical paths. An additional parallel path through the network with the total durations shorter than the critical path is called a subcritical or non-critical path. Critical activity – activity with zero float . 207 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.Project Evaluation and Review Technique Program (Project) Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. It is basically a method to analyze the tasks involved in completing a given project, especially the time needed to complete each task, and to identify the minimum time needed to complete the total project. PERT assumes a beta probability distribution for the time estimates. For a beta distribution, the expected time for each activity can be approximated using the following weighted average: Expected time = ( Optimistic + 4 x Most likely + Pessimistic ) / 6 This expected time may be displayed on the network diagram. To calculate the variance for each activity completion time, if three standard deviation times were selected for the optimistic and pessimistic times, then there are six standard deviations between them, so the variance is given by: [ ( Pessimistic - Optimistic ) / 6 ] The variance in the project completion time can be calculated by summing the variances in the completion times of the activities in the critical path. Given this variance, one can calculate the probability that the project will be completed by the certain date assuming a normal probability distribution for the critical path. 3.FURNITURE INDUSTRY The furniture industry is essentially an assembling industry, which employs various raw materials to manufacture its products. They range from wood and wood based panels to metals, plastics, textile, leather and glass. The European furniture sector comprises around 150,000 companies, generates a turnover of almost €126 billion and an added value of €38 billion and employs around 1.4 million people (EU27, 2006). From 2005 production volumes increased slightly but in 2008 this positive trend was reversed and production dropped again. Major factors of competitiveness for the sector consist of research and innovation, skills and quality, design and added value, knowledge and know-how, together with better access to third country markets. 3.1. Current trends in Bosnia A major trend is taking a page from the past and giving it a fresh new look. Old furnishings are looking new again, adding features and new tricks of the trade to give them an updated look that is perfect for today's homes. After years of dulled hues and beige, walls are coming alive with colors. Some are even adopting an extremely bright palette to rid their home of the bland colors associated with bland economic times. Others are adding just a splash of color to make a room really pop. Another current trend is adding décor that is influenced by the music scene. Furniture is all about comfort, too. Look for large, overstuffed pieces and ergonomic designs that welcome you to relax and recharge. Modular furniture is 208 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo still popular, since it allows those on a budget to mix and match furnishings. This style is especially popular in urban communities, which tend to also gravitate toward modern and contemporary furniture, which by the way never seems to go out of style. 3.2.Manufacturing Process Before start of manufacturing of any furniture product a desired design is selected. Selection of elegant design is important to ensure attractive finished product. The seasoned wood blocks are cut into desired shape and slices according to the requirement of design. The slices of wood are molded into the desired shape according to the design. Carving means different elegant pattern carved in the wood. Quality of carving depends on the skills of the labor. Once the different pieces are carved & molded than these parts/pieces are assembled or fixed together to give the shape to the final product. Assembled product is grind to make the surface smooth. Once the surface is smooth, finishing material is applied to make the surface ready for paint or polish. After the base is prepared final finishing is applied depending on requirement in term of paint/polish. Upholstery of fabric is carried out according requirement of design. 4.IMPLEMENTATION OF CPM AND PERT (Example) This paper describes the implementation of the traditional PERT/CPM algorithm for finding the critical path in a project network. An example of manufacturing furniture with various activities will be used. The completion time of each activity is not known with certainty; only estimates are available. It is expected that final, quantitative results will point out the importance of implementing those methods in planning, scheduling and controlling a project in terms of providing effectiveness and efficiency of furniture company. 4.1.About the Dallas Company Dallas is a family company with twenty years tradition in producing upholstery and with more than 1000 employees. The company works in two countries, Serbia and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In its rapid progression, the Company has developed its own retail network with department-store chain in all bigger towns of Serbia, Bosnia and Hercegovina, and Montenegro. Dallas strategy is to expand in European and overseas markets on long terms, to win them with its quality, design and popular prices. The company management is turned towards future, because Dallas is the name that inspires confidence and security, whose business background is based on customers’ satisfaction. For more, visit http://www.dalas.rs/ . 209 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.2.Collecting and processing data The applied method in the study is the processing of primary data as a result of direct interview with an expert team in furniture company. In primary data collection, qualitative and quantitative methods can be used, as primarily quantitative study may uses qualitative results to help interpret or explain the quantitative findings. The key point here is that the collected data are unique to this research and, until it is publish, no one else has access to it. It is important to know in advance what questions to ask/areas to cover – they are ‘imposed’. When all needed data are provided, then the steps of CPM and PERT can be followed. 4.3. Reasearch Question The following is the basic question of research paper: How will the implementation of CPM and PERT influence the effectiveness and efficiency of furniture company ''Dallas''? If there is a single critical path, there is still only a 50% probability of the project being completed by the target date, since mean activity times are used to calculate the completion time of the project. If there are numerous possible critical paths the probability may be much less than 50%. This may be costly if there are penalties for late completion of the project. The complete distribution of project completion time needs to be considered when crashing. Since there may be numerous possible critical paths, crashing a given activity by one time period will not necessarily reduce the completion time of the project by one time period. The expected reduction in project completion time must be considered in addition to the time/cost slope when selecting an activity to be crashed. 4.4.Defining Problem To answer to research question, six products from different product lines have been selected. In order to define ‘critical path’, project duration and cumulative project costs for all of this products, time and cost of all activities in production process need to be presented in table. The obtained findings are expected to show that these techniques considerably reduce the project completion time. All findings will be compared with previous data of the company (project duration and cumulative project costs of selected products). This paper will help to all managers in furniture industry to implement CPM and PERT to their projects, and by doing that, they will improve effectivness and efficiency of their organizations. Futhermore, it may challenge other researchers to fullfil gaps in literature reviews related to this topic. 4.5.Study Restriction PERT is a probabilistic tool used with three and its basically a tool for planning while CPM is a deterministic tool and also allows and explicit estimate of and control of time. PERT is more suitable for R&D related while CPM is best suited for routine and those projects where the project is performed for projects where time and cost estimates can the 210 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo first time and the estimate of duration be accurately calculated. The probability factor is major in PERT while in CPM the deterministic factor is more so values outcomes may not be exact. 5.RESULT CPM and PERT considerably reduce the project completion time in furniture comapany Dallas. At the end of the study, the result is expected to help all the individuals as well as the companies to understand more the concept of CPM and PERT methods in reducing the project completion time and costs. Apparently, as it is expected the final, quantitative results point out the importance of implementing those methods in planning, scheduling and controlling a project in terms of providing effectiveness and efficiency of furniture company. The same routine have been done on six selected products and obtained findings showed that these techniques considerably reduce the project completion time. All findings are compared with previous data of the company (project duration and cumulative project costs of selected products). Because it confirms the hypothesis, this paper will help to all managers in furniture industry to implement CPM and PERT to their projects, and by doing that, they will improve effectivness and efficiency of their organizations. 6.CONCLUSION One of the most challenging jobs that any manager in furniture companies can take on is the management of a large-scale project that requires coordinating numerous activities throughout the process of making the final product. A myriad of details must be considered in planning how to coordinate all these activities, in developing a realistic schedule, and then in monitoring the progress of the project. Fortunately, two closely related operations research techniques, PERT (program evaluation and review technique) and CPM (critical path method), are available to assist the project manager in carrying out these responsibilities. These techniques make heavy use of networks to help plan and display the coordination of all the activities. They also normally use a software package to deal with all the data needed to develop schedule information and then to monitor the progress of the project. Project management software, such as MS Project in your OR Courseware, now is widely available for these purposes. REFERENCES [1] Dan Trietsch , Kenneth R. Baker, PERT 21: Fitting PERT/CPM for use in the 21st century, International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012) 490–502, Available online at www.sciencedirect.com 211 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo [2] Ghaleb Y. Abbasi, Adnan M. MukattashCrashing PERT networks using mathematical programming, International Journal of Project Management 19 (2001) 181±188, Available online at www.sciencedirect.com [3] Nasser Eddine Mouhoub, Abdelhamid Benhocine, Hocine Belouadah, A new method for constructing a minimal PERT network, Applied Mathematical Modelling 35 (2011) 4575–4588, Available online at www.sciencedirect.com [4] Pierpaolo Pontrandolfo, Project duration in stochastic networks by the PERT-path technique, International Journal of Project Management 18 (2000) 215±222, Available online at www.sciencedirect.com [5] Rafael Herrer&'as Pleguezuelo, Jos&e Garc&'a P&erez, Salvador Cruz Rambaud, A note on the reasonableness of PERT hypotheses, Operations Research Letters 31 (2003) 60 – 62, Available online at www.sciencedirect.com [6] S.M.T. Fatemi Ghomi, E. Teimouri, Path critical index and activity critical index in PERT networks, European Journal of Operational Research 141 (2002) 147–152, Available online at www.sciencedirect.com [7] U.,A., Bakshi and A.,V.,Bakshi, (2010) Network Analysis, Technical Publications, Pune [8] http://www.eudoxus.com/lp-training/1-what-is-mathematical-programming [9] http://www.mindtools.com/critpath.html [10] http://www.netmba.com/operations/project/pert/ [11] http://people.brunel.ac.uk/~mastjjb/jeb/or/netanal.html [12] http://www.stanford.edu/class/cee320/CEE320B/CPM.pdf 212 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1114 Title A name given to the resource Implementation Of Critical Path Method And Project Evaluation And Review Technique Author Author GÖKSU, Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. Because of the growing effects of the globalization in various business environments, the manufacturing industry is expected to be effective and yet efficient. According to this, in planning, scheduling and controlling a project, which is a combination of various activities, project management techniques (PERT and CPM) are used. Therefore, the research question is How will the implementation of CPM and PERT influence the effectiveness and efficiency of furniture company ''Dallas''? The answer to this question is relevant in oder to point out the importance of those methods in reducing the project completion time and costs. The data are taken from the furniture company ''Dallas'' and it will be combined with literature reviews. The research study is fueled by the following objectives: First is to determine the activities that are involved in the manufacturing proces in selected company. Second is to demonstrate the benefits, as well as the drawbacks that those methods might create in the organization. And third is to demonstrate the influence of CPM and PERT in the entire furniture industry and its competitiveness. Implications of this research paper are evaluation of the project completion time and control of the resources, in oder to see that the project is completed within the planned time and cost by using mentioned methods. At the end of the study, the result is expected to help all the individuals as well as the companies to understand more the concept of CPM and PERT methods in reducing the project completion time and costs. Keywords : CPM, PERT, Furniture Company, Optimization Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/930c9f630753e1ebc1a5b1fb8041a6ca.docx 41c97aa1761372a73a852990e5057c4e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Implementation of Graham’s Scan Method for Triangulation of Non Convex Polygons in Java Netbeans Environment Author Author Faruk Selimović Muzafer Saračević Vesad Doljak Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract - This paper presents an algorithm for triangulation of non-convex polygons on the principle of Graham’s scan. This method is based on finding the so-called "ear" of triangulation of the observed polygons. Second aspect is storing in a temporary stack all the previous points of the polygon from which would later be pulled the diagonals that will actually create the triangulations. Triangulation of the polygon has increasing application in the design of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and it is the basis for calculating the surface of irregular terrains. In particular, we have implemented mentioned method in Java Net Beans environment with a graphical user interface. Java, as one of the leading object-oriented programming languages allows efficient implementation of this algorithm, and it is one of the main reasons of implementation of this algorithm in this programming language. Keywords Keywords. Keywords - Polygon triangulation, Graham’s scan method, non-convex polygon, Java Net-Beans environment. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/31db9f585f972325947970a94669bac0.pdf 6d5a898526ab0d02474ba6f19e2cc772 PDF Text Text Implementation of TQM in Local Government Using Quality Management System in Accordance with ISO 9001 and CAF Self-Assessment Model Mirza Čelik Faculty of Administration University of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Dževad Šašić Faculty of Administration University of Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina dzevad.sasic@gmail.com Abstract: Quality of township management is highly related to society, and it reflects the local government situation. The paper presents the idea of improving the quality of service in local government through the application of TQM. This paper presents two approaches that are commonly used in recent years and moved closer to these organizations that the concept of TQM which uses a quality management system based on ISO standards 9000 and model self-assessment CAF. This paper describes the interactions between these approaches and their possible joint application with a view to the implementation of TQM system in local government. Within this approach public sector organizations should be interested in improving the quality of their services through the implementation of TQM. The process is a long-term and complex one, where the client is its key element. Thus, it should be understood by the whole staff (both the management and the inferiors) that a well served citizen is the core of the procedure and he/she should always be assisted and have even his most complicated problems solved in the institution he/she turns to. When implementing the principles of TQM, significant changes regarding the management and administration should occur in organizations. The methods that are helpful in the course of the implementation of TQM rules are the management quality systems based on the ISO 9001 quality standards and the CAF self-assessment model, which aim at perfecting the organization operations in order to meet the clients’ needs and introduce the necessary improvements. The public sector organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (e.g. state or self-government offices) have started applying a certified Quality Management System(QMS) in compliance with the ISO 9001 standards already since 2001 (following the reform of the self-government administration). Recently – due to the implementation of the CAF model in the state administration offices (in BiH since October 2006) – a significant increase of interest on the part of the public sector units in the improvement of service quality by means of this model of selfassessment can be noticed. The completion of several programs that implemented this method enabled the application of the model in several hundred offices. Quality management systems and the EFQM model (CAF is the EFQM model adjusted to public sector) are necessary not only to companies but also to public sector organizations. They are based on similar principles and they aim at the improvement of services offered. Despite certain differences, it seems that they can complement one another and be used simultaneously in an organization. Key words: Public administration, quality management system, model self-assessment, ISO standard, TQM 263 �Service quality in public administration versus TQM The concept of Total Quality Management (TQM) consists in the integration of the company’s objectives with the ones of its customers. In this approach it is crucial that the operations involve the whole organization (a system approach), the whole staff is engaged in the quality issues with the leading role of the managing staff, a process approach of management is applied as well as continuous process of improvement, various quality management techniques and other supporting methods that aim at achieving the strategic, long-term success of the company. The success is due to an increasing satisfaction level of customers and results in several benefits to all the members of the organization and society. If their work is to be efficient, the employees must be highly motivated and well behaved, be ready to work in a team and to improve their qualifications. Furthermore, the managing staff should act as leaders, plan relevant tasks and then create the right atmosphere to carry them out. That is in line with the Oakland’s approach, who says that TQM has the following strategic objectives: customer oriented quality strategy, understanding of the fault prevention processes, people treated as subjects, their motivation, team problem solving and quality assurance in compliance with the ISO 9000 standards; they all guarantee the customers’ demands will be met (Oakland, 1992). Thus, TQM is a vision that can be achieved by means of long-term planning, by carrying out and implementing annual quality plans that will gradually result in making the vision come true, that will lead to the situation where the definition of TQM becomes a reality (J. Dahlgaard, K. Kristesen, G. Kanji, 2001). The use of such approach in the public sector organizations results in several benefits for the whole organization members (the achievement of the strategic, long-term success) and the members of the society (the increase of customer satisfaction). It should be stressed that the concept of TQM is also associated with Deming’s 12 principles, and a similar approach was presented by such forerunners of management as Crossby (in his 14 stages of quality improvement) and Juran (in his 10 steps to TQM). For many years public administration has been treated in a completely different way than private sector and it has not been applying the methods of management and ways of increasing the organizational effectiveness and efficiency as well as high standards of customer service that have been used in private business. It seems that particularly public sector organizations should devote a lot of time to introduce suitable management methods that would improve the efficiency of their operations and the level of their services. However, it is the monopolistic character of the services offered by public administration units that they have no incentives (these appear on commercial markets) to improve the quality of the service. Thus, it is not the issue of the public service quality level or its improvement but the problem of creating relevant incentives; in other words it is the problem of creating a situation where public institutions themselves will be interested in improving the quality of their services. 264 �Public administration, when offering services that are in a way monopolistic in nature, has the duty to do it properly and with commitment so that the demands of citizens, who cannot take advantage of a competitive organization, should be met. When considering the issue of improving the service quality in public administration, one should look more closely at the notion of the quality of such type of services. The definition that is in force now and is included in the EN ISO 9001:2009 standard states that “quality determines the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill the requirements”. If so, the quality of services could be defined as a degree to which a particular service meets the needs and expectations of customers, and the fact if the condition has been fulfilled (or not) is evaluated every time and individually only by a customer. However, if the definition is to answer the question of the quality of a particular service, a broader look will be indispensible that considers such detailed aspects as the customer’s needs and expectations. A need is a feeling of unfulfillment that forces an individual to undertake actions to meet it. Customer’s expectations are simply his/her requirements that may be perceived as the clearly defined ones (e.g. completion of a case, short time of waiting) or the unspecified ones (e.g. polite service). Both requirements are equally important, however, the fulfillment of unspecified requirements, which are difficult to define in a clear way, is much more complicated. Thus, the quality of services rendered by administration can be defined as follows: “quality is the value that contributes to the improvement of the quality of our life and culture, and it is the degree of the fulfillment of common and individual needs”(Lazibat, 2012). The implementation of the TQM concept in public administration involves a complete change in the ways of behavior, set of values and attitudes. The quality of service depends on people, their motivation, culture and readiness to work in a team, etc. The concept takes into consideration not only all the most important factors that decide about the success of a project (leadership, commitment, customer satisfaction, processes, relations with partners, staff motivation, their qualification, resources) but also the objectives of the organization and all the operations related to management. The implementation of the CAF model in public administration The CAF method was created by the IPSG, Innovative Public Services Group. It functions within the EUPAN , an informal European Public Administration Network, whereas CAF RC (CAF Resource Centre) is the body responsible for the implementation of CAF, which was set up within the EIPA (European Institute of Public Administration) in Maastricht. The Institute cooperates with a network of national correspondents and is supported by EFQM European Fundation for Quality Management) and the Speyer University in Germany. 265 �The CAF self-assessment model (EIPA, 2017) is the Excellence Model of EFQM assigned to public institutions, which is a practical tool that makes self-assessment possible, helps understand shortcomings and find solutions. It consists of nine criteria that define the organization’s area of operations, how it approaches the tasks, what results it achieves in its relations with customers/citizens and society, including the key results of the operations. The evaluation of the criteria is based on opinion research and internal indexes. The main objective of the CAF model is to assist the understanding process of quality management and to improve the hitherto condition of management. More precisely, it aims at the introduction and consolidation of the principles of the complex quality management in public administration, the facilitation of self-assessment of public sector organizations in order to make diagnoses and undertake suitable operations, the construction of a bridge that connects various models applied in quality management and at the facilitation of mutual learning between public sector organizations (EIPA, 2012). The CAF method constitutes one of the best tools of collecting the information about an organization and of monitoring it on its way to quality management. The process consists of three phases and ten stages: Phase I – The start of the CAF process (Stage 1. Organizing and planning the process; Stage 2. Communicating the launch of the process in the office), Phase II - Self-assessment process (Stage 3. Setting a self-assessment group; Stage 4. Training of the group; Stage 5. Undertaking the self-assessment; Stage 6. Reporting the results), Phase III – Improvement plan / prioritization (Stage 7. Drafting an improvement plan; Stage 8. Communicating the improvement plan; Stage 9. Implementing the plan; Stage 10. Planning the next self-assessment). The implementation of the quality management system in compliance with the ISO 9001 standard in public administration The ISO 9000 Quality Management Standards are not technical standards and they do not describe in a direct way the parameters that a product or service should meet but they describe certain principles that ensure adequate quality. That is why they can be used in all type of organizations, public administration including. However, one should not forget the specific nature of the institutions where the system will be implemented. The specific features result from the following facts (Baković, T., Lazibat, T, 2004): the lack of competitors, thus the lack of motivation to increase the efficiency and reduce the costs, the effects of operations are immeasurable and do not bring income, it is difficult to determine their effectiveness, however they are socially important and must be carried out, 266 �financial resources depend on the condition of public finance and not on the quality of management and services rendered, the services are ordered by the state and they cannot be commercialized, long-term planning is disturbed by rotation and actions on the part of politicians. At present the group of the ISO 9000 standards consists of four basis standards: ISO 9000:2005 Quality management systems - Fundamentals and vocabulary (in Bosnia and Herzegovina - EN ISO 9000: 2006 ), ISO 9001:2008 Quality management systems - Requirements (in Bosnia and Herzegovina -EN ISO 9001: 2009), ISO 9004:2010 Quality management systems - Guidelines for performance improvements (EN ISO 9004:2010), ISO 19011:2002 Guidelines on Quality and/or Environmental Management Systems Auditing (in Bosnia and Herzegovina -EN ISO 19011:2003) and other standards, technical specifications and reports that support basic standards, which include guidelines concerning specific issues within the framework of the quality management system. These standards – as it has been mentioned before – have become one of the most common documents certifying high standard of services rendered by public administration, the offices of self-government administration in particular. At present many institutions and customers are convinced about several benefits gained as a result of the implementation of the systems. They are based on the eight principles of quality management: customer-orientation, commitment, leadership, process approach, system approach, continuous improvement, factbased decision making, mutually beneficial contacts with partners. The process of implementing QMS in an organization is not divided into stages very recisely, there are several approaches in this case and the literature on the subject is extensive ( Kuhlmann, 2010). However, it is possible to distinguish some characteristic stages of the implementation process: Making decision on implementing QMS. Setting up a timetable/ plan of action. Conducting a review of the organization Training senior management. 267 �Appointing a QMS manager and working groups. Preparing system documents. Appointing internal auditors and training the staff. Internal audits. Final audit and applying for certification. Obtaining the certificate from a certifying unit. Following all the indispensible operations in the implementation stages, in the course of the two last ones that aim at the verification and confirmation whether the organization meets the requirements defined by the standards (a certifying audit), the external auditor examines the whole range of the organization operations from the point of view of their compliance with the standards and issues a certificate confirming correct implementation of the QMS. The implementation of QMS that complies with the ISO 9001 standard in public sector institutions may contribute to the change and improvement of their work organization, and – first of all – it may result in the improvement of the service. It may also constitute an instrument that changes the structure and methods of their functioning and lead to the change of the public administration image. Implementing TQM concept in public sector organizations – a model approach The implementation of the TQM concept in organizations is a long –term process that requires a substantial amount of various resources. There is no precisely determined methodology of implementing the process. However, some recommendations can be found in the literature that should be followed by organizations striving to TQM (as in the Oakland’s model mentioned before). The term “striving” seems to be and adequate one as it is difficult to state explicitly (due to the lack of uniform implementation principles) whether the TQM system has been implemented. First of all, the implementation of TQM in a company starts with the acceptance of the right attitude – that of leadership and involvement – on the part of the Board and the managing staff of particular departments. At this stage, which might be called the initiation stage, it is the duty of the managing staff to coordinate the operations, to define clearly the tasks and, which is perhaps the most vital element, to convince the employees to this concept of management. The staff will only then be committed to the pro-quality operations if they are adequately motivated by their superiors, and this is possible through a wide training programme offered to the managing staff and the employees. 268 �The next step is the review of the existing systems, i.e. the diagnosis of the system, and then the adjustment of processes, which means planning and adjusting them in a way that the TQM objectives can be achieved. Then a plan of the improvement of processes appears and the reorganization of the whole system occurs that aim at meeting the (internal or/and external) customer’s requirements. This can be achieved either by radical changes (reengineering) or by continuous improvement of the organization (kaizen). At this stage it is highly significant to motivate the staff to be active and involved. This is the stage when both of the presented methods (CAF and QMS in compliance with the ISO 9001 standard) may be useful, which is presented in fig.1. It often happens that in the course of the QMS implementation the employees gain new knowledge and increase their qualifications, the processes are formalized and the standard of their quality is specified, which can support a quicker and more efficient evolution of the organization towards QM. An efficient and modern organization structure based on effective communication is the basis of TQM and it is created at the stage of process integration and company restructuring. The CAF and QMS implementation process in the public sector organizations is not an easy one. In the course of implementing either a quality management system based on the ISO 9001 standards or the CAF model, being the elements of TQM, significant changes must occur within the organizations as regards the approach and perception of their objectives, which shows in suitable management and administration. The customer-oriented approach must be supported by adequate culture, communication and commitment because only then the transformation will be permanent and efficient and will aim at meeting the citizens’ needs and expectations. Thus, it must result in a general improvement of the services rendered by these institutions and a measurable increase of the customer satisfaction level (Đorđević, 2007). There are five stages as regards the condition of an organization and they refer to the whole process related to the concepts of continuous improvement and the acceptance of the customer-oriented approach. They form a process of improving service quality and a successful completion of each one will result in the implementation of TQM in the organization. In the course of each stage the organizations will face various problems. Thus, it is crucial to identify them, to find the causes and then to remove them so that the process proceeds smoothly and eventually is beneficial. The stages may refer to the implementation of every method that increases the service quality, no matter whether it is CAF or QMS. The stages are the following: awareness, preparation, carrying out the self-assessment process, 269 �planning (preparation of the improvement plan), implementing the plan of action and continuous improvement. In this model, in the course of the process of service quality improvement, the organizations should consider fundamental questions concerning the awareness of their targets and the will to reach them. It is of vital importance that the public sector organization should have an adequate degree of awareness in order to go through the subsequent stages of the model. The following stages determine the diagnosis of the system and the plan of action. When the organizations ask the question how to meet these targets, the answer may come from the methods of CAF or QMS in compliance with the ISO 9001 standard. The concept of TQM can be put into practice by means of both methods (fig.1) Every organization must adapt the basic principles of quality management, which in a way constitute the basis of their further actions. It is worth noting that they are compatible as they are based on the same assumptions that customer comes first. Since there are no uniform TQM implementation stages, it seems that both methods can be helpful when building the system. The CAF method achieves this through self-assessments and improvements, while QMS through formalization of the management system based on documents, and both these elements are indispensible when implementing TQM. The presented model (fig.1) shows all the possible approach configurations when implementing TQM (with both methods) and proves that it is not necessary to choose between the two. 270 �Figure 1 TQM implementation model with the use of the CAF and QMS in compliance with the ISO 9001 TQM Involvement Customerorientation Leadership C C U S T O M E R U S T O M E R Fact-based decision making Mutually beneficial partnerships Continuous improvement System approach Process approach Source: Author’s research As figure 1 shows, the theses of the methods are complementary. So far the public administration has been using the methods rather separately In this case two implementation options of the methods are possible: in the case when GMS is functioning, the customer’s requirements and relations between processes have been defined and a formalized system exists, the CAF model may serve as a method supporting the improvement of the existing system (see fig.2); in the case when the CAF model has been implemented, the self-assessment has been carried out and the implementation of the improvement projects has started, 271 �the QMS that formalizes the whole system and has a significant impact on the whole organization can be implemented as one of the projects (compare fig.3). Figure 2. QMS with the CAF method implemented as the element facilitating the process of continuous improvement C U S T O M E R C U S T O M E R Source: Author’s research . Figure 3. CAF method with QMS implemented as one of the improvements C ISO 9001 U S T ISO 27001 O M ISO 14001 E R PN-N 18001 ISO 9004 TQM Improvement projects – described and implemented Source: Author’s research 272 �Conclusion The process of the service quality improvement in public organizations is a fact. Although hundreds of such organizations have implemented either the quality management systems in compliance with the ISO 9001 standard or the CAF self-assessment model, they have a long way towards the TQM concept. As it was presented, the TQM concept may be put into practice through both methods (CAF, QMS); it is important that they can co-exist and complement and there is no need to make choices. However, in order to implement both method properly and to reach TQM, it is crucial that the public sector organization has a certain degree of awareness as regards its targets and willingness to meet them. Only then both these methods may be helpful. References Baković, T., Lazibat, T., Model for measuring the quality of services, Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on the quality of the Croatian Society of Quality Managers: "The quality of European integration ", Zadar, 2004., pp. 203-209 Colesca, S., Dobrin, C., Popa, I. (2016). Total Quality Management and Organizational Change in Public Organizations. Administratie si management public. Bucharest. Đorđević D., (2007). Upravljanje kvalitetom, Univerzitetska knjiga, Beograd, pp. 45 Gašparík, M. (2010). “Increasing the effectiveness of organization by implementation of EFQM model.“ Edition STU Bratislava, pp. 45-60 Hakes, C. (2007) “The EFQM Excellence Model to Assess Organizational Performance: A Management Guide. Zaltbommel: Van Haren Publishing. Oakland, J.S. (1989), Total Quality Management. A practical approach, Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), 22-35 Oakland, J.S. (1992). Total Quality Management, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 75-92. Porter, L. J., Tanner, S. J. (2004). “Assessing Business Excellence: A Guide to Business Excellence and Self-assessment.” Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann. Tonči L. (2007). Managament quality system, Faculty of Economics Zagreb Vukšić, B., Kovačić, A. (2004). Upravljanje poslovnim procesima, Zagreb: Sinergija. Internet: European Institute of Public Administration, www.caf.eipa.eu, (18.May.2017.) Excellence Model – EFQM 2010, http://www.efqm.org/en/ (5 May 2017) 273 �The Role of Public Relations in the Humanitarian Diplomacy amidst Natural Disasters in Developing Countries: The Case Study of Red Cross of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 2014 Southeast Europe Floods Haris Magrdžija31 International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina haris.magrdzija@gmil.com Nedim Čelebić International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina nedim.celebic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: The concept of humanitarian diplomacy is receiving increasing attention internationally, and this concept is popularized especially by the International Red Cross Movement. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) defined humanitarian diplomacy as a persuasion of decision makers and opinion leaders to act, at all times, in the best interests of vulnerable people, and with full respect for fundamental humanitarian principles. Humanitarian diplomacy, according to IFRC, includes advocacy, negotiation, communication, formal agreements, and other measures. The focus of this paper is on public relations as a promotion tool within marketing communication mix, and its role in accomplishment of humanitarian diplomacy objectives. In particular, this case study is about a response of Red Cross of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to 2014 Southeast Europe Floods that caused many problems and enhanced vulnerabilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The purpose of this interdisciplinary study is to conceptualize the role of public relations within humanitarian diplomacy through in-depth qualitative research. Keywords: Public Relations, Promotion, Marketing, Humanitarian Diplomacy, Natural Disaster, Developing Country, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Red Cross Introduction 1 Disclaimer Haris Magrdžija is member of Youth Coordination Committee of the Red Cross Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and delegate to Assembly of the Red Cross of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The opinions expressed and the analysis outlined in this research article do not necessarily reflect the views of the Red Cross of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but remain solely the interpretations and conclusions of the author. The author also assumes the entire responsibility for the interpretation and eventual misinterpretation of the contributions from senior officers of the Red Cross of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina interviewed within the specific framework of this research article. 274 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3654 Title A name given to the resource Implementation of TQM in Local Government Using Quality Management System in Accordance with ISO 9001 and CAF Self-Assessment Model (doi: 10.14706/icesos1717) Author Author Celik, Mirza Sasic, Dzevad Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Quality of township management is highly related to society, and it reflects the local government situation. The paper presents the idea of improving the quality of service in local government through the application of TQM. This paper presents two approaches that are commonly used in recent years and moved closer to these organizations that the concept of TQM which uses a quality management system based on ISO standards 9000 and model self-assessment CAF. This paper describes the interactions between these approaches and their possible joint application with a view to the implementation of TQM system in local government. Within this approach public sector organizations should be interested in improving the quality of their services through the implementation of TQM. The process is a long-term and complex one, where the client is its key element. Thus, it should be understood by the whole staff (both the management and the inferiors) that a well served citizen is the core of the procedure and he/she should always be assisted and have even his most complicated problems solved in the institution he/she turns to. When implementing the principles of TQM, significant changes regarding the management and administration should occur in organizations. The methods that are helpful in the course of the implementation of TQM rules are the management quality systems based on the ISO 9001 quality standards and the CAF self-assessment model, which aim at perfecting the organization operations in order to meet the clients’ needs and introduce the necessary improvements. The public sector organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (e.g. state or self-government offices) have started applying a certified Quality Management System(QMS) in compliance with the ISO 9001 standards already since 2001 (following the reform of the self-government administration). Recently – due to the implementation of the CAF model in the state administration offices (in BiH since October 2006) – a significant increase of interest on the part of the public sector units in the improvement of service quality by means of this model of selfassessment can be noticed. The completion of several programs that implemented this method enabled the application of the model in several hundred offices. Quality management systems and the EFQM model (CAF is the EFQM model adjusted to public sector) are necessary not only to companies but also to public sector organizations. They are based on similar principles and they aim at the improvement of services offered. Despite certain differences, it seems that they can complement one another and be used simultaneously in an organization. Key words: Public administration, quality management system, model self-assessment, ISO standard, TQM Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/03794c154e558bd2ad1b46fb897632e0.pdf 81afed05dc0c3387d37a11811d30b90a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Implementation of Transportation Problem by Using the Method of Meta-Heuristics Approach Šemsudin Plojovid International University of Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia s.plojovic@uninp.edu.rs In this paper authors will present analysis and implementation of possible solutions of vehicle routing problem that is based on simulated annealing method, which belongs to the category of meta-heuristic problem solving approaches. The described problem is rather complex linear programming problem from the field of operation research. Testing of developed applications in software package MATHEMATICA will be described. This application provides great possibilities when it comes to working with numerical algorithms, as well as in the field of symbolic and algebraic calculations. Keywords: Transportation Problem, Linear Optimization, Vehicle Routing Problem, Met Heuristics Solving Approach, Simulated Annealing. 253 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/677e83caab327d47479333d784d922c0.docx 93f4b0fcc682713bdad900d4fb6015c1 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/62166183147733585188f2495ff2c86b.pdf 74888b837a9b2d1dc1a3d33882ed663a PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Implementation of Transportation Problem by Using the Method of MetaHeuristics Approach MuzaferSaračević Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Srbija muzafers@uninp.edu.rs ŠemsudinPlojović Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Srbija s.plojovic@uninp.edu.rs , e.ujkanovic@uninp.edu.rs EnisUjkanović Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Srbija SenadBušatlić International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina s.busatlic@ius.edu.ba Abstract In this paper authors will present analysis and implementationof possiblesolutions ofvehicle routingproblem that is based onsimulated annealingmethod, which belongs to the category of meta-heuristic problem solving approaches.The described problemisrather complex linear programmingproblem from the field of operation research. Testing of developed applications in software package MATHEMATICA will be described. This application providesgreat possibilitieswhenit comes to workingwith numericalalgorithms,as well as inthe fieldof symbolicand algebraiccalculations. Keywords: Transportation problem, linear optimization, Vehicle routing problem, met heuristics solving approach, simulated annealing Introduction In business economy mostly used methods arelinearoptimizationmethodsthat allowfindingthe most appropriate(optimal) solution to the problemin whichboth theobjective of a function(profit) andspending resources are linearlyproportional tothe values of independent variables. Transportation problemis one of theproblems in the fieldof operations research. The task is toprovide an arrayofbuyersandsuppliersof a commodityorganizetransportsothatpricesareoptimal. One of thetransportation problemswhichbelong toa linear programming problemis theproblem ofdetermining thebesttimesandthe vehiclerouting problemVRP(VehicleRoutingProblem). Inthe occasion that there is onlyone vehicle, and if there are noadditional restrictionsthen theVRP becomes a well-known traveling salesman problemTSP(Traveling SalesmanProblem) in that case you needa vehicleto reach everypoint ofthe graphwith theminimum cost (time). Todefine theVRPfor distribution orcollectionof goods, it is necessary toprovide basicconstraints of the problem. Ata given time, a set of vehiclesservesset of users. Solving the problemis presented as a set ofroutes(roads). Each routehas astarting pointand an ending pointinwarehouse of all vehicles that usethe route.There is awarehouses andthe 1 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo distancebetween consumers. Alluser requirementsmust be met,and allthe restrictions imposedrespected. The aim isthat the totaltransportation costis minimized.It is possible toimposedifferentconstraints andobjectivesthat may affect theconstruction ofroutesduringthe optimizationprocess.Information neededfor a gooddescription of theuserin solvingVRPis: a) b) c) d) e) a startingpoint thatrepresents warehouse, quantity of goodsthatneed to be collectedordelivered, period(time frame) inwhich it is necessaryto servethe user, timerequired to completedeliveryor collectionof goods at users, time of unloadingorloading, which depends on the type ofvehicle andapplied technology, f) subset ofthe availablevehicles thatcould be used byindividualusersdepending onpossibility toaccessfor loading and unloading. The objectivein solvingthe problemis to findthe shortestroute thatstartsat a givennode,going through all theother nodesin the startingand endingnode.Variables to be optimizedmust not be onlydistances.Itmay betravel costs, travel timeor othervariables.Determining thebestroutes, that will be used by group of vehiclesserving set of customers will represent a generalvehiclerouting problem. For theconcrete implementationof this problem a software Mathematica has been applied, which hasmany applicationsin the fieldof symbolicand algebraiccalculations.Mathematica includes a great collectionof numerical algorithms, as well as a big number of constantsandfunction approximation. Approaches for Routing Problem Solving The first approachto solvingproblems issearchforexact solutions of theproblem.The practicalapplicationof this approachis very limitedbecause theoptimalsolutioncan befound onlyina small numberof users.The number of possibleroutesfor the generalcase ofroutingvehiclesis growingquickly,so it is notpossible to expectthat this approachin the general casegeneratesusablesolutionsin real-timethat arerequired inpractice. Heuristic approachrepresents a useof experience,intuition andyour ownestimationwhen solvinga problem.Unlikeexactmethods,heuristicmethods do notrepresentknowledgeabout the structureandrelationshipswithin the modeltosolvethe problem. Some methodsof heuristicapproaches to solving theproblem ofroutingvehicles are: methods of insertingthe nearestneighbors,addingthe farthestandnearestneighboradded two-pass sweepmethod, theClark-Wright method, etc. Heuristic methodsrepresent rule of choice; filtering and rejectingsolutions, and also help to reducethe number ofpossible waysin solvingproblems.Heuristicalgorithms areoften basedon the construction ofrouteswhere theconstruction andimprovement ofrouteswith respectto the targetfunction performediteratively. 2 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Picture 1. Existing VRP algorithms Metaheuristicsin practiceis a setof algorithms thatare usedin solvinga variety ofoptimization problemswhere thealgorithm itselfis very littlechanged depending on theproblembeing solved. Metaheuristicsapproach ofsolving the problem ofrouting of vehicles is oftenbasedon localsearchguidedprocesses that aretaken fromnature, such as simulated annealing, genetic algorithms andant colony. Picture 2. The main approaches tosolving problems In solving problems by Metaheuristicsapproachfollowing methods are used: •Iterativelocalsearch (ILS) •simulated annealing(SA) •deterministichardening(YES ) •tabusearch (TS) •Genetic Algorithms(GA) •ant colonies(AC) and •NeuralNetworks (NN). 3 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Picture 3. Classification of VRPheuristicsfor solving problems Metaheuristic Approach and Simulated Annealing Classicaloptimizationprocedurestarts froman initialsolution,until the currentsolutionreplacesthe better from theimmediate surroundingsand alwaysfinds the closestlocal optimum. Method of simulatedannealingis in the fieldof stochasticoptimization algorithms. Withthis method we start withone initialsolution,replacingthe existingsolutionbetter,butitcan be replaced also by the worse, with a certain probability ofacceptance.Probabilityof acceptingworsesolutionsdecreases asthe algorithmprogresses.Unlikeclassicaloptimizationprocedure with thesimulated annealingmethodglobal optimum is achieved. Implementedalgorithm, used in this method,contains one parameter; the temperature, and the function that determines theglobal optimumcan be seen as: energygrid(ifwe determineminimum)ornegative energy of a grid, if we determine themaximum.The algorithmstarts by choosingthe initial solution, and the initial temperature has arelatively largevalue(1step).Determining the initialc:    determinethe initialacceptanceprobability(>50%) - p0 determinethe average increaseoffunctionsfor several neighboringsolutionsΔC+ c0is calculatedas:c0=ΔC+/ln(1/ p0) The currentsolutionis replaced bya better one,butit can be replacedwithworsewith a certainprobabilityof acceptance(step2).Thisprobabilityis determinedby selectingarandom numberfrom the interval[0,1], and the condition thata is less than: exp(E(old) – E(new)/T, where E(x) is a function for which itseeksa globalminimum, andT is the temperature. 4 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Ifthe expression is truethe new solutionis accepted. The probability that worsesolution has been chosenis greaterwhen thehigher temperature. This meansthat in thebeginning of thesearchspace for obtaining solutions is big, and it will be smaller with temperature drop, and by the endof the process isnarrowlylocalized.The behavior ofthe function isspecified with its initialvalue ofthe temperature andspeed ofitsdrop. Algoritham: Metaheuristics – Simulated annealing Step 1. - initial solution, and objective function i:=i0; c:=c0; Ci:=C(i); Repetition Step 2 - acceptance of the neighboring solution j:=the neighboring solution(i); Cj:=C(j); C:=Cj-Ci; accepti:=FALSE; Step 2.1 if C<0 than accept:=TRUE; Step 2.2 if exp(-C/c)>random[0,1] than accept:=TRUE; if accept=TRUE then i:=j; Ci:=Cj; till thermal equilibrium Step 2.3. Decrease parameter c; Till freezing end. The finalvalue ofcFusuallywill not be presented, but the process is repeateda number oftimes.Cooling functionis usuallyimplemented bymultiplyingc witha number less than1, while the number of repetitions ofthe innerloop(thermalequilibrium) is usually specified as anumericalvaluedepending onthe size (complexity) of the problem. Testing of software design The application that was implementedin software package Mathematicacan bedownloaded fromthe link:http://muzafers.uninp.edu.rs/ Example 1. Test exampledeveloped applicationsfor thesimplerproblem, namelythetraveling salesmanproblem(TSP), using the describedmetaheuristics(simulated annealing). Procedure TSP(N,S,p0,α,KTL); Input parameters:  N – number of cities (100)  S – number of repetition at external loop (10-100)  p0 – initial probabilityof acceptingbadsolutions (0.7-0.8)  α – reduction factor of 'temperature' (0.5-0.99)  KTL – coefficient ofthermal equilibrium (repeating cycles, range 0.1-0.5) 5 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Picture 4. Testing the TSPproblemswith parameters [12,0.04,900,82] Example 2. Test exampledeveloped applications forcomplex problem(VRP-vehiclerouting problem), using the describedmetaheuristics(simulated annealing). Numberofusers =8; Coordinates={{145,215},{151,264},{159,261},{130,254},{128,252},{163,247},{146,246 },{161,242}}; demand={0,10,7,8,14,20,40,8}; Capacityofvehicles=150; P=VRP[Coordinates,demand,Capacityofvehicles] TestVRP[Coordinates,demand,Capacityofvehicles,P] Example 3. It is possibleto introduce a capacity constraints.Inthis example itwill decrease thecapacity (eg.Capacityofvehicles= 60).One type ofrestriction benefits is the requirement thatone useris used in a routethat containsa subsetof other users, and to servethecustomerbefore (or after) a subsetofusers. Limitation ofthis type is theproblemof collectingand shipping, where the goods that arecollectedata single usermustprovidethe same vehicleto another user.A commonrequirementisonewheretherouteservesseveral groupsof users,and it is knownthata group of userstobeserved. Picture 5.TestingVRPproblemwith parameters, forexample2 (left) and forexample3 (right) 6 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 1 1 2 2 8.544 8.544 3 3 23.2594 0.9 4 2.82843 5 14.5602 0.9 18.6815 4 2.82843 5 18.9737 6 7 6 7 5.38516 5.38516 8 8 0.8 0.8 48.0833 41.7852 40.7185 31.0161 36.7151 31.0161 31.3847 31.3847 0.7 0.7 1 1 0.6 0.6 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 7 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Conclusion Presentedmetaheuristicscan be considered asan effectivenaturalsupplement tomathematicalanalysis.The above methodmay beusefulwhen the system(business) or process is relativelycomplex (for example, when we do not disposeanalytical methodsforsolution of amathematical model). Also, themethod canbe usefulwhen it is notpossible toanalyze in detail thesystem ina real environment. The above presented implementation ofsimulated annealingprovides manybenefitsto the givenproceduresof experimentation: 1. to a largeextent,can reduce the risk, depending on the reality thatis observed(eg, economic risk, the risk of attack anddefense), 2. time saving, 3. obtaininga clearerpicture of theprocesses, structure andfunction of the systemto be analyzed, 4. correctanalyses of complexindustrial andother systems. References C. Nilsson (2003). Heuristicsforthetravelingsalesman LinköpingUniversity, Sweden. problem. Tech. Report, C. White, G. Yen (2004). A HybridEvolutionaryAlgorithmforTravelingSalesman Problem, EvolutionaryComputation, 2004. CEC2004. Congress on, Vol.2, pp. 1473 – 1478. D. Johnson, L. McGeoch (1995). Thetravelingsalesman problem: a casestudy in localoptimization. I.Salajic, J. J.Nikolic, M. Ţoljom (2001). TSP – Problem trgovackogpunikanapotpunomgrafu, primjenomgenetskog algoritma (GA) i algoritma simuliranogkaljenja (SA). Kratica (2000). Paralelizacijagenetskihalgoritamazarešavanjenekih kompletnihproblema, Doktorskadisertacija, Beograd. NP - J. Little, K. Murty, D. Sweeney, C. Karel (1963). An algorithmforthetravelingsalesman problem. Operations research, 11 (6), pp. 972-989. K. Binder, ed. (1986). "Monte Carlo Methods in Statistical Physics", second ed., SpringerVerlag. M. Garey, D. Johnson (1979). “ComputersandIntractability: A Guide totheTheory of NPCompleteness”. W.H. Freeman. M. Pilat, T. White (2002). Using geneticalgorithmsto optimize ACS-TSP, LectureNotes in ComputerScience, v. 2463, pp. 282-287. 8 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo P. Borovska (2006). SolvingtheTravellingSalesman Problem in ParallelbyGeneticAlgorithm on Multicomputer Cluster, International Conference on ComputerSystems. R.Thamilselvan, P. Balasubramanie (2009). A GeneticAlgorithmwith a Tabu SearchforTravellingSalesman Problem. Int. Journal of R.T. in Engineering, Vol. 1, pp. 607-610. Richard J. Gaylord, Samuel N. Kaminand Paul Wellin, (1993). "Introductionto Programming withMathematica", TELOS/Springer-VerlagPublishers. S. Eberle (2008). A PolynomialAlgorithmfor a NP-hard toSolveOptimization Problem, Dissertation der FakultätfürPhysik der Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen. S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gellatand M. P. "Optimizationbysimulatedannealing", Science 220, 671. Vecchi, (1983). S. Lin, B. Kernighan (1973). An effectiveheuristicalgorithmforthetraveling-salesman problem. Operations research, 21(2), pp. 498-516. Saračević M., Mašović S., Međedović E. (2010). Application of objectorientedanalysisanddesign in navigationsystemsand transport networks, 10th International Conference "Researchand Development in MechanicalIndustry", RaDMI 2010, ISBN: 978-86-6075-017-6, pp. 656-664. Saračević M., Mašović S., Plojović Š. (2012). UML modelingfortravelingsalesman problem based on geneticalgorithms, SouteastEuropeanJournal of Soft Computing, ISSN: 2223 -1859, Vol.1, No 2, pp.72-79, electedtoIUSSCRG 2012. T. Cormen, C. Leiserson, R. Rivest, C. Stein, (2001)."IntroductiontoAlgorithms", MIT PressandMcGraw-Hill, secondedition,. 9 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1619 Title A name given to the resource Implementation of Transportation Problem by Using the Method of Meta-Heuristics Approach Author Author PLOJOVIĆ, Šemsudin Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper authors will present analysis and implementation of possible solutions of vehicle routing problem that is based on simulated annealing method, which belongs to the category of meta-heuristic problem solving approaches. The described problem is rather complex linear programming problem from the field of operation research. Testing of developed applications in software package MATHEMATICA will be described. This application provides great possibilities when it comes to working with numerical algorithms, as well as in the field of symbolic and algebraic calculations. Keywords: Transportation Problem, Linear Optimization, Vehicle Routing Problem, Met Heuristics Solving Approach, Simulated Annealing. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1b952fd7b546d0099f778811e2ab8b22.docx 67c125a4345e8998536b5069f2824a85 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/67933296bb8ac3dd515e3d1e3ca032c0.pdf bc9b464ded05ca9006d660422e99b95d PDF Text Text IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS DATA MONITORING IN A PV SYSTEM Feridun Ekmekci Muğla University, Muğla, Turkey fekmekci@mu.edu.tr Mahmut Tenruh Muğla University, Muğla, Turkey tmahmut@mu.edu.tr Keywords: Renewable Energy; PV systems; Data moniroring; Wi-Fi communication. ABSTRACT The use of renewable energy sources is encouraged to meet the rising energy demand. Monitoring of photovoltaic (PV) systems and gathering statistical data are important issues in renewable energy applications. This study presents the implementation of a PV system where the panel output data are gathered and transmitted through the wireless medium using Wi-Fi. This method allows remote monitoring of a PV system. The data about voltage, current, and power production can be collected and reported separately for both DC and AC units. The DC and mono-phase AC measurement values are transmitted via a Wi-Fi access point to the computer where the data are collected. The system has been designed as a basic prototype PV system model with two 100 W solar panels, an AC inverter, a charge regulator, and two accumulators. A current transformer with 40/5A ratio has also been included in the system. Analog to digital converters have been used for both AC and DC measurements. EV100 series single phase intelligent power meter, and AcuDC 210/220 series DC power and energy meters have been used for AC and DC measurements respectively. The advantage of the presented model is the ability to monitor PV systems remotely through the Wi-Fi wireless communication medium. This method allows data monitoring with PV systems in environments where the cabling is complicated or impractical. The data gathered via the wireless access point are monitored with a computer, and can be listed with the software interface. This method provides a practicle and useful model to acquire data and monitor PV systems. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2094 Title A name given to the resource IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS DATA MONITORING IN A PV SYSTEM Author Author EKMEKCI, Feridun TENRUH, Mahmut Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Renewable Energy; PV systems; Data moniroring; Wi-Fi communication. ABSTRACT The use of renewable energy sources is encouraged to meet the rising energy demand. Monitoring of photovoltaic (PV) systems and gathering statistical data are important issues in renewable energy applications. This study presents the implementation of a PV system where the panel output data are gathered and transmitted through the wireless medium using Wi-Fi. This method allows remote monitoring of a PV system. The data about voltage, current, and power production can be collected and reported separately for both DC and AC units. The DC and mono-phase AC measurement values are transmitted via a Wi-Fi access point to the computer where the data are collected. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9009eb05fe2a184fbdb720a9631b4b64.pdf c2f018731c942c667a0195535afa5857 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Implementations of Social Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Approach in Developing Countries Cüneyt GÖZÜ School of Business State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222 USA cuneytgozu@yahoo.com Cecilia M. FALBE School of Business State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12222 USA Mehmet AKTAN Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey Abstract: The objective of the present research is to investigate the impact of social entrepreneurship on developing countries. Based on the reviewed literature, the concept of social entrepreneurship was examined, and case studies from Turkey and Bangladesh were explored to underline the importance of social entrepreneurial activities. The study concluded that social entrepreneurship is the milestone of sustainable development. Keywords: social entrepreneurship, sustainable development, the Southeastern Anatolia Project, Grameen Bank Introduction Entrepreneurship is defined as the practice of starting new organizations, particularly new businesses in order to utilize opportunities (Mort, Weerawardena, and Carnegie, 2003). Entrepreneurs are described as innovative organizers or leaders who have an intuitive ability, instincts, unique values, shares, attitudes, and skills (Cunningham and Lischeron, 1991). There has been considerable research on entrepreneurship since the 1980s. Researchers have conducted many studies to examine various aspects of entrepreneurship from different theoretical perspectives. The concept of social entrepreneurship is one of the prevailing issues within this trend. Social entrepreneurship gives priority to creation of social values rather than other forms of entrepreneurship. It leads to establishment of new global and local level social organizations (Mair and Marti, 2006). The objective of the present study is to investigate the impact of social entrepreneurship on developing countries. In this respect, the concept of social entrepreneurship is examined and case studies have been analyzed to explain the importance of social entrepreneurial activities. The Concept of Social Entrepreneurship Social entrepreneurship is poorly defined and its components are still fuzzy in the literature. Many studies on social entrepreneurship have adopted concepts and terminology used in the established entrepreneurship literature (Spear, 2006). In this respect, one of the most controversial issues is whether social entrepreneurship is an independent field of research. According to Mair and Marti (2006), definitions of social entrepreneurship can be classified into three categories. One group of researchers highlights the creation of social value by not-for-profit organizations. A second group of researchers defines the concept as a responsibility of commercial businesses. Finally, the third group views social entrepreneurship as a means to solve social problems and contribute to social transformation processes. According to Peredo and McLean (2006), social entrepreneurship is exercised when an individual and organization aims to create social value either exclusively or in a prominent way. It is important to highlight that social entrepreneurship gives priority to creation of social values rather than other forms of entrepreneurship (Peredo and McLean, 2006). According to Dees (1998), the purpose of a business firm is to create superior value for its customer, while the primary purpose of social entrepreneurship is to pursue opportunities to address 360 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo social needs and change. Unlike traditional business entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs primarily seek to generate “social value” rather than profit (Mort et al., 2003). In other words, social entrepreneurs differ from business entrepreneurs in terms of their mission. As argued by Dees (1998), the social mission is explicit and central for social entrepreneurs. This obviously affects how social entrepreneurs perceive and assess opportunities. The job of a social entrepreneur is to recognize and solve the problem by changing the system, spreading the solution, and persuading entire societies (Weerawerdana and Mort, 2006). Social Entrepreneurship Practices in Developing Countries Entrepreneurship is particularly productive from a social welfare perspective when entrepreneurs also enhance social wealth by creating new markets, new industries, new technology, new institutional forms, new jobs, and net increases in real productivity (Mort et al., 2003). Several researchers have adopted social mission as a key dimension in the conceptualization of social entrepreneurship, which leads to establishment of new social organizations or non-governmental organizations (Mair and Marti, 2006). Institutions associated with social entrepreneurship can be classified into three categories: global institutions, governmental institutions, and non-governmental institutions. Global institutions are founded by collaboration of several countries, and their mission is to enhance the life standards and the welfare of developing and/or less developed countries. The World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the World Bank can be considered as some of global institutions. The objectives of these institutions are to reduce poverty and to solve educational, social and health related problems. In this respect, global institutions determine strategies and organize campaigns in order to draw the attention of the whole world towards helpless societies. For example, UNICEF has been organizing a campaign, Unite for Children - Unite against AIDS, in order to protect children, adolescents, and young people from AIDS. As another example, the WHO fights against Malaria in Africa. It can be concluded that global institutions focus on global problems which threat the social, political, economic, and ecological structure of the world. Despite of their valuable efforts, the contribution of global institutions is limited because of resource shortage, and they generally focus on the most serious problems. Apart from the support of global institutions, developing or less developed countries based on their requirements try to develop their own programs as well. Governmental institutions play a substantial role in this process. The Southeastern Anatolia Project, a multisector integrated regional development project in Turkey, and the Grameen Bank Project, offering microloans in Bangladesh, can be examined from this point of view. The Southeastern Anatolia Project Turkish economy has been experiencing problems for 30 years because of political and economic crises. In addition, the percentage of young population is very high in Turkey. Because of these reasons, unemployment is the most important problem of Turkish economy. Particularly, underdeveloped regions of Turkey have been suffering severely from this problem. Thus, people have been moving from underdeveloped regions to the industrialized regions in order to seek jobs. This movement seriously impinges on the sociological and economic structures of Turkey. Current and former governments, non-governmental institutions, private foundations, and social entrepreneurs have been endeavoring to find solutions for this chronic problem. The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is one of the great consequences of these efforts. Based on the concept of sustainable development for the 9 million people living in a region, GAP’s basic aims are to eliminate regional development disparities and to enhance the productive and employment generating capacity of the region (Southeastern Anatolia Project, 2007). Thus, civil participation in the region is a crucial factor to achieve the goals of the project. In line with sustainable human development approach, some social development projects have been carried out for some targeted social groups such as women, urban poor, children in need, and youth groups. This discussion can be summarized in the following propositions. Proposition 1: Central and local governmental institutions lead the social entrepreneurship in developing countries. Proposition 2: Social entrepreneurial activities vary from one region to another because of demographic and social characteristics of regions. Grameen Bank Social entrepreneurs sometimes play more important roles than the other actors do during the implementation of social entrepreneurial activities. As a well-known example, Muhammed Yunus has changed 361 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo the life of millions in Bangladesh with his Grameen Bank project. His project allows impoverished people to become economically self-sufficient in Bangladesh. This model has been replicated in over 150 countries around the world. Turkey is one of these countries as well. Yunus started his work by giving small amount of money to a few poor people without any collateral. After realizing the success of people, Yunus decided to expand his project. First, he got loans from banks and then saw that the best strategy would be to create an independent bank to do the work. Thus, the project was converted into a formal bank, borrowing money from the central bank to lend money to the borrowers (Grameen Bank, 2007). The bank introduced many programs such as housing loans, student loans, pension funds, loans to purchase mobile phones to become the village telephone ladies, loans to beggars to become door-to-door salesman. As a result of his outstanding project, Muhammad Yunus was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 (Grameen Bank, 2007). An inspired success of Grameen Bank has become a model for many developing countries. For example, Turkey started this project in 2003 in Diyarbakır which is the biggest city of Southeastern Anatolia. After the general election in 2002, the government started to implement Yunus’s project, so the project was under control of the governmental institutions and authorities. Yunus played a key role in Bangladesh as a social entrepreneur, but in Turkey, the key actor was the government. Turkish version of the project in 2003 was financially stronger than the initial structure of Grameen Bank in 1976. During the implementation of the project, the representatives of Grameen Bank have helped the Turkish authorities as well. This collaboration has brought many outstanding stories related to women’s success in the region. Despite of the governmental support, the Grameen project has not become so popular among other cities. Its dependence on the governmental support can be one of the fundamental reasons of this consequence. If formal authorities and the society perceive this project as a part of governmental policy instead of a social entrepreneurial activity, the project may not achieve the success of Grameen Bank in the future. Therefore, Turkish version needs the support of non-governmental institutions and other social entrepreneurs. Participation of other actors may help to disseminate the project and decrease the negative effects of bureaucracy and politicians. This discussion brings the following propositions. Proposition 3: Implementations of similar social entrepreneurial activities vary from one country to another. Proposition 4: The success of social entrepreneurial activities depends on the support of entire society. Conclusion Social entrepreneurship is seen as different from other forms of entrepreneurships due to relatively higher priority given to promoting social value and development versus capturing economic value. Analysis of two different cases of social entrepreneurships around the globe - the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh and the Southeastern Anatolia Project in Turkey - reveals a common feature: all these creative projects combine resources to address a social problem and thereby alter existing social structures. The Grameen Bank, founded by Professor Muhammad Yunus in 1976, has changed the life of millions, and GAP has been changing the lives of 9 million people in Southeastern Anatolia. These successful social entrepreneurial projects become models for several countries as well. However, it is clear that one successful project may not be successful in another country because of different reasons. Social entrepreneurs regardless as an individual, an institution, or a government have to gain the support of a community in order to yield synergy from social entrepreneurial activities. Overall, it can be concluded that social entrepreneurship should be evaluated as the touchstone of sustainable development, and governmental and non-governmental institutions have to get together and share their resources in order to change the fate of helpless people. References: Cunningham, B. & Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Busines Management, 29, 45-61. Grameen Bank (2007). Grameen Bank at a Glance.http://www.grameen-info.org/bank/GBGlance.htm. Accessed on November 24, 2007. Dees, J.G. (1998). The meaning of social entrepreneurship. http://www.fuqua.duke.edu/centers/case/documents/dees_sedef.pdf. Accessed on September 15, 2007. Mair, J. & Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight. Journal of World Business, 41, 36-44. Mort, G.S., Weerawardena, J., & Carnegie, K. (2003). Social Entrepreneurship: Towards conceptualization. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8, 76-88. 362 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Peredo, A.M. & McLean, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41, 51-65. Spear, R. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A different model. International Journal of Social Economics, 33, 399-410. Southeastern Anatolia Project (2007). What is http://www.gap.gov.tr/gap_eng.php?sayfa=English/Ggbilgi/gnedir.html. Accessed on October 29, 2007. GAP?. Weerawardena, J. & Mort, G.S. (2006). Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimensional model. Journal of World Business, 41, 21-35. 363 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 257 Title A name given to the resource Implementations of Social Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Approach in Developing Countries Author Author GÖZÜ, Cüneyt FALBE, Cecilia M. AKTAN, Mehmet Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of the present research is to investigate the impact of social entrepreneurship on developing countries. Based on the reviewed literature, the concept of social entrepreneurship was examined, and case studies from Turkey and Bangladesh were explored to underline the importance of social entrepreneurial activities. The study concluded that social entrepreneurship is the milestone of sustainable development. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ebbd9a820b08f57ab3bdbcb75eb8566e.pdf eb587bc4bbd0396eea38965f92453e91 PDF Text Text Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Implementing a Listening and Speaking Curriculum in a Linguistically Homogenous English for Academic Purposes Program Clare J. Zuraw Michigan Technological University, United States of America Submitted: 15.04.2014. Accepted: 01.11.2014. Abstract Linguistic homogeneity in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) programs can be a challenge to curriculum design and implementation. In university EAP programs where the majority of students share an L1 with classmates, instructors sometimes struggle to balance the use of the L1 and L2 in class. Despite the potential for immersion, students in these settings may also socialize primarily in their L1 rather than English, the target language. These factors demand special consideration in courses focused on oral production and comprehension where sustained interaction and negotiation of meaning is crucial. Ninety percent of the students in the Intensive English as a Second Language Program at Michigan Technological University come from China and share an L1. In this context, the classroom provides important opportunities for interaction and negotiation of meaning in the target language. The program recently redesigned, piloted, and evaluated a new curriculum. Using examples from the curriculum and the classroom to present this case, I argue that linguistically homogeneous classrooms focusing on oral and aural communication require different curricula than more diverse EAP settings. Examples from the development and delivery of the new listening and speaking curriculum are potentially applicable in both ESL and EFL settings. Keywords: Curriculum development, EAP, EFL, oral communication, higher education Introduction In the United States, 64% of students inIntensive English Programs (IEP)came from the top four sending countries: Saudi Arabia (29.9%), China (15.9%), South Korea (9.4%), Japan (9.1%). In American universities more the 28% of international students came from China in 2012, a 21.4% increase from the previous year (Farrugia& Bhandari, 2013).In this context, it is not uncommon for university IEPs 51 �Implementing a Listening and Speaking Curriculum in a Linguistically Homogenous English for Academic Purposes Program to have large groups of students who share a first language. Linguistic homogeneity in IEPs can be a challenge to curriculum design and implementation. For many IEP students, the stakes of language learning are high, with admission to and success in degree programs hinging on their ability to communicate in English. Concerns over money and time may be distracting stressors that can influence students in and out of the classroom (Yang & Berliner, 2013).Despite the immersion setting of an American university campus, students with networks of friends who share their L1 may get their primary exposure to English in the classroom. For their instructors, negotiating the use of L1 and L2 in the classroom can be challenging. The Intensive English as a Second Language Program (IESL) at Michigan Technological University (MTU) serves international students conditionally admitted to degree programs. Ninety percent of the studentsin the program between 2011 and 2014came from China. The faculty recently redesigned, piloted, and evaluated a new curriculum. The listening and speaking courses in this new curriculum were developed to address the specific needs of linguistically homogenous classes that are typical in the program. This case is an illustration of how linguistically homogenous classrooms focusing on oral and aural communication skills require curricula designed specifically with the role of interaction in mind. Mackey (2012) suggests that the connections between instructors and researchers studying interaction are strong andencourages engagement between the two groups. This paper will explore some of the ways that interaction research has informed the design and delivery of the curriculum. The examples of activities and assessment tools from the new listening and speaking curriculum could be adapted to fit both EFL and other ESL settings. IESL at Michigan Technological University Students in the IESL program at MTU are required to study English and meet standardized testing benchmarks before they can enroll exclusively in academic courses. Internal needs analyses have shown that to succeed in academic classes, students must be able to use English to write academic research essays, read extensively, understand lectures, and actively collaborate as group members. As a pipeline program, students are under pressure from family-members and peers to complete English training as quickly as possible in order to move on to academic classes to save money. Instructors are seen as gatekeepers and their decisions to pass a student out of the IESL program indicates that he/she has a high enough level of English proficiency to begin academic classes. 52 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics During the 2013-2014 academic year 97% of IESL students were from China and over the last three years 90% of all students in the program were Chinese. In most cases students share Mandarin Chinese as an L1.1 The linguistic homogeneity in this setting is similar to many English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. As in some EFL settings, the students’ learning goals are usually not oriented towards community integration as they might be in other North American ESL settings (Nayar, 1997). While some students hope to work in the United States after graduation, many plan to return to China with their degrees.In other ways the situation is unique. While EFL instructors often grapple with the challenge of finding authentic language, real-world applications, and opportunities for students to interact with English speakers, most students in an IESL program in the United States are surrounded by campus communities who use English daily. Despite these opportunities for immersion, not all students seek them out. At MTU students spend 18-24 hours each week in a classroom with other IESL students and often form friendships within this group. For students who socialize and study in their L1, the IESL classroom can be their primary opportunity for sustained interaction in the target language. Research has shown that English only policies in the classroom do not necessarily enhance language learning and that attempting to eliminate L1 from the classroom would be ineffective (Auerbach, 1993; Levine, 2003). At the same time, there is strong evidence that L2 interactionsupports language learning (Mackey, 2012). The IESL program at MTU does not have an English only policy and each instructor balances L1 and L2 differently to achieve the program mission of preparing students for academic success. Along with tasks like essay writing and extensive reading, some of that success is based upon their ability interact in English with both NS and NNS. Listening and speaking instruction in the programseeks to prepare students for communicative academic tasks in the target language and as a result, some classroom tasks, particularly those focused on interaction, requires the use of L2. It is in this context that the faculty redesigned and implemented the new curriculum during the 2013-2014 academic year. The Curriculum: Task design and the Role of Interaction Before the curriculum was redesigned, the faculty conducted a needs analysis to determine what skills students would need to use in academic classes after exiting the IESL program. Long and Norris (2009) categorizeneeds analysis to identify “target tasks” as the first step in task-based language teaching program design, writing that 1 There have been some exceptions, with a handful of students identifying Cantonese or Tibetan as their first language. However, these students typically speak Mandarin Chinese in addition to their L1 and English. 53 �Implementing a Listening and Speaking Curriculum in a Linguistically Homogenous English for Academic Purposes Program these tasks are “the real-world things people do in everyday life” (p. 137). Course goals, objectives, and outcomes were written with these real-world tasks in mind. In the case of MTU students, everyday life is focused on the university.In surveys of university faculty,one of several skills identified as important was the ability to communicate and collaborate with members of a group. For this reason, one of the exit outcomes for students leaving the IESL program was dedicated to this skill: Students will be able to participate actively and mediate communication breakdown in classroom discussions and small group settings.All listening and speaking curriculum documents include objectives and outcomes related to group work and/or the negotiation of meaning. Research and the Curriculum in the Classroom Like many EAPcurricula, the listening and speaking courses at MTU include a focus on listening comprehension, particularly academic lectures. The role of input in these courses is an important part of curriculum and classroom activity design. To prepare students for lectures and lab courses, the IESL program includes listening practice ranging from simple modified texts through complex authentic oral texts. But listening comprehension is only one aspect of the course and Long (1996) asserts that “comprehensible input alone is insufficient” (p.422). Research shows that interaction in the target language is crucial for learners and plays an important role in the ESL classroom (Mackey, 2012; Pica, Young, & Doughty, 1987). Interaction and the negotiation of meaning cause the learner to make “interactional adjustments” and draw their attention to form (Long, 1996 p. 451). The type and context of the interaction is also important and can be adapted to fit learner needs (Mackey, 2012). In the IESL program interaction plays an important role in the listening and speaking curriculum and in classroom work. Onefactor influencing the design of interactive tasks is the cultural background of students. Some research suggests that students coming from educational systems that do not focus on communicative classroom techniques can be skeptical of interactive activities (Rao, 2002). Our experience at MTU has been that some students do struggle to adapt to a more interactive classroom environment, but that most of them come to see the interaction as an important part of their learning. In an anonymous program evaluation survey conducted in fall 2013, students identified positive results from interactive activities. Students commented that they can speak more confidently, better comprehend NS, and that they “liked communications with teachers and classmates.” A key to getting learners to accept student-centered interaction is to design activities that they find engaging and to explain the purpose and goals of interactive tasks. The best examples of are graded formal student discussions. 54 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics Formal Student-led Discussions At all levels of listening and speaking, students participate in graded classroom discussions. These are designed to motivate students to interact and negotiate meaning in the target language. Sustaining discourse in the TL can be difficultin linguistically homogenous classrooms, especially at lower proficiency levels, but students have responded well to these activities.Students prepare a text – oral or written – before class. In class they hold a discussion on that text with little or no input from the instructor. How the discussion is organized depends on the level. Early on, code-switching is common. As students build confidence they are better able to maintain interaction in English. At the intermediate level, discussion questions are “crowd-sourced” from the group. All students submit questions for discussion which the instructor organizes and distributes at the beginning of the activity. At the advanced and transitional levels, one student is responsible for preparing and leading the discussion but the complexity of the text is differentiated. Students are graded on their participation, ability to make connections to the text, turn-taking and negotiation, and their production of comprehensible output. In these student-led discussions the task is open; consensus is not necessary (Mackey 2012). Open tasks give students the chance to spend time exploring a topic and controlling discourse (Willis, 2004). Willis points out that SLA researchers have typically favored closed tasks, but that open tasks may have their place: When planning a TBI program, teachers would need to decide which kinds of tasks best reflect target language use or which kinds best help students achieve an established language-acquisition goal. In the case of language for academic purposes, this is certainly likely to involve open tasks. (p. 24) Gass, Behney&Plonsky (2013) emphasize that “conversational interaction in an L2 forms the basis for the development of language, rather than being only a forum for practice of specific language features” (p.378).Graded formal classroom discussions engage students in the L2 rather than L1, which can benefit their language development while strengthening their ability to navigate American classroom culture. The kind of task and interaction in the classroom matters not only to the students’ learning but also their perception of the learning experience. In the fall 2013 surveys students again gave positive feedback on classroom discussion and identified personal language development related to fluency and comprehension. Interaction with Native Speakers 55 �Implementing a Listening and Speaking Curriculum in a Linguistically Homogenous English for Academic Purposes Program Student-led discussions focus on NNS-NNS interactions, but research has shown that interactions with a NS can be even more valuable for student noticing and modification (Gass&Varonis, 1994). In a study by Gass and Varonis (1994) NNS who were allowed to interact were able to give clearer directions, especially after interacting with a NS. Interaction with NSs must be incorporated into classroom activities and teacher-fronted work sometimes plays a role. In addition to student-led discussions, teachers may lead discussions, especially when the focus is on form or when consensus is necessary. Teachers also interact with students in one-on-one conferences for formative assessment purposes. These conferences are typically designed around a task like editing a presentation, but also provide students opportunities to interact with a NS. Another setting for program-organized interaction is the Conversation Partners Program. Each semester, IESL faculty match volunteers from the campus community with an IESL student or small group. They are required to meet for a minimum of ten hours each semester and their participation counts as part of their listening and speaking course grade. This interaction is typically between a NS and a NNS. The guidelines encourage participants to avoid doing using the time as a tutoring session. Instead, the goal of the program is for students to practice authentic interaction with a native speaker. Presentational skills also play an important role in the curriculum. The presentations themselves are primarily a performance rather than interactive task, but it is possible to design the requirements for a presentation to involve interaction. Group presentations can provide an opportunity for L2 interaction with partners to accomplish a series of tasks in preparation for a presentation, but if all students share an L1 they are unlikely to primarily use English to accomplish the tasks. One way to ensure interaction in the L1 is to require students to conduct interviews as part of their research for a presentation. In Intermediate Listening and Speaking, students give informational presentations about either their academic major or introducing the audience to the local community. If they choose to present on their major they are required to interview one professor or two students who do not share their L1. Those giving a presentation about the local community conduct interviews with employees of local businesses, students, or other community members. This turns out to be a motivational experience for many students who have reported that they felt better prepared to communicate with native speakers after the project. Conclusion Interaction is an important part of language learning and should play a central role in the design of EAP curricula, particularly in courses where the focus is on listening 56 �Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics and speaking. This is especially important, and potentially challenging, in linguistically homogenous classrooms where students can interact easily in their shared L1. Through carefully designed interactive tasks like those described in this paper, instructors can provide learners with authentic opportunities for L2 interaction. Several issues have come up in this case study that cannot be addressed adequately in this forum. More research into the trend towards Chinese majority EAP programs in the U.S. and how this influences curriculum design and classroom practice will be important for program administrators and faculty.Further research into roles of motivation and social integration in linguistically homogenous EAP programs could also contribute to a better understanding of student learning. The more accessible and relevant that interaction research is the more likely instructors will be to incorporate findings into their curriculum and their classrooms. References Auerbach, E.R. (1993). Reexamining English only in the ESL classroom.TESOL Quarterly, 27(1), 9-32. Farrugia, C.A. & Bhandari, R. (2013).Open doors 2013 report on international educational exchange. New York: Institute of International Education. Gass, S. M., Behney, J., &Plonsky, L. (2013).Second language acquisition: An introductory course. New York: Routledge. Gass, S.M. &Varonis, E.M. (1994). Input, interaction, and second language production.Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16, 283-302. Levine, G. S. (2003). Student and instructor beliefs and attitudes about target language use, first language use, and anxiety: Report of a questionnaire study. The Modern Language Journal, 87(3), 343-364. Long, M.H. (1996).The Role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition.In W.C. Ritchie & T.K. Bhatia (Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition(pp. 413-468). San Diego: Academic Press. Long, M. & Norris, J.(2009). Task based teaching and assessment. In K.van den Branden, M. Bygate, & J.M Norris. (Eds.) Task-based language teaching: A reader (pp. 135-142). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 57 �Implementing a Listening and Speaking Curriculum in a Linguistically Homogenous English for Academic Purposes Program Mackey, A. (2012). Input, Interaction, and Corrective Feedback in L2 Learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nayar, P.B. (1997). ESL/EFL Dichotomy today: Language politics or pragmatics? TESOL Quarterly, 31(1), 9-37. Pica, T., Young, R., & Doughty, C. (1987).The impact of interaction on comprehension.TESOL Quarterly, 21(4), 737-758. Rao, Z. (2002). Chinese students’ perceptions of communicative and noncommunicative activities in EFL classrooms.System, 30(1), 85-100. Willis, J.R. (2004). Perspectives on task-based instruction: Understanding our practices, acknowledging different practitioners. InB.L. Leaver& J.R. Willis(Eds.) Task-based instruction in foreign language education (pp.3-44). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Yan, K., & Berliner, D. C. (2013).Chinese international students' personal and sociocultural stressors in the United States.Journal of College Student Development, 54(1), 62-84. 58 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2785 Title A name given to the resource Implementing a Listening and Speaking Curriculum in a Linguistically Homogenous English for Academic Purposes Program Author Author Zuraw, Clare J. Abstract A summary of the resource. Linguistic homogeneity in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) programs can be a challenge to curriculum design and implementation. In university EAP programs where the majority of students share an L1 with classmates, instructors sometimes struggle to balance the use of the L1 and L2 in class. Despite the potential for immersion, students in these settings may also socialize primarily in their L1 rather than English, the target language. These factors demand special consideration in courses focused on oral production and comprehension where sustained interaction and negotiation of meaning is crucial. Ninety percent of the students in the Intensive English as a Second Language Program at Michigan Technological University come from China and share an L1. In this context, the classroom provides important opportunities for interaction and negotiation of meaning in the target language. The program recently redesigned, piloted, and evaluated a new curriculum. Using examples from the curriculum and the classroom to present this case, I argue that linguistically homogeneous classrooms focusing on oral and aural communication require different curricula than more diverse EAP settings. Examples from the development and delivery of the new listening and speaking curriculum are potentially applicable in both ESL and EFL settings. Keywords: Curriculum development, EAP, EFL, oral communication, higher education Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed L Education (General),LD Individual institutions (United States)