140 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f57f2b651a91710bef83dfb8f98dc50d.pdf 0f7f435ff3498831fce60557e75eefad PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo IFRS Adoption and Audit LAG: Evidence from Turkey Aslı Türel İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey gunduzay@İstanbul.edu.tr Ahmet Türel İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey aturel@İstanbul.edu.tr Havva Nur Çiftci İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey hnciftci@İstanbul.edu.tr International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption by the European Union is one of the biggest events in the history of financial reporting, making IFRS the most widely accepted financial reporting model in the world. The issue of complexity of IFRS has become a major concern among the preparers of financial statements, directors and auditors. Since IFRS demands detailed disclosures, it requires more effort and time to conduct the audit. Investors need reliable and timely information in order to take correct decisions, and auditing is the process that assures users of the reliability of the financial information that they require. This paper empirically examined whether IFRS adoption would affect audit lag. Also in this paper we investigated the factors (company size, sign of income, opinion, auditor size, sector, gearing, auditor change) that may affect the audit lag. In 2008 listed companies in the İstanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) are required to prepare their financial statements compatible with IFRS adopted by the European Union. Companies that listed in the ISE must submit their separate financial statements within 10 weeks and consolidated financial statements within 14 weeks of the financial yearend. The sample comprises 248 companies listed in the ISE during the period 2007 and 2008. The delays are measured as a function of the number of days that elapse from the closure of the accounting period until the date when the audit report is signed. In 2007, for solo financial th statement preparers 54% of them reported earlier than the expected 69 day after a company’s financial year-end. About 46% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2008, for solo financial statement preparers th 35% of them reported earlier than the expected 67 day after a company’s financial year-end. About 65% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2007, for consolidated financial statement preparers 56% of them 40 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo th reported earlier than the expected 97 day after a company’s financial year-end. About 46% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2008, for consolidated financial statement preparers 49% of them reported earlier th than the expected 95 day after a company’s financial year-end. About 51% of the ISE listed companies reported late. According to our preliminary results there is an increase in audit delay after IFRS adoption both for solo and consolidated financial statements. Keywords: IFRS, Financial Reporting, Audit Lag, Turkey, Timely Reporting. 41 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1483 Title A name given to the resource IFRS Adoption and Audit LAG: Evidence from Turkey Author Author TUREL, Asli TUREL, Ahmet NUR CIFTCI, Havva Abstract A summary of the resource. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption by the European Union is one of the biggest events in the history of financial reporting, making IFRS the most widely accepted financial reporting model in the world. The issue of complexity of IFRS has become a major concern among the preparers of financial statements, directors and auditors. Since IFRS demands detailed disclosures, it requires more effort and time to conduct the audit. Investors need reliable and timely information in order to take correct decisions, and auditing is the process that assures users of the reliability of the financial information that they require. This paper empirically examined whether IFRS adoption would affect audit lag. Also in this paper we investigated the factors (company size, sign of income, opinion, auditor size, sector, gearing, auditor change) that may affect the audit lag. In 2008 listed companies in the İstanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) are required to prepare their financial statements compatible with IFRS adopted by the European Union. Companies that listed in the ISE must submit their separate financial statements within 10 weeks and consolidated financial statements within 14 weeks of the financial yearend. The sample comprises 248 companies listed in the ISE during the period 2007 and 2008. The delays are measured as a function of the number of days that elapse from the closure of the accounting period until the date when the audit report is signed. In 2007, for solo financial statement preparers 54% of them reported earlier than the expected 69th day after a company’s financial year-end. About 46% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2008, for solo financial statement preparers 35% of them reported earlier than the expected 67th day after a company’s financial year-end. About 65% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2007, for consolidated financial statement preparers 56% of them reported earlier than the expected 97th day after a company’s financial year-end. About 46% of the ISE listed companies reported late. In 2008, for consolidated financial statement preparers 49% of them reported earlier than the expected 95th day after a company’s financial year-end. About 51% of the ISE listed companies reported late. According to our preliminary results there is an increase in audit delay after IFRS adoption both for solo and consolidated financial statements. Keywords: IFRS, Financial Reporting, Audit Lag, Turkey, Timely Reporting. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1f70202babf6240f2597e3dae9a42f40.pdf 480b001bc63646c45d4dd57383c97bee PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Ġki Dilli Ortamlarda Türkiye Türkçesinin Öğretimi (Semerkand Örneğinde) Mustafa Çetin International Burch University, Sarajevo Tùrk Dili ve Edebiyatı mcetin@ibu.edu.ba Zeynel Polat Yunus Emre Vakfı, Sarajevo ozbekturk04@hotmail.com Özet:Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin çağdaĢ anlamda yabancı dil olarak ôğretiminin kısa geçmiĢi olmasına rağmen bu alanda çok ciddi geliĢmeler kaydedilmiĢtir. Dùnyadaki değiĢim ve geliĢmeler Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin evrensel ve bilimsel boyutta ôğretimini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin iki dilli ortamlarda ôğretimine bu açıdan yaklaĢılmaktadır. Çok dilli ve çok kùltùrlù bir ortam olan Özbekistan‘ın Semerkand Ģehrinde, Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretimi sùrecinde gôzlemlenen bazı problemler ôrneklerle ortaya konulmuĢtur. Anahtar Sözcükler:Ġkidillilik, Tùrkçenin yabancı dil olarak ôğretimi, Tùrkiye Tùrkçesi. GiriĢ Yabancı dil ôğretiminin giderek ônemli bir alan haline geldiği gôrùlmektedir. 21. Yùzyılla birlikte dùnyada meydana gelen siyasi değiĢim ve globalleĢme yabancı dil ôğretimini, ôğrenimini tetiklemiĢtir. Avrupa Birliği çok kùltùrlùlùğù ve çok dilliliği destekleyen projeler geliĢtirmiĢtir. Dil pasaportu tùm Avrupa ùlkelerinde geçerli olacak Ģekilde standart hale getirilmiĢtir. Avrupa‘da serbest dolaĢım hakkı ve iĢ izni alabilmek için her Avrupa vatandaĢının bu pasaportu yanında taĢıması gerekli olacaktır(Demirel, 2007:24). Bu pasaport çok dilliliği teĢvik eden bir projedir. Siyasi değiĢiklikler neticesinde dağılan Sovyetler Birliğinden bağımsızlığını ilan eden Tùrk Cumhuriyetleri dùnya devletleri arasına katılmıĢtır. Doksanlı yıllarla birlikte Tùrkiye Cumhuriyeti, kardeĢ ve akraba Tùrk Cumhuriyetleri ile diplomatik mùnasebetler kurmuĢ ve her alanda iliĢkileri geliĢtirmiĢtir. KardeĢ devletler arasındaki iletĢimin en ônemli aracını dil teĢkil etmektedir. Onun için ivedilikle karĢılıklı ôğrenci değiĢimleri, okullar açma, ortak komisyonlar kurma faaliyetlerine giriĢilmiĢtir. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin akraba topluluklara ôğretimi gùndeme gelmiĢtir. Bu konuda Tùrkiye Cumhuriyeti hazırlıksız yakalanmıĢtır. Tùrk Lehçelerinin hemen hepsinin kôkeni Tùrkçe olsa da farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Farklılıklar ôzellikle sôzcùk hazinesinde, sôzdiziminde ve fonetikte hatta morfolojide de kendini gôstermektedir. Ġki Tùrk lehçesinin uzun sùren ayrılıkları, farklı dil ve kùltùrlerden etkilenmeleri iki dili birbirine yabancılaĢtırmıĢtır. Tùrk lehçelerinin farklılığına ilk defa KaĢgarlı Mahmut Dîvan ı Løgati‘t Tùrk eserinde değinmiĢtir. Tùrk dili VII. ve VIII. Yùzyıldan baĢlayarak XIII. yùzyıla kadar uzanan dônemde tek yazı dili halinde yaĢamıĢtır. Eski Tùrkçe‘de A.Von Gabain, beĢ farklı ağız tesbit etmiĢtir. Eski Tùrkçe‘den sonraki devrede Tùrkçe Farklı yazı dillerine bôlùnmùĢtùr. Tùrkistan diye adlandırdığımız Orta Asya Tùrk coğrafyası ve toplulukların parçalanarak bùyùk kitleler halinde Hazar denizinin kuzeyinden ve gùneyinden, Kuzey ve Gùney batıya doğru gitmeleri, yeni kùltùr merkezlerinin meydana gelmesi ile birlikte birçok yeni kavramın toplum hayatında yer alması ve yeni yazının kullanılması gibi dıĢ sebepler ile Tùrk‘lerin kendi iç yapılarında meydana gelen tabiî değiĢmeler farklı lehçelerin ve yazı dillerinin ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmuĢtur(Karaôs,2005:38). Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin akraba topluluklara yabancı dil yaklaĢımıyla ôğretilmesini zorunlu kılmıĢtır. Tùrk dili, coğrafi sınırları aĢmıĢ ve daha yaygın bir dil olma ôzelliğini kazanma yoluna girmiĢtir. Tùrkçe, bir dùnya dili olma yolundadır. UNESCO tarafından yapılan bir tesbite gôre, gùnùmùzde Çince 1.200 milyon, Ġngilizce 427 milyon, Ġspanyolca 266 milyon, Hintçe 182 milyon, Urduca 233 milyondur. Bunlardan sonra beĢinci dil, 200 milyon konuĢanı ile Tùrkçedir (Karaôrs, 2005:30). Özellikle dùnyanın farklı coğrafyalarında açılan Tùrk okulları sayesinde Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin evrensel bir değer kazanması onun ôğretiminin de bilimsel ve evrensel bir bakıĢ açısıyla yapılmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin iki dilli ortamlarda ôğretilmesi konusu ônemli gôrùlmektedir. Tùrk Cumhuriyetlerinden olan Özbekistan‘ın 366 366 Özbekistan, 20 Haziran 1990'da egemenliğini, 1 Eylùl 1991'de bağımsızlığını ilan etmiĢtir. 29 Aralık 1991 tarihinde dùzenlenen referandumla bağımsızlık ilanı onaylanmıĢtır. Özbekistan bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra geliĢmiĢ ùlkelerle ôzellikle ekonomik anlamda iliĢkiler kurmuĢtur. Özbekistan zengin yeraltı kaynaklarını dıĢ ùlkelere satma imkânı bulmuĢtur. Özbekistan çok eskiye dayanan kôklù devlet geleneği sayesinde bağımsızlığını kazandıktan kısa sùre sonra Orta Asya'nın gùçlù devleti hâline gelmiĢtir ve gùnùmùzde de Orta Asya liderliği konusunda Kazakistan ile 1373 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Semerkand367 Ģehrinde geçmiĢ yıllarda yaptığımız Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretimi çalıĢmaları iki dilli ortamda Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretimine ôrnek olarak dùĢùnùlmektedir. Ġki dilli ortamlarda Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretiminde karĢılaĢılan problemler ve çôzùm ônerileri Semerkand ôrneğinde değerlendirilecektir. Semerkand, Özbekistan‘ın zengin tarihi ve kùltùrel mirasın bulunduğu, geçmiĢte Timuriler devletinin baĢkentliğini yapmıĢ, çok dilli, çok kùltùrlù, gùzel bir Ģehridir. Semerkand‘da yaĢayanlar arasında Farsça, Rusça ve Tùrkçe (Özbek Tùrkçesi) ana dili seviyesinde bilinmekte ve konuĢulmaktadır. Ġki Dillilik ve Türkiye Türkçesinin Öğretimi YaĢamın herhangi bir evresinde anadilinden baĢka ikinci bir dili bir ôlçùde kullanmaya baĢlayan bir kiĢi ―iki dillilik‖ dônemine girmiĢ sayılmakla birlikte, henùz iki dilliliğin tanımında bir uzlaĢma yoktur. Kimilerine gôre ikinci dilde dinleme, konuĢma, okuma, yazma becerilerinden birini en alt dùzeyde kullanabilen kiĢi; baĢkalarına gôre ise iki ayrı dili, dil iĢlemleri arasında herhangi bir giriĢim / karıĢtırma olmaksızın kullanabilen kiĢi; ya da iki ve daha çok dili, anadili ôlçùsùnde kullanabilen kiĢi iki dilli sayılmaktadır (Demircan, 2005:20). Ġki dillilik, uzun sùre bir kiĢinin ikinci dili kendi anadili kadar rahat konuĢma yetisi olarak kabul edilmiĢtir (Kıran, 2006:277). Ġki dillilik kiĢinin ana dili dıĢında baĢka bir dili de en az bir etkinlik dùzeyinde rahatlıkla kullanabilmesidir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında Semerkand‘daki halkın iki hatta çok dilli olduğu dùĢùnùlmektedir. Dil kùltùrùn taĢıyıcısı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ġki dilli ortamlarda kùltùrùn daha zengin olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Dilsel gôrecelik açısından bakıldığında, Whorf ve Vygotsky‘ye gôre, iki dilliliğin dùĢùnce ùzerinde derin etkisi olduğunu kabul etmek gerekiyor (Demircan, 2005:27). Ancak bu durum toplumsal çok dillilikle ilgili olarak bir artı olarak gôrùlmekle birlikte; dil ôğretimi açısından dùĢùnùldùğùnde bireysel ―dilyetisi‖ ôn plana çıkmaktadır. Bireyin her yeni dili ôğrenirken bazı zorluklarla karĢılaĢtığı gôzlemlenmiĢtir. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin de iki dilli bir ortam olan Semerkand‘da ôğretimi karĢılaĢılan problemler açısından değerlendirilecektir. Bu yolla çok dilli ortamlarda yeni bir dilin yabancı dil mantığıyla ôğretiminin tabiatının araĢtırılmasına katkı sağlanmıĢ olunacaktır. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretimi sùrecinde Semerkand‘da çok dilliliği sağlayan diller ùzerinden bazı tespitler ortaya konulacaktır. Bu çalıĢmada Semerkant Devlet Yabancı Diller Enstitùsù‘de ikinci dil olarak Tùrkiye Tùrkçesini seçen yaklaĢık 150 ôğrencinin ders içi ve ders dıĢı ôğrenme aktiviteleri gôz ônùnde tutularak bunların ôğrenmedeki ve konuĢmadaki problemleri ùzerinde duruldu. Kelime ve cùmleleri Özbek Tùrkçesi ve Tùrkiye Tùrkçesi olarak karĢılaĢtırıp hem benzerliği, hem de etimolojik yapı ile ilgili durumları gôsterildi. Semerkand‘da konuĢulan dillerden biri olan Özbek Tùrkçesi, zamanla meydana gelen lehçeleĢmenin etkisine girmiĢtir. Dilin kullanımı sırasında konuĢurlarında geriye ket vurma, aynı etimolojik kôkù paylaĢma, morfolojik rekabet hâlindedir. Bağımsızlığından gùnùmùze değin devlet baĢkanlığını Ġslam Kerimov yônetmektedir. Bir Tùrk devletidir. Bağımsız Özbekistan'ın 447.400 km2'lik bir yùz ôlçùmù bulunmaktadır. Özbekistan; Kazakistan, Tacikistan, Afganistan, Kırgızistan ve Tùrkmenistan'a komĢudur. BaĢkenti TaĢkent'tir. 2009 yılında nùfusu (tahminî) 27.488.000‘dir. http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zbekistan/07.04.2011, saat 11:40. 367 Özbekistan'ın gùney kesiminde kent. ZeravĢan ırmağının vadisinde, TaĢkent'in 275 km gùneybatısında yeralan Semerkand'ın nùfusu 566,000'dir. Önemli bir sanayi ve ôğretim merkezi olan kent, Timur dôneminden kalma tarihsel anıtlarıyla çok sayıda turist de çekmektedir. Semerkand sôzù eski Farsça'da asmara: "taĢ", "kaya" ve Soğdça kand: "kent", "kale" birleĢmesinden gelir. Dùnyanın en eski Ģehirlerinden biri olan Semerkand, antik Yunanlıların Marakanda (eski Yunanca: Μαράκανδα) isminde tanıdığı, M.Ö. 14. yùzyıllarında ZeravĢan'nın (Yunanca: Polytimetos) verimli ovasında bir vaha Ģehri Persler tarıfından kurulmuĢ ve uzun sùre AhameniĢ Ġmparatorluğu'nda ônemli bir rol oynamıĢtır. Eskiçağ'da Soğdlar'ın yaĢadığı, M.Ö. 329'da Bùyùk Ġskender tarafından alınmĢtır. Semerkand 6. yùzyılda bir Tùrk Yabguların etki alanları içindeydi. Ġpek Yolu'nun ônemli bir kavĢağında kurulan kent, tarih boyunca gezginlerin uğrak noktası olmuĢtur. 14-15. yy'ların Semerkand'ın altın dônemi olarak kabul edilir. 1499 yılı içinde Özbek Tùrkleri Semerkant'ı kontrolùne aldı. ġiban sùlâlesi Özbeklere burada veya yaklaĢık olarak bu zamanda liderlik yaptığı gôrùlùr. 1784 yılında Semerkand Buhara emiri'nin buyuruğuna girmiĢtir. Semerkand, 1868'de Ruslara geçerek Tùrkistan'a bağlandı. 1924'ten 1930'a kadar Özbekistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti'nin baĢkenti oldu. Semerkand'ta Ġslâm Mimarisinin en gùzel ôrnekleri bulunur. ġehir UNESCO Dùnya Miras Alanları Listesine eklemiĢtir. Registan antik Semerkand'tın kalbidir. Anlamı "Kumlu yer" demektir. http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semerkand/07.04.2011, saat 12:00. 1374 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo açıdan ufak tefek farklılıklarla kullanılan bazı kelimelerin ÇağdaĢ Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretiminde birtakım karıĢıklıklara sebep olduğu gôzlenmiĢtir. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesi‘nin ôğretilmesinde hedef kitle, bu dili konuĢtuğunu zanneder, gerçekte kelime benzerliği sebebiyle Özbek Tùrkçesini kullanmakta olduğunun farkına varamamaktadır. Bu husus dil ôğretiminde tamamen farklı aileden gelen bir dili ôğrenmekten daha zordur. Ayrıca, fazla zaman isteyen bir çalıĢmayı beraberinde getirmektedir. Özbekistan‘ın ikinci bùyùk Ģehri olan Semerkant‘ta Tùrkiye Tùrkçesi‘nin ôğretiminde etimolojik, morfolojik ortaklık ve Tùrk dilleri arasında sesteĢ sôzcùk ve sôzcùk guruplarının varlığı Tùrkiye Tùrkçesini ôğrenmeyi, konuĢmayı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bunların bazılarına sırasıyla değinilecektir. A) Fonetik Açıdan Gözlemlenen Problemler: 1.Ses DeğiĢmeleri:“k----g”, “t----d”, “i----ı”, “o----e”, “a----e”, “o----a”, “u----o”, “q-g----k” ses değiĢmelerinin yol açtığı yanlıĢlar ôzellikle konuĢmalarda hisedilmektedir. Örneğin: ―keldi--geldi‖, ―til---dil‖, ―ilik---ılık‖ vb. 2.Kiril Alfabesi‘nden Latin Alfabesi‘ne Geçerken Harflerin OkunuĢunda ve YazılıĢında Meydana Gelen DeğiĢiklikler: Dili ôğrenen hedef kitlenin yazma çalıĢmasında en çok karĢılaĢılan sorunların baĢında gelmektedir. “ç----ch”, “Ģ---sh”, “ ö---o’ ”, “c----j,dj”, “e----e (okunuĢu (ye)”, “ı---i” 3.Ses ArtıĢı: Dilin doğal iĢleyiĢinde normal bir hadise olan ses ikilemeleri, çift ùnsùzlerin tekleĢmesi, ses değiĢimi, kelime baĢında ve sonunda ses değiĢimleri ùzerinde durulmuĢtur. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesi, hem saha, hem de geçirdiği evreler sebebiyle birçok ses değiĢikliğine uğramıĢtır. Bu hadise dilin tekamùlù sùresi içinde normal bir hadisedir. 4.Sert Sessiz Harflerin BenzeĢmesi Hadisesi (Progresif Asimilasyon): Kelime içindeki bir sesin, niteliği veya boğumlanma noktası bakımından yanyana veya aralıklı duran bir baĢka sesle benzer veya eĢ duruma getirilmesi olayıdır. ―gitti---ketdi‖, ―uçtu---uçdi‖ 5.Metatez Hadisesi: Kelime içindeki komĢu veya uzak seslerin yer değiĢtirmesi olayıdır. (CoĢkun, 2000:26) ―yomg‘ır---yağmur‖, ―qo’shni < koshni < komĢi < komĢu‖ 6.Bağların düĢmesi Hadisesi: Kelimenin aslının kullanılması ile gùnùmùzdeki kullanılıĢı arasında yakın benzerlikten kaynaklanan geriye ket vurmayı gôsterir. Dili ôğrenen kiĢi ya da hedef kitle eski Tùrkçe metinleri okuduğunda bu kùçùk gibi gôrùnen hadisenin farkına varamamaktadır. ―küçücük---kichik + gina < kichikkina < kichkina”, “ aheste, yavaĢ<asta< (Farsça ohista)” B) EĢ Değerlerin Yorumlanmasına Dayalı Problemler: Tùrk lehçeleri arasında kôken birliğinden ve ses değiĢmelerinden kaynaklanan anlam ve anlatım değeri eĢ ya da çok yakın olan sôzcùkler vardır. Bu sôzcùklerle karĢılaĢan hedef kitle kendi ana diliyle benzerliğin olduğunu gôrùnce bazı ôn yargılar geliĢtirmektedir. Örneğin: Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinde karĢılaĢtığı ―ana‖ ile Özbek Tùrkçesindeki ―åna‖ sôzcùklerine bakarak bu diller aynıdır. O halde; ‗Tùrkiye Tùrkçesi bir yabancı dil değildir‘ dùĢùncesi geliĢmektedir. Elbette bunun kısmen doğruluk payı vardır. Ancak, bu iki dil arasında azımsanmayacak farklılıklar da tespit edilmiĢtir. Buna bağlı olarak ôğrencilerin metin aktarmalarında ciddi hatalar yaptıkları tespit edilmiĢtir. EĢ değerlerin Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretimine elbette olumlu katkıları da olmaktadır. Örneğin: Rusça ve Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinde eĢ değer olan ―viĢne‖ ve benzer sôzcùklerden dolayı ôğrenci bu dillerin ve bu dilleri konuĢan halkların kùltùrel etkileĢimde bulunduklarını anlayabilmektedir. Bu da ôğretimde ilgi uyandırmaktadır. 1375 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Öğrencilerin motivasyonu dillerdeki eĢ değer sôzcùkler tespit edilip ôğrencilere verilerek sağlanmalıdır. C) SesteĢ(Yalancı EĢ Değerler) Sözcüklere Dayalı Problemler: Yalancı eĢ değerlerin bùtùn diller arasında bulunduğu ortaya konulmuĢtur. Yalancı eĢ değerler kôken birliği olan diller arasında ses değiĢmelerine, anlam değiĢmelerine bağlı olarak oluĢmaktadır. Ayrıca, yabancı dillerden ôdùnçlemeler yoluyla da yalancı eĢ değerler meydana gelmektedir. Aslında hiçbir dilde eĢ değer yoktur. Çùnkù sôzcùklerin anlatım ya da kavram dùzeyinde mutlaka dilden dile farklılıklar gôsterdikleri gôrùlmùĢtùr. O halde diller arasındaki eĢ değerlere de yalancı eĢ değerler denmesi yanlıĢ olmaz. Yalancı eĢ değerlere ôzellikle akraba diller arasında sıkça rastlanılmaktadır.Yalancı eĢ değerler Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretiminde ôğrenciler tarafından yapılan ônemli hatalara sebep olmaktadır. Öncelikle eĢ değerlere benzemeleri yanlıĢ ôn yargıların geliĢtirilmesine sebep olmaktadır. Bu da metin aktarmalarında hatalar oluĢmakta ve sôzcùklerin anlatım, kavram dùzeyinde algılama zorluklarına neden olmaktadır. Öğrenci kendi ana dili ile hedef dili eĢ değer gôrmektedir. AĢağıda yalancı eĢ değerlere bazı ôrnekler verilmiĢtir. Türkçe Dede:çocuğun babasının babası Çirkin: gùzel olmayan, gùzel gôrùnmeyen, estetik olmayan) Kol: insan vùcudunun omuzdan parmak uçlarına kadar olan kısmı TaĢlamak:taĢa tutmak, taĢ atmak Hala: babanın kız kardeĢi Zor : kolay olmayan Hafız: Kur‘an-ı Kerim‘i ezberleyen kiĢi Burçak: tahıllardan bir çeĢit HoĢ: hoĢa giden, gùzel olan, ruhu okĢayan YaĢar: geniĢ zamanda hayatına devam eder anlamında Özbekçe Dädä: Çocuğun babası, Chirkin: kirli, temiz olmayan Qo‘l: parmak ucu ve bilek arasındaki kısım, el Tashlamoq:gerekmez bir Ģeyi bir bırakmak, atmak kullanmamak Xola: annenin kız kardeĢi Z‘or: gùçlù,harikulade, mùkemmel Hofiz: Ģarkıcı Burchak: açı, kenar H‘osh: peki, evet kôĢeye Yashar: yaĢında D) Eklerden Kaynaklanan Problemler: 1.Hal Ekleri: Tùrkçe‘deki bulunma hâli olan “-de, -da, -te,- ta” eklerinin yônelme ekleri olan “-a, -e, ya, -ye” ile karıĢtırılması Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretiminde sıkıntılara sebep olmaktadır. Bu sorun genelde ana dili Tacikçe olan ôğrencilerde gôzlemlenmiĢtir. KonuĢucu hep ana diline çevirme gereksinimi duyar. Kendi ana dilinin sôzlùksel ve anlamsal yapısını ôğrendiği dile uygulamaya çalıĢır(Kıran, 2006:278). Bu yanlıĢlık ôğrencilerin dilbilgisel Ģekilleri kavramasını zorlaĢtırmaktadır. Özbekçe‘de de bulunma hali -dä eki ile yapılır. Koldä (elde) vb. bunun yapılıĢı sırasında araya ―n‖ girmez. (Ercilasun, 1991: 1077) Tacikçe‘de (–ba) eki hem ―–e hali(yönelme)”, hem de ― –de(bulunma)” hali olarak kullanıldığından ôğrenci tarafından karıĢtırılmaktadır. Türkçe Eve gidiyorum. Tacikçe xonaba merem. O evdedir. inkas xonaba. Ben Ģimdi iĢteyim. man hoz‘r korba. 2. ―mi‖ Soru Ekinin Yazımı: Burada ―mi‖ soru edatının daha çok ayrı ve bitiĢik yazılmasında gôrùlen yanlıĢlıklar yapılmaktadır. 1376 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Türkçe ―Bizim eve gelecek misiniz?‖ “Mergilan‘dan bulunmayan kurtuluĢ, TaĢkent‘ten mi bulunsun?” Özbekçe ―Bizning uyimizga kela olasızmı?” ―Marğilondan topilmagan najot Toshkanddan topilsinmi? ‖ (Qodiriy,2000:80) 3.Ġyelik ve ġahıs Eklerinin Yazımı: Burada daha çok Özbek ôğrencilerin yaptıkları hatalarla karĢılaĢılmaktadır. Tùrkçedeki b<m ses değiĢmesinden kaynaklanan yanlıĢlar gôze çarpmaktadır. ―Ben‖ yerine ―Män‖ kullanılmaktadır. ―Mendan ham siz Yahshi bilasiz.‖ (Qodiriy,2000:338) ―Siz, benden daha iyi bilirsiniz.‖ 4.ġimdiki Zaman Ekinin Ġstek Kipi ile KarıĢtırılması: Aslında ―–yäp‖, ―(ä) yátir‖, ―-mákdä‖ ekleri ve ―turmåk‖, ―otirmåk‖, ―yürmåk‖, ―yátmåk‖ yardımcı filleri ile de Ģimdiki zaman yapılır. (Ercilasun, 1991:1080) Ama burada konuĢurun en sık kullandığı ―–a‖ ile Ģimdiki zaman yapılıĢı ùzerinde duruldu. Bu kullanımın istek kipi ile karıĢtırılması gôrùlmektedir. Türkçe ―yaz-ar-ım‖, ―yaz-ıyor-um‖ Özbekçe ―yoz-a-man‖ 5.Sıfat Fiil Ekleri: Tùrkiye Tùrkçesi‘nde bulunan sıfat fiil eklerinin (-An, -AsI, mAz, -Ar, -DIk, -AcAk, -mIĢ ) kullanımında, benzerlik sebebi ile meydana gelen sorunlar. Özellikle ―-an, -en‖ ekinin kullanımında hatalar yapılmaktadır. Türkçe ―Benim yazdığım mektup‖ ―Kôtùleyen birisi olması lazım.‖ Özbekçe ―Mening yozgan xatim‖ ―Kimdir yåmonlagan bulish kerak.‖ (Öztùrk, 1997:184) Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinde “yazan” olarak kullanıldığında, asıl anlatılmak istenen “yazdığım” ifadesidir. 6.Sıra Sayı Sıfatlarının YazılıĢı ve SöyleniĢi: Asıl sayılara –(i)nçi eki getirilerek yapılır. ―bir-inçi‖ (Ercilasun,2007:316) vs. Bu konuda yapılan hatalar imla ve noktalama hatası olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Sıra sayı sıfatını gôsteren “-IncI” eki Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinde (.) ile gôsterilirken, Özbekçede (-) ile gôsterilmektedir. Türkçe ―Benim oğlum 2. (ikinci)sınıfta okuyor‖ ―ġubat ayının 28. gùnù gelecekler.‖ Özbekçe ―Mening o‘ğlim 2-(ikkinçi) sinifda o‘qiydi‖ ―28-chi Fevral kùnù keledilar.‖ 7.Gün ve Ay Ġsimlerinin YazılıĢı: Bu da imla ve noktalama yanlıĢlıkları içerisinde değerlendirilmektedir. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinde belli bir gùnù gôsteren tarihte ay ve gùn isimleri bùyùk yazılırken Özbekçe‘de kùçùk yazılır. Yazılı anlatımlarda Tùrkiye Tùrkçesindeki Ģeklini yerleĢtirmek zaman almaktadır. Türkçe 10 Nisan 2011 Özbekçe 10 aprel 2011 8.ĠĢaret Zamirlerinin Benzerliği ve Farklı Tarafları : Dili kullanan ya da ôğrenen hedef kitle tarafından nesnelerin gôsterimi Özbekçede yakın olan bir nesne için ―shu‖ (Ģu) zamiriyle; Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinde yakın olan nesneyi gôstermek için ―bu‖ iĢaret zamiri kullanılır. Biraz daha uzakta olan bir nesneyi gôstermek için de ―Ģu‖ zamiri kullanılmaktadır. Bu iĢletim, yazma ve konuĢmada sorunların çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. 1377 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Türkçe ―Buradayım.‖ ―Bugùn sınav var.‖ dùğùn yapmak kolay mı? ‖ Özbekçe ―shu yerdaman‖ ―shu kun egzamen bor‖ ―To‘y qilish osonmi shu zamonda‖ (Hoshimov,2008:119) ―Bu zamanda Sonuç Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin yabancı dil olarak ôğretiminin geçmiĢi çok eskiye dayanmamaktadır. Buna rağmen ôzellikle son yirmi yılda bùyùk geliĢme gôstermiĢtir. Dùnyada iki yùz civarındaki ùlkede Tùrkiye Tùrkçesi ôğretilmektedir. Bugùn yùz elliye yakın ùlkenin katılımıyla Tùrkçe Olimpiyatları yapılmaktadır. GloballeĢen dùnyada Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin çok dilli toplumlarda da ôğretiminin yapılması kaçınılmaz hale gelmiĢtir. Bu çalıĢmada ortaya konulan değerlendirmelerin Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretimi çalıĢmalarına ıĢık tutması umulmaktadır. 19.yy‘da yapılan dil tipolojileri dùĢùnùldùğùnde bugùn dillerin çok dilli ve çok kùltùrlù ortamlarda ôğretilmesi dil tipolojilerinin daha reel ve daha somut olarak ortaya çıkmasını sağladığı dùĢùnùlmektedir. References CoĢkun,V.(2000),Özbek Tùrkçesi Grameri, Ankara. Demircan, Ö.(2005), Yabancı –Dil Öğretim Yôntemleri, Der yayınları, Ġstanbul. Demirel, Ö.(2007), Yabancı Dil Öğretimi, Pegem Akademi yayınevi, Ankara. Ercilasun, A.Bican(1991), KarĢılaĢtırmalı Tùrk Lehçeleri Sôzlùğù, Kùltùr Bakanlığı, Ankara. Ercilasun, A.Bican ve diğerleri(2007), Tùrk Lehçeleri Grameri, Akçağ Yay. Ankara. Hoshimov, O‘tkir(2008), Dunyoning Ġshlari, Sharq Nashriyot-Matbaa, Aksiyodarlik Kompaniyasi, Bosh Tahririyati,Toshkent. Kıran, Z.,Kıran A.(2006), Dilbilime GiriĢ,Seçkin yayınları, Ankara. Komisyon(1997), Özbekçe-Tùrkçe ve Tùrkçe-Özbekçe Ġzahlı Sôzlùk,TaĢkent. Komisyon(1997), O‘zbek Hikoyalari Antologiyasi, Sharq Nashriyot-Matbaa, Aksiyodarlik Kompaniyasi, Bosh Tahririyati,Toshkent. Qodiriy, A.(2000) O‘tkan Kunlar (XX. Asr O‘zbek Romani), ġarq Nashriyot-Matbaa Kontserni Bosh Tahririyati,Toshkent. Shoabdurahmonov, Sh.,Reshadov, V.(1978), O‘zbek Dialektologiyası, Toshkent. Ubeydullayev, A.(1996), O‘zbek Tilining Asosiy Ġmlo Qoidaları, Samarqand. 1378 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 689 Title A name given to the resource İki Dilli Ortamlarda Türkiye Türkçesinin Öğretimi (Semerkand Örneğinde) Author Author ÇETİN, Mustafa POLAT, Zeynel Abstract A summary of the resource. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin çağdaĢ anlamda yabancı dil olarak ôğretiminin kısa geçmiĢi olmasına rağmen bu alanda çok ciddi geliĢmeler kaydedilmiĢtir. Dùnyadaki değiĢim ve geliĢmeler Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin evrensel ve bilimsel boyutta ôğretimini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin iki dilli ortamlarda ôğretimine bu açıdan yaklaĢılmaktadır. Çok dilli ve çok kùltùrlù bir ortam olan Özbekistan‘ın Semerkand Ģehrinde, Tùrkiye Tùrkçesinin ôğretimi sùrecinde gôzlemlenen bazı problemler ôrneklerle ortaya konulmuĢtur. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 775 Title A name given to the resource İki Dilli Türk Öğrencilerin Ürettikleri Metinlerde Görülen Bir Sözcüksel Bağdaşıklık Sorunu - İsim Tamlamaları Author Author İnce, Bekir Özcan, Erdal Abstract A summary of the resource. Metin dilbilim, metinlerin yapısını, anlamını, metni oluşturan öğelerin birbirleriyle ve metinle olan ilişkilerini başka bir deyişle metnin metin olma özelliklerini gerek dilsel gerekse dil dışı etkenler çerçevesinde irdeleyen bilimdir. Dilsel etkenler açısından bir metnin doğru kurgulanmış ve anlamlandırılmış bir metin olabilmesi bağdaşıklık özelliğine sahip olmasıyla yakından ilgilidir. Bir metnin anlamlı bir metin olabilmesi, metinde geçen sözcükler arasında belirli bir mantık çerçevesinde kurulmuş anlamsal bir ilişki olmasıyla ve sözcüklerin dizilişinde yapıya ilişkin birtakım kurallar silsilesine uyulmuş olmasıyla yakından ilgilidir. Çeşitli türdeki sözcüksel girdilerin seçimi, bir metnin metinselliğine katkıda bulunur (Abushihab, 2008). Sözcüksel bağdaşıklıkla ilgili olarak, yazarlar metinlerde anlamsal veya sözcüksel diziler yaratırlar ve söz konusu diziler bir binayı ayakta tutan tuğlalar gibi işlev görürler (a.e.). Tamlamalar ise kurdukları iyelik, ilgi, benzerlik, nitelik gibi bildirimler nedeniyle metnin bağdaşıklığında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Demir’e göre Çağdaş dilbilim, kelimelerin ve kelime gruplarının sadece biçimsel boyutu ile değil, daha çok bunların bağlam içinde ürettiği anlam ile de ilgilenmektedir (Demir, 2007:27). Dolayısıyla isim tamlamalarının anlam boyutu metindilibilim çalışmalarında ele alınması gereken önemli bir konu olarak karşmıza çıkmaktadır. Öte yandan Avrupada yaşayan iki dilli Türk öğrencilerinin kendilerini anadilleri Türkçede ifade ederken sözlü ve yazılı dili kullanma bağlamında ciddi sorunlar yaşadıkları öteden beri bilinen bir gerçektir (İnce, 2011; Akıncı, 2007). Sözcüksel bağdaşıklık iki dilli öğrencilerin dil ve metin edinçlerine etki eden önemli bir etkendir. Bu çalışma, iki dilli Türk öğrencilerin ürettikleri metinlerde görülen bazı dil yanlışlarının sözcüksel bağdaşıklık boyutuyla incelenmesini ve inceleme sonucunda elde edilen verilerden hareketle anadili eğitimi politikaları ile ilgili bazı öneriler sunulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Betimsel nitelik taşıyan bu çalışmada veriler doküman incelemesi yöntemi ile toplanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında öğrencilere kısa bir video film izlettirilmiş ve öğrencilerden izledikleri filmde geçen olaylarla ilgili açıklayıcı ve öyküleyici türde metinler oluşturmaları istenmiştir. Çalışmanın evrenini Avrupada yaşayan iki dilli Türk öğrencileri, örneklemini ise Fransa/Paris’te öğrenimlerine devam eden ilköğretim seviyesindeki yaklaşık 30 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; iki dilli Türk öğrencilerin sözcüksel bağdaşıklık bağlamında isim tamlamaları oluşturmada bir sıkıntı yaşadıkları ve verilmekte olan anadili eğitiminde bu durumun göz önünde bulundurulması gerektiği söylenebilir. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-04 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6fde60b867afe274e542f2c13b5caf4b.docx 8bec028652419910a9751c678634afa0 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b937cba5d07314604b0136b27f28585e.pdf d6970cb4fbe33af7ba411a733f747816 PDF Text Text İKİNCİ YENİ ŞİİRİNİN ÜSLUBUNA BİR GEREKÇE OLARAK “İNSAN” Orhan SARIKAYA İstanbul Üniversitesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı, İstanbul / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: İkinci Yeni, modernizm, birey, kentleşme, kapitalistleşme. ÖZET Kimi eleştirmenler İkinci Yeni şiir hareketinin üslubunu “muğlâklıktan kapalılığa, absürd ve saçmadan anlamsızlığa” kadar bir yığın sözle tenkit ederken; edebi metne yaklaşım biçimi açısından en temel unsurlardan birisi olan: “ şairler kendilerini yazarlar, yaşadıkları devirde devraldıkları malzemeden” kaidesini ıskalamışlar veya görmek istememişlerdir. İşte biz bu çalışmada deformasyon, sapmalar ve yoğun metinler arası göndermelerle okuyucudan çok ciddi bir gayret ve kültürel birikim isteyen İkinci Yeni şiir hareketinin üslubuna bir gerekçe olarak yaşadıkları devrin netice verdiği “insan” ön plana çıkarılacaktır. Bunu yaparken öncelikle İkinci Yeni’nin etkin olduğu 1950-60 yılları arasında Türk toplumunun sosyolojik durumun özetlenecek, sonrasında şairlerin gerek düzyazılarından gerekse şiirlerinden örneklerle savı destekleme yoluna gidilecektir. � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/caed8e1864bdb6982684d953911bdb05.doc 7607b7cb186f08f1a9a025262a2a7d1d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d2ec54c295067646c70f15ddb83cb37d.pdf 572205c69d4583d0a59a54077bbc2d67 PDF Text Text İKİNCİ YENİ ŞİİRİNİN ÜSLUBUNA BİR GEREKÇE OLARAK “İNSAN” 1 ÖZET Kimi eleştirmenler İkinci Yeni şiir hareketinin üslubunu “muğlaklıktan kapalılığa, absürd ve saçmadan anlamsızlığa” kadar bir yığın sözle tenkit ederken; edebi metne yaklaşım biçimi açısından en temel unsurlardan birisi olan: “ şairler kendilerini yazarlar, yaşadıkları devirde devraldıkları malzemeden” kaidesini ıskalamışlar veya görmek istememişlerdir. İşte biz bu çalışmamızda deformasyon, sapmalar ve yoğun metinler arası göndermelerle okuyucudan çok ciddi bir gayret ve kültürel birikim isteyen İkinci Yeni şiir hareketinin üslubuna bir gerekçe olarak yaşadıkları devrin netice verdiği “insan”ı ön plana çıkaracağız. Bunu yaparken öncelikle İkinci Yeni‟nin etkin olduğu 1950-60 yılları arasında Türk toplumunun sosyolojik durumunu özetleyeceğiz, sonrasında şairlerin gerek düzyazılarından gerekse şiirlerinden örneklerle savımızı destekleme yoluna gideceğiz. Anahtar kelimeler: İkinci Yeni, modernizm, birey, kentleşme, kapitalistleşme. ABSTRACT HUMAN IN SECOND NEW POEM AS A EXPLANATION TO ITS WORDING While the wording of the second new poem movement is criticised with words like shallow, complicated and unnecessary, the main fact of approach to literary work “ The poet is effected by his time and life.” is ignored. In this study we will emphasize “human” effected by poets time and life experience as a theme in wording of second new poem movement requires cultural experiences by refering example works. While we are doing this we will explain the sociologic state of Turkey in 1950-1960(the period that the mentioned fact is very popular) and support the study with example works of poets‟. Key words: New Second Poem, Modernism, İndividual, Urbanization, Capitalization. 1 İstanbul Üniversitesi, Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı, osarikaya@istanbul.edu.tr �GİRİŞ Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, klasik edebiyatımızın insana bakışındaki köklü değişimi, ideal olandan reel olana geçişi, bir anektodla anlatır (Tanpınar, 1982: 92): Ona göre Keçecizade İzzet Molla‟nın Keşan‟a “sürgün”ü esnasında atlı arabanın aynasından kendisine “ben” merkezli bakışı ve bunu bir haber değeri olarak anlatışı; “edebiyatımızda insan psikolojisine kesin, net ve realist bir tavırla yaklaşımın ilk belirtileridir”. (Korkmaz, 2000: 92) Edebiyatımızda bir tekamül olarak ortaya çıkan bu yaklaşım şekli, Tanzimat dönemi edebiyatının sosyal muhtevaları arasında yeniden kaybolmuştur. Servet-i Fünun‟da insan, santimental görünümler eşliğinde negatif değerlerle yüklü bir şekilde ele alınmış; Milli mücadele ve onu takip eden yıllarda sosyal ve siyasi zorunlukllar neticesiyle “insan” bir kere daha idealizme kurban edilmiştir. Garip hareketinde insan, maişet ve günü kurtarma derdinde sıradan ve basite indirgenmiş şekliyle ele alınmış; sosyal gerçeçiler ise insana toplumsal bir birim olarak bakmışlardır. İkinci Yeni şiiriyledir ki “ben” dediğimiz birey, modern insan, salt gerçekçi bir tutumla ve bütün görünümleriyle Türk şiirinde kendisine yer bulmuştur. 1. İkinci Yeni Şiirinin Ortaya Çıktığı Sosyal Zemin İkinci Yeni, eleştirmenler ve araştırmacılar tarafından ele alınırken genellikle “sözcüklerin çarpıtılmasından, yeni söz dizimlerinin belirmesinden, imgelerin özerkleşmesinden, alışılmamışa ve paradoksa düşkünlükten, anlam gezinmeleri ve dalgalanmalarından”, yani bir üslup değişmesinden, bir teknik farklılaşmadan bahsedilmiş; hatta sosyolojik kökenli bir soru olan “İkinci Yeni‟yi neyin getirdiği” sorusu bir önceki teknik tanımlamayı da bastırmıştır. Ancak “akımın yeni bir insan anlayışı ve önerisi” (Koçak, 2011: 12) getirdiği üzerinde yeterince durulmamıştır. Oysaki: “İkinci Yeni‟yi tanımlama çabası aynı zamanda modern hayatın içindeki insanı tanımlama çabasıdır. İkinci Yeni, klasik şiir anlayışlarının dışında, Türk şiirinin kaçınılamaz uğraklarından biri olmasının ötesinde, bir yanıyla modern hayatın içinde olsa da, diğer yanıyla ona karşı bir duruş geliştirme çabasındaki insanın şiiridir.” (Altıyaprak, 2008: 3) Modern yaşam koşulları 1950‟lerden itibaren kentleşme ve kapitalistleşme gibi olgularla birlikte özellikle büyük şehirlerimizde kendisini göstermeye başlamıştır. Köyden kente, cemaatten bireye doğru büyük bir değişim süreci içerisine girilmesiyle birlikte, modern yaşam koşullarının bireyde meydana getirdiği kültürel ikilemlerin ve değerler arası çatışmaların çıkması, kentteki çarpık ve yapay ilişkiler, tekdüze yaşam biçimi, doğadan kopukluk gibi yıpratıcı etkiler ortaya çıkarmıştır. �Sosyolojik anlamdaki bu köklü değişim, ilk olarak organik duyarlılığı çok yüksek olan şiirde kendisine yer bulmuştur. Bu dönemde modern şiir dili bakımından, büyük bir gelişim ve değişime öncülük eden İkinci Yeni şiiri, kent yaşamı ve modernitenin sancılarıyla yeni yeni karşılaşmaya başlayan modern insanın da görünümlerini kendisine mesele edinmiştir. Ancak İkinci Yeni neredeyse gündeme geldiği her ortamda bu tematik tutumundan çok, şiir dili ve biçiminde meydana getirdiği, deformasyon ve sapmalar, özerkleştirilen imgeler, yeni söz dizimleri, anlamı örten sayıklar bir dil gibi radikal değişiklikler noktasında konu edilmiş; son tahlilde zamanın biçimi olan şiirin arka planında bir dönemin ve düşünme sistematiğinin ögelerini barındırdığı gerçeği çoğu zaman hesap edilmemiştir. Bu gerçek hesap edildiğinde 20. yüzyıl modernitesinin ifadesini sanatsal alanda bulduğu ve modern sanatın aynı zamanda modern dönemin eleştirisini de yüklendiği görülecektir. Bu yönüyle İkinci Yeni şairleri modern sanatın imkanlarını şiirlerine taşırken, modern yaşam koşullarına karşı direnme gücü ortaya koymaya çalışan bireyin şiirini de yazmışlardır. Şiirlerini yazarken yukarıda vurguladığımız avant-garde tutumları eleştirmenler tarafından “züppelik”le nitelendirilmelerine yol açmış, bu tutumlarının altında toplumda oluşturulan izole durumu aşma çabaları; kapitalist düzene tepki olarak etik bir duyarlılıkla kendi içine kapanan şiirlerinin gerçeği görmezlikten gelinmiştir. 2. Bir Günah Çıkartma Çabası Ya da Anlaşıl-a-mayanın İzahı İkinci Yeni şairleri gerek yazılarında gerekse vermiş oldukları röportajlarda şiir dili ve üslubunda meydana getirdikleri radikal değişikliklerin izahına girişimişler; eleştirmenler tarafından tenkide tabii tutuldukları noktaların gerekçelerini ortaya koymuşlardır. Özellikle Turgut Uyar, Edip Cansever, poetik düşüncelerini ortaya koydukları yazılar ve söyleşiler de; şiirlerinde modern yaşam koşulları karşısındaki insanın trajedisini temel aldıklarını açıkça ifade etmişlerdir. Bir söyleşide Tomris Uyar‟ın “İkinci Yeni ile ilk olarak insanın, o insan “küçük” de olsa –ne demekse o- bir birey kimliğiyle trajedisi işlenmeye başlıyor.” sözüne, Edip Cansever: “Önemli olan “küçük” olsun “büyük” olsun, insanın trajedisine geçmek, birey olarak ve toplum içindeki konumuna göre trajiğini yakalamak.” (Uyar, 2009: 546) sözleriyle karşılık vermiştir. Turgut Uyar, İkinci Yeni‟nin amacının, çağın karmaşasını dile getirmek olduğunu, şiirden vazgeçilmek pahasına en iyi anlatmak nasıl mümkünse onu denediklerini, “mısra döktürmeye” vakitlerinin olmadığını söyler. Yani [İkinci Yeni] “biçimi içeriğe değil, içeriği biçime akıtmak istiyor, üstelik (…)bireyin varoluş biçimlerini sorgulama sürecinde” biçimsel kaygıları da bir tarafa bırakmayı göze alabiliyordu.” (Gümüş, 2010: 80) Aynı paralelde Cansever‟in görüşleri de bu iddiayı güçlendirmektedir. “Öyle sanıyorum ki, bizim kuşağımız �bunu –iyi vitrin şiiri yazmayı- aramadı, şiirde bireyin dramını ele alarak geliştirmek, çeşitlendirmek istedi.” (Uyar, 2009: 546) Çağın karmaşası karşısında gittikçe eriyen bir insan vardır. Bu insanın mutlu olabilmesi sadece ekonomik ve toplumsal koşullar “determinisme” bağlı değildir. Toplumbirey çatışması güncelliğini korumakta ise de, meseleye bir “statistique” meselesi diye bakılmamakta, yaşantının büyük ölçüde şiire karışmasından ötürü, hem tek insan, bir “bütün” olarak değer bulmaktadır. (Uyar, 2009: 546) Kim olursa olsun bireyin birey olarak, bir bütün olarak ele alınmasına ve değer verilmesine Turgut Uyar, ciddiyetle yaklaşmıştır. “Vaiz Sokak” adlı yazısında bu ciddiyete delil olabilecek şu sözleri sarfetmiştir:“Abacı Aralığı‟nın bir altı Aktar Kerim Sokağı (şimdi yok). İnsanın inanacağı gelmiyor! Bu dünyada Kerim adlı bir aktar yaşasın ve iyiliğinden midir, kötülüğünden midir, bir sokak onun olsun..” (Uyar, 2009: 546) Cansever, İkinci Yeni‟yle ilgili bir soruşturmaya verdiği yanıtta, İkinci Yeni‟yi şu şekilde tanımlamıştır: “Dıştan bakılan, yalınlaştırılmış, hatta basite indirgenmiş 'küçük insan'dan 'insan'a, insanın karmaşık yapısına, onun aynı zamanda toplumun bir birimi olmasına karşın bireyliğine de ağırlık verme girişimidir benim genel anlayışım". (Cansever, 2008:256) Turgut Uyar‟ın “Çıkmazın Güzelliği” başlıklı yazısı, şiirin ve insanın kaderini birbirine bağlamasının yanında, çağın bu olumsuz görüntüsünün aslında şiire ve insana bir fırsat olduğunu da vurgulamaktadır:“Evet şiir çıkmazda. Çünkü insan çıkmazda. Ama bütün sorun bir çıkmazın bilincine varmakta. Şiirin çıkmazda olmadığını düşünenlerden yana değiliz. Çünkü bu çıkmaz; bilince, bilgiye, uygunluğa, çağdaş şiire ve insana yeni bir imkândır.” (Uyar, 2009: 546) Cemal Süreya ve Edip Cansever‟de benzer yaklaşımı farklı cümlelerle kurarlar, “ Bugün şiir (…) günümüz insanının, uygarlığın bugünkü sıkışık biçimlerinde, çıkmaz sokaklarında, labirentlerinde ilerlerken gösterdiği davranışlara uygun düş” (Süreya, 2000: 282) [mektedir]. Cansever, dönemin şiirinde asıl belirleyicinin içerik olduğunu vurgulayarak, biçimin daha sonra kendiliğinden ortaya çıktığını söyler. “(…)toplumu anlamadan, çevreyi anlamadan tutalım, insanın bireyliğini anlamasına kadar bir değişiklikti. Bunun şiiri yazılıyorsa, bunun elbette bir biçimi de oluyor kendiliğinden.” (Cansever, 1989: 118) Ece Ayhan, insanı birey olarak ele almanın, araştırmanın, şiirin ana unsuru yapmanın –tarihle işaret ederek- İkinci Yeni‟yle başladığını, bunun sebebini ise İkinci Yeni‟nin merkeze �uzaklığıyla açıklar. “ _ Kadavranın içi bile tıp öğrencileri için 1841-42‟lere kadar açılmamıştır. İnsanın içinin açılması ise ancak (ve bence) 1955-56‟dan sonra biraz şiir eliyle olmuştur, oldu gibi geliyor bana. Yani „uç‟ta olmakla başlıyor!” (Süreya, 2008: 141) Ayhan, Enis Batur‟la yaptığı bir söyleşide de İkinci Yeni‟nin yapmış olduğu işin zorluğunu “ temelde biz, “insan”la kapıştık, 1954-55 senelerinde “insan”la kapıştık” (Batur, 2001: 292) sözleriyle vurgular. Cemal Süreya‟ya göre, “1940”larda önce “insan” bir okul teriminden ibarettir şiirde. “ İnsanın içi 1940‟larda aralanmış, 1950‟li yıllarda açılıvermiştir.” (Süreya, 2008: 141) Sezai Karakoç, “Galile Denizi” adını taşıyan yazısında, İkinci Yeni için şunları söyler: “Bu akım, insanın insanlar arasındaki yeriyle birlik, kâinattaki yerini de arayan şairler geçidi. Arayan fakat bulma niyeti olmayan.” (Karakoç, 1997: 31) Karakoç, İnsanın hem varoluşsal kaygılarını hem de toplumla birey arasındaki dengeye –dengesizliğe- işaret etmesinin yanında, İkinci Yeni‟nin çalışmanın başında söylediğimiz paradoksunun da altını çizmektedir. İkinci Yeni şairlerinin şiirlerindeki kişilere baktığımızda, direk olarak birbirlerine benzememelerine rağmen, günün şartlarının getirdiği trajiği yaşayan, toplumun bireyleşme sürecine geçmiş kişileri çıkar karşımıza. Turgut Uyar‟ın “Akçaburgazlı Yekta”, Edip Cansever‟in “Çağrılmayan Yakup”, ya da “Ben Ruhi Bey Nasılım”, Cemal Süreya‟nın “Onlar İçin Minübüs Şarkısı” bu duruma örnek olarak gösterilebilir. (Uyar, 2009: 546) SONUÇ Ortak bir bildiri etrafında toplanmış, belli kuralları olan bir topluluk olmadıklarına göre bu şairlerin, benzer duyarlılıkları göstermeleri ve benzer temaları benzer şekilde işlemelerini “organik bir bünye duyarlılığı gösteren şiire” bağlayabiliriz. Şiiri bu noktada harekete geçiren ise, “toplumsal bilimler, baskısını gitgide arttıran teknoloji, değişen ahlak ve yaşama birimleri” (Uyar, 2009: 546) olarak sıralanabilir. Daha net bir ifadeyle söylersek, „dilin yenilenmesi ile yaşamın yenilenmesi arasındaki ilişki‟ den ya da tam tersi bir ilişkiden yola çıkıldığında, İkinci Yeni şairlerini birbirlerine bağlayan şeyin „aynı semantik doğrultu‟ ile „toplumsal formasyondaki genel değişim süreci, (Oktay, 1995: 29) olduğu ortaya çıkacaktır. İkinci Yeni şairleri, daha çok da, iç güdüleriyle yaşanan kentleşme ve kapitalistleşmenin getirdiği içe dönük çöküntüyle, bireyde meydana gelen “huzursuzluk, yalnızlık, yabancılaşma, aşırı uyum ve uyumsuzluk” gibi bir takım deformasyonlara tepki içindedirler. İkinci Yeni şairleri bu tepkilerini şiir dili ve biçiminde herkesten ayrı açtıkları �bağımsızlık alanlarıyla ortaya koymuşlardır. Kendi deneyimlerini esas aldıkları bu yaklaşımları, bütün verileri, kalıpları kırıp parçalamalarına neden olmuş; ahlakın, dinin, toplumun ve geleneğin referanslarını, hazır sunularını reddetmelerine yol açmıştır. Şiirin kendi halis formunu bulma amacıyla bu hareketin şairleri –Sezai Karakoç hariç tutulmak kaydıyla- toplumdan, toplumun değerlerinden, inançlarından, geleneklerinden ve tarihinden uzaklaşarak bağımsızlaşmayı tercih etmişlerdir. Netice olarak, İkinci Yeni şairlerinin biçim ve üslup açısından ortaya çıkan tercihleri keyfi bir durum değil; aksine değişen yaşam şartlarının sonuç verdiği bir durumu işaret etmektedir.“Artık kişi kendini açıklamak istediği zaman, eski ve o denli yalın açıklama biçimlerinin yeterli olmadığını kavrar. Yeni anlatım biçimleri aradığı gibi, var olan anlatım biçimlerini de kendi içlerinde geliştirmeye yönelir. Şiir ile kendini açıklar ama artık yeni kendini, eski şiirin biçimiyle anlatamaz, açıklayamaz olur.” (Erdost, 1997: 76) �Bibliyografya Altıyaprak, Yakup, (2008), İkinci Yeni Ve Türk Şiirinde Modernizm, Ankara, Ebabil Yayınları. Batur, Enis, (2001), Smokinli Berduş: Şiir Yazıları, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Cansever, Edip, (1989), Gül Dönüyor Avucumda, İstanbul, Adam Yayınları. Cansever, Edip, (2008), Şiiri Şiirle Ölçmek, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Erdost, Muzaffer İlhan, (1997), İkinci Yeni Yazıları, Ankara, Onur Yayınları. Gümüş, Semih, (2010), Modernizm Ve Postmodernizm Edebiyatın Dünü Ve Yarını, İstanbul, Can Yayınları. Karakoç, Sezai, (1997), Edebiyat Yazıları Iı: Dişimizin Zarı, İstanbul, Diriliş Yayınları. Koçak, Orhan, (2011), Bahisleri Yükseltmek: Turgut Uyar Şiirinde Kendini Yaratma Deneyimi, İstanbul, Metis Yayınları. Korkmaz, Ramazan, “Keçecizade İzzet Molla: Hayatı, Sanatı, Edebi Kişiliği”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2000, 93-117. Oktay, Ahmet, (1995), İnsan Yazar Ve Kitap, Ankara, Ark Yayınevi, , S.29. Süreya, Cemal, (2000), Toplu Yazılar 1: Şapkam Dolu Çiçekle Ve Şiir Üzerine Yazılar, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Süreya, Cemal, (2008), Güvercin Curnatası: Konuşmalar, Soruşturma Yanıtları, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Tanpınar, Ahmet Hamdi, (1982), 19. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi, İstanbul, Dergah Yayınları. Uyar, Turgut, (2009), Korkulu Ustalık, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2290 Title A name given to the resource İKİNCİ YENİ ŞİİRİNİN ÜSLUBUNA BİR GEREKÇE OLARAK “İNSAN Author Author SARIKAYA, Orhan Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: İkinci Yeni, modernizm, birey, kentleşme, kapitalistleşme. ÖZET Kimi eleştirmenler İkinci Yeni şiir hareketinin üslubunu “muğlâklıktan kapalılığa, absürd ve saçmadan anlamsızlığa” kadar bir yığın sözle tenkit ederken; edebi metne yaklaşım biçimi açısından en temel unsurlardan birisi olan: “ şairler kendilerini yazarlar, yaşadıkları devirde devraldıkları malzemeden” kaidesini ıskalamışlar veya görmek istememişlerdir. İşte biz bu çalışmada deformasyon, sapmalar ve yoğun metinler arası göndermelerle okuyucudan çok ciddi bir gayret ve kültürel birikim isteyen İkinci Yeni şiir hareketinin üslubuna bir gerekçe olarak yaşadıkları devrin netice verdiği “insan” ön plana çıkarılacaktır. Bunu yaparken öncelikle İkinci Yeni’nin etkin olduğu 1950-60 yılları arasında Türk toplumunun sosyolojik durumun özetlenecek, sonrasında şairlerin gerek düzyazılarından gerekse şiirlerinden örneklerle savı destekleme yoluna gidilecektir. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2139c98dd2c07080129e0cf4b7459857.docx dced58cf07e7c2c48df7e23a9af0b28b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7ce5008d6b16238882a91d5bb1123b7a.pdf 581ee839a0ee1c43879bdf41387a5b5c PDF Text Text Mr Đemaludin Mutapčić, notar IMOVINSKI ASPEKT NAJBOLJEG INTERESA DJETETA U ZAKONODAVSTVU I PRAKSI Pravna priroda i značaj pravnog standarda „najbolji interes djeteta“ može se razmatrati i analizirati i kroz imovinski aspekt najboljeg interesa djeteta. Takvo istraživanje je korisno i dobrodošlo i zaslužuje pažnju u zakonodavstvu, teoriji i praksi. U tom smislu autor u radu razmatra ocjenu interesa djeteta u ovoj oblasti odnosa, stavljajući naglasak na učešće organa starateljstva i notara u toj ocjeni. Ključne riječi: najbolji interes djeteta, imovina, organ starateljstva, notar 1. Uvod S pravne tačke gledišta, najbolji interes djeteta u imovinskim odnosima djeteta je faktičko pitanje u svakom pojedinačnom slučaju. Tako je, u materijalnopravnom smislu, u odredbi člana 287. Porodičnog zakona Republike Srpske1, a koja se odnosi na otuđenje i opterećenje imovine djeteta, izričito propisano da roditelji mogu samo s odobrenjem nadležnog organa starateljstva otuđiti ili opteretiti vrijednije stvari i prava iz imovine svog maloljetnog djeteta radi njegovog izdržavanja, liječenja, vaspitanja i obrazovanja ili ako to zahtijeva drugi važan interes djeteta. U procesnopravnom smislu za ostvarivanje pravnog standarda najboljeg interesa djeteta važna je odredba člana 73. stav 1. tačka 2. Zakona o notarima Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine,2 a prema kojoj se pravni poslovi koji za svoju pravnu valjanost zahtijevaju notarsku obradu isprava odnose i na raspolaganja imovinom maloljetnih osoba, s tim što je u stavu 2. istog člana tog zakona izričito propisano da su ništavi pravni poslovi raspolaganja imovinom maloljetnih osoba ako nisu sačinjeni u formi notarski obrađene isprave. Istraživanje imovinskog aspekta najboljeg interesa djeteta pored zakonodavstva, u praksi se može vršiti naročito kroz obavljanje notarske službe u radu prvih notara u savremenoj Bosni i Hercegovini na zakonskoj obligatornoj notarskoj obradi isprava3. 1 „Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske“, br. 54/2002 i 41/2008 „Službene novine Federacije BiH“, broj 45/02 3 Tako je djed roditeljima u korist svog unuka za prvi rođendan djeteta predao zemljišnoknjižni izvadak da je njegov unuk vlasnik dva dunuma zemlje. 2 211 �2. Dijete Dijete je ljudsko biće od rođenja do sticanja zrelosti; u našem pravu, to je lice koje nije navršilo 18 godina života. U odnosu na roditelje, dijete je lice koje se nalazi u trajnom srodničkom odnosu bez obzira na starost. S obzirom na odnos iz koga proističe, dijete može biti: - bračno, ako je rođeno ili začeto u braku svojih roditelja, - vanbračno, ako je rođeno u privremenoj ili trajnoj vanbračnojzajednici svojih roditeljai - usvojeno, ako je, ne prekidajući prirodan roditeljski odnos, pravnim putem zasnovalo nov roditeljski odnos. U građanskom pravu, kao i u drugim granama prava, djeca uživaju posebnu pravnu zaštitu i imaju naročiti pravni položaj. Tako kod poslovne sposobnosti pravi se razlika prema uzrastu: djeca do 14 godina života smatraju se kao poslovno nesposobna i pravni poslovi koje bi zaključila bili bi ništavi. Djeca od 14 do 18 godina života imaju ograničenu poslovnu sposobnost, tj. mogu zaključivati sve vrste pravnih poslova, ali punovažnost poslova zavisi od davanja odobrenja od strane roditelja odnosno staraoca ili, u izvjesnim slučajevima, organa starateljstva. U teoriji ovakvi pravni poslovi poznati su pod imenom negotium claudicans („pravni posao koji hramlje“, „viseći“ ili „šepavi“ pravni posao). U našem pravu, djeca iznad 14 godina života mogu, zavisno od vrste pravnog posla,punovažno sklapati pravne poslove i bez odobrenja i sa odobrenjem, u zavisnosti od najboljeg interesa djeteta. Punoljetnom i poslovno sposobnom postaje osoba koja je navršila osamnaest godina života, a poslovnu sposobnost može steći i maloljetnik stariji od 16 godina bilo sudskom odlukom, u slučaju da je postao roditelj, bilo sklapanjem braka uz odobrenje suda. 2.1.Maloljetnik koji je navršio 14 godina života U odredbi člana 188. stav 2. Porodičnog zakona Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine izričito je propisano da maloljetni štićenik koji je navršio 14 godina života može sam sklapati pravne poslove kojim stiče prava, ako zakon ne odredi drukčije. Pravne poslove kojim raspolaže imovinom ili preuzima obaveze može sklapati samo uz odobrenje roditelja, odnosno staratelja,ako zakon ne odredi drukčije. Maloljetnik sa navršenih 14 godina života stiče ograničenu poslovnu sposobnost. 2.2. Maloljetnik koji je navršio 15 godina života U odredbi člana 84. stav 3. Porodičnog zakona Republike Srpske izričito je propisano da maloljetniksa navršenih 15 godina života koji radom ostvaruje prihode, može raspolagati ostvarenim ličnim dohotkom i zaradom. Odredba člana 203 stav 2.ovog zakona je istog sadržaja.U njoj je normirana mogućnost 212 �maloljetnika istog uzrasta da zasnuje radni odnosa i raspolaže ličnim dohotkom, bez odobrenja staraoca. Porodični zakon Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine normira da maloljetnik koji radom ostvaruje prihode može raspolagati ostvarenim osobnim dohotkom i zaradom (član 137 stav 3).4 2.3. Maloljetnik koji je navršio 16 godina života U odredbi člana 62. stav 1. Zakona o nasljeđivanju, koji se primjenjuje u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine5, izričito je propisana sposobnost za sačinjavanje testamenta: testament može sačiniti svako lice sposobno za rasuđivanje koje je navršilo 16 godina života. 3. Imovina djeteta Maloljetna djeca mogu imati svoju imovinu, u koju može ulaziti: - nepokretna imovina, - pokretna imovina i - prenosiva prava. Pravo vlasništva na nekretninama na osnovu pravnog posla dijete stječe upisom u javne knjige o nekretninama.Zakonom dozvoljeni pravni poslovi mogu biti: - ugovor o prodaji, - ugovor o poklonu, - ugovor o zamjeni, - ugovor o diobi, - ugovor o prijenosu. Ako se radi o upisu promjene vlasništva potrebno je priložiti ugovor o otuđenju odnosno prijenosu, a prema načelu konstitutivnosti vlasništvo i druga prava na nekretninama nastaju tek upisom u zemljišnu knjigu u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine. Pri tome se u B „Vlasnički list“ zemljišnoknjižnog uloška unosi i ime maloljetnog vlasnika zemljišnoknjižnog tijela sa uobičajenom skraćenicom „mldb“ i zabilježba maloljetnosti koja se tiče vlasništva. Zabilježba maloljetnosti je od značaja za raspolaganje imovinom maloljetnih osoba - za pravne poslove za koje je zakonom obavezna notarska obrada isprava. Zabilježba je upis u javni registar određenih okolnosti i činjenica koje su od uticaja na raspolaganje nekretninama. Zato se u praksi uvijek mora voditiračuna da li se u svakom pojedinom slučaju radi o raspolaganju imovinom maloljetnih osoba. Kod stjecanja prava vlasništva nasljeđivanjem, maloljetni nasljednik stječe pravo vlasništva na stvari i prava u trenutku otvaranja nasljeđa na imovini ostavitelja, ako zakonom nije drukčije određeno. 4 Propisima radnog zakonodavstva za zasnivanje radnog odnosa zahtijeva se uzrast od 15 gdina. 5 „Službeni list SRBiH“, br. 7/80 i 15/80 213 �Prema tome, maloljetna djeca mogu imati svoju imovinu koju steknu radom ili dobiju nasljeđivanjem, poklonom ili po drugom zakonom dozvoljenom osnovu. Takvom imovinom, osim one koju je maloljetnik stekao radom, do njegove punoljetnosti upravljaju roditelji. 3.1. Otuđenje i opterećenje imovine djeteta U odredbi člana 287. Porodičnog zakona Republike Srpske, koja se odnosi na otuđenje i opterećenje imovine djeteta i koja uglavnom odgovara odredbi stava 1. člana 266. Porodičnog zakona Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine i stava 1. člana 243. Porodičnog zakona Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine.6Razlika između rješenja ovih zakona je u tome što član 287. Porodičnog zakona Republike Srpske ima samo jedan stav, a u odredbi stava 2. navedenih članova ostala dva zakona propisano je da samo s odobrenjem organa starateljstva roditelji mogu preduzimati pred sudom ili drugim organima procesne radnje koje se odnose na imovinu djeteta. 3.1.1. Najbolji interes djeteta Najbolji interes djeteta je, prije svega, činjenično pitanje. U svakom konkretnom slučaju nužno je utvrditi i zadokumentovati činjenice i okolnosti o postojanju najboljeg interesa djeteta. Radi ilustracije navodimo obrazloženje rješenja drugostepenog organa starateljstva kojim se odbija žalba protiv rješenja prvostepenog organa starateljstva o odbijanju zahtjeva zakonskih zastupnika maloljetnih ugovarača za davanje saglasnosti za zaključenje ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju. U njemu je samo postavljeno pitanje: „da li je takav ugovor u najboljem interesu maloljetne djece, imajući u vidu da obaveza izdržavanja u praksi ne podrazumijeva samo obavezu obavljanja uobičajenih kućnih poslova?“ Pri tome nije dato obrazloženje činjenica i okolnosti konkretnog slučaja koje idu u korist ili na štetu maloljetnika kao davalaca izdrzavanja7. 3.1.2. Pravna priroda odobrenja nadležnog organa starateljstva za pravne poslove raspolaganja imovinom maloljetnih lica u formi notarski obrađene isprave U važećim porodičnim zakonima u Bosni i Hercegovini koristi se termin „odobrenje“ za akt nadležnog organa starateljstva vezan za pravne poslove raspolaganja imovinom maloljetnih lica koji se, kao što je naprijed istaknuto, obligatorno zaključuju u formi notarski obrađene isprave. Po svojoj pravnoj prirodi takvo odobrenje je prethodno odobrenje za svaki pojedinačni pravni posao. U praksi se može postaviti pitanje: da li pravni 6 “Službeni glasnik Brčko distrikta BiH”, broj 3/07 Rješenje Federalnog ministarstva rada i socijalne politike Sarajevo broj: 05-35/10941/08 od 14.07.2008. 7 214 �posao sklopljen bez odobrenja organa starateljstva može konvalidirati naknadnim odobrenjem organa starateljstva? Odgovor na to pitanje je potvrdan ako to zahtijeva najbolji interes djeteta i u suštini takvo odobrenje je saglasnost organa starateljstva, koja može biti data prije sklapanja ugovora kao dozvola, ili poslije sklapanja ugovora kao odobrenje. Za svaki pojedinačni pravni posao, notarski obrađena isprava o tome mora sadržavati precizne pouke i upozorenja kako ne bi bila ništava.U praksi je uputno da notar ne izdaje otpravak izvornika pravnog posla dok ne pribavi naknadno odobrenje organa starateljstva u takvim slučajevima. Ovo odobrenje je garancija zaštite najboljeg interesa djeteta. U ocjeni najboljeg interesa djeteta u svakom konkretnom slučajuorganu starateljstva pomažu i notari, vezano za pitanja koja su u njihovoj nadležnosti.. Treće lice, kao saugovorač maloljetnika koga je zastupao zakonski zastupnik, može pozvati organ starateljstva da se u određenom roku, ali ne kraćem od trideset dana izjasni da li daje ili uskraćuje odobrenje u smislu člana 58. st. 1. i 2. Zakona o obligacionim odnosima.Ćutanje organa starateljstva smatra se kao odbijanje odobrenja na zaključeni pravni posao.O odobravanju pravnog posla ili odbijanju odobrenja za zaključeni pravni posao organ starateljstva donosi rješenje protiv koga je dozvoljena žalba. Ukoliko je pravni posao zaključen i obostrano izvršen bez odobrenja organa starateljstva, a ni jedna strana ne podnese zahtjev za davanje odobrenja, on je relativno ništav. Maloljetnik koji je stekao potpunu poslovnu sposobnost može nakon punoljetstva pravni posao odobriti (ako to nije učinio organ starateljstva dok je maloljetnik bio poslovno nesposoban) ili podnijeti tužbu sudu za poništenje pravnog posla. Pravo na podnošenje tužbe prestaje protekom tri mjeseca od sticanja potpune poslovne sposobnosti, odnosno saznanja za zaključeni pravni posao u smislu člana 59. Zakona o obligacionim odnosima. Odluku o stavljanju pod starateljstvo maloljetnika koji ima nepokretne imovine organ starateljstva je dužan da dostavi nadležnom općinskom sudu koji vodi zemljišne knjige radi upisa zabilježbe. 3.1.2. Forma i sadržaj isprave koja sadrži najbolji interes djeteta u imovinskim odnosima Iz procesnih i materijalnopravnih zakona na koje se ukazuje u ovom radu proizlazi da je forma isprave u koju je ugrađen najbolji interes djeteta u imovinskim odnosima notarski obrađena isprave kao javna isprava. Zakonodavac ne daje definiciju najboljeg interesa djeteta. Zbog toga se najbolji interes djeteta utvrđuje i obrazlaže u svakom konkretnom slučaju, pri zaključenju pravnog posla u formi notarski obrađene isprave. 215 �3.2. Maloljetnik kao davatelj izdržavanja u ugovoru o doživotnom izdržavanju u formi notarski obrađene isprave U vezi s pitanjem da li maloljetna osoba može biti davatelj izdržavanja, u praksi je u jednom slučaju nadležni centar za socijalni rad odbio dati saglasnost na notarski obrađen ugovor o doživotnom izdržavanju u kome su se pojavile maloljetne osobe kao davatelji izdržavanja. Radi se o dopisu JU „Kantonalni centar za socijalni rad“ Sarajevo, Služba socijalne zaštite općine Centar, broj: 35/II-02-530-464/08 od 18.04.2008.godine, kojim su ugovorne strane i notar obaviještene da se ne može dati saglasnost na ugovor o doživotnom izdržavanju maloljetnih osoba kao davatelja izdržavanja, u kome je navedeno sljedeće: „ U vezi Vašeg zahtjeva za izdavanje rješenja saglasnosti sa mldb. B. Nejru i Muamera – u svrhu zaključenja ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju sa njihovim roditeljima B. Rubinom i Mustafom, obavještavamo Vas: Organ starateljstva ne može dati saglasnost za zaključenje ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju kojim bi se obavezali mldb. B. Nejra rođena 03.12.1993. godine i mldb. B. Muamer rođen 26.12.1996. godine na izdržavanje svojih roditelja, obzirom da je Porodičnim zakonom FBiH u članu 215. propisano da su roditelji dužni izdržavati maloljetno dijete i u izvršavanju te obaveze moraju iskoristiti sve svoje mogućnosti i sposobnosti. Članom 213. stav 3. navedenog zakona je propisano da odricanje od prava i dužnosti izdržavanja nema pravnog učinka.“ U odgovoru notara na navedeni dopis , sadržano je sljedeće: „Zahvaljujem se na dopisu, broj i datum gornji, koji ste dostavili Notaru i ugovornim stranama iz ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju notarski obrađenog pod brojem OPU-374/2008 od 21.03.2008.godine. Međutim, pravno shvatanje da organ starateljstva ne može dati saglasnost za zaključenje navedenog ugovora , obrađenog po mojoj ocjeni u najboljem interesu maloljetnih ugovarača, koje ste zauzeli u Vašem citiranom dopisu, nezakonito je i neodrživo iz sljedećih razloga: Sa materijalno-pravnog aspekta ugovor o doživotnom izdržavanju je meritorno institut nasljednog, a ne porodičnog prava. Ugovor o doživotnom izdržavanju je nasljedno-pravni ugovor, lociran u članu 120.Zakona o nasljeđivanju („Službeni list SRBiH“, br.7/80 i 15/80), koji se primjenjuje kao federalni zakon temeljem člana IX.5.Ustava Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine. U članu 120.stav 6.tog zakona izričito je propisano da ugovor o doživotnom izdržavanju mogu međusobno zaključiti i lica koja su po zakonu obavezna da se međusobno izdržavaju. U konkretnom slučaju se ne radi o izdržavanju kao institutu porodičnog prava, pa nije bilo osnova i mjesta da se Vi u svom dopisu pozivate na čl.213. i 215.Porodičnog zakona Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine („Službene novine Federacije BiH“, br.35/05 i 41/05), tako da je u Vašem dopisu očigledno pogrešno primjenjeno i materijalno pravo, kao i pravila postupka, te pogrešno i nepotpuno utvrđeno činjenično stanje. 216 �Sa procesno-pravnog aspekta Vi ste o podnesenom zahtjevu odlučili dopisom, a ne rješenjem, tako da niste donijeli meritornu odluku o tom zahtjevu. Uputno je da preispitate Vaš citirani dopis i nakon toga izdate saglasnost na ugovor o doživotnom izdržavanju notarski obrađen pod brojem OPU374/2008 od 21.03.2008.godine. U protivnom , molim da umjesto obavijesti odnosno dopisa, dostavite rješenje kojim se meritorno odlučuje o zahtjevu sa uputstvom o pravnom lijeku sukladno Zakonu o upravnom postupku („Službene novine Federacije BiH“, br.2/98 i 44/99). Notar prema Evropskom kodeksu prava notarske profesije prevenira sporove, a sudjelovanje notara predupređuje moguće sporove i neizostavni je elemenat efikasnog i funkcionalnog pravosuđa, s tim što su isti principi notarske službe u Federaciji BiH definirani u članu 5. Pravilnika o radu notara („Službene novine Federacije BiH“, br.61/02 i 36/07).“ Rješenjem Federalnog ministarstva rada i socijalne politike Sarajevo od 14.07.2008.godine8 odlučeno je da se odbija žalba B. Rubine i B. Mustafe protiv prvostepenog rješenja kojim je odbijen njihov zahtjev za davanje saglasnosti za zaključenje ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju. U obrazloženju citiranog drugostepenog rješenja organa uprave navedeno je da je „u konkretnom slučaju pitanje da li je takav ugovor u najboljem interesu mldb.djeteta, imajući u vidu da obaveza izdržavanja u praksi ne podrazumijeva samo obavezu obavljanja uobičajenih kućnih poslova ...“ Iz takvog obrazloženja je očigledno da ono ne sadrži činjenice i okolnosti konkretnog slučaja za zaključak da ne postoji najbolji interes djece za notarsku obradu ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju. U vezi s tim, treba naglasiti da ugovor o doživotnom izdržavanju, prema izričitoj odredbi iz člana 120.stav 6. Zakona o nasljeđivanju, mogu međusobno zaključiti i lica koja su već po zakonu (Porodičnom zakonu Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine) obavezna da se međusobno izdržavaju (npr. djeca i roditelji). Međutim, pravomoćnim rješenjem nadležnog općinskog suda9 odlučeno je da se odbija zahtjev za ovjeru ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju, a u obrazloženju istog je navedeno: „Notar je dana 10.06.2008.godine podnio ovom sudu zahtjev za ovjeru ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju notarski obrađen dana 21.03.2008.godine pod brojem OPU – 374/2008, između B. mldb. Nejre, B. mldb. Muamera, B. Rubine i B. Mustafe. Postupajući po zahtjevu, sud je u smislu čl. 66. i 67. ZPP-a a u vezi čl. 2 Zakona o vanparničnom postupku, pozivao podnosioca zahtjeva da se prijedlog uredi a samim tim i obrađeni ugovor u skladu sa pozitivnim zakonskim propisima koji regulišu kako uslove i način zaključenja teretnih ugovora tako i ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju, da se uskladi sa zakonskim propisima kada se kao stranka u postupku odnosno ugovorna strana pojavljuje maloljetna osoba kod ovakve vrste ugovora i da se odrede stranke u postupku shodno čl. 4. Zakona o vanparničnom postupku. Iz spisa je vidljivo da nije 8 Vidjeti Rješenje Federalnog ministarstva rada i socijalne politike Sarajevo broj: 0535/10-941/08 od 14.07.2008. 9 Rješenje Općinskog suda u Sarajevu broj: 65 0 V 046219 08 V od 12.09.2008. 217 �postupljeno po nalogu suda. Iz priloženog obrađenog ugovora, strana druga pasus drugi je navedeno između ostalog „se obavezuju da naknadno pribave od nadležnog organa odgovarajuću saglasnost za mldb. davatelje izdržavanja uz upozorenje da bez takve saglasnosti ovaj ugovor ima elemenat ništavosti, pa u tom smislu ugovorne strane oslobađaju notara od odgovornosti u tom pogledu“. Iz spisa je dalje vidljivo da su pozivani primaoci izdržavanja ali se nisu odazvali na poziv suda. Kako sud o konkretnoj pravnoj stvari nije mogao u smislu odredbi člana 120. Zakona o nasljeđivanju upozoriti ugovarače, maloljetne davaoce izdržavanja na posljedice ugovora jer se cijeni da za isto samostalno ne mogu izraziti svoju volju niti primati obaveze (a o zastupanju istih maloljetnika od strane suprotne ugovorne strane i sukobu interesa da se i ne govori) uz činjenicu da nemaju, kako se u ugovoru navodi potrebnu saglasnost nadležnog organa starateljstva, niti po mišljenju ovog suda (imajući u vidu važnost i vrstu ugovora), notar može oslobađati sebe odgovornosti time što je ugovor ništav i uslovljen, to je odbijen zahtjev za ovjeru navedenog ugovora. Svi navodi u podnescima od 05.08.2008.godine i 28.08.2008.godine su cijenjeni irelevantnim u ovoj pravnoj stvari.“ U svakom konkretnom slučaju potrebno je odgovoriti na pitanje da li maloljetna osoba može biti davatelj izdržavanja. Odgovarajući na postavljeno pitanje prije svega mora se razjasniti pojam i priroda ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju. Treba istaći da je ugovor o doživotnom izdržavanju zapravo ugovor kojim se jedna strana (davatelj izdržavanja) obavezuje da doživotno izdržava drugu stranu (primatelj izdržavanja), a primatelj izdržavanja, kao protučinidbu na davatelja izdržavanja prenosi cijelu svoju imovinu ili njen dio, pri čemu je prenos te imovine odgođen do smrti primatelja izdržavanja. Ako se ima u vidu da je u važećem zakonodavstvu izričito propisano da dijete ima pravo znati da je usvojeno najkasnije do njegove sedme godine života; da je za usvojenje djeteta starijeg od deset godina i sposobnog da shvati značenje usvojenja potreban njegov pristanak; da maloljetnik koji je navržio četrnaest godina može sam sklapati pravne poslove kojima stiče prava a preuzeti obaveze samo uz saglasnost roditelja; da maloljetnik koji je navršio petnaest godina života može zasnovati radni odnos i raspolagati svojom plaćom; da testament može sačiniti svako lice sposobno za rasuđivanje koje je navršilo šesnaest godina života, onda se u praksi postavlja osnovano i opravdano pitanje: zašto maloljetnik a posebno maloljetnik koji je navršio četrnaest godina života ne bi mogao biti davatelj izdržavanja u ugovoru o doživotnom izdržavanju u pojedinom konkretnom slučaju? Pri tome ne treba izgubiti iz vida da je za sklapanje pravovaljanog ugovora potrebno da ugovarač ima poslovnu sposobnost koja se traži za zaključenje tog ugovora, ali i da član 56. Zakona o obligacionim odnosima poznaje i ugovor poslovno nesposobne osobe i njegove pravne posljedice, uključujući i naknadno odobrenje nakon punoljetnosti ugovarača. U svakom konkretnom slučaju treba ocijeniti šta za primatelja izdržavanja znači što mu maloljetni davatelj izdržavanja upućuje toplu riječ, pruža čašu vode, donosi lijekove i na drugi pogodan način daje izdržavanje. Uz 218 �to, može se postaviti i pitanje zašto primatelj izdržavanja ne bi ostavio svoju imovinu nakon svoje smrti davatelju izdržavanja na osnovu i u okviru notarski obrađenog ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanjukoji je trajao za vrijeme maloljetnosti i punoljetnosti davatelja izdržavanja? Ovo utoliko prije što se navedenim ugovorom primatelj izdržavanja obavezuje da za slučaj smrtisvoju imovinu daje u nasljedstvo davatelju izdržavanja, koji se zauzvrat obavezao da primatelja izdržavanja izdržava za života. U naprijed navedenom izlaganju u ovom radu ukazano je da maloljetnik koji je navršio četrnaest godina može sklapati pravne poslove kojima preuzima obaveze samo uz saglasnost roditelja. U vezi s tim u ovom radu ukazujemo na odluku Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine od 09.10.2013.godine10kojom je utvrđena povreda prava na imovinu iz člana II/3.k) Ustava Bosne i Hercegovine i člana 1. Protokola broj 1 uz Evropsku konvenciju za zaštitu ljudskih prava i osnovnih sloboda time što je zemljišnoknjižni ured nadležnog sudaodbio zahtjev za upis prava vlasništva na određenom stanu po osnovu notarski obrađenog ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju bez njegove ovjere kod sudije vanparničnog odjeljenja nadležnog općinskog suda. Nakon toga je za formu ugovora o doživotnom izdržavanju u praksi isključivo nužna njegova notarska obrada, a bez ovjere kod sudije. Naime, iz te odluke se vidi da je Ustavni sud Bosne i Hercegovine utvrdio da je povrijeđeno apelantovo pravo na imovinu zato što nije prihvaćen njegov zahtjev da se uknjiži u zemljišnu knjigu temeljem notarskog ugovora koji nijeovjeren od sudije. 4. Mjere radi zaštite imovinskih prava i interesa djeteta Kada roditelji prihode iz imovine djeteta ne koriste za njegovo izdržavanje, liječenje, odgoj i obrazovanje odnosno izdržavanje članova porodice (na primjer prihode troše na provod ili samo za svoje lične potrebe) ili otuđuju stvari koje čine predmet imovine djeteta ili se nemarno odnose prema njima (ne obrađuju zemljište, ne održavaju građevinske objekte pa oni propadaju itd.), organ starateljstva može preduzeti mjere radi zaštite imovinskih prava i interesa djeteta, i to: 1. zahtijevati u svako doba da roditelji polože račun o upravljanju imovinom djeteta i o prihodima koji se ostvaruju za potrebe djeteta, 2. odlučiti da roditelji u pogledu upravljanja imovinom djeteta imaju položaj staratelja 3. podnijeti prijedlog sudu da odredi mjere osiguranja na imovini roditelja ili 10 Vidjeti Odluku o dopustivosti i meritumu Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine broj AP 2423/10 od 09.10.2013.godine. 219 �4.1. Polaganje računa o upravljanju imovinom djeteta Organ starateljstva može zahtijevati od roditelja polaganje računa o jednom određenom pravnom poslu. To može biti i pravni posao koji je organ starateljstva odobrio (otuđenje ili opterećenje imovine djeteta), kad posumnja da se tako ostvarena sredstva ne koriste u najboljem interesu djeteta. 4.2. Stavljanje roditelja u položaj staraoca Radi zaštite imovinskih interesa djeteta, organ starateljstva može odlučiti da roditelje u pogledu upravljanja imovinom djeteta stavi u položaj staratelja. Za ovu mjeru će se opredijeliti onda kada utvrdi da će se na ovaj način imovinski interesi djeteta bolje zaštititi. 4.3. Mjere osiguranja na imovini roditelja S ciljem zaštite imovinskih prava i interesa maloljetnog djeteta organ starateljstva može općinskom sudu podnijeti prijedlog da sud donese rješenje kojim će na imovini roditelja konstituisati sredstvo osiguranja, koje može biti: - ručna zaloga, - hipoteka ili - zaloga na pokretnim stvarima i članskim udjelima. 5. Kratak osvrt na pravni standard najbolji interes djeteta u notarskoj službi U dosadašnjoj šestogodišnjoj notarskoj praksi11 obrađeno je mnoštvo javnih isprava u formi notarski obrađenih isprava u kojima su se pojavljivala djeca u svojstvu ugovornih strana zastupana od roditelja ili staralaca ili uz odobrenje organa starateljstva. O tome nije bilo posebnih istraživanja, razmatranja i analiza u svjetlu pravnog standarda najbolji interes djeteta. To obavezuje da se u narednom periodu obrati posebna pažnja na pravne institute vezane za imovinu i imovinske interese djeteta i na pravnu zaštitu djeteta pri sačinjavanju notarski obrađenih isprava u kojima se pojavljuje dijete, a s ciljem oživotvorenja u praksi pravnog standarda najbolji interes djeteta. Ujedno to nalaže istraživanja, razmatranja i analize o imovinskom aspektu pravnog standarda najbolji interes djeteta i u notarskoj praksi. 11 Od 04.05.2007.godine su počeli sa radom prvi notari u savremenoj Bosni i Hercegovini. 220 �6. Zaključak Imovinski aspekt je važan dio najboljeg interesa djeteta. U svakom konkretnom slučaju, najbolji interes djeteta je, prije svega, činjenično pitanje. Nužno je pribaviti dokaze i utvrditi činjenice i okolnosti koje su od značaja za postojanje ili nepostojanje najboljeg interesa djeteta kako bi se na osnovu i u okviru činjeničnih utvrđenja mogli sklapati pravni poslovi. U tome je nezaobilazna i veoma značajna zakonska uloga organa starateljstva u procesu davanja odobrenja rukovodeći se najboljim interesom djeteta. Odobrenje organa starateljstva ima konstitutivan pravni značaj. Organ starateljstva je dužan utvrditi i ocijeniti sve činjenice koje idu u prilog i na štetu djeteta u svakom pojedinačnom slučaju u kome se traži odobrenje tog organa kao conditio sine qua non. In concreto je bitno pitanje da li je određeni pravni posao u najboljem interesu djeteta, od čega zavisi forma i sadržaj ugovora i drugog pravnog posla u imovinskim odnosima u kojima je ugovarač i dijete. U slučaju utvrđenja da je pravni posao u najboljem interesu djeteta, u imovinskim odnosima pravni posao se radi u formi notarski obrađene isprave kao javne isprave. Pravni standard „najbolji interes djeteta“ u imovinskom aspektu se konkretizira u svakom pojedinom slučaju imovine djeteta, kako u pravnim poslovima kojima stiče prava, tako i u pravnim poslovima kojima maloljetnik preuzima obaveze. 221 �Mr. sc. Đemaludin Mutapčić, notary PROPERTY ASPECT OF THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD IN LEGISLATION AND PRACTICE Summary: Legal nature and importance of the legal standard of "best interests of the child" may be considered and analyzed through the proprietary aspect of the child's best interests.Such research is useful and welcome and deserves attention in the legislation, theory and practice. In this sense, the author of this paper discusses the evaluation of the child's interests in this field, with emphasis on the participation of the guardianship authority and notary in that assessment. Key words: best interest of the child, property, guardianship authority, notary 222 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3046 Title A name given to the resource IMOVINSKI ASPEKT NAJBOLJEG INTERESA DJETETA U ZAKONODAVSTVU I PRAKSI Author Author MUTAPČIĆ, Đemaludin Abstract A summary of the resource. Pravna priroda i značaj pravnog standarda „najbolji interes djeteta“ može se razmatrati i analizirati i kroz imovinski aspekt najboljeg interesa djeteta. Takvo istraživanje je korisno i dobrodošlo i zaslužuje pažnju u zakonodavstvu, teoriji i praksi. U tom smislu autor u radu razmatra ocjenu interesa djeteta u ovoj oblasti odnosa, stavljajući naglasak na učešće organa starateljstva i notara u toj ocjeni. Ključne riječi: najbolji interes djeteta, imovina, organ starateljstva, notar Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Law faculty of University Džemal Bijedić Mostar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1f86f0803bbe457a4e1d0b59edf09155.pdf 3611f073d92ccda0698ee930ce1baa16 PDF Text Text Impact of Agricultural Policies on Rural Development and Increase of Competitiveness of Agriculture of Bosnia and Herzegovina with a Special Emphasis on Achievement of Reform Goals Sanja Kavaz Hukic Bosnia and Herzegovina sanja_kavaz@bih.net.ba Abstarct: For the Balkan countries, the agricultural sector and rural development are of great importance, primarily because they are ensuring food security of the population, and then, also, because they have effects on employment, the creation of total gross value as well as on the foreign trade. Having in mind open processes of joining the European Union in these countries, with a special focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina, the implementation of the EU policies and practices will represent both a challenge and an opportunity for the development of the state and the improvement of its position in the single European market. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country with a distinct rural character, with over 50% of the rural population, where every third household acquires some kind of income from agriculture, and which is currently facing a number of problems when rural development is concerned (from insufficient investments, uncompetitive production, inefficient administration, abandonment of rural areas, failure to use EU funds, etc.). Nevertheless, with adequate policies and dynamic approach to the agricultural sector, and strategy for increasing competitiveness and attracting investment, the potential of Bosnia and Herzegovina's agriculture could be used and exploited, and the country could go towards progress and success. Therefore, this paper explores and analyzes the European Union's common policies, as well as the ways and means of their implementation in the Balkan region countries, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then, the paper points the importance and necessity of investing in rural development (infrastructure, mechanization, marketing, agro-environmental measures, etc.), and provides guidelines on how to modernize and reconstruct the agricultural sector, in order to increase the country's competitiveness and reduce the long-standing trade deficit in this area, and, at last, how to effectively approach to the European Union with harmonization of legislation and the use of development plan. The agricultural sector and the overall modernization of rural communities, with a clear vision, and with increasing employment, economic growth and competitiveness, can become the cornerstone of the development of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a key factor of its inclusion in the European and the world trends. Keywords: EU common agricultural policy, agriculture, rural development, competitiveness. JEL Classification: Q17, Q18, O13, 018 Introduction The Common Agricultural Policy (further: CAP) is one of the oldest polices of the European Union (further: EU) and represents set of measures and programs for subsidizing agriculture in the European Union. It was created in 1962, so the application of common agricultural policy 111 �began in early 1960s. Until then, countries have greatly intervened in their agricultures, particularly in the choice of what to produce, under which conditions, and what will be the price of agricultural products. Such individual interventions jeopardized the free exchange of goods within the Community. Since some countries, France in particular, advocated the continuation of strong intervention, the only solution was to transfer intervention measures at the level of the Community and to harmonize them. The Rome Treaty stipulated the general framework of the CAP10, the principles of CAP were defined at a Conference in Stresi (Italy) in 1958, and CAP came into force in 1962s, after it was accepted by all six of the founders of the Community. In late 1950s societies and states in Europe were damaged by Second World War, and in that conditions agriculture had been crippled, there were no rural development and food supplies could not be guaranteed. Since then, common agricultural policy had been changed adapting the policy to a changing world. Major reforms shaped the CAP in 1992, 2003 and 2013, the main goals evolved from securing enough food and agricultural products, securing free movement of agricultural product and removal of the trade barriers in 60s, 70s, etc., to today's main objectives which are providing a stable, sustainably produced supply of safe food at affordable prices for all Europeans, while also ensuring a decent standard of living for farmers and agricultural workers. Other objectives are sustainable management of natural resources, the preservation of rural economies, the redistribution of aid between countries and between farmers, and the climate change. As an oldest EU policy, in general, it is a partnership between Europe and its farmers, agriculture and society. The CAP is based on three fundamental principles: single market, advantage of the Union and financial solidarity. The single market has two meanings, first the application (on agricultural products) of the rules on free movement of goods between Member States, and determining common prices and assistance, regardless of headquarter of an economic entity. Correct application of this principle requires common price regulation, aid payments and competition rules, harmonization of health insurance regulations and administrative procedures as well as common foreign trade policy. The advantage of the Union provides two levels of activity, giving preference to agricultural products from the Union before importing products and internal market protection against disturbances caused by the uncontrolled import of low-priced agricultural products as well as from disturbances in the world market. In the end financial solidarity means that costs resulting from the application of the CAP must be shared among all Member States (further: MS), regardless of their national interest.11 Agriculture is a key sector for sustainable economic development, so from the early beginning until today the common agricultural policy is managed and funded from the resources of the EU 10 The objectives of the CAP were defined under Article 39, and those were: (a) to increase agricultural productivity by promoting technical progress and by ensuring the rational development of agricultural production and the optimum utilisation of the factors of production, in particular labour; (b) thus to ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community, in particular by increasing the individual earnings of persons engaged in agriculture; (c) to stabilise markets; (d) to assure the availability of supplies; (e) to ensure that supplies reach consumers at reasonable prices. Treaty of Rome, 25 March 1957, Agriculture, p. 16 11 Kesner-Škreb, M., Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, Financial theory and practice, 2008., 32 (4), p. 543-545 112 �annual budget, and it consumes almost half of the budget of the Union. Common Agriculture is a sector that is supported almost exclusively at the European level, unlike most other sectors of the economies which are the responsibility of their national governments. It is important to have a public policy for a sector responsible for ensuring food security and sector which plays a key role in the use of natural resources and the economic development of rural areas. The recent enlargements of the EU have almost doubled the labor force and the cultivable area, and the internal market added more than 100 million consumers. The new Member States can immediately start using the mechanism of subsidizing the prices of agricultural products, while the direct subsidies to farmers are arranged for a period of ten years. However, the member states must fulfill many conditions regarding restructuration and modernization of the agricultural sector. All Member States agreed that by 2013 there will be no real growth of the agricultural budget, the subsidies to the "old" Member States will be reduced in order to finance aid to new members. Today, farmers provide a stable food supply, produced in a sustainable way at affordable prices for more than 500 million Europeans. The European Union's farm policy ensures a decent standard of living for farmers, at the same time as setting requirements for animal health and welfare, environmental protection and food safety. Sustainable rural development completes the picture of the EU's common agricultural policy. There is one big European market for agricultural products, in which a common approach towards supporting agriculture ensures fair conditions for farmers competing in the internal European market and globally.12 For Western Balkan countries13 accession to the European Union is undoubtedly a political goal, process of great importance both for countries and their population, in which the adaptation and the modernization of agriculture play important role. They are directed by national decisionmakers, who use pre-accession instruments, changes in legislation, institution-building and agricultural policy reform to promote the development of the agricultural sector and of rural areas. So, if policy is to serve as a means to achieve certain goals, reforms must be planned, steered and executed according to the principles of evidence-based policymaking. This means that a modern government must produce policies that are based on hard facts, not on ideology, that are proactive rather than reactive, and address causes rather than symptoms. All Western Balkan countries have made significant progress in the last few years in aligning their long-term programming documents and administrative infrastructures with EU requirements. Between 2013 and 2015, new strategic documents for agriculture and rural development were adopted, which mainly cover the period to 2020, up to 2019 for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and up to 2024 for Serbia. The medium- and long-term agricultural policy 12 22 million farmers and agricultural workers are at heart of one of the biggest economic sectors in the European Union, the agri-food sector. Around 44 million jobs in food processing, food retail and food services depend on agriculture. The EU is also a net exporter of food and drink, exporting goods for more than €130 billion per year. More data on EU agri-food in "Monitoring EU Agri-Food Trade" which provides monthly data on EU agri-food exports and imports, available on https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/trade-analysis/monitoring-agri-foodtrade_en 13 In this sense the term „Western Balkan countries“ encompasses countries of the region such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. 113 �objectives and priorities set out in these documents vary slightly by country, but all address to enhancing farm viability and the competitiveness of the agro-food sector; to sustainable management of natural resources and mitigation of the effects of climate change; and improving the quality of life and balanced territorial and economic development of rural areas. In most countries, the main strategic document has been supplemented by a multi-annual implementation programs. In parallel, the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance for Rural Development (further: IPARD) programs were also prepared to provide key documents regarding EU preaccession support in the field of agriculture, mostly aimed at institution-building and improvement of the agricultural sector.14 In Bosnia and Herzegovina (further: BH), having in mind that country has a rural character, with over 50% of the rural population, agriculture is both an economically and politically important sector. This sector is characterized by underused natural resources and production potentials, low productivity, poor technical and technological capacities of farms, underdeveloped agricultural and food chain value, low competitiveness and considerable dependence on foreign trade. Added to that, the growing socio-economic marginalization of rural areas, which is accompanied by depopulation, makes it is apparent that the agricultural policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina faces numerous challenges that must be tackled to address these problems in the agricultural sector and rural areas. With the entry into force of the Stabilization and Association Agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union15, with 135 clearly defined articles of the agreement, in particular chapter II, which regulates relations in agriculture and fisheries, an opportunity is created for an adequately economically and legally regulated country to enter the market competition in European union and to achieve significant results. But, at the moment, since Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have organized and planned agricultural and food production, a functional production and system based on quantity - continuity - quality, established international systems and standards for food safety, cooperative system of redemption stations, common agricultural policy, laws and Ministry on a state level, agriculture and rural 14 In some countries, key priorities also include farmer income stabilisation (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Serbia), food chain organisation (FYR Macedonia and Kosovo), promotion of food quality and safety standards (FYR Macedonia) and investment in human capital, transfer of knowledge and innovation (Albania, FYR Macedonia and Kosovo). The basic goals of agricultural policy thus match those of the EU CAP for the same period. Monitoring of agricultural policy developments in the Western Balkans countries, European Commission, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, European Union, 2017. p. 14. 15 The agreement expressly refers to the possibility of BH to become a candidate country for membership of the EU. The agreement is to open political dialogue with BH and for enhanced regional cooperation, including provisions on free trade areas between the countries of the region, the free trade area for within 5 years of entry into force of the agreement. BH is committed to approximate its legislation to that of the EC, notably in the key areas of the internal market. The agreement is an important step in the establishment of a stable order based on cooperation within the framework of the EU’s stabilization and association process with the countries of south-eastern Europe, as well as within that of the stability pact for south-eastern Europe. The Stabilization and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the other part. 114 �development can easily become a stumbling rock of the development of whole country, of course if country does not, in near future, implement necessary reforms and improvements. The Common Agricultural Policy – modernization and reform in European Union Introduced in 1962, Common Agricultural Policy, had undergone several waves of reforms, with the latest reform decided in 2013. and implemented in 2015. Since then, the context in which that reform was forged has shifted significantly. Agricultural prices have fallen substantially and market uncertainty has increased, due amongst others to macroeconomic factors, geopolitical tensions, inhibiting a clear long-term planning of the sector. Also, the emphasis of trade negotiations has moved more visibly from multilateral to bilateral deals, requiring a careful balancing of offensive and defensive interests, with due attention paid to certain sensitive sectors. The EU has signed up to new international commitments, especially those concerning climate change and broad aspects of sustainable development (through the UN's Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs), and is also exposed to other geopolitical developments such as new large-scale migration.16 So in these circumstances CAP continues to be adapted to respond the challenges of its time. The main aims of the policy nowadays are to improve agricultural productivity so that consumers have a stable supply of affordable food, and to ensure that EU farmers can make a reasonable living. Now, more than fifty years after the introduction of the CAP, with more than 500 million consumers needing a reliable source of affordable, healthy and nutritious food, the EU has had to address a number of current and future challenges, which include global competition, economic and financial crises, climate change and sustainable management of the natural resources, food security, rising costs such as fuel and fertilizer. Significant reforms have been made in recent years, to modernize the sector and make it more market oriented. Most notably, in 2013, after three years of intensive discussion and negotiations, the policy was reshaped to meet the challenges of the future, 2014-2020.17 The new 16 The above prompted a vigorous public debate about whether the 2013 reform went far enough to meet broader challenges related to the balance of support, the economic prospects for agriculture and rural areas, care for the environment (e.g. greening), action over climate change, sustainable and safe food production. Emerging opportunities in the areas of health, trade, the bioeconomy, the circular economy and the digital economy also need to be further considered. Against this background, as part of its working programme for 2017, the Commission will take forward work and consult widely on simplification and modernisation of the CAP to maximise its contribution to the Commission's ten priorities and to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This will focus on specific policy priorities for the future, taking into account the opinion of the REFIT Platform and without prejudice to the next Multiannual Financial Framework. The starting point must be will be a well-founded assessment of the performance of the current policy. More about Consultation on modernising and simplifying the common agricultural policy, European Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development on https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/consultations/cap-modernising/2017_en, 10.06.2017. 17 After an elaborate process, a decision on the CAP for the 2014-2020 period was reached in 2013. The process involved the main European institutions: the European Commission (Commission), the Council of the European Union (Council), the European Council and the European Parliament (EP). It involved consultations with European citizens and „stakeholders“ and intense lobbying activities on the part of various interest groups. The process started 115 �CAP is designed to ensure direct support will become fairer and greener, strengthen the position of the farmers in the food chain and the policy as a whole will become more efficient and more transparent. For majority of Europeans, agriculture and rural areas are important for the future. They consider the main responsibilities of farmers to be supplying the population with a diversity of quality products and ensuring the welfare of farmed animals. For them agriculture and rural development policy should be ensuring agricultural products are of good quality, healthy and safe, and ensuring reasonable food prices for consumers.18 In Western Balkan countries, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, both the population and the government still do not understand the significance of agricultural policy and the importance of improvement of rural areas. The CAP is a complex policy involving many different components and issues. The new CAP design and the next steps All past reforms have led to step changes in the CAP and this, the latest one, is no exception. It represents another milestone in the CAP's history placing the joint provision of public and private goods at the core of policy. Farmers should be rewarded for the services they deliver to the wider public, such as landscapes, farmland biodiversity, climate stability even though they have no market value. Therefore, a new policy instrument of the first pillar (greening) is directed to the provision of environmental public goods, which constitutes a major change in the policy framework. The new CAP design is also more efficient, targeted and coherent. It is based on a more holistic approach to policy support through the maintenance of the existing two pillar structure but in a more targeted, integrated and complementary way. Both pillars of the CAP are aimed at meeting all three CAP objectives more effectively, with better targeted instruments of the first pillar complemented by regionally tailor-made and voluntary measures of the second pillar. There is new flexibility for Member States in the budgeting and implementation of first Pillar instruments, acknowledging the wide diversity of agriculture, agronomic production potential and climatic, environmental as well as socio-economic conditions and needs across the EU. This flexibility will however be framed by well-defined regulatory and budgetary limits in order to ensure a level-playing field at European level and that common objectives are met. In informally as early as 2008 and more formally in April 2010, when the Commission launched a public debate on the CAP’s future. In June 2013, a political agreement was reached between the Commission, the EP and the Council under the Irish Presidency. In the last months of 2013, the regulations were formally adopted by the Council and the EP. Delegated Acts to clarify technical implementation details were approved in April 2014. Afterwards member states went to work on how they would implement various policy areas where they had flexibility in implementing the regulations. The length and complexity of the process are not indicative of the reform outcome. More about CAP in book Swinnen, J., The Political Economy of the 2014-2020 Common Agricultural Policy An Imperfect Storm, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, 2015., p. 1-3. 18 The majority of Europeans consider all of the listed priorities of the CAP to be important, with two priorities mentioned more often as being “very important”: investing in rural areas to stimulate economic growth and job creation (47%), and strengthening the farmer’s role in the food chain (45%). More statistical data about the CAP and Europeans in Europeans, Agriculture and the CAP, Report, European Commission, EU, 2016., p. 5-6 116 �this area Member States share the responsibility to strike the right balance between possible benefits and the burdens of red tape for producers as well as for administration and controls.19 There is one more important thing when it comes to the reforms of the CAP, and also reason why the those reforms of the CAP were so needed, and that is increasement of competitiveness of the EU agriculture. Europe needed to retain and enhance competitiveness in the world characterized by increasing globalization and rising price volatility. The growing world population and expansion of the global markets means this is a time of opportunity of EU farmers, but also a challenges, not least the need to be competitive on a global level while managing the increasing costs of inputs, such as oil, fertilizers and water. Not only in the EU, but also in other countries, especially those with rural character such as countries of Western Balkans, it is necessary to build up and to have more innovative, self-reliant, profitable agriculture and farming industry with the ability to mitigate or withstand shocks and to recover quickly from them. So for Bosnia and Herzegovina finding ways to increase competitiveness and viability of agriculture will be the obligation of great priority and importance for the government, in order to provide better future for whole country, successful coping with competitive pressure in the EU market and to provide prosperity for all the inhabitants. The objective of past reforms to enhance the market orientation of EU agriculture is continued by adapting the policy instruments to further encourage farmers to base their production decisions on market signals. Competitiveness is addressed directly by changes to market mechanisms, particularly the removal of production constraints. All of the existing restrictions on production volumes for sugar, dairy and the wine sector will end, allowing farmers to respond to growing world demand.20 Some outdated commodity aid schemes will also be abolished, and other schemes modernized. Measures to facilitate producer cooperation under both pillars of the CAP should also boost the competitiveness of farming by reducing costs, improving access to credit and adding value to the primary sector. The reinforced legal framework for Producer Organizations is backed by financial incentives under the second pillar.21 Together all these instruments are expected to encourage producer cooperation and to improve the functioning of the food chain. Product differentiation, quality programs, promotion and onfarm processing should also add value. Other instruments under the second pillar which enhance competiveness at farm level include restructuring and modernization measures as well as startup aid for young farmers. Furthermore, there is a focus on bridging the gap between science and practice via the Farm Advisory System, as well as training and innovation program. These instruments are aimed at helping the farm sector to adapt to new trends and technologies, thus 19 More about CAP reforms in Overview of CAP Reform 2014-2020, European Commission, 2013., p. 5. 20 It was already decided in the Health Check that dairy quotas will expire in 2015 and the 2007 reform of the wine sector laid down the end to the planting rights system for 2018 at the latest. Sugar quotas will be abolished in 2017. 21 The Common Agricultural Policy after 2013, House of Commons, Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Commitee, Fifth Report of the Sesion 2010-11, Volume 1, 2011., p. 61. 117 �becoming more resource efficient, cost effective and capable of adapting to emerging challenges. At the same time the new CAP also offers more responsive safety net measures and strengthens the EU's capacity for crisis management. This will be achieved by more efficient market measures to deal with potential threats of market disturbances and more flexible exceptional measures. A new crisis reserve (of EUR 400 million per year in 2011 prices) is established to secure the financial resources needed in case of crisis, through deductions from direct payments, with unused amounts reimbursed to farmers in the consecutive budget years. In addition, the second pillar offers a new risk-management toolkit including insurance schemes for crops, animals and plants, as well as mutual funds and an income stabilization tool.22 Implementation in Western Balkan Countries The political economy of agricultural and food policies remains a fascinating and important topic. This holds in general with many poor countries in the world taxing their farmers while many rich countries subsidies agriculture. It also holds for the European Union. Since the start of the CAP, the EU has spent a large share of its budget on supporting European agriculture. In 2013, it was decided to spend more than €400 billion over the remainder of the decade on the CAP. The 2013 decision ended years of discussion and negotiations on the future of the EU’s agricultural policies. It not only had major implications for the EU’s budget and farmers’ incomes, but also for Europe’s environment, its contribution to global climate change and to food security in the EU and elsewhere in the world. The theoretical principles of modern agricultural policy state that evidence-based policy is founded on rigorously established objective evidence, good data, the use and development of empirical tools, policy analysis, benchmarking and impact assessments. Thus, the Western Balkans (further: WB) countries’ governments are not only working towards harmonizing their agriculture in view of their potential EU membership, but are also cooperating to build the foundations of a modern, efficient agricultural policy. The WB countries are at different stages of forming this kind of policymaking. While the development and quality of policy monitoring is only at an initial stage in some countries, others already make regular annual reports regarding the status of the agricultural sector. However, the reporting of budgetary transfers to agriculture is mostly less transparent, while policy impact assessments and evaluations are practically nonexistent, resulting in low-quality policy planning and decision-making that is not evidence based. The previous research shown that the new regional agriculture-related strategic documents adopted by WB countries are relatively modern and are oriented towards EU integration. The question remains whether or not these documents have brought about real changes in the WB countries’ policies in the first years of their implementation. Also, the central analytical issue is the assessment of direct production support, which is the main agricultural policy instrument in most WB countries (as well as the CAP). For the first time, the types of support, their associated eligibility criteria and the amounts involved are presented in a transparent fashion. All the countries have adopted key medium-term agricultural policy 22 Overview of CAP Reform 2014-2020, op.cit. p. 5-6. 118 �programming documents and these documents are solidly written and have a strong strategic logic. They describe positive changes in the policy framework and a more extensive orientation towards the EU, which are reflected in the definitions of goals and specific policy measures, especially regarding rural development. However, most countries lack a clear intent to reform their direct support policy in accordance with the EU CAP and this also applies to agroenvironmental measures and support. There is also a lack of resolution to establish evidencebased policy in the sense of introducing mandatory monitoring and other elements to achieve efficient policy reform. The more modern and well-conceived programming documents that have been drawn up are not yet leading to any marked changes in the scope and structure of policy instruments and measures, especially in their adaptation to CAP-like support systems. The size of the agricultural policy budgets fluctuate significantly from year to year and has increased since 2010 only in Kosovo and Albania, the two countries that started with the lowest relative amounts of the agricultural support. Kosovo also benefits from significant donor funds, helping it to achieve the largest relative budget size in 2015. Certain countries, in contrast, have reduced their agricultural budgets as a result of the economic crisis (e.g. Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2010 and Serbia in 2015). The structure of the total support for agriculture varies significantly. The proportions of funding for various groups of measures in the total agricultural budget cannot be compared without taking account of the size of the total budget itself. The proportion of direct producer support is high in Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia and Serbia (over 70 % on average). The funds for structural and rural development measures are mainly intended to improve competitiveness and have the highest proportions in Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro. However, these funds are limited and their real impact on the development of agriculture is therefore not to be overestimated. Support for agricultural public goods (agro-environmental measures and support) and quality of life in rural areas is almost negligible in all WB countries. Rural development policy is not really taking root in the region, despite the occasional adoption of beneficial projects or programs. This is a problem not only of modest levels of funding, but also of the programming of measures: they have a narrow orientation towards farm investment. The low absorption of IPARD pre-accession support funds is a significant problem. The causes vary, ranging from human capacity deficiencies in administration and political priorities at the country level to the lack of adaptation of support to real conditions. Similarly, levels of funding for general services are low in absolute terms and fall short of satisfying the countries’ developmental needs, especially in the sense of achieving efficient creation and transfer of knowledge.23 When evaluating the outcome of cross-comparative analysis of WB countries, it must be taken into account the fact that a clearer picture of agriculture and agricultural policy in this region require a lot of data and information, which are not yet available, or they are not 100% reliable. In all these countries, except Croatia, which is already a member of the EU, the process of improvement and harmonization of agricultural statistics with EU requirements is still ongoing. In this context, in all WB countries, one of the basic questions and priorities on which states 23 Monitoring of agricultural policy developments in the Western Balkan countries, Group of authors, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2017., p.14-33. 119 �need to focus is attention to improve agricultural statistics and database on policy implementation. Reliable and harmonized data are a prerequisite for a strong agriculture, and analysis and monitoring of agricultural policy, as well as for the successful programming and implementation of the agricultural policy. The biggest challenges of agricultural development in Western Balkan countries Agriculture is still among the most important sectors of the national economy in the WB countries, and provides a significant contribution to economic and social stability. However, its role is not so large in economic development, as it represents a social amortization during the economic crisis which exists in the region. Factor productivity in the region is considerably lower than the EU average, mainly due to slow process of consolidating agriculture and inefficient use agricultural resources. Depopulation in certain regions and acceptance of surplus labor from the agricultural sector in other sectors is the biggest problem in the development of agriculture and rural areas in most WB countries. Agricultural-food chain faces problems in creation of market institutions, establishment of marketing and distribution chains, and fulfillment of EU Standards in quality, veterinary, health and hygiene, and also phytosanitary standards. In general, it can be said that in the last few years in the WB counties, some progress has been made in the development of agriculture. However, much more still needs to be done to prepare the agricultural sector for the pressures of the competition of the modern global economy and also, to prepare these countries to join the EU. Main challenges for development of agriculture are, first of all, the resources, especially natural limitations and unused land potential, restrictions on human and capital factors, fragmentation of land and bimodal structure of agricultural holdings. Then, those are also production and productivity, particularly low productivity and technological gaps, low concentration and specialization of production and relatively weak production effect. The third are related to agricultural-food supply chain, specifically poor agro-business and low horizontal and vertical integration. At the end we have prices and trade, especially low prices and quality competitiveness and extreme trade dependency, as well as the last one related to the rural and regional characteristics which is depopulation, poor social situation and the presence of rural poverty. All this indicates that the agricultural sector and rural areas of the WB countries have significant developmental needs. Modernization and development of agriculture, and related with that the development of economic activities in rural areas, have the potential to significantly improve the prospects of these areas, and they must become the core of all strategic plans for the development of agriculture and rural areas in the region. Therefore, the key goals of the future policy of agriculture and rural development in all Western Balkan countries should be the improvement of the general legal and institutional framework, reform of land management, enhancement and stabilization of incomes, innovation and efficient transfer of knowledge, modernization of agriculture and agri-food sectors, better horizontal and vertical integration of 120 �manufacturers and processors, more efficient use and protection of natural resources, Elimination of rural poverty and the problems of small farmers, and territorial balanced approach.24 Agricultural policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina Agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina is an economically and politically important sector. The significance of the agricultural sector in B&H is reflected in the share of total gross domestic product (GDP), employment of the population and food security, as well as in a foreign trade. Although Bosnia and Herzegovina is aiming for European integration and harmonization of its agricultural policy with the EU CAP, the slow progress of the EU integration process is caused by numerous factors, especially the on-going economic crisis and the lack of political will to implement the necessary reforms. This is reinforced by the fact that Bosnia and Herzegovina has not made progress in establishing the necessary institutional structures, so the state ministry for agriculture, at the state level, does not exist (by the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, all levels of government have certain powers to govern agricultural policy), and also at the state level there is only the Law on Agriculture, Nutrition and Rural Development which has been in force since 2008., with the aim of structuring sectoral policies and helping in harmonization with the EU agricultural policies. Because the lack of adequate institutional and legal framework, BH is losing considerable financial resources that could contribute to institutional building and agricultural sector improvement in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Agricultural policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows large inconsistencies with its outlined objectives and it has changed frequently over time without being guided by clearly defined development objectives and the elements of modern public policymaking, and also as a result of the lack of a clear established funding mechanism for agricultural policy, annual budgetary transfers depend largely on the governing political structures and lobbying of various interest groups. New frameworks for medium-term policy action in the agricultural sector and rural areas have been established in two Bosnia and Herzegovina administrative units. Both strategic documents emphasize their determination for European integration and the concepts of modern public policymaking. However, the preliminary evidence regarding their implementation in these two administrative units reveals no significant changes in the process of policymaking and shows limited application of a modern approach to addressing the development needs of the agricultural sector and rural areas. BD did not adopt a similar framework to those of the other two administrative units and relies on short-term (annual) planning of agricultural policy (i.e. annual rulebooks). Regarding rural development, it is important to note that the FBH still does not have a valid legally adopted programming document that would allow a detailed implementation of the rural development measures. The proposal for the rural development program for 2015-2020 (FBH 2014b) has still not been approved by parliament. The proposal 24 More about this topic in Volk, T., Erjavec, E, Mortesen, K., Agricultural policy and European integration in Southeastern Europe, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Budapest, 2015., p. 46-52. 121 �considers six areas of support: competitiveness of agricultural production; agro-environment; climate change mitigation and organic production; diversification of farm activities and entrepreneurship development; LEADER method of local development strategies and technical assistance and measures in the field of forestry (FBH 2014b). The Republic of Srpska (RS) adopted a new strategic plan for the development of agriculture and rural areas in 2015 for 20162020 (RS 2015a) before the expiry of the previous two strategic documents (i.e. the strategic document for 2010-2015 and the strategic document for 2010-2015). Unlike the previous two strategies, the new strategic document simultaneously covers both the agricultural sector and rural development. Overall, the new strategy contains six strategic goals and 16 specific goals that are proposed to be implemented using 52 different measures. As for BD, the current agricultural policy is implemented on the basis of a general strategic document that addresses the overall economy of this administrative unit. However, the development strategy for the agricultural sector that was in place until 2013 was without a legal basis. It is important to note that regular monitoring and evaluation of agricultural policy as part of a modern public policy cycle is not carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina.25 Mid-term Strategy of Agricultural Sector Development in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2015 – 2019 Although there are many stories about the importance of the agricultural sector, its true significance for the quality of economic development, political stability and the development of the whole society, poverty reduction and improvement of quality of life, security a wide range of "public services" (preserving the uniqueness of the landscape, biodiversity, quality and accessibility water and soil, etc..), and for the preservation of cultural and gastronomic identity of the country (entities) is not sufficiently recognized. Having in mind vitality of this sector, the two worrying fact are the slight downturn of available ornamental surface area (3%, period 2003-2011), and also the fact that only about 50% of the surface area is used. The agricultural sector has not yet capitalized its potential and all significant opportunities for its further development. However, in the other hand, development of this sector is limited by the natural characteristics of land in the FBH (40% of the land is shallower then 30 cm, 84% of the territory is with a gradient higher than 13%, and there are dominant precipitation area, around 61.2%) which means that the sector has relatively small 25 For example, the parliament of the FBH receives an annual green report with a detailed description of the agro-food sector and the implemented agricultural policy. An important deficiency of these reports is their insufficient level of objectivity, as it does not provide a serious evaluation and analysis of the agricultural sector or of the effectiveness of the agricultural policies. The reports are prepared by the administration of the responsible ministry for agriculture without the involvement of the academic community or relevant research institutions. In the case of the RSR, there is neither an available annual report on the situation in agriculture nor an evaluation of the effectiveness of the implemented policy measures. Instead, the responsible ministry produces some information for the government and parliament. The academic community also makes some occasional analyses of the effects of agricultural and rural policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but this is mostly for academic purposes. More in Bajramović, S., Vaško, Ž., Ognjenović, D., Butković, J, Bosnia and Herzegovina: agricultural policy development and assessment, Monitoring of agricultural policy developments in the Western Balkan countries, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2017., p. 47.-50. 122 �available areas of high quality land. Also, the processes of integration and memberships of BH in different kind of organizations, such as the WTO, the EU and CEFTA allow BH access to international and new and very attractive markets as Russia, Turkey, Arab countries etc. At the same time, these processes lead to stronger competition which makes business more difficult, and also what is important is the negative economic trend in other countries which have significant influence on the export performance of the sector. Long-term drought, increased demand for products of animal origin (China and India), food price instability, increase of land price (due to breeding crops for energy production), energy and other inputs, and food-related scandals again raised all these issues and questions high on a scale of global political agenda. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, in period of 2015-2019., the solid foundation will be built for a faster and more efficient development, especially in the sense of establishing a modern, productive, technologically advanced and environmentally and socially sensitive economic sector, ready to respond to global socio-economic and climate changes and challenges, and capable of being “ready” for an adequate and prosperous position, above all in the region, and then on an international scene. This implies a strong strengthening of the capabilities of all business and administrative subjects to improve product recognition, by exploiting opportunities offered by a rich cultural heritage as well as the diversity of agro ecological conditions. Therefore, the focus of development will be on strengthening communication, co-operation, horizontal and vertical connection of all sector entities, as well as building efficient business alliances that will enable effective and efficient exchange of information, innovative ideas, but above all strengthen all forms of technology transfer and good business practices. Also, research and scientific institutions must become recognized by the all actors. On this way, the competitive, market-adjusted sector, will be built, and it will be the foundation for improving the quality of life of all citizens, especially residents in rural areas. This vision will be realized through the realization of the following strategic goals: development of agriculture and related sectors by raising technical-technological level, more efficiently use of available resources, and appreciation of requires of modern markets. Also, by providing the conditions for a more stable income within the agricultural sector and improving the quality of life in rural environments. Sustainable management of natural resources and adaptation of agriculture to climate change is one more strategic goal, and adjustment of the institutional and legislative framework and FBH agricultural policy, with the EU CAP, acknowledging the level of development of the FBH agricultural sector.26 26 More about agricultural sector in FBH and its development strategy in Mid-term Strategy of Agricultural Sector Development in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2015 – 2019, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Water supply and Forestry, Sarajevo, 2015. 123 �Therefore, in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, this new strategic document emphasizes the need to adopt new technologies and innovation in the agricultural sector, more effective utilization of available resources and the improvement of quality of life in rural areas. Regarding European integration, this document clearly states the need to harmonize the institutional and legal framework of the FBH with the EU legislation and the CAP acquis. In the context of institution-building, this means putting in place a modern system of information, administrative management and monitoring of agricultural policies. The new strategic document outlines the need for a gradual alignment of the policy instruments of the FBH agricultural policy with those implemented within the EU CAP. Furthermore, the new strategic document envisages, for the first time, the application of the principles and elements of modern public policymaking in designing, adopting and implementing the agricultural policy, including detailed baseline analysis, definition of objectives, establishment of policy programming, definition of a clear financial framework (i.e. budgetary transfers based on the principles of consistency, transparency and traceability) and a system of monitoring and evaluation. The new strategy envisages the implementation of 37 measures distributed within the three pillars of the agricultural policy: 10 measures in the first pillar related to market intervention and direct producer support, 17 measures in the second pillar related to sector restructuring and rural development and 10 measures in the third pillar related to general services support. The most important changes introduced by the new strategy cover direct producer support (i.e. direct payments). The reduction of several pre-existing direct payments coupled to production (e.g. output subsidies) is proposed, while it is proposed that area and animal payments are increased. The equalization of area payments for most crops is envisaged as the first step towards the decoupling of direct payments, in line with the EU CAP. Conclusion This paper analyses the development of Common agricultural policy in European Union and also agricultural policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2010-2015. The EU recognizes the importance of rural areas and places great emphasis on rural development, and in this direction BH should also go and exploit potential in its full capacity. For now, the results presented in this paper reveal that agricultural policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows a high level of instability and is inconsistent with the medium-term policy objectives outlined. This unstable policy development generates an uncertain policy environment for the agents operating in the agricultural sector, which may have adverse implications for its future growth and development. Bosnia and Herzegovina implements a very heterogeneous agricultural policy across its three administrative units (FBH, RS and BD) because they have the authority to design, adopt and implement their own policy measures. The agricultural policies differ between the units in terms of type of measures implemented and sectors supported. The priority on a state level is organisation of a Ministry for agriculture on a state level, and then to improve other aspects of institutional and legal frame work of agriculture and rural development in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Both the FBH and the RS have adopted new strategic frameworks for future 124 �actions in the agricultural sector and rural areas, but the first years of the implementation of the adopted strategic documents have shown that the governing political structures in the FBH and the RS have not shown sufficient determination and readiness for major reforms to put into practice the priorities outlined in the strategic documents. So, when it comes to implementation, the agricultural policy reforms have failed to put into practice the proposals that were adopted in the strategic documents, at least for now. Bosnia and Herzegovina needs a dynamic reconstruction and modernization in agricultural sector and rural development, with an effective approach to EU integration and the CAP by harmonizing legislation. With adequate policies and the dynamic access to the agricultural sector, the agriculture can become the cornerstone for the development of all other activities such as rural development, rural tourism, ecotourism, connecting producers and processors, etc., and the entire economy also, and not to be a stumbling rock on its own development path. Literature: Agriculture and the CAP, Report, European Commission, EU, 2016., Bajramović, S., Vaško, Ž., Ognjenović, D., Butković, J, Bosnia and Herzegovina: agricultural policy development and assessment, Monitoring of agricultural policy developments in the Western Balkan countries, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2017., Consultation on modernising and simplifying the common agricultural policy, European Commission, Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development, https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/consultations/cap-modernising/2017_en, 10.06.2017. Kesner-Škreb, M., Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, Financial theory and practice, 2008., 32 (4), Mid-term Strategy of Agricultural Sector Development in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2015 – 2019, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Water supply and Forestry, Sarajevo, 2015., Monitoring of agricultural policy developments in the Western Balkans countries, Group of authors, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2017., Overview of CAP Reform 2014-2020, European Commission, 2013., Swinnen, J., The Political Economy of the 2014-2020 Common Agricultural Policy An Imperfect Storm, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, 2015., The Common Agricultural Policy after 2013, House of Commons, Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Commitee, Fifth Report of the Sesion 2010-11, Volume 1, 2011., The Stabilization and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the other part, Treaty of Rome, 25 March 1957, Agriculture, Volk, T., Erjavec, E, Mortesen, K., Agricultural policy and European integration in Southeastern Europe, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Budapest, 2015. 125 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3659 Title A name given to the resource Impact of Agricultural Policies on Rural Development and Increase of Competitiveness of Agriculture of Bosnia and Herzegovina with a Special Emphasis on Achievement of Reform Goals (doi: 10.14706/icesos1722) Author Author KAVAZ HUKIĆ, Sanja Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstarct: For the Balkan countries, the agricultural sector and rural development are of great importance, primarily because they are ensuring food security of the population, and then, also, because they have effects on employment, the creation of total gross value as well as on the foreign trade. Having in mind open processes of joining the European Union in these countries, with a special focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina, the implementation of the EU policies and practices will represent both a challenge and an opportunity for the development of the state and the improvement of its position in the single European market. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country with a distinct rural character, with over 50% of the rural population, where every third household acquires some kind of income from agriculture, and which is currently facing a number of problems when rural development is concerned (from insufficient investments, uncompetitive production, inefficient administration, abandonment of rural areas, failure to use EU funds, etc.). Nevertheless, with adequate policies and dynamic approach to the agricultural sector, and strategy for increasing competitiveness and attracting investment, the potential of Bosnia and Herzegovina's agriculture could be used and exploited, and the country could go towards progress and success. Therefore, this paper explores and analyzes the European Union's common policies, as well as the ways and means of their implementation in the Balkan region countries, especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then, the paper points the importance and necessity of investing in rural development (infrastructure, mechanization, marketing, agro-environmental measures, etc.), and provides guidelines on how to modernize and reconstruct the agricultural sector, in order to increase the country's competitiveness and reduce the long-standing trade deficit in this area, and, at last, how to effectively approach to the European Union with harmonization of legislation and the use of development plan. The agricultural sector and the overall modernization of rural communities, with a clear vision, and with increasing employment, economic growth and competitiveness, can become the cornerstone of the development of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a key factor of its inclusion in the European and the world trends. Keywords: EU common agricultural policy, agriculture, rural development, competitiveness. JEL Classification: Q17, Q18, O13, 018 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cda47db38a0256d84f45336ef7e1fa5e.pdf 9d17336775d02b9918c005099df3eb63 PDF Text Text Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 2, (2020) DOI number: 10.14706/JONSAE2020211 Impact of Electric Vehicles in a Grid-to-Vehicle Mode on Voltage Stability Naida Nalo1, Emina Kišija1, Mirza Šarić1 1 International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina naida.nalo@stu.ibu.edu.ba emina.kisija@stu.ibu.edu.ba mirza.saric@ibu.edu.ba Abstract — With a rapid development and a massive deployment of electric vehicles, the power system is facing many challenges regarding power quality and voltage stability. This paper deals with the impact of electric vehicle in grid-to-vehicle mode depending on different EV penetration levels and point of connection on static voltage stability impact of a real low-voltage distribution network. Based on nine variations created, results showed that connecting vehicles closer to the beginning of the feeders creates a smaller voltage drop, therefore more vehicles can be connected. However, going farther from the feeder causes voltage to go below 0.9 p.u. and eventually leads to instability. Keywords—electric vehicles, grid-to vehicle, static voltage stability. 1. Introduction Power system stability can be defined as the ability of the system to remain in an equilibrium state under normal operating conditions and to regain that equilibrium state after being subjected to a physical disturbance [1]. According to [2] power system stability is defined as a term applied to alternating – current electric power systems, denoting a condition in which the various synchronous machines of the system remain in synchronism, or „in step“, with each other. On the opposite side, instability is defined as a condition involving loss of synchronism or falling „out of step” [2]. However, instability can also occur without the loss of synchronism [1]. Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered to be a promising solution both for reducing air pollution and also as being introduced as a new form of distributed generation when working in a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) mode. Many countries are offering incentives and by doing so, motivating EV owners to charge their vehicles in scheduled times, to help flatten the daily peaks [3]. In the stability calculations, the behavior of the system under the effect of a transient disorder is of interest. Equipment reacts as a system response to a disorder. In each situation, only part of the protection reacts, therefore, the problem must be simplified and the key factors for each type of instability must be defined. �In this project, the problem of voltage stability is investigated in a LV distribution network involving 46 buses and 42 loads. According to different penetration levels of (EVs) and point of connection across the network, nine scenarios were modeled and examined for voltage instability. 1.1 Voltage stability Voltage stability is the ability of the system to maintain acceptable voltage values on all busbars in the system, both in normal operating conditions and after the effects of the disruption. Voltage instability occurs when a disorder, which can be caused by an increase in consumer demand or a change in operating conditions, causes a progressive and uncontrollable voltage drop. The main cause of voltage instability is the inability of the system to respond to reactive power requirements. The core of the problem is usually a decrease in the voltage in the flow of active and reactive power through inductive reactances representing the transmission network [1]. The criterion for voltage stability is that on all busbars in the system, under certain operating conditions, the bus voltage is increasing as injection of reactive power on the same buses is increasing. Therefore, the system is unstable if voltage level is decreasing as reactive power is increasing, at least on one busbar in the system. Voltage stability is a local phenomenon, but its consequences may have a widespread impact. A voltage collapse is far more complex than voltage instability and according to [4], can be explained as an inability of the power system to supply the reactive power or as an excessive absorption of reactive power by the system itself. It can also be defined as a process in which voltage instability causes very low voltage levels in a substantial part of the system. A local voltage collapse can and will lead to a widespread collapse of the power system [4]. 2. Literature review Electric vehicles have experienced a warm welcome by pollution-aware society. Their non-polluting nature helped them gain popularity and become one of the most sold cars in Norway, according to the Norwegian Road Federation [5]. However, deploying large fleets of electric vehicles impacts the load profile of the network since EVs are introduced as additional loads when being connected for charging [3]. A study in [6] focused on the static voltage stability impact of EV charging stations. A cluster load model equivalent to 20 sets of EV chargers was taken into consideration along with the different probability distributions of state of charge (SOC) of the batteries. The authors concluded that charging stations are most likely to cause voltage instability due to the variableness of power during the charging process. Research conducted in [7] focused on the static voltage stability of plug-in EVs with respect to different charging methods. The results showed that voltage stability is closely related to the proportion of the constant impedance and the constant power load. Since EVs were considered as constant power load, the less the initial voltage drop percentage, the more EVs will be allowed to access the distribution network. �Authors of [8] investigated the power quality and dynamic stability aspects of vehicle to grid connection of EVs which uses a bidirectional power flow and allows the EVs to give back to the grid if needed. Their conclusion was that charging and discharging state of the PEV does not affect negatively neither the voltage stability nor frequency since they remain within allowed limits. A study in [9] investigated the impact of high PV penetration in a low-voltage distribution network on voltage stability. In the paper, PV curves were used to analyze the static voltage stability in a test node of an important and possibly critical line. It was shown that the node situated near the end of the network had the weakest PV characteristics due to power loading and the distance from the feeder. However, they concluded that integrating photovoltaic units with 40% penetration level would optimize the voltage stability of that node. Research conducted in [10] analyzes voltage stability with aid of PV curves on an example of a real transmission network. EVs included in the study were all charged during the daily peak load with a six-hour charge time. Results showed that high levels of EV penetration, with the expected annual increase, leads to unacceptably large voltage variations. A new method for analyzing the impact of PEVs in distribution networks was proposed in [11]. As in many other papers, this study confirmed that a small number of vehicles does not create stability issues whereas a large fleet of vehicles causes a greater effect on the grid. Charging strategies as the overall conclusion was highlighted in this paper. A study in [12] investigated an impact of EV charging on voltage variations and unbalance in a real low voltage distribution network. Different scenarios were created to depict several EV penetration levels and load distributions across the network. Results confirmed the work of other papers, showing that point of connection plays an important role to the level of impact of EVs to two analyzed power quality parameters. An analysis, similar to [9], will be conducted in this paper, using PV curves to determine the critical busbars along the two feeders of the low-voltage distribution network. Section III explains the modeled network and created variations, Section IV draws results and Section V draws conclusions. 3. Methods 3.1 Problem formulation Electric vehicles in this project are treated as single-phase loads connected to the network, in a grid-to-vehicle (G2V) mode. Because of the increasing number of EV charging stations being integrated to the power system, analysis of their clustering effect and influence on the static voltage stability have become important and necessary. In this project, analysis of an impact of EV charging on voltage stability is performed on a real example of a part of a distribution network. �3.2 P-V Curves In voltage stability studies, characteristics of interest are the relationships between transmitted power P, receiving end voltage V and reactive power injection Q. P-V and Q-V curves are traditional forms of displaying these relationships. In this project, P-V curves are analyzed. Power-Voltage analysis process includes increasing transfers of power (MW) and monitoring what happens with voltages in the system. This is done by increasing the power system load and, at each increment, power flows are recomputed (P-V curve is non-linear and full power flow solutions are required) until the nose of the PV curve is reached, that is, the maximum transferred power [13]. That point represents the critical voltage because after that, rapid decline of voltage occurs. Therefore, reaching maximum power is highly avoided because operating at or near stability limit risks a large – scale blackout. Power margin between the current operating point and critical voltage is used as voltage stability criterion [14]. 3.3 LV Distribution Network Modeling and Variations In this paper, the analysis was done using the model of 46 – bus LV distribution network, with total of 42 loads distributed along two feeders, modeled in DIgSILENT Power Factory. Modeled network is provided in Appendix 1. Length of the first feeder is 371 m while the length of the second feeder is 253 m. Nine variations were modeled, including: low, medium and high EV penetration levels, at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the network. List of variations is provided in Table 1. Numbers of EVs included in each variation are presented in Table 2 and Table 3. Table 1. Network variations (penetration-point of connection) Case no. Network Variations 1.1 Low-beginning 1.2 Medium-beginning 1.3 High-beginning 2.1 Low-middle 2.2 Medium-middle 2.3 High-middle 3.1 Low-end 3.2 Medium-end 3.3 High-end 1 2 3 Table 2. Number of EVs in Variations Network Variations Variati on No. 1.1 2.1 3.1 1.2 2.2 3.2 Penetration Level Number of EVs Percentage of penetration level Low 6 ≈15% Medium 12 ≈30% �Table 3. Number of EVs in Variations cont’d Network Variations Variati on No. 1.3 2.3 2.4 Penetration Level Number of EVs Percentage of penetration level High 21 50% 4. Results 4.1 Case 1 - EVs distributed at the beginning First three variations were modeled so that electric vehicles are placed near the beginning of the two feeders. Each variation had a different penetration level of EVs as explained in Table 1. After the load flow calculation was performed, Transmission Network Toolbox was activated, and PV curves were calculated. To see which busbars stay within the allowed limits and which do not, several busbars were selected from the beginning, middle and end of each of two feeders and included in the resulting PV graph. The obtained graphs for Case 1 variations are presented in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, respectively. Fig. 1. PV curves for Variation 1.1 �Fig. 2. PV curve for Variation 1.2 Fig. 3. PV curve for Variation 1.3 All busbars whose PV curves are above the voltage value of 0.9 p.u. are acceptable and stable, while those below 0.9 p.u. are not stable and therefore not acceptable. As presented in the graphs, two busbars, plotted in blue and grey, have values below 0.9, which makes them unstable. These two busbars are from the first feeder, situated in the middle and at the very end of the feeder. All busbars from the second feeder stayed within allowed limits, as well as the busbar from the beginning of the first feeder. �4.2 Case 2 – EVs distributed in the middle Three variations examined for the impact of EV charging and placement around the middle of the two feeders were 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 Number of EVs connected to the feeders are with respect to Table 1. Several busbars were selected and included in resulting PV graph, to depict the voltage stability across the two feeders, that is, to show how stable are busbars from the beginning, middle and end of the two feeders. Results for the abovementioned variations are shown in Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6. Fig. 4. PV curve for Variation 2.1 �Fig. 5. PV curve for Variation 2.2 Fig. 6. PV curve for Variation 2.3 According to results obtained from the PV graph, conclusions similar to those in previous variation can be drawn. All busbars from the second feeder and only the busbar from the very beginning of the first feeder stay within allowed limits of stability, that is above 0.9 p.u. value of voltage, shown in the y-axis. Two busbars from the middle and at the end of the first feeder show instability. �4.3 Case 3 – EVs distributed at the end Last three variations from Figure 2 were modeled to investigate how much EVs connected near the end of the feeders will affect voltage instability of selected busbars across the two feeders. Number of connected vehicles per variation is shown in Table 1. Selected busbars remained the same as those used in the previous six variations. Results obtained are shown in Figure 7, Figure 8 and Figure 9. Fig. 7. PV curve for Variation 3.1 �Fig. 8. PV curve for Variation 3.2 Fig. 9. PV curve for Variation 3.3 Results from the obtained PV graph of the last tested variations show that voltages of the two terminals from the middle and end of the first feeder experience a drop below 0.9 p.u. but gets a more constant value when compared to results of previous variations. All busbars from the second feeder and only one from the very beginning of the first feeder have values greater than 0.9 p.u., making them well within allowed limits of voltage stability. �5. Conclusion The purpose of this paper was to analyze the impact of different EV penetration and points of connection on voltage stability of a distribution network. Load flow analysis was performed on all nine scenarios followed by a PV curve calculation in Transmission Network Toolbox of DIgSILENT. Then, a static voltage stability analysis was performed using PV curves for a number of selected busbars from the beginning, middle and end of the two feeders. The criterium was that all curves above 0.9 p.u. value of voltage were acceptable, and all below show voltage instability. It was found that the length of the feeder, point of connection and level of EV penetration played a crucial part when it comes to voltage stability. All selected busbars from the second feeder remained within allowed limits of voltage values while only one busbar from the beginning of the first feeder was above the limiting value. This was mainly due to the length of the feeder, amount of loading and the distance from the source feeder. For large fleets of EVs being connected and charged at the same time, voltage stability and power quality becomes of crucial importance. Distribution system operators must pay attention to the impacts of charging on power quality and stability of the distribution system, especially if vehicles are in close range, and situated farther from source. If no modifications are to be made to increase the network’s capacity, then only a limited number of vehiclescan be allowed, with reference to the point of connection. A possible solution could be integration of small distributed generators or implementation of renewables, dispersed along the network to decrease voltage variations and increase power quality, especially near the end of the feeders, where critical nodes are. Future work might include analyzing and modeling the impact of connection of photovoltaics or small wind generators in terms of distributed generation, which are expected to improve the voltage levels and overall variations. �APPENDIX 1 �6. References [1] N. Rajaković, Analiza elektroenergetskih sistema II, Elektrotehnički fakultet, 2007 [2] E.W. Kimbark, Power system stability (Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons, 1995 [3] J.Y. Yong, V.K. Ramachandaramurthy, K.M. Tan, N. Mithulananthan, A Review on the State-Of-Art Technologies of Electric Vehicle, Its Impacts and Prospects, Elsevier, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review 49 (365-385) 2015 [4] P. Kessel, H. Glavitsch, Estimating the Voltage Stability of A Power System. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1(3), 346-354, 1986 [5] Electric vehicles are now the majority of cars sold in Norway, (20198, April 1st), Retrieved on 27th of May, from: https://www.autoblog.com/2019/04/01/electric-vehicles-are-now-the-majority-of-cars-sold-in-norway/ [6] M. Zhang, J.H. Zheng, W.Z. Wang, M.T. Dai, Research on Static Voltage Stability Based on EV Charging Station Load Modeling, the international conference on Advanced Power System automation and Protection, 2011 IEEE [7] Y. Zhang, S. Xiaohui et al., Research of Voltage Stability Analysis Method in Distribution Power System with Plug-In Electric Vehicle, PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Conference, 2016 IEEE [8] E. Alghsoon, A. Harb, M. Hamdan, M., Power Quality and Stability Impacts of Vehicle To Grid (V2G) Connection, The 8th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC 2017) [9] M. Ghaffarianfar, A. Hajizadeh, Voltage Stability of Low-Voltage Distribution Grid with High Penetration of Photovoltaic Power Units, Energies 2018, 11(8), 1960, Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/en11081960 [10] S. Avdaković, A. Bosović, Impact of Charging a Large Number of Electric Vehicles on the Power System Voltage Stability, Elektrotehniki Vestnik,137-142, 2014. [11] Y. Kongjeen, K. Bhumkittipich, Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Integrated into Power Distribution System Based on Voltage-Dependent Power Flow Analysis, Energies 2018. [12] N. Nalo, A. Bosović, M. Musić, Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging on Voltage Profiles and Unbalance on Low Voltage, Advanced Technologies, Systems, and Applications IV – Proceedings of the International Symposium on Innovative and Interdisciplinary Applications of Advanced Technologies (IAT 2019), vol 83. Springer [13] C. Reis, F.M. Barbosa, A Comparison of Voltage Stability Indices. MELECON Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (pp. 1007-1010). IEEE, May 2006 [14] C.A. Cazares, Voltage Stability Assessment: Concepts, Practices and Tools. IEEE/PES Power System Stability Subcommittee Special Publication 2002 (SP101PSS). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 DOI Digital object identifier 10.14706 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Description An account of the resource Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering (JONSAE) is a peer-reviewed, biannually published international journal focusing on empirical and theoretical research in all branches of Engineering and Natural Sciences. It is published on the behalf of Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences of International Burch University and aims to provide the best content regarding by publishing original research papers, review articles, special issues, feature articles, and book reviews. All manuscript submissions are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, to peer review by independent, anonymous referees. All peer review is double-blind and submission is online. The journal welcomes theoretical, applied, interdisciplinary and methodological work, with preference on empirical research, critical approach and problem-solving methods in manuscripts. Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Impact of Electric Vehicles in a Grid-to-Vehicle Mode on Voltage Stability Author Author Naida Nalo, Emina Kišija, Mirza Šarić Abstract A summary of the resource. With a rapid development and a massive deployment of electric vehicles, the power system is facing many challenges regarding power quality and voltage stability. This paper deals with the impact of electric vehicle in grid-to-vehicle mode depending on different EV penetration levels and point of connection on static voltage stability impact of a real low-voltage distribution network. Based on nine variations created, results showed that connecting vehicles closer to the beginning of the feeders creates a smaller voltage drop, therefore more vehicles can be connected. However, going farther from the feeder causes voltage to go below 0.9 p.u. and eventually leads to instability. Keywords Keywords. electric vehicles, grid-to vehicle, static voltage stability Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2637-2835 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January, 2020 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/930f5e0a5a7af0c7eb4709887f6d4f81.pdf b08b54703f2e5c542a64d7f5f92dda83 PDF Text Text IMPACT OF HIGHER EDUCATION SERVICE QUALITY ON STUDENT SATISFACTION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LOYALTY: FOCUS ON FIRST CYCLE OF STUDIES AT ACCREDITED HEIS IN BH Ensar Mekić International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina ensar.mekic@ibu.edu.ba Emina Mekić International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina emina.mekic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between higher education service quality and student loyalty through student satisfaction. Secondary goals are to examine influence of each five dimensions individually on student satisfaction, effect of perceived value on student satisfaction and impact of student satisfaction on loyalty. Eight variables are identified from the literature and survey will be developed accordingly. For all variables, there are previously developed scales which are validated by many researchers and highly reliable. For purposes of analyzing methodology, Structural Equation Modeling will be applied. Direct, positive, and significant effect is expected to occur between all relationships in the proposed model. Main limitations that might occur while implementing this study are related to insufficient response rate and time limits. Key words: Higher Education, Service Quality, Satisfaction, Loyalty Introduction Public funding of higher education institutions (HEIs) becomes scarcer and more complex nowadays. Due to this situation, the financing is partly based on student credits and professional degrees. As a result, student loyalty has become an important strategic theme in every HEI (Helgesen & Nesset, 2007). On the other hand, in relatively small market of Bosnia and Herzegovina, many new private HEIs started to operate in this region (CIN, n.d.). According to official information from Center for Information and Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education, there are fifty HEIs operating in the region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ten out of those are public HEIs while even forty are private HEIs. From mentioned facts, three important conclusions may be derived: competition in Higher Education of BH is very strong; the number of private HEIs is five times bigger than number of public HEIs which has implications for public HEIs; number of private HEIs is still increasing. All three conclusions are direct alarm for HEIs in BH to either work on service quality, customer satisfaction and achieve customer loyalty, or cease to exist. This implies huge need to conduct research on all mentioned dimensions influencing customer loyalty in the region of Bosnia and Herzegovina. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 43 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Significant number of HEIs in BH, even eighteen of them are accredited HEIs and signed into National Register of Accredited HEIs in BH. This means that they implemented nine criteria for accreditation as requested from Agency for Development of Higher Education and Quality Assurance (HEA), and that they conform to the minimum of quality level to operate HE activities. Considering fact that Commission of Experts already concluded that satisfactory quality level exists within these institutions, it will be interesting to examine perceptions of students towards the five dimensions of HE service quality and conclude if they match. In previous study, it has been found that perceived service quality and customerperceived value have a positive and significant influence on repurchase intention. However, authors stated that there are limitations of the study such is uncertain generalization of results (Dlačić, et al., 2014). Still, there is a need to conduct research with better response rate encompassing as many as possible HEIs in BH, and testing influence of different dimensions of perceived service quality on satisfaction as well as its impact on student loyalty. This study is mainly important for both researchers and practitioners. Its importance for practitioners lies in fact that it addresses issues of HEIs service quality, student satisfaction, perceived value and student loyalty which is of high importance for strategies of all HEIs in the BH region. On the other hand, it is significant for theory due to gap in literature when it comes to investigating relationship among mentioned variables in higher education setting of BH. The main goal of this study is to examine relationship between dimensions of HE service quality, student satisfaction (influenced by perceived value) and student loyalty. In other words, the main goal is to measure factors influencing student loyalty. Objectives of the study are as follows: • • • • • • • to investigate whether Non-Academic aspects of higher education (HE) service quality have a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction; to examine whether academic aspects of higher education (HE) service quality have a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction; to find out whether the reputation as an aspect of higher education (HE) service quality has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction; to investigate whether access as an aspect of higher education (HE) service quality has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction; to examine whether programme Issues as an aspect of higher education (HE) service quality have a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction; to find out whether student perceived value has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction; to investigate whether Students satisfaction has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student loyalty. The sample for this study are students studying at first cycle of studies studying at accredited private higher education institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At this moment, there are eighteen accredited higher education institutions in the country. The target in terms of number of responses is to collect at least 500 surveys. The data will be collected in several phases: online survey; phone administered survey; face to face collection of data by using hard copy forms of surveys. The survey will be developed on the basis of variables mentioned in literature review part and presented in research model. For all variables, there are previously developed scales which are validated 44 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation by many researchers and highly reliable. For purposes of analyzing methodology, Structural Equation Modeling will be used (SEM). There are three aspects of contribution of this study: contribution to literature; contribution to practice and contribution to society. In terms of contribution to literature, it is important to say that this study is testing a new model developed on the basis of previous literature. All scales used in the study are already validated, but still there are no many studies conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, this study will contribute to validation of scales by applying them in the BH context. Practical contribution lies in the goal of all institutions to achieve loyalty and repurchase behavior of their clients. The study will help to all private HEIs of BH to learn important dimensions of higher education service quality, how to influence positively student satisfaction by developing specific dimensions of service quality, and how to achieve student loyalty and repurchase behavior. HEIs may use results of this study to improve their strategies in both short run and long run. As HEIs are directly affecting society not only through production of labor force, but also through learning students all important values for their life, considering fact that this study may contribute to improvement of higher education service quality and achievement of student satisfaction as well as student loyalty and repurchase behavior, it may definitely have positive implications for whole society in the long run. Literature Review While developing literature review for purpose of this study, in total forty six sources were carefully analyzed. Three of them are books, while remaining forty one are published articles. Most of them are published in indexed academic journals, while very few are published in conference proceedings. Many different definitions of quality are best evidence of its complexity. Sallis (2005) mentioned that word quality comes from the Latin quails meaning what kind of. While explaining quality, he stated that it is an ideal with which there can be no compromise. Quality things are perfect, valuable, with no expense spared and convey prestige to their owners. Authors also stated that quality is synonymous with high quality or top quality. When it comes to quality in an organization generally, it is defined by Reeves and Bednar (1994) in terms of quality as excellence, value, quality as conformity to specifications, and quality as meeting customer expectations. Very comprehensive and significant definitions of quality in HEIs compared to definitions of quality in businesses are provided by Koslowski (2006). This author compared definitions of quality in business provided by Garvin (1988) and definitions of quality in context of HEIs provided by Seymour (1993). Accordingly, definitions mentioned by Koslowski (2006) are presented in Table 2.1 prepared specifically for this study. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 45 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) TABLE 1: Quality Types and Definitions Type of quality Transcendent quality Manufacturingbased quality Definitions of quality in businesses Definitions of quality in HEIs (Garvin, 1988) (Seymour, 1993) Transcendent quality is defined a result of the producer’s expert training and professional standing. Product conforms to specifications and is fit to be used in a manner for which it was designed The quality of education is defined a result of the expertise of Academic Staff. HEI can achieve its objectives Product-based quality Quality can be defined Quality is defined by presence or through assessing increase in absence of a specific ingredient students’ learning as result of curriculum and faculty. Value-based quality Quality is defined as acceptable Quality is defined based on performance at an acceptable rankings, marketing of HEI price. etc. Quality is defined by the User-based quality customer’s needs, wants, desires, and preferences Quality is defined through requirements from customers such are: labor market, government, students etc. Source: (Koslowski III, 2006) Service quality was in focus of studies conducted by many researchers such are Tan & Kek (2004), Brochado (2009), Jain, et al. (2011), Yeo (2008), Brochado (2009), Firdaus (2005). There were many efforts to measure service quality using certain instrument such is SERVQUAL, to conceptualize service quality in higher education context, to develop new more reliable and efficient scale to measure service quality in higher education setting, or to provide other important empirical evidences that would contribute to this issue (Tan & Kek, 2004; Brochado, 2009; Jain, et al. 2011; Yeo, 2008; Brochado, 2009; Firdaus, 2005). Higher Education Service Quality According to Faizan, Zhou, Hussain, Nair, & Ragavan (2016), five dimensional scale for measuring service quality in higher education context entitled “HEdPERF” has been developed by Firdaus (2004). Validation of this scale has been conducted by Firdaus (2005), Firdaus (2006a) and Brochado (2009) who were comparing the scale with famous scales frequently used to measure service quality in different contexts by wide range of researchers. Accordingly, authors compared usage of HEdPERF with other measuring instruments such are SERVQUAL and SERVPERF within the higher education setting. Their conclusion was in favor of HEdPERF as a better instrument due to more reliable estimations, greater criterion and construct validity, better explained variance. All these arguments in favor of HEdPERF as good scale to measure service quality in higher education setting are the main reason for decision to use it in this study. 46 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation HEdPERF has been comprised of six factors: non-academic aspects, academic aspects, reputation, access, programme issues and understanding (Firdaus, 2005). Due to low cronbach alpha of factor understanding, Firdaus (2005) removed this variable as a part of scale modification process. Accordingly, in this study, only five factors will be considered: non-academic aspects, academic aspects, reputation, access, programme issues. Non-Academic Aspects Firdaus (2005) stated that this factor contains variables essential to enable students fulfill their study obligations, and it relates to duties and responsibilities carried out by non-academic staff. More accurately said, it refers to ability and willingness of administrative or support staff to show respect, provide equal treatment, and safeguard confidentiality of information (Firdaus, 2005). Factor 2 Academic Aspects Academic aspects refers to the responsibilities of academics. This factor highlights key attributes such as having positive attitude, good communication skill, allowing sufficient consultation, and being able to provide regular feedback to students (Firdaus, 2005). Factor 3 Reputation Reputation is loaded with items suggesting the importance of higher learning institutions in projecting a professional image (Firdaus, 2006b). Factor 4 Access This factor entitled access is comprised of items that relate to such issues as approachability, ease of contact, availability and convenience (Firdaus, 2006b). Factor 5 Programmes issues According to Firdaus (2006b), programme issues factor stresses the importance of offering wide ranging and reputable academic programmes/specializations with flexible structure and syllabus (Firdaus, 2006b). Student - Perceived Value Customer-perceived value is usually defined as the customer’s overall assessment of the utility of a product (or service) based on perceptions of what is received and what is given (Zeithaml, 1988). When it comes to measuring customer-perceived value, high contribution has been realized by developing PERVAL scale by Sweeney and Soutar (2001). The PERVAL scale has a variety of potential applications, and it can be used to assess customers’ perceptions of the value of a consumer durable good at a brand level. The reliability and validity of the scale was assessed in a pre-purchase as well as in post-purchase situation, using exploratory and confirmatory analyses. All four value dimensions were found to help significantly in explaining attitudes and behavior (Sweeney & Soutar, 2001). ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 47 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Replication, validation of the scale and reducing the length has been realized by Walsh, et al. (2014). Student Satisfaction Student satisfaction has been in attention of many researchers in recent years (Mark, 2013; Sadeh & Garkaz, 2015; Sultan & Wong, 2012; Faizan, et al., 2016; Alves & Raposo, 2010; Zineldin, et al., 2011). Faizan, et al. (2016) initiated their study emphasizing fact that there is a lack of studies that have empirically tested HEdPERF and its influence on students’ satisfaction, institutional image and loyalty. Their findings indicated that all five dimensions of higher education service quality influenced student satisfaction. Alves and Raposo (2010) emphasized not only that service quality in higher education is of particular, essential and important meaning, but also that it is an established fact that positive perceptions of service quality have a significant influence on student satisfaction. There are different definitions of satisfaction. The one of Kotler and Clarke (1987) states that satisfaction is a state felt by a person who had experienced either performance or an outcome that fulfills his / her expectations. However, when it comes to definition of satisfaction in higher education context, before explaining the definition, it is important to understand who is customer of HEIs. In fact, watching from different perspectives, there are several types of customers in higher education sector: students, parents, research sponsors, state and federal governments, future employers of students, disciplinary academic communities, accreditation bodies, staff (Quinn, et al., 2009). However, many researchers agree that students’ role in getting feedback about HEI’s services is inevitable and they consider students as a primary customer to focus on (Hill, 1995; Leckey & Neill, 2001; Coates, 2005; Quinn, et al., 2009). Considering students as main customer, student satisfaction refers to psychological state of happiness as a result from performance evaluation of the service attributes in the context of higher education (Sultan & Wong, 2012). Significant scale that offers highly accurate results when it comes to measuring customer satisfaction with service has been developed even in 1998 by Voss, Godfrey and Seiders. Average construct reliability of the scale seems to be 0.83 (Voss, et al., 1998). It is important to add that the scale has been even more reliable in study conducted later on. Values of the alphas in this study were 0.89 and 0.94 (Voss, et al., 2010). This instrument is based on seven points Likert type and comprised of three statements (Voss, et al., 1998). Another valuable scale to measure satisfaction of customers when it comes to their relationship with a person, company or organization has been developed by Adjei, Noble and Noble (2010). Authors reported composite reliability of scale by value of 0.97. The scale itself is seven points Likert type and comprised of three statements (Adjei, et al., 2010). These two scales are general and applicable to different institutions. However, important scale dealing with student satisfaction in higher education setting has been developed by Alves & Raposo (2009). According to authors, results indicated reliability coefficient of 0.93. 48 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Student Loyalty Considering student as primary customer in higher education, speaking of student loyalty is the same as speaking about customer loyalty. There are various definitions of customer loyalty as provided by different researchers. Oliver (1999) defined loyalty as “…a deeply held commitment to rebuy or re-patronize a preferred product or service consistently in the future, causing repetitive same brand or same brand-set purchasing, despite situational influences and marketing efforts” (Oliver, 1999, p. 34). Oliver (1999) also added that loyalty involves a process in which customer’s cognition, affect, conation, and behavior take place. The scale of Brown and Mazzarol (2009) included measures of the student’s willingness to recommend the course or institution to others, maintain contact with the faculty, select the institution again for future study or join the alumni. Same approach has been used in study of Faizan, et al. (2016). On the basis of experiences from previous researchers, in this study, the loyalty will be examined with special focus on intention to behave which implies decision of student to continue second or third cycle of studies in the same university upon graduation, and their decision to recommend HEI to others. Higher Education Service Quality and Students Satisfaction The terms ‘student satisfaction’ and ‘quality’ have been central to philosophy of higher education authorities’, and their importance continues along with the promise of a renewed, foreseeable prosperity for the higher education of the future (Nadiri, et al., 2009). As mentioned already, HEdPERF has been comprised of six factors initially: nonacademic aspects, academic aspects, reputation, access, programme issues and understanding (Firdaus, 2005). Faizan, Zhou, Hussain, Nair, & Ragavan (2016) reported that all five dimensions of higher education service quality within structure of HEdPERF influenced students satisfaction which is important implication for research model to be proposed in this study. Considering importance of relationship between service quality and student satisfaction in higher education setting, as well as considering significance of all five higher education service quality dimensions developed by Firdaus (2005) and tested by different researchers (Brochado 2009; Faizan, Zhou, Hussain, Nair, & Ragavan 2016 etc.), following hypothesis were developed: H1: Non-Academic aspects of higher education (HE) service quality have a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. H2: Academic aspects of higher education (HE) service quality have a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. H3: Reputation as an aspect of higher education (HE) service quality has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. H4: Access as an aspect of higher education (HE) service quality has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 49 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) H5: Programme Issues as an aspect of higher education (HE) service quality have a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. Perceived value and student satisfaction The relationship between customer satisfaction and perceived value is quite frequent on agenda of researchers. Dovaliene, et al. (2015), Lai, et al. (2012), McDougall & Levesque (2000), Patterson & Spreng (1997), Akinci, et al. (2015) Gallarza & Saura (2006) are just few out of many who were dealing with these variables in their studies. While analyzing the literature, most of researchers suggested positive influencing relationship between perceived value and customer satisfaction meaning that the first one impacts the latter one. Accordingly, Dovaliene, et al. (2015) reported that there is empirical evidence in their study arguing that relationship between perceived value and student satisfaction exists. The results of study conducted by McDougall & Levesque (2000) revealed that core service quality and perceived value were the most important drivers of customer satisfaction. The work of Gallarza & Saura (2006) confirm the existence of a quality– value–satisfaction–loyalty chain. However, through literature review process, one article has been found that had a little bit different path suggesting that perceived value has mediating role between satisfaction and loyalty intentions (Akinci, et al., 2015). Considering that most of the literature proposed, tested and proved positive, significant and influential relationship between customer satisfaction and perceived value, following hypothesis is developed for this study: H6: Student perceived value has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. Student satisfaction and loyalty The relationship between student satisfaction and loyalty was quite well addressed in the literature which speaks in favor of its significance. Brown & Mazzarol (2009), Faizan, et al. (2016), Helgesen & Nesset (2007), Sirdeshmukh, et al. (2002) are just few out of many researchers dealing with relationships among these two variables. There authors suggested that student satisfaction has positive influence on loyalty. Important research question of Helgesen & Nesset (2007) was whether student loyalty increases by increasing student satisfaction. On the other hand Faizan, et al. (2016) found that all five dimensions of higher education service quality influence student satisfaction which influences student loyalty. When it comes to research of Fernandes et al. (2013), one of the main hypothesis was whether student satisfaction leads to student loyalty. Findings indicated positive impact of programme satisfaction, satisfaction with non-academic services and facilities on student loyalty (Fernandes, et al., 2013). These are only few studies dealing with relationship between student satisfaction and student loyalty which speaks in favor of significance and importance of this issue in literature. 50 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Considering all mentioned studies, following hypothesis has been developed for this study: H 7: Student satisfaction has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student loyalty. Proposed Research Model After extensive literature review that enabled understanding and explanation of all variables as well as relationships among them, a research model to be used in this study has been developed and presented in figure one below. FIGURE 1: Proposed Research Model Source: Prepared for this study The model represents six independent (all five dimensions of higher education service quality and perceived value) and two dependent variables (student satisfaction and student loyalty). Even though all hypothesis have been mentioned above, for practical reasons, the list of them will be provided once again below: H1: Non-Academic aspects of higher education (HE) service quality have a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. H2: Academic aspects of higher education (HE) service quality have a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. H3: Reputation as an aspect of higher education (HE) service quality has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. H4: Access as an aspect of higher education (HE) service quality has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 51 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) H5: Programme Issues as an aspect of higher education (HE) service quality have a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. H6: Student perceived value has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student satisfaction. H 7: Students satisfaction has a direct, positive, and significant effect on student loyalty. Methodology Sample design and data collection The sample for this study are students studying at first cycle of studies studying at accredited private higher education institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At this moment, there are eighteen accredited higher education institutions out of total fifty HEIs in the country. The target in terms of number of responses is to collect at least 500 surveys. The data will be collected in several phases. First phase is online survey data collection. Second phase is collecting data via phone administered survey. It is expected that third phase will be face to face collection of data by using hard copy forms of surveys. Research instrument The survey will be developed on the basis of variables mentioned in literature review part and presented in research model. For all variables, there are previously developed scales which are validated by many researchers and highly reliable. The summary of variables, scales and references is presented in table below: TABLE 2: The summary of scales Scale to be adapted & # Variable applied 1 Non-Academic Aspects 2 3 4 5 6 Academic Aspects HEdPERF Reputation Access Programmes issues Perceived Value PERVAL 7 Student Satisfaction Firdaus (2005); Firdaus (2006b) Sweeney and Soutar (2001) Customer satisfaction with Voss, Godfrey and Seiders service (1998) Customer satisfaction with Adjei, Noble and Noble relationship (2010) Student satisfaction Alves & Raposo (2009) Measuring repurchase and recommendation Source: Prepared for this study 8 Reference Student Loyalty 52 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book Brown and Mazzarol (2009); Faizan, et al. (2016). �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Analyzing methodology For purposes of analyzing methodology, Structural Equation Modeling will be used (SEM). There are many reasons behind this decision: SEM Accounts for Random Measurement Error, SEM can Control for some Types of Non-Random Error, SEM allows for Straightforward Evaluation of Convergent and Discriminant Validity, SEM gives a Global View, SEM emphasizes Theory Testing (Blanthorne, et al., 2006). In addition, SEM has become one of the most popular statistical tools to test the relationships proposed in a parsimonious model (Cheng, 2001). According to Eddie W.L. Cheng (2001), only one significant relationship can be justified by multiple regression while on the other hand, SEM has helped to develop new relationships based on the modification indexes. Expected Results As already indicated in all seven hypothesis, direct, positive, and significant effect is expected to occur between all relationships in the model. If this expectation come true, the findings of this research will be in accordance with most of the studies mentioned in literature review part. References Adjei, M. T., Noble, S. M. & Noble, C. H., 2010. The influence of C2C communications in online brand communities on customer purchase behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Volume 38, p. 634–653. Akinci, S., Kiymalioglu , A. & Inana, E. A., 2015. How golf players’ satisfaction from golf experience predicts their loyalty intentions? Mediating role of perceived value. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality, 9(2), pp. 117-132. Alves, H. & Raposo, M., 2009. The measurement of the construct satisfaction in higher education. The Service Industries Journal, 29(2), p. 203–218. Alves, H. & Raposo, M., 2010. The influence of university image on student behaviour. International Journal of Educational Management, 24(1), pp. 73-85. Blanthorne, C., Jones-Farmer , L. A. & Almer, E. D., 2006. Why you should consider SEM: A guide to getting started. Advances in Accounting Behavioral Research, Volume 9, p. 179–207. Brochado, A., 2009. Comparing alternative instruments to measure service quality in higher education. Quality Assurance in Education, 17(2), pp. 174-190. Brown, R. M. & Mazzarol, T. W., 2009. The Importance of Institutional Image to Student Satisfaction and Loyalty within Higher. Higher Education, 58(1), pp. 81-95. Cheng, E. W., 2001. SEM being more effective than multiple regression in persimonious model testing for management development research. Journal of Management Development, 20(7), pp. 650-667. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 53 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) CIN, n.d. Privatni fakulteti niču kao alternativa javnim, s.l.: Centar za Istraživačko Novinastvo. CIP/CIR, n.d. Information about higher education institutions, s.l.: Centre for Information and Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education. Coates, H., 2005. The value of student engagement for higher education quality assurance. Quality in Higher Education, 11(1), pp. 25-36. Dlačić, J. et al., 2014. Exploring perceived service quality, perceived value, and repurchase intention in higher education using structural equation modelling. Total Quality Management, 25(2), p. 141–157. Dovaliene, A., Masiulyte, A. & Piligrimiene, Z., 2015. The relations between customer engagement, perceived value and satisfaction: the case of mobile applications. s.l., s.n., p. 659 – 664. Faizan, A. et al., 2016. Does higher education service quality effect student satisfaction, image and loyalty? A study of international students in Malaysian public universities. Quality Assurance in Education, 24(1), pp. 70-94. Fernandes, C., Ross, K. & Meraj, M., 2013. Understanding student satisfaction and loyalty in the UAE HE sector. International Journal of Educational Management, 27(6), pp. 613-630. Firdaus, A., 2004. The development of HEdPERF: a new measuring instrument of service quality for higher education sector. Plymouth, University of Plymouth. Firdaus, A., 2005. HEdPERF versus SERVPERF: The quest for ideal measuring instrument of service quality in higher education sector. Quality Assurance in Education, 13(4), pp. 305-328. Firdaus, A., 2006a. Measuring service quality in higher education: HEdPERF versus SEdPERF. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 24(1), pp. 31-47. Firdaus, A., 2006b. The development of HEdPERF: a new measuring instrument of service quality for the higher education sector. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 30(6), p. 569–581. Gallarza, M. G. & Saura, I. G., 2006. Value dimensions, perceived value, satisfaction and loyalty: an investigation of university students’ travel behaviour. Tourism Management, Volume 27, p. 437–452. Garvin, D. A., 1988. Managing Quality. New York: The Free Press. Helgesen, Ø. & Nesset, E., 2007. What accounts for students’ loyalty? Some field study evidence. International Journal of Educational Management, 21(2), pp. 126-143. Hill, M. F., 1995. Managing service quality in higher education: the role of the student as primary consumer. Quality Assurance in Education, 3(3), pp. 10-21. Jain, R., Sinha, G. & Sahney, S., 2011. Conceptualizing service quality in higher education. Asian Journal on Quality, 12(3), pp. 296-314. 54 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Koslowski III, F. A., 2006. Quality and assessment in context: a brief review. Quality Assurance in Education, 14(3), pp. pp. 277-288. Kotler, P. & Clarke, R. N., 1987. Marketing for Health Care Organizations. 1st ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Lai, L. S., To, M. W., Lung, J. W. & Lai, T. M., 2012. The perceived value of higher education: the voice of Chinese students. Higher Education, 63(3), pp. 271-287. Leckey, J. & Neill, N., 2001. Quantifying Quality: The importance of student feedback. Quality in Higher Education, 7(1), pp. 19-32. Mark, E., 2013. Student satisfaction and the customer focus in higher education. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 35(1), pp. 2-10. McDougall, G. H. & Levesque, T., 2000. Customer satisfaction with services: putting perceived value into the equation. Journal of Services Marketing, 14(5), pp. 392 - 410. Nadiri, H., Kandampully, J. & Hussain, K., 2009. Students’ perceptions of service quality in higher education. Total Quality Management & Business Business, 20(5), pp. 523-535. Oliver, R. L., 1999. Whence Consumer Loyalty?. Journal of Marketing, 63(Special Issue), pp. 33-44. Patterson, P. G. & Spreng, R. A., 1997. Modelling the relationship between perceived value, satisfaction and repurchase intentions in a business-to-business, services context: an empirical examination. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 8(5), pp. 414-434. Quinn, A., Lemay, G., Larsen, P. & Johnson, D. M., 2009. Service quality in higher education. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 20(2), pp. 139-152. Reeves , C. A. & Bednar, D. A., 1994. Defining Quality: Alternatives and Implications. The Academy of Management Review, pp. pp. 419-445. Sadeh, E. & Garkaz, M., 2015. Explaining the mediating role of service quality between quality management enablers and students’ satisfaction in higher education institutes: the perception of managers. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 26(1112), pp. 1335-1356. Sallis, E., 2005. Total Quality in Education. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library. Seymour, D. T., 1993. Total Quality Management in Higher Education: Clearing the Hurdles. A Survey on Strategies for Implementing Quality Management Practices in Higher Education, s.l.: GOAL/QPC, Methuen, MA.. Sirdeshmukh, D., Singh, J. & Sabol, B., 2002. Consumer Trust, Value, and Loyalty in Relational Exchanges. Journal of Marketing, 66(1), pp. 15-37. Sultan, P. & Wong, H. Y., 2012. Service quality in a higher education context: an integrated model. Asia pacific journal of marketing and logistics, 24(5), pp. 755-784. Sweeney, J. C. & Soutar, G. N., 2001. Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing , Volume 77, p. 203–220. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 55 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Tan, K. C. & Kek, S. W., 2004. Service quality in Higher Education using an enhanced SERVQUAL approach. Quality in Higher Education, 10(1), pp. 17-24. Voss, G. B., Godfrey, A. & Seiders, K., 2010. How Complementarity and Substitution Alter the Customer Satisfaction—Repurchase Link. Journal of Marketing, 74(6), pp. 111-127. Voss, G. B., Parasuraman, A. & Grewal, D., 1998. The Roles of Price, Performance, and Expectations in Determining Satisfaction in Service Exchanges. Journal of Marketing, 62(4), pp. 46-61. Walsh, G., Shiu, E. & Hassan, L. M., 2014. Replicating, validating, and reducing the length of the consumer perceived value scale. Journal of Business Research, Volume 67, p. 260–267. Yeo, R. K., 2008. Servicing service quality in higher education: quest for excellence. On the Horizon, 16(3), pp. 152-161. Zeithaml, V. A., 1988. Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52(3), pp. 2-22. Zineldin, M., Akdag, H. C. & Vasicheva, V., 2011. Assessing quality in higher education: new criteria for evaluating students’ satisfaction. Quality in Higher Education, 17(2), pp. 231-243. 56 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3323 Title A name given to the resource IMPACT OF HIGHER EDUCATION SERVICE QUALITY ON STUDENT SATISFACTION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LOYALTY: FOCUS ON FIRST CYCLE OF STUDIES AT ACCREDITED HEIS IN BH Author Author MEKIĆ, Emina MEKIĆ, Ensar Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate relationship between higher education service quality and student loyalty through student satisfaction. Secondary goals are to examine influence of each five dimensions individually on student satisfaction, effect of perceived value on student satisfaction and impact of student satisfaction on loyalty. Eight variables are identified from the literature and survey will be developed accordingly. For all variables, there are previously developed scales which are validated by many researchers and highly reliable. For purposes of analyzing methodology, Structural Equation Modeling will be applied. Direct, positive, and significant effect is expected to occur between all relationships in the proposed model. Main limitations that might occur while implementing this study are related to insufficient response rate and time limits. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 784 Title A name given to the resource Impact of Ideology in Daily Bosnian Language in Former Yugoslavia Author Author Ayhan, Ülkü Milišić, Alma Akbarov, Azamat Abstract A summary of the resource. Words are the sounds or the skeleton of ideas. They give the sensation and the color to the thoughts of societies. In our study, our aim is to provide an analysis of impact of ideology in daily Bosnian language in Yugoslavia under the impact of communist ideology. In order to reflect and impose something to somewhere, it is very well known that language which goes beyond being letters, words, expressions, sounds of symbols plays a crucial role. It is actually the name of a construction including the reflections of ideas, thoughts, life styles, public affairs formally or informally, sounds of a society etc. So as to make an inevitable part of life in mind, communist ideology was inserted through the daily use of its patterns consciously and/or sub-consciously. Continuous repetition of certain words in movies, books, newspapers, advertisements even in cartoons of the the period, they were made a way of thinking style. This study searches that impact in language from the foundation of Yugoslavia till today. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/367c322f2a9b44fb0b5cb8e9b0923922.pdf 61afb57b9786d678203bcaf5cbca47d8 PDF Text Text IMPACT OF LEASING PERFORMANCE FACTORS ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION; EMPHASIS ON VB LEASING Almir Ljeskovica International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina almir.ljeskovica@hotmail.com Merdžana Obralić International Burch University Bosnia and Herzegovina mobralic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: Main objective of this study is to identify key Leasing performance factors that influence customer satisfaction in VB Leasing and other leasing companies. On the basis of literature review, eight independent and one dependent variable have been identified, and specific measuring items were developed accordingly. Structured survey was prepared on the basis of mentioned measuring items to measure related variables, and it was used as main instrument in this study. Survey has been sent in online form to clients of VB Leasing via e-mail and social networks. Out of 250 managers who received the survey, 200 respondents completed it which gives response rate of 80%. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics in excel, but main methodology was regression analysis using SPSS. The findings indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between Processing Speed (PS), Form Simplicity (FS), Image of Leasing Company (CI), Communication with Company (CC), Annuity Ammount (AA) and Grace Period (GP) on Customer Satisfaction (CS). On the other hand, there is no relationship between Interest Ammount (IA) and Down Payment (DP) with Customer Satisfaction (CS). Research is completed in one company operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and it is suggested for future research to do the study considering more companies, to test more different independent variables and do the research in all cantons of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, entity Republic Srpska and District Brčko. Key words: Leasing, VB Leasing, Performance, Customer Satisfaction 1. Introduction Lack of domestic literature regarding leasing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, along with increase of importance of this sector as a response to economic crisis and enabling people to access resources more quickly than using regular financial services, a need for researching and writing more about this important issue is evident. Main purpose of this work is to find out what are Leasing performance factors that influence Customer satisfaction in a case of VB Leasing, and to compare the issue of VB Leasing with other companies in BH. The primary objective of this study is to identify the lesing performance factors that influence Customer Satisfaction in VB Leasing and other Leasing companies in BH. In other words, main objective is to test relationship between Processing Speed (PS), Form Simplicity (FS), Image of Leasing Company (CI), Communication with Company (CC), Annuity Ammount (AA), Grace Period (GP), Interest Ammount (IA) and Down ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 139 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Payment (DP) on Customer Satisfaction (CS). The secondary objective of this study is to descriptively present difference between customer satisfaction of clients of VB Leasing and those from other companies, as well as difference in the answers of clients regarding different performance factors. Based on eight variables, measuring items and survey questions were created. Target population was comprised of VB Leasing clients. Response rate of 80% was good enough to generalize data in the level of VB Leasing Company. Once the results were collected, regression analysis via SPSS has been used to determine the relationships among variables. In the same time, for purpose of conducting descriptive analysis, Excel has been used. 2. Literature Review 2.1. History and Definition of Leasing There is a lot of information regarding history and development of leasing. “First manifestations of leasing appear 4000 years ago in Mesopotamia and a little later in ancient Greece and Rome. The term of rent (lease) of land or forest etc., complements with the right to repurchase it after the end of renting period, and it even today represents the foundation of concept of financial leasing” (Slobodan Vujić, 2010). Besides Vujić (2010), on the official web page of Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is stated that even before 2000 BC first types of leasing were showing up. Also, Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CBBIH) (2016) argues that in ancient Roman law first written explanations of leasing were found. Also, Vujić (2010) reported that first specialized leasing company in the world was established in United States of America (USA) in 1952. In the Europe, leasing companies show up about ten years after they were established in the USA. “From the economic standpoint, leasing is a special financing technique, which has developed into a relatively powerful economic activity over the past thirty years”(Saša Vujić, Vujić, & Ajanović, 2013). In BIH leasing starts to emerge by the beginning of new millennium, precisely in 2001 when first company, VB Leasing, is established. After that, other leasing companies start to work as well. Most of the leasing companies are in the ownership of same named banks. Leasing sector in BIH is regulated by two laws, due to complicated governmental structure. CBBIH emphasizes that: “In Bosnia and Herzegovina, leasing is regulated by two laws: ‘The Law on Leasing of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina’ (FBiH), and ‘The Law on Leasing on the Republika Srpska’ (RS). Leasing companies are monitored and licensed by the banking agencies of the FBiH and the RS”. (Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2016). At the end of 2015, seven companies had permission to do leasing business in BIH. The youngest leasing company, as it is reported by Agencija za bankarstvo FBiH (2016), is established in the second half of 2015. It is Porsche Leasing d.o.o. Sarajevo. According to supervisory agency for leasing those companies are: “ 1) 2) 3) 4) ASA Aleasing d.o.o. Sarajevo, NLB Leasing d.o.o. Sarajevo, Porsche Leasing d.o.o. Društvo za poslove lizinga Raiffeisen Leasing d.o.o. Sarajevo, 140 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation 5) 6) 7) Sparkasse Leasing d.o.o. Sarajevo, UniCredit Leasing d.o.o. Sarajevo VB Leasing d.o.o. Sarajevo.” (Agencija za bankarstvo FBiH, 2016). “Leasing is a financial contract that allows the separation of ownership and use of an asset” (Lin, Wang, Chou, & Chueh, 2013). Other sources, such as Central Bank of BIH also provide their definitions of leasing. On official web page of CBBIH it is highlighted that in lease agreement, lessor (leasing company) gives the right to lessee (leasing user) to use an object of a leasing contract in return for monthly payments over agreed period of time. “Leasing service represents financing to user of leasing arrangement in purchasing equipment: production machines of various types and purposes, trucks, cars, buses, IT equipment, machines for construction, agriculture, forestry, etc.”(Slobodan Vujić, 2010). Also, Vujić (2010) in his book “Leasing kao savremeni oblik finansiranja” shares his idea about term leasing. He explains it and states that lessee chooses leasing object which is bought by lessor and then cedes it to the lessee on the contractually agreed period of time with certain amount of fee. Furthermore, some other authors also include only two sides in leasing contract which is noticeable from next definition. “A lease is a contractual agreement providing the use but not ownership of a piece of equipment. Two parties involving in the contract are lessor and lessee. The lessor holds the title to the equipment and provides the lessee with the use of equipment, while the lessee uses the equipment for a specific period of time and pays rent to the lessor” (Yan, 2012). There is also short definition found. It says: “Leasing is a contract through which someone uses equipment owned by somebody else. The user pays specific regular amount to the owner” (Deelen, Dupleich, Othieno, & Wakelin, 2003). As the civilization was evolving, new religions were coming with specific rules and laws. In that sense, leasing also has its roots in Islamic law. “Ijarah (leasing) refers to an agreement in a bank (the lessor) leases equipment, a building, or other facilities to a client (the lessee) at an agreed upon rental fee and for a specified duration. Ownership of the equipment remains in the hands of the lessor” (Shanmugam & Zahari, 2009). . From previously mentioned definitions and according to the official web page of CBBIH, we can conclude that participants in lease agreement typically are: 1. 2. 3. 2.2. Leasing user (lessee), Leasing company (lessor) and Manufacturer or dealer of equipment. VB Leasing – Example from Practice VB Leasing BH is a part of and is under the 100% ownership of VB Leasing Internacional Holding, Vienna. Within the Holding, companies in the VB Leasing are operating in ten countries of Western and Central Europe (Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Montenegro, Slovenia).VB Leasing is a leasing company which has been operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2001. VB Leasing BH has headquarter in Sarajevo and operating under the laws of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Also, VB Leasing BH has four branches located in Mostar, Tuzla, Banja Luka and Tešanj. In general, service characteristics of VB Leasing BH are identical to the basic principles of leasing services but with some specificity and giving greater importance to certain services. VB Leasing BH in range of services offers operational and financial leasing. As we saw earlier in this thesis, operational leasing can only be used by legal persons so it is a case with VB Leasing BH as well. Financial leasing is offered to legal and natural persons. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 141 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) “The basic division of VB Leasing clients is on legal entities and individuals, and within that on clients who lease passenger cars, commercial vehicles and equipment” (Jahić, 2013). Many services are adapted to market needs and speed are distinct elements which separate VB Leasing BH from other leasing companies in BIH. “VB Leasing BH has a transparent, open and fair relationship with clients, a quick and simple administration procedure, and clear offers which make it stand out in the BiH marketplace. Besides the financing of personal vehicles and trucks, VBL also offers financing of construction machines, medical and other equipment as well as all forms of movable property. Flexible offers provide a financial solution adaptable to each clients’ needs, and what characterizes VB Leasing in particular is the speed of application processing and financing without guarantors. The young and innovative team from VB Leasing always seeks to offer something new with ever more favorable terms of financing for their clients, trying to recognize the needs of the market while making their product competitive at all times” (VB Leasing, 2010). For VB Leasing BH it can be said that they are leaders and pioneers in leasing sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina. “VB Leasing implements a differentiation strategy through which seeks to differentiate and separate its offer in comparison to competitors” (Jahić, 2013). According to Banking Agency of FB&H the number of newly signed contrasts in 2012 much increased. Table below shows that grow. Figure1: Market participation Source: (Banking Agency of FB&H, 2013) Through the years, thanks to support and experience of its owner, Volksbank Leasing International Holding of Vienna, as well as good cooperation between its employees and business partners and clients, VB Leasing has proved itself to be a reliable company with straightforward transparent offers and clear calculations. VB Leasing BH is also good example of social-responsible company. “From the start, VB Leasing has been the sponsor of many events such as Sarajevo Film Festival, the Car Selection of The Year 2008, the 3rd International Children’s Competition for the Sarajevo City Anniversary in 2010, International Conference on Economic and Social Studies 2014 (ICESoS’14), many concerts, cultural events across BIH” (VB Leasing, 2010). 142 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2.3. Scientific Studies about Leasing Performance Factors and Customer Satisfaction 2.3.1. Processing speed Processing speed refers to time period that is necessary for a leasing company to properly respond to request of client. Delay is an important issue for service providers, and many studies are being done addressing this issue (Bielen & Demoulin, 2007). Bielen & Demoulin (2007), Davis & Heineke (1998) and Peevers, McInnes, Morton, Matthews, & Jack (2009) are just few out of many researchers investigating issues of speed of service, waiting lines and customer satisfaction. RQ1: Does processing speed of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 2.3.2. Form simplicity Speaking of simplicity, Jensen (1997) stated that it has nothing to do with “no-brains” but rather with following reasons: business complexity; age of information; making stuff simple is a lot of hard work. According to Jensen (1997), Jim Shanley, head of NationsBank Management Development stated that simplicity is all about increasing revenue and profitability while ensuring that organization is building the capability to grow, compete and win in the future (Jensen, 1997). RQ2: Does form simplicity of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 2.3.3. Company image According to Nguyen and Leblanc (1998) corporate image is related to the physical and behavioral attributes of the firm, such are following: business name, architecture, variety of products/services, and to the impression of quality communicated by each person interacting with the firm’s clients (Nguyen & Leblanc, 1998). There are many studies dealing with company image and customer satisfaction such are those of Rahman (2012) and Onyancha (2013). The latter author emphasized that in the competitive banking industry, the impact of bank brand image on the attitudes and behaviors of customers become an important issue. The results of study reveal that bank brand image has positive effects on customer satisfaction and loyalty (Onyancha, 2013). RQ3: Does image of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 2.3.4. Interest amount According to Cambridge Online Dictionary, interest rate is defined as percent that a bank or other financial company charges clients when they borrow money (Cambridge Dictionary, 2016). ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 143 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Norman Morris (2013) wrote an article that concluded that declining interest rates are driving improvement in bank customer satisfaction. Just in one year period, due to lower interest rates, customer satisfaction increased from 76.2 percent to 79.0 percent (Morris, 2013). RQ4: Does interest amount of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 2.3.5. Communication with company Even though there are many different definitions of communications, all of them agree that this is factor that definitely cannot be neglected by modern companies (Barrett, 2006; Vanderberg, Richard, & Eastman, 1999; Bambacas & Patrickson, 2008). Barret (2006) suggests that communication refers to transmission of meaning from one person to another or many people verbally or non-verbally. On the other hand, very popular view of communication is that it is a process by which information about policies, procedures, finance and customer feedback is conveyed to others in organization (Vanderberg, Richard, & Eastman, 1999). RQ5: Does communication with leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 2.3.6. Annuity amount Annuity amount is defined as Series of payments at fixed intervals, guaranteed for a fixed number of years or the lifetime of one or more individuals (Business Dictionary, 2016). Interesting study that deals with a customers’ satisfaction with annuities in 2014. It has been conducted by Deloitte Center for Financial Services and proved that more than half of respondents were very satisfied with nearly all aspects of their annuity purchase while only few stated that they were dissatisfied (Friedman, Canaan, & Gokhale, 2015). RQ6: Does annuity amount of leasing company’s product have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 2.3.7. Grace period According to Cambridge Online Dictionary, grade period is extra time in which client is alloved to pay money he/she owe without losing something or paying an additional amount (Cambridge Dictionary, 2016). According to Murray (2001), results of study indicated that customers are more satisfied with longer grace periods than short ones. Grace period is definitely characterized as significant condition in provision of financial services, and it contributes to customer satisfaction. Murray (2001) stated that grace period is significant in making customers more loyal (Murray, 2001). Kanyurhi (2011) mentioned grace period as significant part of wider term called “loan conditions” (Kanyurhi , 2011). RQ7: Does grace period of leasing company’s product(s) have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 144 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2.3.8. Down payment (participation amount) Down payment refers to the difference between the purchase price of a property and the mortgage loan amount. Also called earnest money or front money (Business Dictionary, 2016). Some consultants recommend clients to use down payments, while some are not. Gregg Fidan (2013) recommended to not put down payments in a case of car lease. His arguments says that in a situation that car is stolen or totaled, there are no ways to compensate that amount to buyer (Fidan, 2013). Generally, leasing companies tend to offer customers opportunity to buy property without requesting down payment while lease signing. Higher down payments lead to lower monthly payments or interest rate discounts (DMW). RQ8: Does down payment amount requested by leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 2.3.9. Customer satisfaction The customer satisfaction in financial services occupied attention of many researchers. In one not so recent study, it has been concluded that managers in financial services companies are placing increased emphasis on customer satisfaction (Reichheld & Teal, 1996). The basic argument of focusing to improvement of customer satisfaction is that satisfied customers of a firm decide to stay with the firm for future business (Heskett, Jones, Loveman, Sasser, & Schlesinger, 1994). Famous scale with high reliability level has been adapted by Walsh and Beatty (2007). Their scale has a purpose to measure customer satisfaction, and comprised of following three questions: • • • I am satisfied with the services the company provides to me. (0.88) I am satisfied with my overall experience with this company. (0.95) As a whole, I am NOT satisfied with this company. (R) (0.51) (Walsh & Beatty, 2007). As presented, Cronbach alpha value is satisfactory in all questions except the last (reverse question) one which is the main argument for not using this question in our study. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 145 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Research Methadology 3. Research model proposed in this study on the basis of previously reviewed literature has been presented in the following figure: Figure 2: Proposed research model Main instrument to collect necessary data for this study is structured survey. Instrument has been prepared for this research with purpose to conduct both exploratory comparative analysis of different issues regarding leasing in BH, but also to investigate relationship between different aspects of Leasing performance and Customer Satisfaction. First part of the structured survey asked respondents if they are legal or individual client. Legal respondents were then asked about form of their company, company size and leasing object bought via leasing services, while individual clients were asked about marital status, children number and employment status. Second part of the structured survey addressed questions of types of financing previously bought equipment and number of leasing companies offered by dealer. The purpose of first and second part of the instrument was to collect data that will be used for exploratory part of the study. Third part of the structured survey was investigating relationship between eight leasing performance factors and customer satisfaction. Independent variables are as follows: • • • • • processing speed form simplicity image of leasing company interest amount communication 146 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation annuity amount grace period down payment • • • Dependent variable is customer satisfaction. The scale used in the study to measure both dependend and independent variables is five point Likert Scale with following descriptions: Table 1: Likert scale Number Value Meaning Assigned 1 Strongly disagree You totally disagree with the statement 2 Disagree You believe that statement is not true to some extent 3 Neutral You are finding statement as not influential 4 Agree You believe that statement is true to some extent 5 Strongly agree You are completely agreed with the statement All variables are based in the literature, and they are defined, explained and discussed in literature review section. In the following table, summary of variables, survey questions and references regarding third part of structured survey has been presented. Table 2: Variables # Variables Survey Statements / Questions References )Bielen & Demoulin, 2007( )Davis & Heineke, 1998( 1 Processing speed Processing speed of leasing company is at a high level Peevers, McInnes, Morton, Matthews, &( )Jack, 2009 )Vujić, 2010( )Jensen, 1997( 2 Form simplicity of leasing company is at a high level Form simplicity )Kumbhar, 2011( )Vujić, 2010( )Nguyen & Leblanc, 1998( 3 Image of company leasing Image of leasing company is at a high level )Rahman, 2012( )Onyancha, 2013( )Vujić, 2010( )Morris, 2013( 4 Interest amount Interest amount provided by leasing )Kumbhar, 2011( company is very affordable )Vujić, 2010( ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 147 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) )Barrett, 2006( )Vanderberg, Richard, & Eastman, 1999( 5 Communication with leasing company is at a high level Communication )Bambacas & Patrickson, 2008( )Kampumure, 2006( )Vujić, 2010( 6 Annuity amount provided by leasing company is very affordable Annuity amount )Friedman, Canaan, & Gokhale, 2015( )Vujić, 2010( )Murray, 2001( 7 Grace period provided by leasing )Kanyurhi , 2011( company is very acceptable Grace period )Vujić, 2010( )Fidan, 2013( 8 Down payment provided by leasing )Kanyurhi , 2011( company are very affordable Down payment )Vujić, 2010( I am satisfied with the services the company provides to me 9 Customer satisfaction I am satisfied with my overall experience with this company 3.1. )Reichheld & Teal, 1996( Heskett, Jones, Loveman, Sasser, & Schlesing�) )er, 1994 )Walsh & Beatty, 2007( Reliability and Validity of Survey The main evidence that survey questions used for purpose of this research were valid is fact that no one among respondents complained about the survey questions, and that all survey questions are based on the previously done research. All respondents clearly understood all survey questions they were asked. There was no any complaint and misunderstanding regarding interview questions. When it comes to reliability of the survey, reliability test has been performed after collecting the data. Results of reliability test indicated that survey is completely reliable instrument for this study due to fact that Cronbach’s Alpha value was 0,947 which is higher than 0, 7. Table below is extraction of reliability test completed using SPSS. Table 3: Reliability statistics Reliability Statistics Cronbach’s Alpha N of Items .947 9 148 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation 3.2. Regression Analysis Methodology Regression, both linear and non linear one is a technique used for the modelling and analysis of numerical data. Regression can be used for prediction (including forecasting of time-series data), inference, hypothesis testing, and modelling of causal relationships (MacDonald, S. & Headlam, N., 2015). Very useful source of information that helped to understand and do the regression analysis is a book entitled „Applied Regression Analysis: A Research Tool“ written by John O. Rawlings, Sastry G. Pantula and David A. Dickey (1998). The book covers review of simple regression in algebric notation, an introduction to key matrix operations and the geometry of vectors, review of ordinary least squares in matrix notation, provides foundation for the testing of hypothesis and doing analysis of variance and many more. This methodology will be used to identify relationships between independent and dependent variables as well as to measure the character of the relationship (positive / negative). Once this is completed, it will be clear which relationships are accepted and which ones are going to be rejected. 4. Data Analysis and Discussion There were totally 200 responses and surveys that were taken into consideration. Out of those 200, 86 were legal persons users of leasing and 114 were natural persons users of leasing services. As the main purpose is finding relationship between eight independent variables, which are leasing performance factors, with one dependent variable, customer satisfaction, results will be presented from regression analysis method. Before starting with the process of regression analysis, it is important to remind that following research questions were defined in table below: Table 4: Research questions REVIEW OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS TO BE ADRESSED IN THE STUDY RQ1: Does processing speed of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? RQ2: Does form simplicity of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? RQ3: Does image of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? RQ4: Does interest amount of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? RQ5: Does communication with leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? RQ6: Does annuity amount of leasing company’s product have positive impact on customer satisfaction? RQ7: Does grace period of leasing company’s product(s) have positive impact on customer satisfaction? RQ8: Does down payment amount requested by leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 149 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) For purpose of doing regression analysis, SPSS Statistics 18 software has been used. Data collected via online survey has been saved in Excel sheet, and values of all variables were calculated and imported to SPSS. Linear regression has been used to analyse the relationships between dependent and independent variables. Once the analysis was completed, following results appeared in the output report of SPSS. Reliability test has been conducted before full regression was done. Finding of reliability test has been presented in table below. Table 5: Reliability statistics Reliability Statistics Cronbach’s Alpha .947 N of Items 9 Cronbach Alpha value of 0.947 indicated that instrument used is fully reliable for making conclusions out of the data analysis. Table 6: Model summary Model Summaryb Model dimension0 1 R R Square Adjusted Square 950a. 902. 898. R Std. Error Estimate of the 1984. a. Predictors: (Constant), PA, CC, CI, GP, PS, AA, FS, IA b. Dependent Variable: ALLCS When it comes to model analysis, after calculations of SPSS, R Squared value of 0.898 indicated that the model describes 89.8% of the variance in dependent variable which is acceptable result for this study. Accordingly, Std. Error of the Estimate is 0.984 which is again acceptable level meaning that there are still few variables that could describe remaining variance in dependent variable (See Table __). This could be perceived as a limitation of this study and suggestion for all future researchers to consider more variables in order to have even higher R Squared value and lower Std. Error of the Estimate. When it comes to relevance of the proposed model considering its hypothesis, significance level alpha under ANOVA section, of the SPSS report indicated value of 0,000. Since significance level is below 0.05, this means that proposed model is accepted as relevant, and that remaining part of regression report can be used (see Table below). 150 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Table 7: Anova ANOVAb Model 1 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F .Sig Regression 68.950 8 8.619 218.914 .000a Residual 7.520 191 .039 Total 76.470 199 a. Predictors: (Constant), PA, CC, CI, GP, PS, AA, FS, IA b. Dependent Variable: ALLCS One more operation performed within regression was correlations testing among variables. Report on correlations is presented below in table below. According to the results of correlations analysis in SPSS, there are two significant correlations among four variables. Before explaining the correlations, it is important to state that all correlations are positive ones, which means that by increasing value of one variable, increase in value of another one will occur. With the value of 0.876 the highest correlation is between independent variable Annuity Amount (AA) and dependent one Customer Satisfaction of all clients (ALLCS). Another significant correlation is between independent variable Company Image (CI) and dependent one Form Simplicity (FS). The correlation level is 0.874. All other correlations are presented in table below. Table 8: Correlations When it comes to coefficients, beta values, t values, significance level alpha values and collinearity statistics, following table below reports all mentioned. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 151 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Table 9: Coefficients From table presented above, considering values of significance level alpha, the conclusions about acceptance and rejection of hypothesis will be prepared. Before doing any conclusion, it is important to bear in mind that Confidence interval for this study is 95.0 % which means that all significance level alpha values lower than 0.5 will lead to acceptance of hypothesis. 5. Conclusion After data analysis, we can conclude that there is relationship between most of the tested leasing performance factors. Table below summarizes all research questions, leasing performance factors and their relationship with customer satisfaction. Table 10: Research questions Research Questions Sig. Level Alpha Existence Of Relationship RQ1: Does processing speed of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 0.013 YES RQ2: Does form simplicity of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 0.031 YES RQ3: Does image of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 0.005 YES RQ4: Does interest amount of leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 0.341 NO RQ5: Does communication with leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 0.000 YES RQ6: Does annuity amount of leasing company’s product have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 0.000 YES 152 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation RQ7: Does grace period of leasing company’s product(s) have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 0.000 YES RQ8: Does down payment amount requested by leasing company have positive impact on customer satisfaction? 0.148 NO While processing speed, form simplicity, image of leasing company, communication with leasing company, annuity amount and grace period have positive impact on customer satisfaction, interest amount and down payment amount have no impact on customer satisfaction. 6. Reference • Agencija za bankarstvo FBiH. (2016, March). Informacija o sektoru lizinga u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine 31.12.2015. Agencija za bankarstvo FBiH. Retrieved from http://www.fba.ba/index.php?page=35 • Banking Agency of FB&H. (2013, March). Information About the Leasing Sector in the Federation of B&H 31.12.2012. Banking Agency of FB&H. Retrieved from http://www.fba.ba/images/Leasing_Documents/INFORMACIJA_ LEASING_31_12_2012_eng.pdf • Jahić, S. (2013). Poboljšanje konkurentske prednosti kroz inovacije u indirektnim kanalima prodaje na primjeru leasinga. Univerzitet “Vitez,” Travnik. • Shanmugam, B., & Zahari, Z. R. (2009). A Primer on Islamic Finance. Research Foundation Publications, 2009(6), 121. • VB Leasing. (2010). Vrste leasinga. Retrieved February 23, 2016, from http://www. vbleasing.ba/vrsteleasinga?tab=2 • Vujić, S. (2010). Leasing kao savremeni oblik finansiranja. Sarajevo: ACA System d.o.o. Sarajevo. • Bielen, F., & Demoulin, N. (2007). Waiting time influence on the satisfaction-loyalty relationship in services. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 17(2), 174 - 193. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09604520710735182 • Business Dictionary. (2016). http://www.businessdictionary.com. Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/down-payment.html • Cambridge Dictionary. (2016). Interest Rate. United Kingdom. Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ • Davis, M., & Heineke, J. (1998). How disconfirmation perception and actual waiting times impact customer satisfaction. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 9(1), 64-73. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09564239810199950 • DMW. (n.d.). Lease Down Payments. Retrieved 2016, from http://www.dmv.org/ buy-sell/leasing/lease-down-payments.php • Fidan, G. (2013). Why It’s Not Smart to Put a Down Payment on a Lease. Retrieved from http://www.realcartips.com/leasing/0314-dont-put-down-payment-oncar-lease.shtml • Friedman, S., Canaan, M., & Gokhale, N. (2015). Voice of the annuities consumer. Delotte University Press. • Gajić, M., Stevanović, M., & Gajić, A. (2010). Leasing as a Method of Investment Financing. In Unitech ’10 Grabovo. Grabovo. • Jensen, B. (1997). Make it simple! How simplicity could become your ultimate strategy. Strategy & Leadership, 35 - 39. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb054584 • Kampumure, J. (2006). Leasing Competence, Lease Structure and Perceived Performance of SMEs in Uganda. Makerere University. • Kanyurhi , E. B. (2011). Evaluation of customer satisfaction with services of a Micro-finance Institution: Empirical Evidence from WAGES’ customers in Togo. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 153 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Catholic University of Bukavu • Morris, N. (2013). Declining interest rates on home loans driving improvement in bank customer satisfaction. Australia: Roy Morgan Research. Retrieved from http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/4993-banking-satisfaction-reportmay-2013-201306260307 • Murray. (2001). What do MFI customers Value? A comparative analysis from three continents. IVth Interamerican Conference on Microenterprise. Dominican Republic. • Nguyen, N., & Leblanc, G. (1998). The mediating role of corporate image on consumers retention decisions: an investigation in financial services. International journal of Bank Marketing, 16(2), 52-65. • Onyancha, G. K. (2013). The Impact of Bank Brand Image on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Case of Kenya Commercial Bank. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(21), 35-39. Retrieved from http://www.iiste.org/ • Rahman, M. S. (2012). Service Quality, Coporate Image and Customer’s Satisfaction Towards Customers Perception: An exploratory Study on Telecom Customers in Bagladesh. Business Intelligence Journal, 5(1), 56-63. • Rawlings, J., Pantula, S., & Dickey, D. (1998). Applied Regression Analysis: A Research Tool, Second Edition. New York: Springer. • Vujić, S., & Vujić, S. (2009a). Influence of Leasing Company Image on the Leasing Package Sales. Interdisciplinary Management Research, 5, 451–458. • Vujić, S., & Vujić, S. (2009b). Važnost kvaliteta leasing proizvoda i kvaliteta leasing usluga kod korištenja leasing aranžmana na primjeru VB Leasinga. Presented at the 6. naučno-stručni skup sa međunarodnim učešćem “KVALITET 2009), Neum, BIH. • Vujić, S., Vujić, S., & Ajanović, M. (2013). Personal Sales Factor and Their Quantification on the Example of a B-H Leasing Company. Interdisciplinary Management Research, 9, 551–562. • Walsh, G., & Beatty, S. (2007). Customer-based corporate reputation of a service firm: scale development and validation. J. of the Acad. Mark. Sci., 35, 127–143. doi:10.1007/s11747-007-0015-7 154 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3310 Title A name given to the resource IMPACT OF LEASING PERFORMANCE FACTORS ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION; EMPHASIS ON VB LEASING Author Author LJESKOVICA, Almir Obralic, Merdzana Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Main objective of this study is to identify key Leasing performance factors that influence customer satisfaction in VB Leasing and other leasing companies. On the basis of literature review, eight independent and one dependent variable have been identified, and specific measuring items were developed accordingly. Structured survey was prepared on the basis of mentioned measuring items to measure related variables, and it was used as main instrument in this study. Survey has been sent in online form to clients of VB Leasing via e-mail and social networks. Out of 250 managers who received the survey, 200 respondents completed it which gives response rate of 80%. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics in excel, but main methodology was regression analysis using SPSS. The findings indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between Processing Speed (PS), Form Simplicity (FS), Image of Leasing Company (CI), Communication with Company (CC), Annuity Ammount (AA) and Grace Period (GP) on Customer Satisfaction (CS). On the other hand, there is no relationship between Interest Ammount (IA) and Down Payment (DP) with Customer Satisfaction (CS). Research is completed in one company operating in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) and it is suggested for future research to do the study considering more companies, to test more different independent variables and do the research in all cantons of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, entity Republic Srpska and District Brčko. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)