140 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/313d102c20b82156c633b8e799e509ab.pdf 306ab8a981cd245f0ce3d864b3d20e67 PDF Text Text task for applied environmental issues. From the observations and investigations, macrophytes of river systems need protection and municipalities should stimulate researchers to improve the phytoremediation techniques and to demonstrate their reliability to the public. Obviously, macrophytes and microphytes could be a remedial solution for heavy metal reduction in aquatic systems. However, together with all heavy metals that they had absorbed, macrophytes and microphytes, could be periodically eliminated by municipalities. Restoration and elimination of macrophytes and microphytes should be achieved within a proper and good harmony and in accordance because nature is very subtle and sensitive to any external manipulation. As mentioned before, wetlands are an excellent solution that enables easy replacement and further processing and metal recycling. REFERENCES McMurry, J. and R.C. Fay, 2004.Hydrogen, Oxygen andWater. In: McMurry Fay Chemistry. K.P. Hamann,(Ed.). 4th Edn. New Jersey: Pearson Education,pp: 575-599. Memon A R, Schroder P (2009) Implications of metal accumulation mechanism to phytoremediation. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2009) 16:162-175 Srivastav, R.K, Gupta, S.K., Nigam, K.D.P., Vasudevan, P., 1994. Treatment of chromium and nichel in waste-water by using aquatic plants. Water Research 28, 1631-1638. Vanloon, G.W. and S.J. Duffy, 2005.The Hydrosphere.In: Environmental Chemistry: A Global Perspective.2nd Edn. New York: Oxford University Press, pp: 197-211. Seed Micromorphological Investigations On 7 New Taxa Of Crocus Chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert From Turkey Feyza Candan Biology Dept, Botany Section, Faculty of Arts and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey Abstract This Investigation is made to determine seed micromorphological properties of four subspecies and tree varieties of Crocus chrysanthus have been distinguished:Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus with 3 varieties (var. chrysanthus, var. bicoloroceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, and var. atrovioloceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay), Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. punctatus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. kesercioglui F. Candan & N. Özhatay and Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. sipyleus F. Candan & N. Özhatay. Scanning electron microscope was used to determine micromorphological features as regards mature seeds of all taxa. 358 �Keywords: Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert, seed micromorphology. 1.INTRODUCTION Among the Angiosperm members, Iridaceae family is an invincible family with its attractive flowers. The taxa that belongs Iridaceae family are herbs with rhizomes, corms and bulbs (Mathew, 1984). Iridaceae family is resembled with 6 genus in Turkey. These are Iris L., Hermodactylus Miller, Gynandriris Parl., Crocus L., Romulea Maratti and Gladiolus L. (Mathew, 1984). Crocus species are perennial plants, adopted to overcome a dry dormant period in the form of an underground corm, in many ways resembling Colchicum L. (Mathew, 1982; Bowles 1924, 1952). The genus Crocus L. (Iridaceae) presently consists of 90 species, mainly in the Mediterranean Region and the drier floristic areas of the Irano-Turanien Region. The majority of species are restricted to Turkey and the Balkans. Turkey is an especially rich country in terms of Crocus species, with 31 species recorded in the Flora of Turkey (Mathew, 1984). The thirty-second species mentioned in Flora of Turkey is C. boissieri Maw. This plant collected in Turkey by Tchihotcheff in 1853 and then it has not been refound (Mathew, 2001). Since, the Flora of Turkey was written, five new taxa were described as C. biflorus Mill. subsp. albocoronatus Kerndorff, C. biflorus Mill. subsp. fibroannulatus Kerndorff, C. wattiorum (Mathew) Mathew, C. paschei Kerndorff, C. kerndorffiorum Pasche (Güner et al., 2000). In recent years, most of Turkey‘s native taxa were identified and classified by significant Crocus experts Brian Mathew, Eric Pasche and Helmuth Kerndorff. According to Kerndorff and Pasche (2004a) southwestern Turkey is the current center of diversity of the genus with 40 species and 70 taxa of which 40 are endemics (Maw 1886; Mathew 1982, 1984, 1998, 2000, 2002; Kerndorff and Pasche 2004a, 2004b, 2006, 2011; Yüzbaşıoğlu and Varol 2004; Erol et al. 2010, 2011). C. chrysanthus was described by W. Herbert in 1837, collected by Frivaldsky in Rumelia. It is distributed in the Balkans and E. Romania. C. chrysanthus belongs to Series Biflori of genus Crocus. Mathew (1982) described C. chrysanthus in his famous work ‗The Crocus‘. This species is the much-loved yellow spring Crocus which has given rise to a whole colorful range of excellent garden plants, some of which are selections within the species while others are hybrids between it and Crocus biflorus. It is exceedingly variable, both in its morphology and cytology, but presents great problems in that the phenotypic variation does not correlate with such formation as distribution, habitat or chromosome number. flower colors. Since the publication Flora of Turkey, (Mathew 1984) a number of ecological, anatomical, cytological, palynological studies concerning Crocus taxa have been carried out (Işık and Oybak Dönmez 2006; Candan and Kesercioğlu 2007; Candan et al. 2009a, 2009b; Kandemir 2009; Şık and Candan 2009; Coşkun et al. 2010). Otherwise, a number of investigations into Crocus species genetics have been made (Şık et al. 2008; Petersen et al. 2008). Author (Feyza Candan) of this paper wrote a phD thesis (2007) titled ‗Morphological, anatomical, cytological and palinological investigations on the Turkish Crocus taxa:C. ancyrencis, C. sieheanus, C. chrysanthus and C. flavus‘. In her thesis she determined three cytotypes as 2n=8, 12, 20+2B and described the morphological differentiation of some populations of C. chrysanthus. After she completed her thesis, she examined more 359 �populations of C. chrysanthus. The results of these detailed studies including morphology, anatomy, cytology, palynology and seed micromorphology, provide evidence that phenotypic variation does correlate with anther and flower colors, chromosome numbers, pollen and seed characteristics. An identification key for Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert s.l. is suggested (article is in press). In this study, seeds as regards 7 new taxa of C. chrysanthus are investigated in terms of micromorphological peculiarities. 2.Material and Methot Author made extensive field studies between 2001-2010 in south and west Anatolia about C. chrysanthus. She observed many different populations of C. chrysanthus while collecting. The specimens themselves have been deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University (ISTE). Other samples examined are deposited at the following herbaria AEF (Ankara University, Pharmacy Faculty Herbarium), ANK (Ankara University, Science Faculty Herbarium), GAZI (Gazi University, Science Faculty Herbarium), HUB (Hacettepe University, Science Faculty Herbarium), EGE (Ege University, Science Faculty Herbarium). For scanning electron microscopy, dried mature seeds of C. chrysanthus taxa were mounted on stubs using double-sided adhesive type. Samples were coated with 12,5-15 nm of gold. Coated seeds were examined and photographed with a JEOL JSM-6060 model scanning electron microscope (SEM). Seed surface structue terminology is made according to Barthlott, (1984), Bojˇnanský and Fargašová (2007), Stearn (1983). 3.Results Seed shape in relation to new taxa of C. chrysanthus were observed as ellipsoid. Raphe and caruncle are present. Seed diameters of the species are about 1,4-2,4x2,0-5,1 mm. Micromorphological peculiarties as regards 7 new taxa of the species are given below in a detailed way. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus var. chrysanthus Seed diameters are about (1,4)1,6-2,0(2,2)x(2,5)2,8-3,8 mm. Seed coat structure is colliculateaculeate. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus var. bicoloroceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay var. nov. Seed diameters are about 1,5-2,3x2,5-3,9 mm. Seed coat structure is colliculate-aculeate. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus var. atrovioloceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay var. nov. Seed diamaters are about 1,4-2,2x3,0-4,4 mm. Seed coat structure is irregülar aculeate. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. punctatus F. Candan & N. Özhatay subsp. nov. Seed diameters are about 1,7-2,4x(2,8)3-4,8(5,1) mm. Seed coat structure is regülar aculeate. 360 �Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. kesercioglui F. Candan & N. Özhatay subsp. nov. Seed diameters are about 1,5-2,4x3,2-4,5 mm. Seed coat structure is colliculate-aculeate. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. sipyleus F. Candan &N. Özhatay subsp. nov. Seed diameters are about (1,5)1,7-2,2x(2,0)3,0-4,9 mm. Seed coat structure is finely vesiculate 4.Discussion Murley made a descriptive and complementary useful key for Cruciferae family and the other families seed description. These knowledge were made a significant contribution to solve important problems for classification of Cruciferae (Murley, 1951). Few studies have been made of the adaptive significance of seed and fruit coat macromorphology, sculpturing and ornamentation in Scrophulariacea and Asteraceae. The seeds and achenes have no obvious adaptations for animal or bird dispersal, whereas ornamentation might enhance their chances of being dispersed by animals. It was also suggested that such features have selective advantages in dry habitats by reducing water loss (Shetler and Morin, 1986; Aktaş Akcın, 2009). In the current study, seed micromorphology of 7 new taxa of Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert are determined from Turkey. Based on previous researches and the results presented here, it can be concluded that the micromorphological features of the seeds will be a kind of support related to distinguish all taxa of C. chrysanthus between each other. According to all studies of the species C. chrysanthus s.l. as morphology, palinology, cytology and seed micromorphology (Candan 2007; Candan and Kesercioğlu 2007), an identification key of the species was suggested (article is in press). In this study, seed micromorphological features of 7 new taxa of C.chrysanthus are necessary to understand that surface patterns can be confidently utilized to differentiate individual taxa and groupings, as is seen. REFERENCES Aktaş Akcın, T. 2009. Seed coat morphology of some Turkish Campanula (Campanulaceae) species and its systematic implications, Vol:64, No:6, 1089-1094 Barthlott, W. 1984. Microstructurel Features of Seed Surface. -In Heywood, V. H. and D.M. Moore (eds.), Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy, Academic Press, London. Bojˇnanský V., Fargašová A. 2007. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora. -Abbott:Springer, Netherlands. Bowles E.A. 1952. A Handbook of Colchicum for Gardeners (rev. ed.), London:The Bodley Head. Candan, F. 2007. Morphological, anatomical, cytological and palinological investigations on C. ancyrencis, C. sieheanus, C. chrysanthus and C. flavus taxa of the genus Crocus L. –PhD thesis, Science Institute, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. Candan, F. and Kesercioğlu, T. 2007. Cytaxonomic Investigations on the Species Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert. -International Conference on Environment:Survival and 361 �Sustainability, Proceedings, Vol. 2, 19-24 February, Near East University, Nicosia-Northern Cyprus. Coşkun, F.; Selvi, S.; Satıl, F. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships of some Turkish Crocus (Iridaceae) taxa based on morphological and anatomical characters. –Turkish Journal of Botany, Vol. 34(3), 171-178. Erol, O. et al. 2010. Crocus antalyensis subsp. nov. (Iridaceae) from southwest Anatolia.– Nordic Journal of Botany,28:186-188. Erol, O. et al. 2011. Genetic diversity of Crocus antalyensis B. Mathew (Iridaceae) and a new subspecies from southern Anatolia.– Plant Systematics and Evolution 294:281-287. Işık, S., Oybak Dönmez, E. 2006. Pollen Morphology of Some Turkish Crocus L. (Iridaceae) Species. −Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 48/1:85-91. Kandemir, N. 2009. Morphology, Anatomy and Ecology of Critically Endangered Endemic Crocus pestalozzae Boiss. (Iridaceae) in North-West Turkey. –Bangladesh Journal of Botany, Vol. 38, Issue:2, 127-132. Kerndorff, H. and Pasche, E. 2004. Crocus biflorus in Anatolia, part two. –Plantsman (new ser.) 3:201-215. Kerndorff, H. and Pasche, E. 2006. Crocus biflorus in Anatolia, part tree. –Linzer Biol. Beitr. 38:165-187. Kerndorff, H. and Pasche, E. 2011. Two new taxa of Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) from Turkey. Stapfia 95:2-5. Mathew, B. 1982. The Crocus: A revision of the genus Crocus (Iridaceae). -B.T. Batsford LTD. Mathew, B., 1984. Crocus: -In Davis, P.H. (ed.), The Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands, 8:413-438, Edinburgh University. Mathew, B. 1998. Crocus kerndorffiorum. –Curtis‘ s Bot. Mag. 15:120-124. Mathew, B. 2000. Crocus. –In Güner, A. et al. (eds), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh Univ. Pres, 11:271-274. Mathew, B. 2002. Crocus Up-date. –The New Plantsman Vol.1(1):44-56. Maw, G. 1886. A monograph of the genus Crocus. –Dulau and Co. Murley R.M., 1951. Seeds of Cruciferae of North-eastern North America, The American Midland Naturalist, 46:1-81 Shetler S.G., Morin N.R. 1986. Seed morphology in North American Campanulaceae, Ann.Missouri Bot. Gard., 73(4): 653-688 Stearn, W.T. 1983. Botanical Latin, History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary. -Redwood Press Ltd., Great Britain. Şık, L. and Candan, F. 2009. Ecological properties of some Crocus taxa in Turkey. –African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 8(9), 1895-1899. 362 �Yüzbaşıoğlu, S., Varol, Ö., 2004. A new Autumn-flowering Crocus from SW Turkey. –The Plantsman, New Series, Vol. 3, Part 2:104-106. Breath Analysis of Hepatic Patients Using Electronic Nose Özgür Örnek International Burch University, Department of Information Technology E-mail: oornek@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Hepatic coma, also known as hepatic encephalopathy, is loss of consciousness as a result of liver failure. Hepatic coma represents the final stage of hepatic encephalopathy - grade IV, a progressive brain dysfunction due to accumulation of substances toxic to the brain. Hepatic coma can rapidly progress and may ultimately lead to death. Therefore, early diagonosis of hepatic coma is consirerably crucial for patients‘ life. If not, patients with hepatic coma can die in few days. In this study, I have proposed to overview early diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by breath analysis using electronic noses which are regarded as rapid, inexpensive way of gas detection. Keywords: Electronic nose, hepatic coma, sensor arrays, neural Networks. 1.INTRODUCTION Hepatic coma is loss of consciousness as a result of liver failure. The brain is poisoned by toxic substances due to failure of the liver functionality. The toxic substances are generated after accumulation of some byproducts of metabolism in the blood. The severity of encephalopathy is subdivided into four grades. Grade I and II are subtle symptom of brain. In grade III, significant brain damage occurs. Hepatic coma represents the final grade - grade IV of the brain dysfunction that toxic substances are collected in the brain. At this stage, the entire brain is damaged and the patient with hepatic failure becomes unconscious and is unable to respond to painful stimuli (hepatic coma). Ultimately, it may cause death. [1] Studies have revealed that in patients with advanced stages of encephalopathy resulting froim chronic liver failure, ammonia, regarded as toxic substance, levels in the brain may rise more than twentyfold [2]. Blood tests show an increase in ammonia levels, which is a marker the degree of accumulation of toxins in the brain as well. For the essence of patients health, early diagnosis of hepatic coma is vital. If early intervention is not committed, hepatic encephalopathy can rapidly progress and become an acute emergency condition regarded as coma causing death in a few days. Current methods of diagnosis of the hepatic coma such as computed tomography scans are time-consuming, expensive, and involve invasive confirmation. The needs of rapid and 363 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1268 Title A name given to the resource Seed Micromorphological Investigations On 7 New Taxa Of Crocus Chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert From Turkey Author Author Feyza , Candan Abstract A summary of the resource. This Investigation is made to determine seed micromorphological properties of four subspecies and tree varieties of Crocus chrysanthus have been distinguished:Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus with 3 varieties (var. chrysanthus, var. bicoloroceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, and var. atrovioloceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay), Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. punctatus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. kesercioglui F. Candan & N. Özhatay and Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. sipyleus F. Candan & N. Özhatay. Scanning electron microscope was used to determine micromorphological features as regards mature seeds of all taxa. Keywords: Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert, seed micromorphology. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/85257c11d624d8c9755d8150a58f4917.pdf 7161e12a2f2f09f974ba6b906fdb994e PDF Text Text Veziroglu, T.N. and Barbir, F. (1998) Hydrogen Energy Technologies, United Nations industrial development organization, Vienna. Seed Micromorphological Investigations On 7 New Taxa Of Crocus Chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert From Turkey Feyza Candan Biology Dept, Botany Section, Faculty of Arts and Science, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey Abstract This Investigation is made to determine seed micromorphological properties of four subspecies and tree varieties of Crocus chrysanthus have been distinguished:Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus with 3 varieties (var. chrysanthus, var. bicoloroceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, and var. atrovioloceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay), Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. punctatus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. kesercioglui F. Candan & N. Özhatay and Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. sipyleus F. Candan & N. Özhatay. Scanning electron microscope was used to determine micromorphological features as regards mature seeds of all taxa. Keywords: Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert, seed micromorphology. 1.INTRODUCTION Among the Angiosperm members, Iridaceae family is an invincible family with its attractive flowers. The taxa that belongs Iridaceae family are herbs with rhizomes, corms and bulbs (Mathew, 1984). Iridaceae family is resembled with 6 genus in Turkey. These are Iris L., Hermodactylus Miller, Gynandriris Parl., Crocus L., Romulea Maratti and Gladiolus L. (Mathew, 1984). Crocus species are perennial plants, adopted to overcome a dry dormant period in the form of an underground corm, in many ways resembling Colchicum L. (Mathew, 1982; Bowles 1924, 1952). The genus Crocus L. (Iridaceae) presently consists of 90 species, mainly in the Mediterranean Region and the drier floristic areas of the Irano-Turanien Region. The majority of species are restricted to Turkey and the Balkans. Turkey is an especially rich country in terms of Crocus species, with 31 species recorded in the Flora of Turkey (Mathew, 1984). The thirty-second species mentioned in Flora of Turkey is C. boissieri Maw. This plant collected in Turkey by Tchihotcheff in 1853 and then it has not been refound (Mathew, 2001). Since, the Flora of Turkey was written, five new taxa were described as C. biflorus Mill. subsp. albocoronatus 260 �Kerndorff, C. biflorus Mill. subsp. fibroannulatus Kerndorff, C. wattiorum (Mathew) Mathew, C. paschei Kerndorff, C. kerndorffiorum Pasche (Güner et al., 2000). In recent years, most of Turkey‘s native taxa were identified and classified by significant Crocus experts Brian Mathew, Eric Pasche and Helmuth Kerndorff. According to Kerndorff and Pasche (2004a) southwestern Turkey is the current center of diversity of the genus with 40 species and 70 taxa of which 40 are endemics (Maw 1886; Mathew 1982, 1984, 1998, 2000, 2002; Kerndorff and Pasche 2004a, 2004b, 2006, 2011; Yüzbaşıoğlu and Varol 2004; Erol et al. 2010, 2011). C. chrysanthus was described by W. Herbert in 1837, collected by Frivaldsky in Rumelia. It is distributed in the Balkans and E. Romania. C. chrysanthus belongs to Series Biflori of genus Crocus. Mathew (1982) described C. chrysanthus in his famous work ‗The Crocus‘. This species is the much-loved yellow spring Crocus which has given rise to a whole colorful range of excellent garden plants, some of which are selections within the species while others are hybrids between it and Crocus biflorus. It is exceedingly variable, both in its morphology and cytology, but presents great problems in that the phenotypic variation does not correlate with such formation as distribution, habitat or chromosome number. flower colors. Since the publication Flora of Turkey, (Mathew 1984) a number of ecological, anatomical, cytological, palynological studies concerning Crocus taxa have been carried out (Işık and Oybak Dönmez 2006; Candan and Kesercioğlu 2007; Candan et al. 2009a, 2009b; Kandemir 2009; Şık and Candan 2009; Coşkun et al. 2010). Otherwise, a number of investigations into Crocus species genetics have been made (Şık et al. 2008; Petersen et al. 2008). Author (Feyza Candan) of this paper wrote a phD thesis (2007) titled ‗Morphological, anatomical, cytological and palinological investigations on the Turkish Crocus taxa:C. ancyrencis, C. sieheanus, C. chrysanthus and C. flavus‘. In her thesis she determined three cytotypes as 2n=8, 12, 20+2B and described the morphological differentiation of some populations of C. chrysanthus. After she completed her thesis, she examined more populations of C. chrysanthus. The results of these detailed studies including morphology, anatomy, cytology, palynology and seed micromorphology, provide evidence that phenotypic variation does correlate with anther and flower colors, chromosome numbers, pollen and seed characteristics. An identification key for Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert s.l. is suggested (article is in press). In this study, seeds as regards 7 new taxa of C. chrysanthus are investigated in terms of micromorphological peculiarities. 2.Material and Methot Author made extensive field studies between 2001-2010 in south and west Anatolia about C. chrysanthus. She observed many different populations of C. chrysanthus while collecting. The specimens themselves have been deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University (ISTE). Other samples examined are deposited at the following herbaria AEF (Ankara University, Pharmacy Faculty Herbarium), ANK (Ankara University, Science Faculty Herbarium), GAZI (Gazi University, Science Faculty Herbarium), HUB (Hacettepe University, Science Faculty Herbarium), EGE (Ege University, Science Faculty Herbarium). 261 �For scanning electron microscopy, dried mature seeds of C. chrysanthus taxa were mounted on stubs using double-sided adhesive type. Samples were coated with 12,5-15 nm of gold. Coated seeds were examined and photographed with a JEOL JSM-6060 model scanning electron microscope (SEM). Seed surface structue terminology is made according to Barthlott, (1984), Bojˇnanský and Fargašová (2007), Stearn (1983). 3.Results Seed shape in relation to new taxa of C. chrysanthus were observed as ellipsoid. Raphe and caruncle are present. Seed diameters of the species are about 1,4-2,4x2,0-5,1 mm. Micromorphological peculiarties as regards 7 new taxa of the species are given below in a detailed way. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus var. chrysanthus Seed diameters are about (1,4)1,6-2,0(2,2)x(2,5)2,8-3,8 mm. Seed coat structure is colliculateaculeate. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus var. bicoloroceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay var. nov. Seed diameters are about 1,5-2,3x2,5-3,9 mm. Seed coat structure is colliculate-aculeate. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus var. atrovioloceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay var. nov. Seed diamaters are about 1,4-2,2x3,0-4,4 mm. Seed coat structure is irregülar aculeate. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. punctatus F. Candan & N. Özhatay subsp. nov. Seed diameters are about 1,7-2,4x(2,8)3-4,8(5,1) mm. Seed coat structure is regülar aculeate. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. kesercioglui F. Candan & N. Özhatay subsp. nov. Seed diameters are about 1,5-2,4x3,2-4,5 mm. Seed coat structure is colliculate-aculeate. Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. sipyleus F. Candan &N. Özhatay subsp. nov. Seed diameters are about (1,5)1,7-2,2x(2,0)3,0-4,9 mm. Seed coat structure is finely vesiculate 4.Discussion Murley made a descriptive and complementary useful key for Cruciferae family and the other families seed description. These knowledge were made a significant contribution to solve important problems for classification of Cruciferae (Murley, 1951). 262 �Few studies have been made of the adaptive significance of seed and fruit coat macromorphology, sculpturing and ornamentation in Scrophulariacea and Asteraceae. The seeds and achenes have no obvious adaptations for animal or bird dispersal, whereas ornamentation might enhance their chances of being dispersed by animals. It was also suggested that such features have selective advantages in dry habitats by reducing water loss (Shetler and Morin, 1986; Aktaş Akcın, 2009). In the current study, seed micromorphology of 7 new taxa of Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert are determined from Turkey. Based on previous researches and the results presented here, it can be concluded that the micromorphological features of the seeds will be a kind of support related to distinguish all taxa of C. chrysanthus between each other. According to all studies of the species C. chrysanthus s.l. as morphology, palinology, cytology and seed micromorphology (Candan 2007; Candan and Kesercioğlu 2007), an identification key of the species was suggested (article is in press). In this study, seed micromorphological features of 7 new taxa of C.chrysanthus are necessary to understand that surface patterns can be confidently utilized to differentiate individual taxa and groupings, as is seen. REFERENCES Aktaş Akcın, T. 2009. Seed coat morphology of some Turkish Campanula (Campanulaceae) species and its systematic implications, Vol:64, No:6, 1089-1094 Barthlott, W. 1984. Microstructurel Features of Seed Surface. -In Heywood, V. H. and D.M. Moore (eds.), Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy, Academic Press, London. Bojˇnanský V., Fargašová A. 2007. Atlas of Seeds and Fruits of Central and East-European Flora. -Abbott:Springer, Netherlands. Bowles E.A. 1952. A Handbook of Colchicum for Gardeners (rev. ed.), London:The Bodley Head. Candan, F. 2007. Morphological, anatomical, cytological and palinological investigations on C. ancyrencis, C. sieheanus, C. chrysanthus and C. flavus taxa of the genus Crocus L. –PhD thesis, Science Institute, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. Candan, F. and Kesercioğlu, T. 2007. Cytaxonomic Investigations on the Species Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert. -International Conference on Environment:Survival and Sustainability, Proceedings, Vol. 2, 19-24 February, Near East University, Nicosia-Northern Cyprus. Coşkun, F.; Selvi, S.; Satıl, F. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships of some Turkish Crocus (Iridaceae) taxa based on morphological and anatomical characters. –Turkish Journal of Botany, Vol. 34(3), 171-178. Erol, O. et al. 2010. Crocus antalyensis subsp. nov. (Iridaceae) from southwest Anatolia.– Nordic Journal of Botany,28:186-188. Erol, O. et al. 2011. Genetic diversity of Crocus antalyensis B. Mathew (Iridaceae) and a new subspecies from southern Anatolia.– Plant Systematics and Evolution 294:281-287. Işık, S., Oybak Dönmez, E. 2006. Pollen Morphology of Some Turkish Crocus L. (Iridaceae) Species. −Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, Series Botanica 48/1:85-91. 263 �Kandemir, N. 2009. Morphology, Anatomy and Ecology of Critically Endangered Endemic Crocus pestalozzae Boiss. (Iridaceae) in North-West Turkey. –Bangladesh Journal of Botany, Vol. 38, Issue:2, 127-132. Kerndorff, H. and Pasche, E. 2004. Crocus biflorus in Anatolia, part two. –Plantsman (new ser.) 3:201-215. Kerndorff, H. and Pasche, E. 2006. Crocus biflorus in Anatolia, part tree. –Linzer Biol. Beitr. 38:165-187. Kerndorff, H. and Pasche, E. 2011. Two new taxa of Crocus (Liliiflorae, Iridaceae) from Turkey. Stapfia 95:2-5. Mathew, B. 1982. The Crocus: A revision of the genus Crocus (Iridaceae). -B.T. Batsford LTD. Mathew, B., 1984. Crocus: -In Davis, P.H. (ed.), The Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands, 8:413-438, Edinburgh University. Mathew, B. 1998. Crocus kerndorffiorum. –Curtis‘ s Bot. Mag. 15:120-124. Mathew, B. 2000. Crocus. –In Güner, A. et al. (eds), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh Univ. Pres, 11:271-274. Mathew, B. 2002. Crocus Up-date. –The New Plantsman Vol.1(1):44-56. Maw, G. 1886. A monograph of the genus Crocus. –Dulau and Co. Murley R.M., 1951. Seeds of Cruciferae of North-eastern North America, The American Midland Naturalist, 46:1-81 Shetler S.G., Morin N.R. 1986. Seed morphology in North American Campanulaceae, Ann.Missouri Bot. Gard., 73(4): 653-688 Stearn, W.T. 1983. Botanical Latin, History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary. -Redwood Press Ltd., Great Britain. Şık, L. and Candan, F. 2009. Ecological properties of some Crocus taxa in Turkey. –African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 8(9), 1895-1899. Yüzbaşıoğlu, S., Varol, Ö., 2004. A new Autumn-flowering Crocus from SW Turkey. –The Plantsman, New Series, Vol. 3, Part 2:104-106. 264 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1254 Title A name given to the resource Seed Micromorphological Investigations On 7 New Taxa Of Crocus Chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert From Turkey Author Author Feyza, Candan Abstract A summary of the resource. This Investigation is made to determine seed micromorphological properties of four subspecies and tree varieties of Crocus chrysanthus have been distinguished:Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. chrysanthus with 3 varieties (var. chrysanthus, var. bicoloroceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, and var. atrovioloceus F. Candan & N. Özhatay), Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. punctatus F. Candan & N. Özhatay, Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. kesercioglui F. Candan & N. Özhatay and Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert subsp. sipyleus F. Candan & N. Özhatay. Scanning electron microscope was used to determine micromorphological features as regards mature seeds of all taxa. Keywords: Crocus chrysanthus (Herbert) Herbert, seed micromorphology. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ba339feba7f41fa19a069615a87d3ac0.pdf 8f847c23cc08fbcbe4382a11e8daf5b6 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Relationship Between Human Capital And Economic Growth: Panel Causality Analysis For Selected Oecd Countries Ferdi Kesikoğlu, Zafer Öztürk Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey E-mails: fkesikoglu@yahoo.com, zaferoz@hotmail.com Abstract In this study, the relation between education and health expenditures that are accepted as an indicator of human capital and economic growth is tested empirically. According to the findings of the study, based on 1999 – 2008 period for 20 OECD countries that are selected by the panel casuality test, a bidirectional casuality relation is observed between the education and health expenditures and economic growth in the period and country group under discussion. The obtained findings both support the intrinsic growth theories and tally with the empirical studies on the subject. Keywords: Education expenditures, health care expenditure, human capital, economic growth, panel causality. 1. INTRODUCTION Studies on growth in the economics literature are usually divided into two groups. The first one is the Neo-classical growth theory that was dominant until 1980s and it identifies the source of economic growth with technology and increase in population which is considered as external in the model. The Neo-classical growth theories, which take shape depending upon savings, capital-labour and income variables, propound that there will be no long-term discrepancy between countries in terms of level of development. The theories that emerged as alternatives to the Neo-classical theory are called as endogeneous growth theories. Emerging endogeneous growth theories bring forward the idea that endogenous conditions like human capital, foreign trade policies, financial development and public expenditures of a country can affect economic growth. Considering the subject within the frame of endogenous growth theories, it is ascertained that the human capital resources of a country have a great impact on growth. In recent years, the empirical studies on economic growth also increasingly emphasize the role of human capital in economic growth process. As often expressed in the empirical studies, the most important indicators of the human capital are health care and education. For education and health, the number of people graduated from collages and life expectancy at birth or total public expenditure intended on education and health care are used as variables in empirical models. Education and health care expenditures increase the quality of labour force and positively contribute to the production capacity and thus to the economic growth. It is also emphasized by the endogenous growth theories that in the development process, health care and education expenditures play an important role in the formation of human capital and have a significant contribution to the sustainable economic growth in long-term. 1 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In this study, within the frame of theoretical and empirical arguments presented above in summary, the relationship between education, health care expenditures and economic growth is tested by the panel causality test for 20 OECD member countries that are selected considering data sufficiency for 1999 – 2008 period. In the first part of the study that composed of three parts, the theoretical frame is presented. After the second part that summarizes the findings of relevant empirical studies, the empirical model and the findings of the model are evaluated. The study reveals the importance of human capital for economic development. 2. EMPIRICAL LITERATURE Empirical literature about the relationship between human capital and economic growth is summarized in Table 1. Table 1: The Empirical Literature Author Method Period Country Result Romer (1989) Endegenous Growth Model 1960-1985 Transnational Positive effect of education on growth Mulligan and Sala-i Martin (1992) Endegenous Growth Model Barro and Lee (1993) Panel Method Kelly (1997) Ordinary Squares Least Rivera and Currais (1998) Ordinary Squares Least Freire-Serén (2001) Two-Step OLS Kar and (2003) Ağır Granger Causality, VECM Economic growth increases the rate of return on human capital 1960-1985 189 Country Positive effect of education on growth 1970-1989 73 Country Do not have any effect on economic growth of health spending 1960-1990 OECD Countries Positive effect of health spending on economic growth 1960-1990 Transnational There are two-way causal relationship between human capital and economic growth -causality of education spending to economic growth 1926-1994 Turkey -causality of economic growth to health spending -Human capital has a positive effect on growth in the long term Serel and Masatçı (2005) Johansen cointegration 1950-2000 Taban (2006) Johansen cointegration, Granger Causality 1968-2003 Turkey Two-way causal relationship between health indicators and economic growth Taban and Kar (2006) Granger Causality 1969-2001 Turkey Two-way causal relationship between educaiton and economic growth Haldar and Mallik (2010) Johansen cointegration, ARDL 1960-2006 India investment in education and health are very important and has a significant positive long run effect on per capita Turkey -Causality of economic growth to human capital 2 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo GNP growth -Causality of human capital to GDP in the short and long term Şimşek and Kadılar (2010) Cointegraiton, granger causality, ARDL 1960-2004 Keskin (2011) Multiple Linear Regression Cross-Sectional Data 177 Countries Yaylalı and Lebe (2011) Cointegraiton and VAR 1938-2007 Turkey Turkey - Causality of GDP to human capital in the short term BM Has important effects on economic development, educatiton and health spending Two-way causal relationship between educaiton and economic growth 3. MODEL, DATA AND METHODS In this study, the estimated models are shown in the following equations. m n l1 k 1 GDPt   0   l GDPt l    k EGTM t k  ut m n l1 k 1 (1) EGTM t   0   l EGTM t l    k GDPt k  ut m n l1 k 1 (2) GDPt   0   l GDPt l    k SAGLK t k  ut m n l1 k 1 SAGLK t   0   l SAGLK t l    k GDPt k  u t (3) (4) In the model, GDP symbolizes the rate of growth, EGTM symbolizes the GDP ratio of total education expenditures, SAGLK symbolizes the GDP ratio of total health expenditures,  and s symbolize the parameters and m and n symbolize the lag length. According to Schwarz information criterion 3 is determined as the length of delay. Besides, employment (IST) is added as a control variable to the model as it can be in relation to growth, education and health. The data used in the analysis is obtained from World Bank WDI, OECD-STAN data bases. The data set used icludes 1999 – 2008 period and 20 OECD member countries: Austria, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Holland, Spain, UK, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Finland, Iceland and USA. According to Holtz-Eakin, Newey and Rosen (1988), the hypothesis test can be made in equation 5 in order to examine whether model in equation 1 cause GDP to EGTM and model in equation 2 EGTM to GDP. This hypothesis test can also be made for equations 3 and 4 that present the relation between GDP and SAGLK. 1   2   3  0 (5) The economics literature suggests three approaches to test casuality in panel data set. The first approach is based on the generalized method of moments (GMM) and the Wald test in equation 3. The GMM method requires the panel data set to be N>T. The second one is suggested by Hurlin (2008) and fixed effects are based on panel data approach. The fixed effect panel data approach can be applied only for static series. The third one is proposed by Kónya (2006) and it is based on the estimates of seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). The 3 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo last approach requires the panel data set to be T>N. In this study, the GMM - system approach is preferred since the data set used is N>T and some variables in the model are I(1). Holtz-Eakin, Newey and Rosen (1988), Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998) developed the GMM – system approach which can solve the endogeneity and it can be and applied to T<N feature samples. This method is basically an instrumental variable method. It is based on producing instrumental variables which have the similar characteristics of moment instead of variables that are considered to have the problem of endogeneity and using instrumental variables in regression model. It is possible to express GMM β estimator as in equation 6 for a model in the form of yi  xi  ui (Cameron and Triverdi, 2009, p. 175): ̂ GMM   X ZWZ X 1 X ZWZ y (6) In equation 6, X represents the matrix of independent variable, Z represents the matrix instrumental variable, Y represents the matrix of dependent variable and W represents the matrix of symmetric weight. The GMM β estimator minimizes the objective function. The objective function is indicated in equation 7. 1    1 Q(  )    y  X  Z W  Z  y  X  N  N  (7) When the matrix of weight is taken in the quadratic form, it is equal to Z  y  X  . However, when the matrix of weight is selected as in two-staged EKK the optimal GMM estimator is reached. The optimal GMM is indicated in equation 8.  ̂ OGMM  X ZSˆ 1 Z X  1 X ZSˆ 1 Z y   (8) 1 / 2 In the equation 8 Ŝ is the estimation of Var N Z u . The efficiency of the GMM estimator depends on selecting the right matrix of instrumental variable. There are three tests used for this purpose. The first one is the AR(1) and AR(2) tests developed by Arellano and Bond (1991). The AR(1) test examines the null hypothesis in the form of “no first-order autocorrelation.” Because of the method of obtaining instrumental variable, first-order autocorrelation should be observed automatically in the error term of the model and the null hypothesis should be rejected at a %5 statistical significance level. Otherwise, it is understood that the instrumental variables cannot be determined correctly. On the other hand, AR(2) test examines the null hypothesis in the form of “no second-order autocorrelation.” The no second-order autocorrelation should not be rejected at a %5 statistical significance level in the model. Otherwise, it is again understood that the instrumental variables cannot be determined correctly. The second test is known as the Sargan test. It examines the null hypothesis in the form of “instrumental variable is valid.” Therefore, the null hypothesis should not be rejected at a %5 statistical significance level. The last test is known as Hansen’s J test. The J test also examines the null hypothesis in the form of “instrumental variable is valid” and the null hypothesis should not be rejected at a %5 statistical significance level. Furthermore, if the tests are ranked according to the degree of reliability, AR(1) and AR(2) tests are in the first place, the Sargan test is in the second and the J test take the last place. Particularly, as the number of instrumental variables increase the success of the J test decreases (Roodman, 2006, p. 14). Finally, Windmeijer (2005) proved that the GMM estimate is exposed to small sample deviation in a finite number of observations and proposed a method to correct this small 4 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo sample deviation that emerge in standart errors. Moreover, the author proves that when this deviation arising from the small sample is corrected, the deviations observed in standard errors and coefficients decrease as well. In order to correct the results of the GMM method used in this study, the correction proposed by Windmeijer (2005) is followed. The only code that can implement this correction is written by Roodman (2006). For this reason, the code written by Roodman (2006) is used for GMM estimation. 4. FINDINGS In table 2, the results of the model estimation that examines whether there is a casual relationship from education to growth is shown. Table 2: Estimation Results of Model 1 Independent Variables Coefficient Corrected Standard Error T Statistics Probability GDPt-1 0.67* 0.111 6.05 0.000 EGTM -6.19* 0.980 -6.32 0.000 EGTMt-1 7.72* 1.502 5.14 0.000 EGTMt-2 -0.75 1.471 -0.52 0.607 EGTMt-3 -0.84 0.964 -0.88 0.382 Arellano-Bond AR(1) Statistics -4.21 (0.000) F Statistics 18.56 (0.000)* Arellano-Bond AR(2) Statistics -0.79 (0.429) No. Of Observations 120 Cross-Section 20 Time Dimension 10 years Method Two Staged Panel GMM-system Wald Statistics (EGTMt-1 = EGTMt-2 = EGTMt-3 = 0) 10.94 (0.0071) Note: * symbol shows the %1 statistically significant coefficients. In the statistics related to the model, the values before the parentheses show the related statistic values and the values in parentheses indicate the possibilities. According to the findings, the F statistics show that the model, as a whole, is statistically significant at a %5 significance level. The AR(1) statistics show first-order autocorrelation is observed in the error terms of the model and AR(2) statistics show no second-order autocorrelation. The Wald statistics that examine EGTMt-1 = EGTMt-2 = EGTMt-3 = 0 hyphothesis is rejected at a significance level of %1. This finding means that the education expenditures are the reasons of growth. In table 3, the results of the model estimation that examines whether there is a casual relationship from growth to education expenditures is shown. Table 3: Estimation Results of Model 2 Independent Variables Coefficient Corrected Standard Error T Statistics Probability EGTMt-1 0.954* 0.038 25.03 0.000 GDP -0.041* 0.009 -4.28 0.000 5 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo GDPt-1 0.015 0.65 0.515 0.015 2.20 0.030 0.012 0.56 0.577 Arellano-Bond AR(1) Statistics -4.48 (0.000) F Statistics 165.54 (0.000)* Arellano-Bond AR(2) Statistics 0.56 (0.577) GDPt-2 GDPt-3 0.010 0.034** 0.006 Wald Statistics (GDPt-1 = GDPt-2 = GDPt-3 = 0) 10.49 (0.0071) No. Observations Of 120 Cross-Section 20 Time Dimension 10 years Method Two-Staged GMM-system Panel Note: * symbol shows %1 ** shows %5 statistically significant coefficients. In the statistics related to the model, the values before the parentheses show the related statistic values and the values in parentheses indicate the possibilities. According to the no. 2 model estimation results, the model is significant at a %1 significance level and the instrumental variables are valid. Besides, the Wald statistics cannot reject the H0 hypothesis at %1, %5 and %10 significance levels in the form of growth is not the reason of education expenditures. In table 4, there are the results of a casual relationship research from health expenditures to growth that is stated above in no. 3 model. Table 4: Estimation Results of Model 3 Independent Variables Coefficient Corrected Standard Error T Statistics Probability GDPt-1 0.462* 0.131 3.52 0.001 SAGLK -5.529* 0.732 -7.55 0.000 SAGLKt-1 6.072* 1.260 4.82 0.000 SAGLKt-2 -0.674 1.292 -0.52 0.603 SAGLKt-3 -0.467 0.824 -0.57 0.572 Arellano-Bond AR(1) Statistics -4.20 (0.000) F Statistics 24.09 (0.000)* Arellano-Bond AR(2) Statistics -0.65 (0.513) No. Observations Wald Statistics (SAGLKt-1 = SAGLKt-2 = SAGLKt-3 = 0) 17.05 (0.0000) Of 120 Cross-Section 20 Time Dimension 10 years Method Two-Staged GMM-system Panel Note: * symbol shows %1 ** shows %5 statistically significant coefficients. In the statistics related to the model, the values before the parentheses show the related statistic values and the values in parentheses indicate the possibilities. According to the no. 3 model estimation results, the model is significant at a %1 significance level and the instrumental variables are valid. Besides, the Wald statistics cannot reject the H0 hypothesis at %1, %5 and %10 significance levels in the form of growth is not the reason of health expenditures. 6 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In table 5, there are the results of a casual relationship research from growth to health expenditures that is stated above in equation 4. Table 5: Estimation Results of Model 4 Independent Variables Coefficient Corrected Standard Error T Statistics Probability SAGLKt-1 0.928 0.257 36.06 0.000 GDP -0.769 0.013 -5.84 0.000 GDPt-1 -0.005 0.020 -0.25 0.805 GDPt-2 0.009 0.021 0.46 0.645 GDPt-3 0.040 0.015 2.56 0.012 Arellano-Bond AR(1) Statistics -3.57 (0.000) F Statistics 527.27(0.000)* Arellano-Bond AR(2) Statistics -0.18 (0.860) No. Observations Wald Statistics (GDPt-1 = GDPt-2 = GDPt-3 = 0) 18.06 (0.0000) Of 120 Cross-Section 20 Time Dimension 10 years Method Two-Staged GMM-system Panel Note: * symbol shows %1 ** shows %5 statistically significant coefficients. In the statistics related to the model, the values before the parentheses show the related statistic values and the values in parentheses indicate the possibilities. According to results of no.4 model estimation results that is summarized in table 5, the model is significant at a %1 significance level and the instrumental variables are valid. Besides, the Wald statistics accept the that there is a casual relationship from growth to health expenditures at %1significance level . 5. CONCLUSION In this study the nexus between human capital and economic growth was tested empirically using panel causality test for 20 OECD countries. Achieved evidence indicates that there are bi-directional causal relationship between education expenses and economic growth. Furthermore two-sided causal relationship between health expenses and economic growth was found. These findings support the suggestion of endogenous growth theory which is a competitor of Neo classical growth theory. REFERENCES Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991) Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277297. Arellano, M. and Bover, O.(1995) Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-components Models, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-51. Barro, R. J. and Lee J. W. (1993) International Comparisons of Educational Attainment, NBER Working Paper Series, WP No: 4349. Blundell, R. W. and Bond, S. (1998) Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models, Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143. 7 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cameron, A. C. and Trivedi, P. K. (2009) Microeconometrics Using Stata, Stata Pres, Texas. Freire-Seren, M. J. (2001) Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth, Investigaciones Economicas, Vol. XXV (3), 585-602. Haldar, S. K. and Mallik, G. (2010), Does Human Capital Cause Economic Growth? A Case Study of India, International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 3 (1): 7-25. Holtz-Eakin, D., Newey, W. and H. Rosen (1988) Estimating Vector Autoregressions with Panel Data, Econometrica, Vol 56, 1371-1395. Hurlin, C. (2008) Testing for Granger Non-causality in Heterogeneous Panels, Hyper Articles en Ligne Sciences de I'Homme et Société, http://halshs.archivesouvertes.fr/docs/00/22/44/34/PDF/Causality_WP.pdf. Kar, M. and Ağır, H. (2003) Türkiye’de Beseri Sermaye ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Nedensellik Testi, II. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, (Derbent- Izmir), 181190. Kelly, Trish (1997) Public expenditures and growth, Journal of Development Studies, 34:1, 60-84. Keskin, Abdullah (2011) Ekonomik Kalkınmada Beşeri Sermayenin Rolü ve Türkiye, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 25, Sayı: 3-4, 125-153. Konya, L. (2006) Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with a Panel Data Approach, Economic Modelling, Vol. 23, No. 6, 978–992. Mulligan C. B. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992) Transitional Dynamics in Two-Sector Models of Endogenous Growth, NBER Working Paper Series, WP No:3986. Rivera, B. and Currais, L. 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(2006) Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi, Sosyoekonomi, Temmuz-Aralık 2006-2, 31-46. Windmeijer, F. (2005) A Finite Sample Correction for the Variance of Linear Efficient Twostep GMM Estimators, Journal of Econometrics, Vol 126, 25-51. Yaylalı, M. and Lebe, F. (2011) Beşeri sermaye İle İktisadi Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Ampirik Analizi, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt XXX, Sayı I, 23-51. 8 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1306 Title A name given to the resource Relationship Between Human Capital And Economic Growth: Panel Causality Analysis For Selected Oecd Countries Author Author Ferdi , Kesikoğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the relation between education and health expenditures that are accepted as an indicator of human capital and economic growth is tested empirically. According to the findings of the study, based on 1999 – 2008 period for 20 OECD countries that are selected by the panel casuality test, a bidirectional casuality relation is observed between the education and health expenditures and economic growth in the period and country group under discussion. The obtained findings both support the intrinsic growth theories and tally with the empirical studies on the subject. Keywords: Education expenditures, health care expenditure, human capital, economic growth, panel causality. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/386d2503511efcb8e9b191c27c5d5051.pdf 3c1b780918eed3e758e30c597a788ae7 PDF Text Text Kukshya, V., Krishnan, H., Kellum, C., n.d. Design of a system solution for relative positioning of vehicles using vehicle-to-vehicle radio communications during GPS outages. IEEE, pp. 1313-1317. Lee, U., Gerla, M., 2010. A survey of urban vehicular sensing platforms. Computer Networks 54, 527–544. Nandan, A., Das, S., Pau, G., Gerla, M., Sanadidi, M.Y., 2005. Co-operative downloading in vehicular ad-hoc wireless networks, in: Second Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services, 2005. WONS 2005. Presented at the Second Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services, 2005. WONS 2005, IEEE, pp. 32- 41. Sander, J., Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Xu, X., 1998. Density-Based Clustering in Spatial Databases: The Algorithm GDBSCAN and Its Applications. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2, 169-194. Wang, W., Chen, S., Qu, G., 2007. Comparison between Partial Least Squares Regression and Support Vector Machine for Freeway Incident Detection. IEEE, pp. 190-195. Xu, Q., Mak, T., Ko, J., Sengupta, R., 2004. Vehicle-to-vehicle safety messaging in DSRC. ACM Press, p. 19. Sustainability and Using Information Technologies in Disaster Managament FatmaNevalGenç, Murat Yılmaz Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administritive Sciences, 09900, Nazilli, Aydın, Turkey. E-mails: fatmanevalgenc@gmail.com,muratyilmaz@adu.edu.tr Abstract Sustainable development is a concept that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In recent years world population suffered by numerous natural and manmade disasters so that they strived to 474 �protect their own existence prior to the future. However, most of the disasters were caused by un-sustainable attitudes of politicians, decision makers and communities. In this paper, the concept of disaster management and using information technologies in disasters will be discussed in the sustainability context. The study focuses on the use of information technologies in disaster situation. Information technologies are used in before and after of disaster. In this paper role and place of communication and communication technologies in crisis and disaster situations is considered. This issue, crisis, disaster communication, coordination of disaster situation examined using national and international literature and experience of disaster occurred. In the study developments on the use of communication technologies in disaster management, success of disaster information systems in disasters, advantages and disadvantages of using communication technologies are examined. Keywords: Sustainability, Crisis Management, Disaster Management, Communication Technology, Public Administration. 1. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT Developments occurring in the field of communication technologies have elleminated the constraints of time and distance. These technologies can help to disaster managers to solve complex problems usin socio-technical system approach. (Çelik and Çorbacıoğlu, 2010: 140). The main communication technologies used in disaster management computer technologies that can be used in different types of disasters and different processes of disaster management These technologies are used for flow of information, emergency contact, mitigation, intervention and allows the realization of information of fast and high quality way. Since the 1990s, these technologies have become an important part of disaster and emergency operations (Fink, 1986; Heath, 1998: 275). The main activities of these technologies and their use in disaster management are listed below (Marincioni, 2007: 460; 475 �the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2004: 77-79; Stephenson and Anderson, 1997: 320; Mathew, 2005: 55); a) Early warning systems and simulation models: provides information about the possible effects of the disaster, disaster risk, and the number of potential people affected by disaster and these systems aimed at risk reduction, bringing people to move as quickly as possible. Simulation models are used as instruments for disaster preparedness: public health measures, planning, decision making etc. To create early warning system, seismometers, sub-sea tsunami detectors are used for this purpose. Thanks to early warning systems tsunami, hurricane, flood, landslide hazards can be identified and it is possible to allow time to take action (Samarajiva, 2005: 735). b) Web-based disaster databases: computer software and hardware system that transfers data which properties of the disaster affected area and vulnerable community. Thus, it is possible o identify risk areas, and strategies for fighting the risks of the community-owned. c) Satellite communications: Particularly search and rescue operations, these systems refers to the utilization of global positioning systems, images and aerial photographs to determine map coordinates of points that identified urgent target to be achieved, Disaster areas and support the need for warning signals to quickly handle the situation in order to obtain the use of satellite telecommunications systems will replace the mobile space-based communications infrastructure systems, telephone systems, allowing the introduction of commissioning. d) Remote sensing systems: Using optical and radar satellite systems these techniques are used to prepare land use plans and disaster prone areas, to determine risk areas and infrastructure. e) Geographic information systems and spatial planning (ground positioning systems): Using radar and GPS space technology, especially on potential areas, it is provide benefit to be prepared for earthquakes, observation and monitoringof risky areas; the simulation used in the fields in disasters, making the situation analysis, risk assessment, spatial modeling, disaster mapping. f) Decision support systems: makes it possible to develop decision support systems and expert systems for using internet, information infrastructure in disaster-related areas. Internet, expert systems and decision support systems provide for rapid decision-making, options assessment, and disaster management and analyze. 476 �g) Mail, web sites, internet: these technologies are used to meet needs in disaster areas, education and information about disasters andrelated activities.In the process of disaster internet, TV and video-conferencing systems provides the possibility to experts discuss disaster in e-mail, chat rooms and other media (Marincioni, 2007: 472).These technologies, videos, graphics, links to connect users to do the voting, statements of opinion, do the experts predict, allowing discussion of the possibilities to use the channels, which allows local reporters to login to introduce disaster areas and be contacted in this process, to involve stakeholders in co-operation done. Frequent updating web pages on disaster/crisis to provide information about the possible effects, scope of disaster (Coombs, 2007; Seeger, Sellnow and Ulmer, 1998: 248). Especially sudden events such as natural disasters, fast and frequently updated information is quite important. 1996 Kobe Earthquake, Oklahoma City bombing Internet was the most important communication tool. Using internet electronic networks, maps, photos, digital damage, have been able to reach disaster victimsand their relatives. Forest fires in California, Google maps used by those who wish to obtain information about shelters.In Hurricane Katrina Craiglistler was used as an area offering a variety of forms of assistance.After the September 11 attacks, company web pages, personal blogs used to provide assistance and information (Semaan et al., 2010: 1-10).The spread of the internet, from an emergency disaster warning, breaking news, fast-changing data, real-time video feeds, given the opportunity to reach the literature on natural disasters and emergency situations. In recent years using of social media in the process of disaster has increased. Social media and blogs have become an important source of information and they have power to influence experts and opinion leaders (Edwards et al, 2010: 1-4; Krakovsky, 2010: 1-6; Starbird et al, 2010: 1-5; Latonero et al, 2010: 1-10).After the Banda Aceh Tsunami Twitter used by people to help disaster victims, and drew attention to the speed transformation of news according to the traditional news channels.The interactive nature of Twitte, obtain information to public administrators about disasters, collect, and analyze statistical information about the community affected by disaster, after disaster to keep, serves as a tool to determine the survival rates (Zhu et al., 2011: 431). Additionally, computerized imaging, intelligent vehicles, disaster archives, digital libraries on disasters, meteorological satellite systems, radios, cell phones, fax, tv, emergency telephone lines, sms, rss, telecommunications, communication networks are used extensively in the disaster. In next years, these technologies are used in the field of disaster management is likely to add new ones, and the diversification of existing ones. Coming years it is expected that the 477 �diversification of specialized micro-processors and sensors, multimedia, remote monitoring and data collection instruments. In this context, it is probably in the future, the use of disaster and emergency management such as extensive networks with broad bands of the Internet, network commerce, smart grid search software, high-capacity data storage systems, smart cards, mobile, wireless personal digital assistants, high-performance computers, highresolution satellite imagingTechnologies will spread (Sephenson and Anderson, 1997: 320). 2. EXAMPLES OF USING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT Communication technologies in disaster following the earthquake used in Mexico City in 1985 for the first time, called an ATS-3 (The Advanced Technology-3) system, in order to ensure communication, international aid. Used in the process of rebuilding of Armenia Earthquake of 1988, the U.S. space the bridge is accepted the largest comprehensive telemedicine disaster assistance project. Similar tele-medicine projects between the U.S. and Russia used in medical consulting and medical education in the process of disaster response, and then these Technologies began to be used extensively in communication technologies, especially medical procedures (Reddy et al., 2009: 263; Mathew, 2005: 2005, Meissner et al., 2002). Advanced communication technologies in the U.S. in the Gulf War (1991) mobile health units, the U.S. assistance to Somalia (1993) also used a remote clinical communication system (Garshnek and Burkle, 1999: 215). Increasing the number of systems to ensure coordination used in the communication technologies in disaster management, including international organizations, especially to coordinate disaster response operations. The main purpose of these systems which called Emergency Management Information System (EMIS) in disaster management make life easier for employees, the organization of existing information and resources to more effectively not only geographically but functionally different channels and means of cooperation offer. Some of these are given below (Onorati et al., 2010; Dorasam and Raman, 2011: 3; Currion, 2007: 62): a)The UN is one of the most important organizations in the international disaster response operations. Using disaster information systems the UN coordinate different types of disaster and humanitarian relief operations aa) UN-OCHA: serve on the internet, intended to provide synchronization, mapping, flexible design. Some projects coordinated by OCHA such as IRIN (Humanitarian News and Analysis), CAP (The Consolidated Appeals Process), CERF (Central Emergency Response 478 �Fund, The), FTS, RedHum (América Latina y el Caribe Red de Información Humanitarian money), OCHA3W (Who does What Where / Contact Management Directory), IASC (The Inter-Agency Standing Committee). Using these these projects web pages, it is possible to organize, download documents or information about disasters (Bui et al, 2000: 436). ab), UN Relief Web: provide mapping, online library, professional resources, web-based service, designed for different types of disaster application forms, assessments, maps, press releases, field research, the reports. ac) LARED-UNDP-GMP: provide disaster information cards, database support, GIS, provides google maps. ad) FEMIS (Federal Emergency Management Information System): provide google mapping, reader blogs, disaster modeling, provides. b) Within the European Commission; ba) ECHO (European Community Humanitarian Office): serves within the framework of the Emergency Public Information Centers and Communication and Information System (the Common Emergency Communication and Information System-CECIS). bb) European Commission prepared a report that better protection of European citizens in order to improve disaster, the aim of this project establish an early warning system within the framework of the Indian Ocean in 2007. The Commission's objective to create real-time monitoring, providing real-time data and multi-faceted approach to disaster-warning mechanisms and to increased analytical capacities of participating countries. bc) Meteoalarm: founded by the European meteorological service, as a collection of Internetbased multi-lingual European alert platform for weather warnings. bd) The Global Disaster Alerts and Coordination System (GDACS): a fully automated manner with the participation of the EU and the UN, works with the data obtained from natural disasters 24/7 according to the warning system. be) the Commission are also prepared early warning systems for specific groups of disaster. The European Commission, the European Flood Alert System (EFAs) has funded the 479 �establishment. EFAs, 3-10 days prior to the damaging floods alert monitoring and information center. AK forest fires, forest fire information system was set up, with this system, and 6 days prior to the daily weather forecasts are made of fire hazard maps, maps of fire locations on a daily basis, 7 days in advance by means of satellite images also provided estimates of damage and risk areas on a daily basis, are published in the hot spots. The European Mediterranean Seismological Center in the Mediterranean region with a partnership with the determination of earthquake risks and Tunisia cooperated on adding three new sensor. Earthquakes in North Africa with the presence and location of the sensors to determine more clearly the nature of the increased chance. AK, as well as with intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission K. Tsunami early warning system has been cooperating in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. European Commission, the effects of disasters and mitigation works on the development of technologies associated with the subject. Commission management research, information society, with a joint research center is engaged in disaster prediction and disaster management. Institute for environment and sustainability, especially within the joint research center, the commission is working tightly with the civil protection service. c) SAHANA: Established after the Indian Ocean tsunami (2004), the system provides open source software, training, aid distribution, status, mapping and response management. The Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) is a system open to sharing information, transparent and acting suitable for the general principles of humanitarian organizations. d) FEMA: FEMA is a organization that serves information about places for temporary shelters, medical special needs, materials, distribution points for aid materials, GIS, mapping etc. e) DERMİS-Dynamic Disaster Response Management Information System f) SARVOYADA: operated during the tsunami. g) IMASH-Information Management System: Designed for hurricanes. h) Digital Typhoon: Provides information about typhoons. i) PeopleFinder and ShelterFinder: Google search engine service which is heavily used in disasters. This system heavily utilized positioning and applications, helping those who struggle quake in Japan and Haiti, i) NIMS: National Incident Management Systems has been operating in the United States. j) DesInventar System: The system supported by UNDP and used in Africa and Latin America; works as a database to serve information about post-disaster damage, historical disaster data collection tool k) SIGAME: The sysytem was established after the mass fires in Galicia (2007). 480 �h) HAVARIA: The system works as a Disaster Information Services Alert Map, Global Display of Terrorism and suspicious events i) CRED-The Centre for Research of the Epidemiology of Disasters: The system was founded in Belgium (1973) as a international organization. System used by many international organizations, such as UN's EM-DAT (Emergency Disaster-Emergency Disaster Database Data Base), EM-BİB (Documentation Centre, bibliographic databases) (Hamzaçebi, et al., 2007: 179). i) Emergency Disaster Database (EM-DAT): The Research Centre of the Epidemiology of Disasters (OFDA / CRED) is an organization which covering the largest database about natural disasters. CRED prepares an annual statistical data tables and analysis. It can be searched by date, user country, disaster type, and system serves statistical database about list of general disaster. There are also some maps based on the EM-DAT database. These maps show the geographic summary about effects of disasters and catastrophes between 1974 and 2003. j) The Asian Disaster Reduction Center-ADRC: In order to reduce the effects of disasters and to share information about disaster in the Asian region it was establish in 1998, Japan. 22 states are member of ADCR today. System provide disaster related information about country / region, date, disaster type, loss of life and property, disaster related links (reports, articles), geographical data information, emergency response information (Hamzaçebi, et al., 2007: 179). k) Emergency Management Australia (EMA): Emergency Management Australia (EMA): disaster databases in EMA’s website serves information about historic disasters in Australia. All hazards are identified by type, date, district, region, the total number of dead, injured, number of affected population and the number of homeless (Hamzaçebi, et al., 2007: 179). l) Canadian Disaster Database (CDD): It was established in 1990, it provides information about wars and conflicts in ten years period except for natural and technological disasters (Hamzaçebi, et al., and 2007: 179). Besides these sites, there are web sites that provide information in different areas of disaster management, disasters, response operations, video, teleconferencing, early warning systems, disaster awareness on radio, television, cable television, amateur radio, wireless communication systems, and some organizations such as EU, WHO, FAO, IFRC, the Natural 481 �Hazards Center and the Pan-American Health Organization, DEC (Mathew, 2005: 56). Some institutions, such as The U.S. National Hurricane Center, the Caribbean Hurricane Page, the National Meteorological Center, serves as a mechanism on the web, to warn people, inform the path of disaster, provide information on damage . Epix, Colorado Natural Disaster Center, DHA, and many other website, electronic magazines and related material, such as the Journal of Humanitarian Assistance have become possible information sources. After the G7 summit in 1996, under the name of Global Emergency Management Information Network Project (GEMINI) was created by a global network (Stephenson and Anderson, 1997: 325). 3. USE OF COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN TURKEY TECHNOLOGIES FOR DISASTER Public organizations that responsible for disaster management in Turkey are organized in national and local governments. Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD), founded in 2009, is the basis of the system. Departments of Disaster and Emergency Authority are Disaster and Emergency High Council, Disaster and Emergency Coordination Committee, Earthquake Advisory Board. AFAD web page provide information about disaster, concepts associated with disaster, types of disasters, disasters occurring throughout the world, Turkey's National Disaster archive, disaster maps of cities in Turkey and their risk status according to different disasters, measures to be taken in the face of disasters, risk management, civil defense and first aid. Using maps, tables and sateliteimages, Office of Earthquke which department of AFAD, provides information about earthquake that occur since 1900, in last 24 hours and last 30 days. The aim of National Disaster Archive System of Turkey is , using information technologies, to share information with other related public organizations, about disaster experiences of our country, disaster management system, disaster respond and recovery activities (Hamzaçebi et al., 2007:181). Regional and local seismic networks are established and operated by the universities in Turkey. In addition, the TUBITAK Marmara Research Center Earth and Marine Sciences Research Institute works to build and operate regional and temporary seismic networks. Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute is a main organization that monitoring earthquakes on a national scale and producing information for emergency response agencies at the national and international scale. Bogazici University 482 �Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute works as a 'National Seismic Network', it gives information about earthquakes to inform responsible public authorities. Institute has got 102 seismic stations across the country. It collects, evaluates data and then transfers information to related institutions. (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2004: 71-72). As a part of The General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, TURKNET (Turkey National Telemetric Seismic Network), was founded in 1989. The purpose of TURNET is to try to determine causes of earthquakes and TURKNET studies on hazard mitigation of earthquakes. TURNET has got a network which spread across the country. The network has got 31 stations. 12 of them are located on the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). TURKNET information center provides newsletters and catalogs, seismicity maps, long-term data, a fast and automatic earthquake alert, information via the Internet, a reliable estimation of the earthquake (Alkan, and Kaplan, 2005: 164-165). "Active Fault Map of Turkey" is published in 1992 by the General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA). It is a reference source and shows the map of active faults of the whole country. From the date of its publication, this map is a main data resource for ongoing efforts about earthquake in our country. The Ministry of Public Works and Settlement prepared and released "Earthquake Zoning Map" in 1996. Especially after the 1999-Marmara Earthquake, initiatives for the establishment and operation of disaster information systems, national scale disaster information technologies have been increased in Turkey. In this context joint studies with international organizations as the World Bank, EU, JICA, have been increased. Universities, municipalities prepared projects, implementation plans and reports for addressing issue on a regional, national scale. However, the majority of them have been an attempt or preparation. Process has been continuing. Some of these studies are follows: (Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, 2004: 71): i) "Turkey Geographic Information Bank” the preparatory work was completed in 1995 by the SPO, the system aims to provide production and use survey data. ii) "Management Information System" Project; has prepared by the Prime Ministery, the system aims a healthy flow of data between public bodies, to ensure using computer network that sought to establish a Standard. iii) "National Geographic Information Systems Strategies in Turkey Project" has prepared by Ministry of National Defence. iv) "Geographical data production and usage survey" has prepared in 2004 by the General Diroctorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. 483 �v) "Turkey Disaster Preparedness Response and Coordination System Concept 'Report" has prepared by Turkish General Staff. vi) Documents which showing the required needs of disaster prepared by AFAD Turkish Disaster Information System (TDIS) has prepared by the Ministry of Interior and Istanbul Technical University in 2001. Four projects have been implemented in In this context: i) National Emergency Management, Training and Exercise Program, ii) Dvelopment Projects of National Emergency Management Model, iii) Restructuring of the National Fire Brigades, iv) National Remote Sensing System (UAS) and Geographic Information System (GIS)-Based Data Base and Disaster Management Creating StandardsOriented Decision Support System (Turkey Disaster Information System - TABİS) . The purpose of TABİS is, using modern satellite technology and information systems, in order to establish the standard model, especially in emergency planning, implementation, and in case of any disaster, disaster management and damage that can be used to estimate, central and function as a decision support system in Turkey. The purpose of TABİS has been creating inventory on disasters, gather information about disasters and transfer them in a information system (Nurlu, 2009). In addition, Turkish Red Crescent has got a system that estimate damage of disaster. In this way, the Red Crescent, can quickly know the size and needs of disaster. And it can respond to disaster most appropriate intervention. Provincial Disaster and Emergency Management at provincial level, especially in provinces that located in high risk areas, appear to be more active in AFAD Office. Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, in the context of Istanbul Disaster Preparedness Education Project (İAHEP) has been developed the Geographic Information Sharing System (GISSI). Based on information sharing, using digital maps, GISSI has been provided current data accessibility. In this way, the system aims to help neighborhood organization to the development of earthquake preparedness and postearthquake emergency response plans. Since 2000, Istanbul Governorship Disater Management Center has been set up to provide coordination and cooperation between the relevant institutions and organizations. Disaster Management Center has been legally responsible for carrying out the preparations for disaster management in İstanbul. Center has been collect, update, analyze and synthesize all kinds of information about disasters. Another project in İstanbul is the Istanbul Disaster Information System. The aims of the system to do disaster planning, implementation, managament, estimate damages, by using satellite technology and information systems; to provide information for the other provincies, 484 �to act as a pilot decision support system project. Additionally, Disaster Coordination Center in Istanbul Metropoliten Municipality has been providing real-time monitoring about disaster and archive disaster records.Other example of national disaster databases in Turkey is the Middle East Technical University Department of Environmental EngineeringTechnological Accidents Information System. At local level, especially in the high risky provincies, disaster information technology-based works are a lot. For example, the RADIUS Project coordinate by İzmir Metropoliten Municipality aim to evaluate sismic situation and to determine the possible damages that may occur during an earthquake İzmir. Crisis Management Center of the Governorship of Izmir has been initiated to Emergency Management and Geographic Information System. The Disaster Management Information System (İZAYBİS) established and İzmir Development Agency (İZKA) provided financial support to the "Enhancing the Effectiveness of Disaster Management Framework of the Provincial Emergency Response Plan".Creating a disaster management information system within the scope of this project, studies are performing in Izmir. Crisis Management Center of the Governorship of Izmir sharing information with various institutions and organizations. The center serves information to the other organizations using geographic information systems and digital maps in different formats (Mersin and Şahin, 2009: 45).In Afyonkarahisar Emergency Management and Data Processing Center (ADUYBİM) are available. The center, operates within the scope of GIS. In Kastamonu (Hamzaçebi et al, 2004: 1) and Rize (Balci, 2007) there have been attempts to establish meteorological early warning systems in the disaster information system. 4.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Because of the disasters, importance of the use of communication tools increased. However, for various reasons, particularly economic constraints, the adaptation of communication technologies in disaster management is not easy. Taking into account these constraints, some suggestions can be developed for adaptation of successful communication technologies in disaster management process. Using communication technologies, aid agencies who’s responsible for disaster should tie together within the framework of global, national and local scales. While communication technologies are aligned with the local disaster plans at a later stage, this information should be collected on a national scale, and ultimately global disaster information should be shared between relevant countries and organizations. For example, particularly local hospitals should equipped terminals; they should used capable of wireless lines and should be connected to the disaster area. For example, in a disaster situation that 485 �may affect multiple countries such as tsunami, unlike establish early warning systems in each country; establish a common system is more cheap and useful. Indeed, such a model after the 2004 tsunami took place in India and Taiwan (Samarajiva, 2005: 735). Disaster management should adapt technical infrastructure, people and agencies that involved in the process. In this context, to be prepared for disasters, especially the opensource, easily accessible software and training tools are needed in each stage of intervention (Currion, 2007: 62). Designing the disaster technology infrastructure the possible technical difficulties, social dimensions should be consider. So, framework of disaster management process should be designed as a socio-technical systems approach (Reddy et al, 2009: 267). An ideal disaster management system should be involved public agencies, citizens, voluntary organizations, private sector. At this point especially in disaster databases and other technologies in disaster design, establish, implementation, financing partnerships with the private sector is very important. Disaster communication systems should planned alternativly (Lien et al., 2009: 1-10). In an effective disaster management, roles and visions of a local disaster teams must comply with professional standards, appropriate technologies should be used, teams must be open to interaction and knowledge transfer. After the Marmara Earthquake some important legal and institutional regulations has been done disaster management system in Turkey. But it is hard to say desired level. Some of the strategic objectives of National Earthquake Disaster and Emergency Management Strategy and Action Plan (UDSEP) (2012-2023) which prepared by the AFAD, are to develop disaster information infrastructure and to design new research and develop methods; to establish earthquake data bank; to develop seismic observation networks; to develop forecasting and early warning system etc. (AFAD, 2010: 8-18). To improve disaster communication technologies in Turkey, some recommendations are as follows: -National disaster management authority should determine tasks and responsibilities clearly, and should share rolles and responsibilites with government organizanizations, universities, private sectors etc. 486 �-Whichorganization produces and which information must be determined; to standardize the data produced by different organizations, the data flow, rules of data flow should be determined between institutions; the data collected and should be coordinated in one hand. -Disaster management policies should be prioritized in national policies, -E-government infrastructure should be completed and disaster management systems should be integrated in. -A national network system which country-wide disaster monitoring, recording, evaluation, archiving shold set up, -Institutions responsible for disaster management should be recruited expert-qualified personnel -Information access, exchange infrastructure should set up in national level. -National disaster coordination and data center on a space based established. -Training in disaster management, disaster technologies should be supported -International cooperation in the use of satellite communications and other systems in disaster management should be increased -National disaster information system standards, terminology and definitions should be identified. 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Seeger, Matthew W., Timothy L. Sellnow, and Robert R. Ulmer (1998). “Communication, Organization, and Crisis.”Communication Yearbook, 21, s. 231-275. Starbird, Kate,Jeannie Staberger (2010).“ Tweak the Tweet: Leveraging Microblogging Proliferation with a Prescriptive Syntax to Support Citizen Reporting, Proceedings of the 7th International ISCRAM Conference – Seattle, USA, 1, s. 1-5. Stephenson, Robin, Peter S. Anderson (1997). “Disasters and the InformationTechnology Revolution”, Disasters, 21(4), s. 305-334. The Ministry of Public Works and Housing (2004) Earthquake Commission-Disaster Information Comission Report. 490 �Zhu, Jiang, FeiXiong, DongzhenPiao, Yun Liu, Ying Zhang (2011). “Statistically Modeling the Effectiveness of Disaster Information in Social Media”, 2011 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, s. 431-436. Does predefined erp implementation methodology work for public companies in transitioning country? Classification of EEG signals for epileptic seizure prediction using ANN JasminKevric, AbdulhamitSubasi International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, FrancuskeRevolucije bb, Ilidža, Sarajevo, 71210, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mails:jkevric@ibu.edu.ba, asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract In this paper, we developed a model for classification of EEG signals. The aim of the study is to determine whether this model can be used for epileptic seizure prediction if “pre-ictal” stages were successfully detected. We analyzed long-term Freiburg EEG data. Each of 21 patients contains datasets called “ictal” (seizure) and “inter-ictal” (seizure-free). We extracted 4096-samples (or 16 seconds) long segments from both datasets of each patient. These segments were decomposed into time-frequency representations using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The statistical features from the DWT sub-bands of EEG segments were calculated and fed as inputs to Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) network classifiers using 10-fold cross validation. We also applied multiscale PCA (MSPCA) de-noising method to determine if it can further enhance the classifiers’ performance. MLP-based approach outperformed RBF classifier with or without MSPCA, which significantly improved the classification accuracy of both classifiers. The proposed MLP-approach with MSPCAachieved a classification accuracy of 95.09%. We showed that a high classification accuracy of EEG signals can be accomplished in cases when additional “pre-ictal” class is introduced. Therefore, the proposed approach may become an efficient tool to predict epileptic seizures from EEG recordings. Keywords: Electroencephalogram (EEG); Epileptic seizure; Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT); Multilayer Perceptron (MLP); Radial Basis Function (RBF) network; Multiscale PCA (MSPCA); Machine learning. 491 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1207 Title A name given to the resource Sustainability and Using Information Technologies in Disaster Managament Author Author Fatma , Neval Genç Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainable development is a concept that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In recent years world population suffered by numerous natural and manmade disasters so that they strived to protect their own existence prior to the future. However, most of the disasters were caused by un-sustainable attitudes of politicians, decision makers and communities. In this paper, the concept of disaster management and using information technologies in disasters will be discussed in the sustainability context. The study focuses on the use of information technologies in disaster situation. Information technologies are used in before and after of disaster. In this paper role and place of communication and communication technologies in crisis and disaster situations is considered. This issue, crisis, disaster communication, coordination of disaster situation examined using national and international literature and experience of disaster occurred. In the study developments on the use of communication technologies in disaster management, success of disaster information systems in disasters, advantages and disadvantages of using communication technologies are examined. Keywords: Sustainability, Crisis Management, Disaster Management, Communication Technology, Public Administration. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/09120adcb44f9e1cbc2df49fc20fb541.pdf 1406ece4f8a4ca03d78a32102b070d4a PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Analysis of Sustainability Development of Eastern and South Eastern Europe in the Post Socialist Period Fatih Çelebioğlu Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Kütahya, TURKEY, fcelebi@dumlupinar.edu.tr Phone: +90 274 265 20 31 (ext.2114-2200) Fax: +90 274 265 21 97 Abstract Since the collapse of socialism, Eastern Europe and South Eastern (Balkans) Europe countries have been expeditiously changing as social, economic and politic structure. Some former socialist countries (as Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) and Greece became full member of European Union. Some Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) lived difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for economic, social and political reconstruction process. Some CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (as Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus) tried to adapt market economics. Each country in this region wants bigger real per capita income, better welfare level, and generally become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in development and sustainability process. The aim of this paper is to analysis the countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP growth rates, Human Development Index values and Sustainable Human Development Index values in the period of 2000-2010. It will be used the tools of spatial statistics (ESDA -Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis). Keywords: Sustainable Development, per capita GDP growth, Human Development Index, Sustainable Human Development Index, ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) 1. INTRODUCTION Eastern and South Eastern Europe are an important area because of witness historic and politic experiences and incidents for ages. But it has been also living historical alteration in recent decades. Although some Balkan countries were relatively stable in 1990s, there was war in Balkan Peninsula. Some former socialist countries (as Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) and Greece became full member of European Union. The others have been struggling for this aim. In spite of Kosovo declared of independence in 2008, many countries haven’t been accepting this situation. Besides, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (as Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus) tried to adapt market economics. Nevertheless these regions of Europe are living relatively stable condition nowadays, compare 477 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo with last ten years. Whole countries in these regions, especially gain independence in recent decades, wants to become rapidly developed country. After a long war and unstable political period, the countries have taken an opportunity about their development process nowadays. These regions have been gaining stable structure overtime and this stable period has been supporting development indicators. In this paper, Balkan countries are being analyzed in terms of development indicators such as average rates of per capita GDP growth in the period of 2000-2010, Human Development Index in 2010, and Sustainable Human Development Index in 2010. 2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT INDEX (SHDI) INDEX (HDI) AND SUSTAINABLE HUMAN UNDP calculates The Human Development Index (HDI). HDI includes some special data such as life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rates, gross primary-secondary and tertiary enrolment, GDP (gross domestic product) per capita (PPP - purchasing power parity- US$). HDI separates three subgroup as developed (high development), developing (middle development), and underdeveloped (low development) countries. Africa, Middle East, South Asia and some South American countries have big problems in terms of level of human development. Especially in Africa, the level of human development is lower than other regions of the world. Besides, The Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) was calculated by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Sri Lanka in 2008. The new version of the index has been revised in 2010. This index calculated with the contributions of United Nations University in Tokyo, Japan. The index calculated by incorporating environmental aspects and quality of the life such as carbon emission, bio capacity, ecological footprint and poverty to Human Development Index (HDI) developed by UNDP to consider the sustainable human development aspects which ignore in HDI. (environmentmin.gov.lk, April 12, 2012). Acoording to Togtokh and Gaffney (April 15, 2012); by including carbon emissions in recalculation of the HDI, it has gotten an indication of the cost of one country’s quality of life to another’s. If a country has a very high HDI but also high carbon emissions, it can be said that the high quality of life enjoyed by this nation comes at a price to the quality of life in other countries, particularly developing nations, and to future generations. The index shows that, while the US is vilified for its poor record on tackling emissions, Canada is a long way from being a role model. Yet, with the traditional HDI, the UN is using such countries with very high human development as examples to the rest of the world. Other nations attempting to emulate the success of these particular countries in terms of human development look at the economic model and policies adopted to bring about that success. Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) has been calculating by using HDI and different indexes as the following: SHDI = ¼(HDI +Ecological Index-Climate Change Index +Poverty Index) 478 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. DATA, METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS 3.1. Data GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita growth (annual %) data set comes from World Development Online Database (WDI online) for 21 countries in the period of 2000-2010. Human Development Index data (2010) has been prepared by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Sustainable Human Development Index was calculated by Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Sri Lanka in 2008. The last version of the index was published in 2010. To analyze spatial relations between Eastern and South Eastern Europe countries, we use GeoDa (Geographic Data Analysis) software package which conducts Spatial Data Analysis, geovisualization, spatial autocorrelation and spatial modeling78. 3.2. Methodology 3.2.1. Quartile Maps Our analysis start with the quartile maps of the distribution of our variables for each country. Darker colors explain higher values and lighter colors show lower values in quartile map in for all variables. Figure 1: Per capita GDP annual growth rates in the period of 2000-2010 Figure 2: Human Development Index Values (2010) Figure 3: Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) values in 2010 78 Here are some of the studies in this regard: Rey and Montouri (1999), Ying (2000), Manfred et al. (2001), Le Gallo and Ertur (2003), Van Oort and Artezema (2004), Dall’erba (2005), Voss et al. (2006), Ezcurra et al. (2007), Ezcurra et al. (2008), Battisti and Di Vaio (2008), Celebioglu and Dall’erba (2010). 479 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 1 shows that per capita GDP growth rate is especially high values in Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, and Ukraine. On the contrary, Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, Hungary, and Slovenia have the lowest values in this analysis. Figure 2 displays distribution of each country. According to figure 2, especially Greece, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Estonia have the highest Human Development Index values. Bosnia Herzegovina, Macedonia, Turkey, Moldova, and Ukraine have the lowest HDI figures. Figure 3 presents Sustainable Human Development Index (SHDI) values. In this figure, we can see only one difference compare with Figure 2 in terms of highest values. While Estonia is one of the highest value countries in HDI, there is Lithuania in SHDI in place of Estonia. We understand from quartile maps that disparity is clear in this region. For this reason we start ESDA analysis with spatial weight matrix. 3.2.2. Spatial Weight Matrix A spatial weight matrix is the necessary tool to impose a neighborhood structure on a spatial dataset. As usual in the spatial statistics literature, neighbors are defined by a binary relationship (0 for non-neighbors, 1 for neighbors). Weight matrix calculation is performed under GeoDa. It can be used two basic approaches for defining neighborhood: contiguity (shared borders) and distance. Contiguity-based weights matrices include rook and queen. Areas are neighbors under the rook criterion if they share a common border, not vertices. Distance-based weights matrices include distance bands and k nearest neighbors. Based on these two concepts, we decided to create weight matrices to investigate the distribution of our variables of interest: k_3 nearest neighbor matrix. Due to space constraints, we present the k_3 nearest neighbor matrix only below:  w (k )  0 if i  j  ij *   wij (k )  1 if dij  Di (k ) and wij (k )  wij (k ) /  wij (k ) for k  3 j   w (k )  0 if d  D (k ) ij i  ij (1) where di,j is great circle distance between centroids of country i and j and Di(k) is the 3th order smallest distance between regions i and j such that each region i has exactly 3 neighbors. Now that the weight matrix has been defined, we estimate a couple of spatial statistics that will shed some light on the spatial distribution of our variables. The most common of them is Moran’s I which is a measure of global spatial autocorrelation (Anselin, 1988). 3.2.3. Calculation of Moran’s I for Global Spatial Autocorrelation Spatial autocorrelation refers to the correlation of a variable with itself in space. It can be positive (when high values correlate with high neighboring values or when low values correlate with low neighboring values) or negative (spatial outliers for high-low or low-high values). Note that 480 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo positive spatial autocorrelation can be associated with a small negative value (e.g., -0.01) since the mean in finite samples is not centered on 1. Spatial autocorrelation analysis includes tests and visualization of both global (test for clustering) and local (test for clusters) Moran’s I statistic (Anselin et al. 2006). Global spatial autocorrelation is a measure of overall clustering and it is measured here by Moran's I. It captures the extent of overall clustering that exists in a dataset. It is assessed by means of a test of a null hypothesis of random location. Rejection of this null hypothesis suggests a spatial pattern or spatial structure, which provides more insights about a data distribution that what a quartile map. For each variable, it measures the degree of linear association between its value at one location and the spatially weighted average of neighboring values (Anselin et al. 2007; Anselin 1995) and is formulized as follows: n It  n *  wij (k ) xit x jt i 1 j 1 n n (2) xit x jt  i 1 j 1 & w ij Where is the (row-standardized) degree of connection between the spatial units i and j and Xi,j is the variable of interest in country i at year t (measured as a deviation from the mean value for that year). Values of I larger (smaller) than the expected value E(I) = -1/(n-1) indicate positive (negative) spatial autocorrelation. In our study, this value is (-0.050). There are different ways to draw inference here. The approach we use is a permutation approach with 999 permutations. It means that 999 re-sampled datasets were automatically created for which the I statistics are computed. The value obtained for the actual dataset has then been compared to the empirical distribution obtained from these re-sampled datasets. The results of Moran’s I are presented in table 1 below. All the results indicate a positive spatial autocorrelation, i.e. the value of a variable in one location depends positively on the value of the same variable in neighboring locations. For instance, when the per capita income in one country increases by 1%, the one of its neighbors increases by slightly more than 33%. All of our three variables of interest are significant (at 1%) with the k_3 nearest neighbor matrix. For this reason, this is the weight matrix we will use in the rest of our study. Table: The results of Moran’s I for the nearest four neighbors Variables K_3 Per capita GDP (average values of 2000-2010) 0.3310 (0.010) Human Development Index Values (2010) 0.2421 (0.029) Sustainable Human Development Index Values 0.2672 (2010) (0.027) Note: p-values are into brackets 481 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.2.4. Moran’s Scatterplots of Variables The Moran scatter plot complements Moran’s I because it provides to categorize the nature of spatial autocorrelation into four types: low-low (LL), low-high (LH), high-low (HL) and highhigh (HH). The x-axis captures the value of a variable compared to the average value of the sample. For example, all the points on the right hand side of the figure mean (the vertical axis in the middle) that in the corresponding provinces, the value of the variable under study was above the sample’s average. On the other hand, the y-axis captures the average value of the same variable in the neighboring locations (with the neighbors being defined by the weight matrix). For instance, all the points below the mean (the horizontal axis in the middle of the figure) represent provinces of which neighbors display, on average, a lower value than the sample’s mean. The result of this approach is a figure with four windows which reflect the correlation between the relative (to the mean) value of a variable in one location and the relative value of the same variable in neighboring locations. For instance, the quadrant HH means a high value in the studied area and a high value in the neighboring areas. Countries located in quadrants I and III refer to positive spatial autocorrelation, i.e. the spatial clustering of similar values, whereas quadrants II and IV represent negative spatial autocorrelation, i.e. the spatial clustering of dissimilar values. Note also that the link between a scatter plot and Moran’s I is reflected by a line of which slope is the value of Moran’s I statistic. Figure 4: Moran’s Scatterplot for average of per capita GDP growth in the period of 2000-2010 Figure 5: Moran’s Scatterplot for Human Development Index in 2010 Figure. 6: Moran’s Scatterplot for Sustainable Human Development Index in 2010 Figures 4 to 6 above show the Moran scatter plots of our variables of interest. All of the per capita GDP, Human Development Index and Sustainable Human Development Index have positive spatial autocorrelation that is reflected by the value of Moran’s I and the fact that most of the countries are located in quadrants HH and LL. When we look at the HH quadrant in scotterplot of per capita GDP growth, we see mostly Eastern Europe such as Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. In 482 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the contrary, the HH quadrant in scotterplot of HDI has been composed by Croatia, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Besides, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania take part in HH quadrant of SHDI. 3.2.5. LISA Statistics for Local Spatial Autocorrelation LISA statistics (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) measure, by definition, the presence of spatial autocorrelation for each of the location of our sample. It captures the presence or absence of significant spatial clusters or outliers for each location. Combined with the classification into four types defined in the Moran scatter plot above, LISA statistics indicates significant local clusters (high–high or low–low) or local spatial outliers (high–low or low–high). The average of the Local Moran statistics is proportional to the Global Moran's I value (Anselin 1995; Anselin et al. 2007). Anselin (1995) formulated the local Moran’s statistics for each country (I) and year (t) as follows:  x  I i   i   wij x j  m0  j with m0   xi2 / n (3) i where wij is the elements of the row-standardized weights matrix W and xi(xj) is the observation in country i(j). Their significance level is based on a randomization approach with 999 permutations of the neighboring provinces for each observation. Figure 7: LISA Cluster Map of per capita GDP growth (average of 2000-2010) Figure 8: LISA Cluster Map of HDI (2010) The randomization approach is used in the context of a numeric permutation approach to describe the computation of pseudo significance levels for global and local spatial autocorrelation 483 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo statistics. In order to determine how likely it would be to observe the actual spatial distribution at hand, the actual values are randomly reshuffled over space 999 times. Figure 9: LISA Cluster Map of SHDI (2010) Countries that are in HH area (red color) in Figure 7 are Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine. HH type autocorrelation is very strong in Eastern Europe. In Figure 8 is LISA cluster map of HDI. This figure point out that Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia are in HH quadrant (red color), Romania is in HL area (pink color) and Ukraine is in LL area (blue). It is interesting that although Ukraine is in HH quadrant of per capita GDP growth, there is a different situation in the figure. Though Figure 9 is similar to Figure 8, Albania is in LL area of SHDI. But in LISA map of SHDI, Ukraine was in HH type autocorrelation. 4. CONCLUSIONS The aim of this paper is to analysis spatial distribution of development indicators such as per capita GDP growth rates, Human Development Index values and Sustainable Human Development Index values in the period of 2000-2010. For this purpose we use quartile maps, Moran’s Scotterplots and LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) statistics. We investigate spatial distribution of per capita GDP growth in the period of 2000-2010, Human Development Index (2010) and Sustainable Human Development Index (2010). First of all, our quartile maps show that there is an important development level gap between countries of Europe. Secondly, when we estimate spatial autocorrelation by means of Moran’s I, our results indicate positive (and significant) global autocorrelation for all of our variables and thus indicating the geographical location of a country influences its level of per capita GDP growth rate, Human Development Index and Sustainable Human Development Index. Secondly, these results are corroborated by the corresponding Moran’s Scatterplots that display the HH quadrant in scotterplot of per capita GDP growth includes mostly Eastern Europe such as Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine. In the contrary, the HH quadrant in scotterplot of HDI has been composed by Croatia, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Besides, Czech Rep., Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania take part in HH quadrant of SHDI. Thirdly, LISA statistics confirm the significant presence of local spatial autocorrelation and highlight spatial heterogeneity in the form of two distinct spatial clusters of high and low values 484 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of per capita GDP growth rate, Human Development Index and Sustainable Human Development Index. And finally, we can say that there is an important spatial heterogeneity and spatial disparity in terms of our all variables. But the countries in the east part of Europe are divided two groups in the region. Firstly, swiftly growing countries in terms of per capita GDP growth rate and secondly, countries that has high level of SHDI –HDI. For this reason, we can say that swiftly growing countries in terms of per capita GDP growth rate should be developed also in terms of human development. REFERENCES ANSELIN, L. (1988), Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ANSELIN, L. (1995) Local Indicator of Spatial Association – LISA. Geographical Analysis 27, pp.93–115 ANSELIN, L., Sridharan S and Gholston S (2007) “Using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis to Leverage Social Indicator Databases: The Discovery of Interesting Patterns”, Social Indicators Research, 82, pp.287–309. ANSELIN, L., Syabri I. and Kho Y. (2006) GeoDa: An Introduction to Spatial Data Analysis. Geographical Analysis 38, pp.5–22. Battisti M. and Di Vaio G. (2008) A Spatially Filtered Mixture of β-Convergence Regressions for EU Regions, 1980–2002, Empirical Economics. 34, 105–121. Celebioglu F. and Dall’erba S. (2010) Spatial Disparities across the Regions of Turkey: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, The Annals of Regional Science, 45, 2, 379-400. Dall’erba S. (2005) Distribution of Regional Income and Regional Funds in Europe 1989–1999: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, The Annals of Regional Science, 39, 121-148 Ezcuerra R., Iraizoz B., Pascual P. and Rapún M (2008) Spatial Disparities in the European Agriculture: A Regional Analysis, Applied Economics, Volume 40, Number 13, July 2008 , pp. 1669-1684(16) Ezcuerra R., Pascual P. and Rapún M. (2007) Spatial Disparities in the European Union: An Analysis of Regional Polarization, The Annals of Regional Science, 41, 401–429. http://www.environmentmin.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=104 &Itemid=275&lang=en, April 12, 2012. Le Gallo J. and Ertur C. (2003) Exploratory spatial data analysis of the distribution of regional per capita GDP in Europe, 1980–1995, Papers in Regional Science, 82, 2, 175-201. Manfred F.M., Fröhlich J., Gassler H. and Varga A. (2001) The Role Of Space in The Creation of New Technological Knowledge in Austria: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, In: Manfred F.M. and Fröhlich J. (Eds.), Knowledge, Complexity and Innovation Systems, Springer, Berlin, 124-145. 485 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Rey S.J., Montouri B.D. (1999) US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective, Regional Studies, 33, 143–156. Togtokh C. and Gaffney O., development-index/, April 15, 2012. http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/the-2010-human-sustainable- Van Oort F.G. and Atzema O.A.L.C. (2004) On The Conceptualization of Agglomeration Economies: The Case of New Firm Formation in the Dutch ICT Sector, The Annals of Regional Science, 38, 263–290. Voss P.R., Long D.D., Hammer R.B. and Friedman S. (2006) County Child Poverty Rates in the US: A Spatial Regression Approach, Population Research and Policy Review, 25, 369–391. WDI Online Database, http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do?Step=12&id=4&CNO=2 www.undp.org Ying L.G. (2000) Measuring the Spillover Effects: Some Chinese Evidence, Papers in Regional Science, 79, 75–89. The Factors Determined To The Improvement In The Least Developed And Developing Countries: Testing A Model Gözde Ergin, Adil Oğuzhan Trakya University, Department of Econometrics. Abstract Finding the different ways of the improvement as a multidimensional process causes different improvement ways in all countries in the world. The economic improvement that cause a structural changing is very important in all economies all over the world and it is necessary for the least developed countries at the same time. These countries have solved the phenomena of poverty, unemployment, low life standards and unimproved. The differentiation in the sociocultural structures of the least developed and developing countries effect the improvement in a positive way. In the study, the socio-economic factors of improvement and a classification according to the gross national product levels per person in the least developed and developing countries have been done by taking the definition accepted by World Bank into consideration. There are fifteen countries in the classification of the least developed and developing countries. The data of thirtythree factors in the comparison of these countries have been obtained from the data source of World Bank, OECD, EUROSTAT and UN (2000 – 2009). 486 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1356 Title A name given to the resource The Analysis of Sustainability Development of Eastern and South Eastern Europe in the Post Socialist Period Author Author Fatih , Çelebioğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. Since the collapse of socialism, Eastern Europe and South Eastern (Balkans) Europe countries have been expeditiously changing as social, economic and politic structure. Some former socialist countries (as Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania) and Greece became full member of European Union. Some Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia) lived difficult war years. After the wars, they have started to struggle for economic, social and political reconstruction process. Some CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (as Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus) tried to adapt market economics. Each country in this region wants bigger real per capita income, better welfare level, and generally become a developed country. But these countries have some political, economic and social problems in development and sustainability process. The aim of this paper is to analysis the countries in terms of development indicators such as per capita GDP growth rates, Human Development Index values and Sustainable Human Development Index values in the period of 2000-2010. It will be used the tools of spatial statistics (ESDA -Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis). Keywords: Sustainable Development, per capita GDP growth, Human Development Index, Sustainable Human Development Index, ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/de31371ab9fffff75607dc3aad76d9d3.pdf f7475c4825e32de8900b87a96de60d96 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Importance of carrying capacity for sustainable trout culture: the case of “bagci balik” Fatih Güleç1, Yusuf Güner1, Tolga Şahin2 1Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 17100 Çanakkale Abstract Trout is a fish species that is produced widely all over the world and it has an important place in the aquaculture industry. For the sustainable development of the trout culture, it is need to determine how much fish can be stocked per unit volume (carrying capacity). Over-stocking could threaten fish welfare and sustainable use of environmental resources. Estimating of carrying capacity is necessary both to minimize these adverse impacts on fish and environment, and in terms of sustainable use of water resources. In this study, carrying capacity of a commercial land based trout farm in Koycegiz (Mugla/TURKEY) was investigated. Two methods were used to calculate carrying capacity and compared with each other: “Oxygen requirement based carrying capacity” and “Metabolic waste based carrying capacity”. The mean values of studied water quality parameters that used in calculations were measured as; 14.12 ± 0.72 °C for temperature, 7.78 ±0.20 for pH, 10.1 ± 0.93 mg/l for oxygen, 3,05 ± 0,84 m3 s-1 for flow rate. The annual production capacity was calculated with these measured parameters. By the observed data, the carrying capacities of the farm were found respectively with based on oxygen requirement as 538.42 ± 196.22 tonnes; and based on metabolic waste as 1113.4 ± 463.7 tonnes per years. According to the results that obtained from the study, there was significant difference between two carrying capacity estimation methods. However when the oxygen levels of the water were examined, in some months the negative values, that could adversely affect the life and growth of the trouts, were observed. Fort this reason, to reduce the limiting effect of the oxygen and reach maximum carrying capacity; it is needed to be integrated oxygenation or aeration systems into the production ponds. On the other hand, for the sustainable use of the environmental sources in the facilities engaged in production according to the metabolic waste based carrying capacity, it is important to use advanced water filtration systems. Keywords: Carrying capacity, land-based trout culture, water quality. 1.INTRODUCTION Aquaculture is a farming method of aquatic animals and plants for nutrition, stocks enrichment, making ornaments, hobby activities, and for scientific studies in a controlled or semi-controlled manner, by human (Çelikkale, et al., 1999). Today, it is a rapidly growing industry especially in terms of animal food. The combined result of development in aquaculture worldwide and the expansion in global population is that the average annual per capita supply of food fish from aquaculture for human consumption has increased by ten times, from 0.7 kg in 1970 to 7.8 kg in 2008, at an average rate of 6.6 percent per year(FAO, 2010). According to data obtained from the FAO, in 2010, total global aquaculture 64 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo production (quantity) is 73 million tonnes. The value of the world aquaculture harvest, excluding aquatic plants, is estimated at US$110.1 billion in 2009 (FAO, 2010). Turkey’s total fisheries production is 653 thousand tons and 167 thousand tons of total production comes from aquaculture. More than half of the amount of aquaculture (51%) is due to the trout culture, and the value of production is around US$ 207 million (TUIK, 2010). Sustainability has great importance for the aquculture industry as in all sectors. At this point, the condition of the water is one of the vital criteria for aquaculture enterprises that are at the top level of the production cycle. Aquaculture can be made depending on the the physical, chemical and biological properties of water. These criteria should be in optimum standards fort he sustainable aquaculture. Rate of flow and quality of incoming water are the first parameters to be dealt with in establishing suitable living conditions for fish. (Penneli and Mclean, 1996). Because, the water that is used for aquaculture, both brings oxygen to the aquaculture environment and also provides removal of the accumulated wastes (Balık, et al., 2002). On the other hand, estimating the carrying capacity of the farm, is an important criteria to be considered. Carrying capacity is usually expressed in terms of quantity of fish per unit of water flow (loading rate) or per cubic meter of rearing space (density) (Hinshaw, 2000). Carrying capacity has an important influence on the success of aquaculture operations. The appropriate stocking level is ascertained in carrying capacity studies (Frechette, 2005). Many studies have demonstrated an effect of stocking density on various aspects of the welfare of farmed fish (Wedemeyer, 1997). In intensive aquaculture fishes are usually reared at high densities, which has led to concerns about welfare of the fish, so there is a need for the development of reliable stocking density guidelines (Adams, et al., 2007; Ashley, 2007; Ellis, et al., 2002; Huntingford, et al., 2006). Several causative mechanisms have been proposed to explain why high densities negatively affect growth and feed utilization. The biochemical, behavioural, and physiological changes induced by high stress levels are presumed to be energetically costly, affecting the amount of energy available for growth (Barton and Iwama, 1991; Pickering, 1992; Vijayan and Leatherland, 1998; Wendelaar, 1997). High rearing density in itself may further reduce access to feed, thereby reducing feed intake and directly affecting growth (Alanara and Brannas, 1996; Boujard et al., 2002; Marchand and Boisclair, 1998). Incorrect Carrying capacity aplications both affect negatively to fish welfare and cause environmental issues. This is the biggest obstacle in front of the goal of sustainable aquaculture. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the carrying capacity so good to reflect the facts. In this study, carrying capacity of a commercial land based trout farm in Koycegiz (Mugla/TURKEY) was investigated. For the sustainable use of Yuvarlak Çay, the optimum capacity and the maximum capacity had been calculated with both formulas. 2.Materials and methods 2.1.Experimental area The study was conducted in a commercial trout farm that was located on Yuvarlakçay Stream in Fethiye/Koycegiz. The commercial farm aimed to produce 900 tons trout per year in its project. For the sustainable trout farming on this stream continuously, optimum and maximum amount of fish, that could be stocked in the farm, was estimated. 65 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.Fish material The farmed fish species in the trout enterprise, was rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Walbaum, 1792), and the production period that was used in the farm, from egg to market size. Method A number of different formulas have been devised to calculate carrying capacities, taking into account oxygen consumption, growth rate of fish, feeding rates, water volume and temperature, and other factors. Dissolved oxygen and ammonia (un-ionized) concentrations are the primary limiting factors in the culture systems, with oxygen normally the more critical (Hinshaw, 2000). Therefore carrying capacity (stock density) of the fish farms, can be estimated with the amount of oxygen consumed by fish or methabolic wastes of the fish. To be able to make this calculation, it is important to know amount of the feed given to fish. Because, the single artificial input is the feed to the fish that grown in the farm and to the natural environment (Balık, et al., 2002). In the calculations; two criteria are taken into consideration: The oxygen rate that fish need to metabolize the feed and the amount of ammonia released by digestion of feed the environment. In this study the approach of Brannon, (1991), calculating carrying capacity of trout farming with oxygen and metabolic wastes based methods. 2.3.Oxygen-Based Carrying Capacity Estimation The optimum carrying capacity according to water flow rate and the dissolved oxygen in the water was calculated by the following formula: N = (0,25) / ( 0,00143 x Of) p=R/N *N : L /min required/kg of fish feed *0,25 : kg O2 to metabolize 1 kg of fish feed *0,00143 : conversion constant *Of : inlet oxygen minus outflow oxygen (Oa - Ob) *p : kg of food fed *R : total rate of flow in L / min. Mechabolic waste-Based Carrying capacity Estimation The maximum amount of fish that could be produced by increasing the amount of oxygen in the water, was calculated with this method. 66 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1. NH3 percentage of Total Ammonia Relationship to pH and Temperature Temp (°C) pH 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 4 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.37 1.10 3.39 8 0.02 0.05 0.16 0.50 1.58 4.82 12 0.02 0.07 0.21 0.68 2.12 6.40 16 0.03 0.09 0.29 0.92 2.86 8.52 20 0.04 0.13 0.40 1.24 3.83 11.18 N = (0,032 x r) / (0,00143 x 0,02) p =R/N *N : L / min. required/kg of food fed *0,032 : kg NH3 + NH4+ produced/kg of food fed *r : % NH3 of total ammonia present (Table 1. NH3 percentage of Total Ammonia Relationship to pH and Temperature(Brannon, 1991). *0,00143 : conversion constant *0,02 : ppm max. NH3 *p : kg of food fed *R : total rate of flow in L/min To use in the calculations, temperature(°C), flow rate (L/s), oxygen (mg/L) and the other chemical water parameters were measured regularly every month. Table 2. Monthly measured water parameters used in the calculations Parameters Ma y Jun e July Aug . Sep . Oct. Nov . Dec . Jan. Feb . Mar . Apr . Flow Rate 2,88 2,38 2,3 (m3/s) 4 1,94 1,9 8 2,7 4 2,91 3,09 4,1 3 4,0 9 4,05 4,04 Temperatur e (°C) 14,3 14, 5 14 13,7 13,5 12, 5 13, 7 14,2 14,2 67 14,7 15,3 14, 8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo pH 8,1 NH3 (%) 7,9 8,1 7,6 7,4 7,6 7,8 7,8 7,7 7,8 7,8 7,8 3,20 2,09 3,2 3 0,98 0,6 5 0,9 8 1,49 1,55 1,1 5 1,5 5 1,94 1,94 Oxygen (mg/l) 9,3 9,3 8,9 9,9 10, 0 11, 7 10,3 10,4 11, 0 9,5 9,3 11,6 Oxygen (mg/l) 4,0 4,2 5,7 5,12 3,8 5 4,9 7 4,97 6,35 8,0 1 6,3 6,51 7,77 (discharged from ponds) 3.Results and Discussion 3.1.Carrying Capacity According to “Oxygen-Based Carrying Capacity Estimation” method, it was calculated between May to April with the varying flow rate in the ongrowing ponds, respectively; 212.5 , 175.6 , 156.6 , 163.1 , 169.8, 315.0 , 264.7 , 295.3 , 406.0, 315.8 , 298.8 , 457.7 tons trout could be farmed in the months (Table 3. The total amount of fish produced by month (tons) The sample enterprise could make two production in a year. When the carrying capacity was calculated; 198,77± 24,58 tons trout could be farmed in the one production period and in the second period; 339,72 ± 30,64 tons. It was estimated that totally 538,49±55,22 tons of trout could be produced per year. According to the calculation of “Mechabolic waste-Based Carrying Capacity Estimation” method, that is taken into consideration the percentage of toxic NH3 in the total ammonia; respectively; 241.3, 305.3, 194.2, 529.5, 816.8, 747.9, 520.5, 534.6, 966.3, 707.6, 559.1, 557.7 tons fish could be farmed (Table 3. The total amount of fish produced by month (tons). 472,50 ± 109,01 tons trout could be farmed in the one production period and 640,97 ± 70,65 tons in the second period. It was estimated that totally 1113,47 ± 179,98 tons of trout could be produced per year. Table 3. The total amount of fish produced by month (tons) May June July Capacity (tonnes/ye ar) 68 Aug . Sep. Oct. Nov . Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar . Apr. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Based on 212, oxygen 5 175, 6 156, 6 163, 1 169, 8 315 264, 7 295, 3 406 315, 8 298, 8 457, 7 Based on 241, ammonia 3 305, 3 194, 2 529, 5 816, 8 747, 9 520, 5 534, 6 966, 3 707, 6 559, 1 557, 7 Figure 1. Estimated carrying capacities calculated with oxygen based and ammonia based methods between May to April. 4.CONCLUSION One of the most important issues is to measure water properties. While doing this the physical and chemical parameters should be known. Beveridge (2004), previously reported that any increase in temperature affected the metabolism, oxygen consumption and also increased activity of fish. Optimal on-growing temperature level was reported between 10-15 °C by Sedgwick, (1985) , and in addition to this between 12-18 °C by Çelikkale, (1988). In this study, the water temperature ranged between 12,5-15,3 °C and the average temperature level in the ponds was 14,12 ± 0,21 °C (Table 2). The temperature level did not adversely affect the development of the fish. Çelikkale, 1988 reported that 100 – 150 kg rainbow trout could be farmed with 1 L.s-1 . In this study the avarage flow rate was measured 3.05 ± 0.24 m3.s-1. Additionally, water flow rate was reduced during the experimental period due to very low rainfall in that season. The dissolved oxygen (DO) level in the water is another important criteria in the estimating of carrying capacity of the trout farm. Çelikkale, (1988); Edwards, (1987); and Stevenson, (1984); reported that the DO level had to be more than 6 mg.L-1 for the rainbow trout farming. The levels of DO varied between 8,9 and 11.7 mg.L-1 at farm inlet during the study and the lowest DO at the pond outlet was observed in September (3.85 mg.L-1) (Table 2). 69 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This value was found to be below the limit of DO concentration for rainbow trout farming (5 mg.L-1) as recommended by Belaud, (1995). Additional oxygenation systems were used to solve lower DO problem, in the farm. The present study showed that carrying capacity (stock density) of a trout farm was related with water parameters. Although, the presence of suitable water temperature for trout farming, the water parameters limited production. In the first method, oxygen was the significant limited parameters for carrying capacity. Especially between May and September, the oxygen levels decreased due to reduced water flow and as a result of this, amounts of the production in those months were minimum. Although this farm was allowed to produce 900 tons of trout, maximum 538,49±55,22 tons of rainbow trout could be farmed due to the low oxygene levels. The problem of low oxygen levels for carrying capacity can be solved with by adding alternative oxygenation systems. Aerators were used in this farm but it was observed that the aerators were not sufficient and suitable capacity. Toxicity of total ammonia in water, was the most important parameter that limiting carrying capacity. By using additional oxygenation systems, the carrying capacities were increased between May and September. But maximum carrying capacity was determinated by using the second method. By using the second calculation method, the maximum production and carrying capacity was observed 1113,47 ± 179,98 tons per year. REFERENCES Adams, C. E., Turnbull, J. F., Bell, A., Bron, J. E., and Huntingford, F. A. (2007) Multiple determinants of welfare in farmed fish: stocking density, disturbance, and aggression in Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences(64), 336– 344. Akbulut, S., and Keten, A. (2001) Düzce Yöresindeki Alabalik Yetiştiriciliği Üzerine Bir Çalişma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi(2), 49-60. Ashley, P. J. (2007) Fish welfare: current issues in aquaculture. Applied Animal Behaviour Science(104), 199–235. Balık, S., Ustaoğlu, R., Egemen, Ö., Cirik, S., Eltem, R., Güner, Y., Sarı, H. M., (2002) Yuvarlak Çay'ın (Köyceğiz-Dalyan Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesi) Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı İçin Eylem Planı Oluşturulması Projesi Final Raporu. İzmir: T.C. Çevre Bakanlığı Özel Çevre Koruma Kurumu and Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi. Barton, B. A., and Iwama, G. K. (1991) Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, pp. 3-26. Belaud, A. (1995) Oxyge´nation de l’eau en Aquaculture Intensive. Toulouseı: Ce´padue´s l’Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse. Beveridge, M. C. (1984) Cage and pen fish farming: Carrying capacity models and environmental impacts. Rome: FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 255. Beveridge, M. C. (2004) Cage Aquaculture, 3rd Edition. Willey Blackwell. Brannon, E. L. (1991) Rainbow trout culture. In R. Stickney (Ed.), Culture of Salmonid Fishes (pp. 21-55). USA: CRC Press. 70 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Buhan, E., Koçer, M., Polat, F., Dogan, H., Dirim, S., and Neary, E. T. (2010) Evaluation of Almus Dam Lake Water Quality for Trout Culture and Estimating of Carrying Capacity. GOÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 57-65. Costa-Pierce, B. A. (2002) Ecological Aquaculture. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Çelikkale, M. S. (1988) Alabalık Yetiştiriciliğinde Su Miktarı. M. S. Çelikkale içinde, İçsu Balıkları Ve Yetiştiriciliği (Cilt I, s. 22-25). Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Basımevi. Çelikkale, M. S., Düzgüneş, E., and Okumuş, İ. (1999) Türkiye Su Ürünleri Sektörü:Potansiyeli, Mevcut Durumu, Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası. Edwards, D. J. (1987) Salmon and Trout Farming In Norway. Fishing News Books Lim., Surrey. Ellis, T., North, B., Scott, A. P., Bromage, N. R., Porter, M., and Gadd, D. (2002) The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology(61), 493–531. FAO. (2010) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture - 2010. Roma: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Frechette, M. (2005) A comment on the methodology of stocking experiments. Aquaculture(250), 291-299. Hinshaw, J. M. (2000) Trout Farming Carrying Capacity and Inventory Management. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Huntingford, F. A., Adams, C., Braithwaite, V. A., Kadri, S., Pottinger, T. G., Sandoe, P., and Turnbull, J. F. (2006) Current issues in fish welfare. Journal of Fish Biology(68), 332–372. Penneli, W., and Mclean, W. (1996) EARLY REARING. In W. PENNELL, and B. A. BARTON (Eds.), Principles of Salmonid Culture (pp. 365-451). ELSEVIER. Pickering, A. D. (1992) Rainbow trout husbandry – management of the stress response. Aquaculture(100), 125-139. Sedgwick, S. D. (1985) Trout Farming Handbook (4 ed.). Farnham: Fishing News Books. Stevenson, J. P. (1984) Trout Farming Manual (2. ed.). Fishing News Books, Surrey. Tekinay, A., Güroy, D., and Gültepe, N. (2008) The Sustainable Development of Trout Aquaculture Sector. 1. Ulusal Alabalık Sempozyumu (p. 21). ISPARTA: S.D.Ü. Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi. Tüfek, O. M., and Yalçın, N. (2007) Rezervuarlarda Su Ürünleri Yetistiriciliği. Türk Sucul Yasam Dergisi(5-8), 704-716. TÜİK. (2010) Su Ürünleri İstatistikleri. Ankara: TÜİK. Vijayan, M. M., and Leatherland, J. F. (1998) Effect of stocking density on growth and the stress-response in brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis. Aquaculture(75), 159-170. Wedemeyer, G. A. (1997) Effects of rearing conditions on the health and physiological quality of fish in intensive culture. In G. W. Iwama, A. D. Pickering, J. P. Sumpter, and C. B. Schreck (Eds.), Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture (pp. 35-72). New York: Cambridge University Press. 71 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Wendelaar, B. S. (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, pp. 591-625. Wu, J.-T. (1999) A generic index of diatom assemblages as bioindicator of pollution in the Keelung River of Taiwan. Hydrobiologia(397), 79-87. Nedbal L., Soukupova J., Kaftan D., Whitmarsh J. and Trtilek M. (2000): Kinetic imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence using modulated light. Photosynthesis Research 66: 3-12 Schreiber U (2004) Pulse-Amplitude (PAM) fluorometry and saturation pulse method. In: Papageorgiou G, Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll fluorescence: A signature of Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp 279-319 Photon Systems Instruments (2011) FluorCam Instruction Manual, http://www.psi.cz The Effect Of Water Temperature On Spawning Out Of Season In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Yusuf Güner1, Halit Bayrak2, Fatih Güleç1 1Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2SuleymanDemirel University, Mehmet Süreyya Demiraslan M.Y.O, 32510 Isparta Abstract Salmonid culture is a production sector with widespread throughout the world. Different stocks of rainbow trout spawn in certain months of the year in hatcheries. This seasonality of spawning imposes considerable constraints on trout farming because the consequent restrictions on the supply of eggs and fry make it difficult for on-growing farm to maintain a continuity of production of table-size fish throughout the year. Hatcheries should artificially control the spawning time of their broodfish so that batches of eggs and fry might be produced all year round. The modification of spawning time are possible using manipulation of photoperiod. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. This study was carried out in two different facilities. In the first facility, the photoperiod regime was only consisted of constant short days (LD 6:18). The water temperature had been changed between 7.5 and 15 °C during the the experiment in this facility. In the second facility, it had been changed between 11 – 25.5 °C. The broodstock was seperated into two different group. These photoperioded regims consist of constant short days(LD 6:18) and altered photoperiod (LD 18:6 from February until May, then LD 12:12 from May until June, then LD 6:18 from June until November) which are acted to advanced spawning. In both experiments, photoperiod regimes changed the maturation time regardless of water temperature. However, when the water temperature is high, modulating effects of the temperature on the maturation and ovulation time were observed. When the spawning time modified to June – August, ovary growth and egg survival rate had been reduced by the temperature effect ( >14 °C). It was found that the egg quality decreased when the water temperature was 17 °C although the eggs could been removed from the fish. Based on the 72 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1228 Title A name given to the resource Importance of carrying capacity for sustainable trout culture: the case of “bagci balik” Author Author Fatih , Güleç Abstract A summary of the resource. Trout is a fish species that is produced widely all over the world and it has an important place in the aquaculture industry. For the sustainable development of the trout culture, it is need to determine how much fish can be stocked per unit volume (carrying capacity). Over-stocking could threaten fish welfare and sustainable use of environmental resources. Estimating of carrying capacity is necessary both to minimize these adverse impacts on fish and environment, and in terms of sustainable use of water resources. In this study, carrying capacity of a commercial land based trout farm in Koycegiz (Mugla/TURKEY) was investigated. Two methods were used to calculate carrying capacity and compared with each other: “Oxygen requirement based carrying capacity” and “Metabolic waste based carrying capacity”. The mean values of studied water quality parameters that used in calculations were measured as; 14.12 ± 0.72 °C for temperature, 7.78 ±0.20 for pH, 10.1 ± 0.93 mg/l for oxygen, 3,05 ± 0,84 m3 s-1 for flow rate. The annual production capacity was calculated with these measured parameters. By the observed data, the carrying capacities of the farm were found respectively with based on oxygen requirement as 538.42 ± 196.22 tonnes; and based on metabolic waste as 1113.4 ± 463.7 tonnes per years. According to the results that obtained from the study, there was significant difference between two carrying capacity estimation methods. However when the oxygen levels of the water were examined, in some months the negative values, that could adversely affect the life and growth of the trouts, were observed. Fort this reason, to reduce the limiting effect of the oxygen and reach maximum carrying capacity; it is needed to be integrated oxygenation or aeration systems into the production ponds. On the other hand, for the sustainable use of the environmental sources in the facilities engaged in production according to the metabolic waste based carrying capacity, it is important to use advanced water filtration systems. Keywords: Carrying capacity, land-based trout culture, water quality. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0f367ba5ace6ab668c11f799d34f6f39.pdf 6587e6939526cbf829e4764cb24f6179 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Physiological characterization of dunaliella sp. (chlorophyta, volvocales) from çamalti saltworks (izmir-turkey) Fatih Aksoy 1 Edis Koru2 1Katip Çelebi University Fisheries Faculty Dept. of Aquaculture, Çiğli,35620, İzmir,Turkey 2Ege University Fisheries Faculty Dept. of Aquaculture Bornova,35100, İzmir,Turkey E-mail: fatih.aksoy@ikc.edu.tr Abstract Dunaliella (Cyanophyceae) microalgea is a species used for feeding live baits that are used in larval fish production. Dunaliella species are intensively cultivated in algal biotechnology. Because of the nutritional value and chemicals this microalgea contains, it is commonly used in industries such as pharmacy, cosmetics and bait industry. From this point of view, it can be said that this algea species has high economic value. It can be found in areas between ‰ 10 and ‰ 200 salinity content rate. In Turkey this species can be found in salinas near coasts and salty-soft drink lakes. In this research, Dunaliella sp. species which is in Turkey’s biggestmarine based saltworks “İzmir Çamaltı Saltworks” ecosystem isolated and cultivation in controlled circumstances determined. As a part of this research, physicochemical parameters such as optimum light, saltiness, density, biomass and pigment determined. Keywords : Dunaliella sp., saltworks, microalgea, Çamaltı, Izmir, Turkey. 1.INTRODUCTION Microalgae produce biomass and specific biomass in gredients from solar irradiation at high degrees so that it is possible to produce economically feasible materials by microalgae. The genus Dunaliella are wall-less eukoryatic algae and found in saline environments. They are flagellate and consist of 23 species. They exhibit ideal growth at various salt concentrations. In those conditions, their colours become orange-red (Massyuk, 1973). Dunaliella belongs to the phylum Chlorophyta and family Polyblepharidaceae. It is halotolerant and green (Avron and Ben-Amotz 1992; Garcia et al., 2007). It can live in aquatic condition between 0,5-5 M NaCI salinities (Shariati & Hadi, 2000, Phadwal & Singh, 2003; Jahnke & White, 2003). Dunaliella species produce some chemicals such as caretonids (Hosseini Tafreshi & Shariati, 2006; Hadi et al., 2008), glycerol (Hadi et al., 2008), vitamins and proteins (Ghoshal et al., 2002) tough conditions (Hosseini Tafreshi & Shariati, 2006; Hadi et al., 2008). The reason how it can adapt in various salt concentrations is that it can change the intracellular concentration of glycerol (Raja et al., 2007). People use glycerol in automotive, leather, pharmaceutical, paint, cosmetic, food, pulp and paper, textile industries and in the manufacture of microbial fermentation or it can be synthesized from petrochemical raw materials. It can also be produced from soap manufacture of fats the amount of glycerol produced in the world is 600,000 t/year (Wang et al., 2001; Taherzadeh et al., 2002). Dunaliella species are consireded to be the most known microalgae in the autotrophic production of glycerol (Borowitzka and Borowitzka, 1992). Dunaliella sp. are known as the most halotolerant eukoryatic livings and they can adapt even to low salt saturated conditions 113 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo such as 0.2%.On the other hand , it is the only eukoryatic photosynthetic organism found in extremely concentrated saline lakes (Ben-Amotz and Avron, 1990). Dunaliella salina, D. viridisare mostly found microalgae species in salty conditions (Davis, 1990). D. salina accumulates high amounts of β-caroten when there is a lack of nitrogen sources or in high salinities and in high levels of irridance. β-caroten is a pigment and it is added to health food products and is used as a food coloring agent (anti-cancer and antioxidant agent) (Ben-Amotz and Avron, 1990). 2.MATERIALS AND METHODS Dunaliella spp. were isolated from the Çamaltı solar saltworks and cultivated (Izmir, Turkey). The Çamaltı Saltwork is the largest one in Turkey. It is in Izmir City which experiences marine conditions. Its coordinates are 38°28’N and 26°50’E near the Izmir Bay. The reservoir initial in the saltworks is found approximately in 2-3 inches depth of water. The density of water is about 3 oBe – 5 oBe in November-May. Then, The water is pumped from the sea and the salinity increases by 6-8 oBe. After that the density goes on increasing up to 22–24 oBe. During this process micro algae appear and exhibit different colors. At higher concentrations micro algae collapse. The temperature varied between 6-7°C (December), 4-5°C (February), 20-22 °C (April) to 28-30 °C (June), 38-40 °C (August) throughout the year. We used single-cell isolation by micropipette.Dunaliella sp. were incubated and stored without any process during two month. Then 1L flaks were incubated and reproduced. And then different salinities determined growth parameters. Dunaliella sp. strain was cultivated at four NaCI concentration (‰40,‰100) in 1L flaks. Laboratory’s temperature was 24±1 °C, and lights were 1200 lux. Experiments were observed for 20 days. We used f/2 medium for experiments. Tablo 1. f/2 Medium (Guillard and Ryther 1962) Component Stock Solution Quantity Molar Concentration in Final Medium NaNO3 75 g/L dH2O 1 mL 8.82 x 10-4 M NaH2PO4 H2O 5 g/L dH2O 1 mL 3.62 x 10-5 M Na2SiO3 9H2O 30 g/L dH2O 1 mL 1.06 x 10-4 M trace metal solution 1 mL ….. vitamin solution 0,5 mL ….. f/2 Trace Metal Solution Component 114 Primary Solution Stock Quantity Molar Concentration in Final Medium �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo FeCl3 6H2O .... 3.15 g 1.17 x 10-5 M Na2EDTA 2H2O …. 4.36 g 1.17 x 10-5 M CuSO4 5H2O 9.8 g/L dH2O 1 mL 3.93 x 10-8 M Na2MoO4 2H2O 6.3 g/L dH2O 1 mL 2.60 x 10-8 M ZnSO4 7H2O 22.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 7.65 x 10-8 M CoCl2 6H2O 10.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 4.20 x 10-8 M MnCl2 4H2O 180.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 9.10 x 10-7 M f/2 Vitamin Solution Component thiamine (vit.B1) Primary Solution HCl …. Stock Quantity Molar Concentration in Final Medium 200 mg 2.96 x 10-7 M biotin (vit. H) 0.1 g/L dH2O 10 mL 2.05 x 10-9 M cyanocobalamin (vit.B12) 1.0 g/L dH2O 1 mL 3.69 x 10-10 M For the extraction of chlorophlly-a, 5 ml of cultures incubated was taken daily from each flask. Absorbance measurements were made by using a spectrophotometer. Algal growth was monitored by counting number of cells in a counting chamber (Thoma Counting chamber). 3.RESULTS Growth of Dunaliella sp. Çamaltı strain at different salinities is shown in Fig. 1. Maximum cell density for Dunaliella sp. was obtained in 100 ‰ salinity and the lowest concentration was found in 40 ‰ salinity. Salinity clearly affected the cell density in Dunaliella sp. The optimum salinity for growth of Dunaliella sp. strain was around 100 ‰ salinity. A high salinity (100‰) was establisment chlorophlly-a (621,3 pg cell/1), a low salinity (40‰) (347,1pg cell/1). (Fig.2) 115 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cell density(x106 mL/1) 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 40 ‰ 100 ‰ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cultivation time (day) Fig. 1: Increase in cell density under the conditions of different salinities and 25 °C temperatures 700 Chl a (pg cell/1 600 500 400 300 40 ‰ 200 100 ‰ 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Cultivation time(day) Fig. 2: Maximum chlorophyll-a concentration per cell in Dunaliella sp. grown at different salinities Optic density (680nm) Optical density was directly proportional the density of the cell. It is shown that a high optical density observed at high salinity. Increasing salinity caused optic density to increase (Fig. 3) 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 40 ‰ 100 ‰ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Time (day) 116 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig. 3: The optical density of different salinities At 40 ppt, culture had reached the logarithmic and stationary growth phase on day 3rd and 6th, respectively. On day 20, culture collapsed at 40 ppt. At 100 ppt, culture had reached the logarithmic and stationary growth phase on day 5th and 9th. The highest physiological development in Duneliella sp. was obtained at 100 ppt. 4.DISCUSSION The Dunaliella species isolated from the solar saltworks on the Çamaltı Izmir differed in their capacity for growth and physiological acclimation to varying culture conditions. In the present study, the effect of salinity intensity, cell intensity, optic density, chlorophlly-a, on growth of Dunaliella sp. Çamaltı strain was determined. It has been observed to grow optimum at salinity around 100 ‰. Gibor (1956), Jimenez and Niell (1990) reported that the optimum temperature for the growth of Dunaliella viridis was around 30°C. Ak (2008) reported that the highest growth of D. viridis of Çamaltı saltworks was found 25°C. Our study shown that the temperature was 25°C the high salinity the best growing. InthestudyheldbyDurmazet al in theyear of 2006, theyisolatedDunaliellasalinathecellsfrom Konya Salt Lake bythemethod of dilution. Theymonitoredtheirgrowth in differentsalinities(0.62M, 0.85, 1.25 ve 1.71M). Inthisstudy, themostconvenient salt concentrationwasobservedto be 1.71M NaCI. In1.71M NaCI, morecellnumberandhigher Bcarotenevalueswerefoundout. Inthestudyheldby Dudu et al in 2001 on differentNaCI(10%, 15 %and20%)concentrations, theyannouncedthattheyattainedthemostgrowthin NaCI10 % concentration. REFERENCES Ben-Amotz, A. and M. Avron, 1983. Accumulation of metabolites by halotolerant algae and its industrial potential. Ann. Rev. Microbial., pp:95-119 Ben-Amotz, A., Avron, M., 1990. The biotechnology of cultivating the halotolerant alga Dunaliella. Trends Biotechnol. 8, 121–126. Ben-Amotz, A., Shaish, A., Avron, M., 1991. The biotechnology of cultivating Dunaliella for production of b-carotene rich algae. Bioresour. Technol. 38 (2–3), 233–235. Borowitzka, M.A., Borowitzka, L.J., 1992. Micro-algal Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Davis, J.S., 1990. Biological Management fort he Productşon Salt from Seawater. In: Introduction Applied Phycology, Akatsuka, I. (Ed.). SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, pp:479-488. 117 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Dudu Evren, Ü., Ç. Kanlıtepe, C. Çıracı, G. Dönmez, 2001. Tuz Göl,’nden (Konya-Türkiye) izole edilen Dunaliella türlerinin gliserol üretim kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 1. Alg Teknoloji Sempozyumu p, 225-232 (In Turkish). Durmaz, Y., Gökpınar Ş., 2006. Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyceae) Büyümesi Üzerine Tuzluluğun Etkileri. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, pp:121-124. Garcia, F., Freile-Pelegrin, Y., Robledo, D., 2007. Physilogical characterization of Dunaliella sp. (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) from Yucatan, Mexico. Bioresource Technology,pp:1359-1365 Javor, B., 1989. Hypersaline Enviroments: Microbiology and Biogeochemistry. 1st Edn., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp:328. Lamers, P.P., Janssen, M., De Vos, C.H.R., Bino, J.R. and Wijffels, R.H. 2008. Exploring and exploiting carotenoid accumulation in Dunaliella salina for cell-factory applications. Cell Press, pp:631. Kaçka, A., Dönmez, G., 2008. Isolation of Dunaliella spp. from a hypersaline lake and their ability to accumulate glyserol. Bioresource Technology, pp.8348. Massyuk, 1973. Morphology, taxonomy, ecology and geographic distribution of the genus DunaliellaTeod. and prospects for its potential utilisation. Kiev: Naukova Dumka. Massyuk. pp. 312. Taherzadeh, M.J., Adler, L., Liden, G., 2002. Strategies for enhancing fermentative production of glycerol-a review. Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 31, 53–66. Wang, Z.X., Zhuge, J., Fang, H., Prior, B.A., 2001. Glycerol production by microbial fermentation: a review. Biotechnol. Adv. 19, 201–223. Interactions between chemicals used in aquaculture and environment in terms of sustainable development Muhammet Altunok , Fatih Gülec , Zerife Peker , Klaus Kümmerer Abstract Aquaculture that is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants, is the fastest growing animal production sector in the world. Global production from aquaculture for human consumption amounted to 73 million tonnes and the value of US$ 110 billion in 2009 and comprised almost fifty percent of the world’s fish supply. Aquaculture, thus, plays an important role in global efforts towards eliminating malnutrition and brings significant health benefits by nutritional well-being. It significantly dominates most devoloping countries in terms of contribution to development by increasing gross domestic product, providing employment opportunities and improving incomes. The potentially adverse impacts of aquaculture that is also threat the sustainability when the sector grows unregulated or under poor management, is of considerable current environmental 118 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1236 Title A name given to the resource Physiological characterization of dunaliella sp. (chlorophyta, volvocales) from çamalti saltworks (izmir-turkey) Author Author Fatih, Aksoy Abstract A summary of the resource. Dunaliella (Cyanophyceae) microalgea is a species used for feeding live baits that are used in larval fish production. Dunaliella species are intensively cultivated in algal biotechnology. Because of the nutritional value and chemicals this microalgea contains, it is commonly used in industries such as pharmacy, cosmetics and bait industry. From this point of view, it can be said that this algea species has high economic value. It can be found in areas between ‰ 10 and ‰ 200 salinity content rate. In Turkey this species can be found in salinas near coasts and salty-soft drink lakes. In this research, Dunaliella sp. species which is in Turkey’s biggestmarine based saltworks “İzmir Çamaltı Saltworks” ecosystem isolated and cultivation in controlled circumstances determined. As a part of this research, physicochemical parameters such as optimum light, saltiness, density, biomass and pigment determined. Keywords : Dunaliella sp., saltworks, microalgea, Çamaltı, Izmir, Turkey. 1. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/40a52cb1699999282002338d4a23d1d2.pdf 752985e45e2787e8033d47fefed73440 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Stock exchange influence in promotion of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina: SASE case Fahrudin Malanovic International University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Management and Business Administration 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: malanovic_88@hotmail.com Abstract Economic efficiency and well being of one country is somehow connected with the efficiency and effectiveness of stock exchange, so the main purpose of this study is to show and explain workings of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina through activities of Sarajevo Stock Exchange. The reason for this analysis is fact that the stock exchange performs important, if not key, role in one nation’s economy since it provides investment opportunities by offering buyers and seller’s places for trading securities, such as stocks and bonds. Such investment opportunities are ways for corporations, governments, and business to obtain funds necessary for expanding business or financing publicly good project. Another reason for this analysis is the lack of awareness about importance of stock exchange even if performance of stock exchanges affects everybody starting from individuals to large corporations to governments. Taking into consideration the fact that the stock exchange is an organized place for trading goods, securities, financial derivatives…etc, whose daily volume is measured in billions of dollars, it can be easily concluded that importance of it is huge. This work is mentioning direct and indirect effects of stock exchange activity on an economy, proving great impact on daily activity, not only of business, but of people as well. This study also indicates that highly developed nations are closely related to the high level of activity of stock exchanges and see stock exchange, as a component of capital market, a key factor to success. Simply, stock exchange is as important as other public goods. Less developed nations are not necessarily related to the poor performance of stock exchanges; however, it could also be a main reason for those nations to be considered as a less developed. All in all, nothing can change the fact that stock exchange creates our destiny regarding our future job orientation, since companies and corporations find stock exchange one of the easiest ways to obtain money to finance their activities. Also, nothing can change the fact that the whole global economy, including economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is dependent on those biggest stock exchanges around the world where the most important one is the New York Stock Exchange. This work is divided into three chapters. Section 1 deal with stock exchange and stock market in general. When it comes to Section 2, it deals with stock exchanges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Section 3 is actually conclusion part of this work. 209 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: stock exchange, capital market, security, stock, bond 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historical review – stock market term Stock exchanges have been existing for hundreds of years. Some of them are dating back to year of 1100 such as stock exchange in Paris, stock exchange in Amsterdam...etc. So, as we can see, the origin of stock exchanges is actually Western Europe. In the years of 1600 and 1700 other stock exchanges were opened including one in Belgium, Spain, Sweden and Portugal. During that time, they did not have great impact on the people’s lives and economy as a whole, mainly because there was only couple of them. So, the main purpose of stock exchanges was trading of goods and currencies, but not in so high denominations. However, in the year of 1785, the stock exchange in Amsterdam started doing trading with securities and such way of trading was seen as a great innovation and opportunity to increase profit. Founding this way of increasing profit was a reason for other European stock exchanges to follow Amsterdam stock exchange regarding trading securities. It did not take much time for stock markets worldwide (at that time, Canada and Australia stock markets) to start seeing stock exchange as a one of the main ways to increase profit. Great importance of stock exchanges led countries worldwide to open it up, so by 20th century stock markets in Asia, Africa, and South America were opened. When it comes to US stock exchange history, it can be traced back to over 200 years ago. There were many reasons to start trading securities starting from personal needs, wants, as well as willingness for profit increases to some more complex reasons such as financing war by selling bonds. The greatest and most important stock markets in the whole entire world, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) was found in 1817 playing key role in creating business and dictating movement of whole business from year to year. 1.2 Definition, significance, and role of stock exchange: By simple definition, stock exchange is an organized place for trading goods, bonds, shares, financial derivatives…etc. Stock exchange also refers to the well-organized and wellregulated component of financial market where trading different types of securities such as stocks and bonds, take place at price that is determined by the demand and supply forces. A stock exchange or bourse can also be seen as a corporation providing opportunity and place to its owners or financial market participants for increasing profit by trading company’s shares, bonds, and other securities. Besides this, stock exchanges also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. (Wikipedia, 2012) Stock exchange certainly has many roles, but providing assistance when trading securities is certainly among most important and most significant role of stock exchange. Not only providing assistance is significant role of stock exchange, but also regulation, transparency and control of buying and selling securities is role of stock exchange. Many economists are opinion that the stock exchange perform important, if not key, role in one nation’s economy since it provides investment opportunities by offering buyers and 210 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo sellers places for trading securities, such as stock and bonds. Such investment opportunities are ways for corporations, governments, and businesses to obtain funds necessary for expanding business or financing publicly good project. Stock exchanges also have one simple but significant role: providing direct job for people. Providing direct job is expressed through different institutions including different brokerage firms, investment banks…etc. It is well known that financial news organizations employ hundreds of thousands of people across globe. 1.3 The role of the stock exchange in economy Taking into consideration the fact that the stock exchange is an organized place for trading goods, securities, financial derivatives…etc, whose daily volume is measured in billions of dollars, it can be easily concluded that importance of it is huge. In high developed countries, stock market is as important as other public goods. Metaphorically speaking, it is like highways since both are used as an intermediate between people’s needs, wants and wishes. Highways are associated with transferring goods, people…etc, while stock markets are used for transferring securities such as stocks, bonds, futures, options…etc. (Dedovic, 1998, p.1) Based on this, we can say that trading or investing in securities seems to be one of the most interesting modes of investment. Economic efficiency and well being of one country is somehow connected with the efficiency and effectiveness of stock exchange. Such close relationship is the reason why governments, corporations, central banks, and even individuals in the countries around the world closely watch every activity on stock exchange. “Black Monday” proved that the bulk of economical growth that took place in 20th was mainly dependent on the stock exchanges mainly because if stock exchange activity was high, then there was money and room for improvement. On the other side, if prices of stock went down and activity was low, then recession was unavoidable. Corporations, governments, and small industries simply realized that by stock market investment there is possibility for easy gains of capital necessary for financing activities and easy way for increasing their wealth. Not only corporations and governments see opportunity for increasing profit, but also individuals see stock market as a way for increases in personal wealth. Nothing can change the fact that many of the wealthy people have gained or increased their wealth thanks to investment in stocks and bonds. Also, nothing can change the fact that the whole global economy is dependent on those biggest stock markets around the world where the most important one is the New York Stock Exchange. As it is well known, the NYSE is a huge market determining the parameters of the global economy. In principle, when the New York Stock Exchange goes down, the whole global economy will suffer and it will have a domino effect which can affect every stock market in the whole world. In fact, this is what happened in the global crisis in 2008; as when the mortgage crisis jumped into the stock market, this precipitated into a full scale stock market crisis which caused a major crisis all around the world. In no time, there was a huge economic in the global economy, as all stock markets around the world were effected immensely. (Bestgrowthstock-blog, 2009) In most simply way to explain why the stock exchange is important to economy is that when stock prices go down, companies, ranging from the strongest one to the smallest one, feel the 211 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo pain and vice versa. Economy is such science in which changes in one branch mostly leads to changes in other branch. So, changes in stock prices will not affect only companies, but also almost every individuals when most of them are not even aware of it. Mentioning this can sound very pessimistic and negative regarding stock exchange in general. However, it also shows the importance of stock exchange to economy since the stock exchange as a component of stock market as the main dynamo of the economical forces, is a way for the real economy to get strengthened. Figure 1 - Importance and stock market development from 1950 – 2007 (Miskhin, Stanley, 2006, p.6) As we can see from this figure, stock prices and stock market activities have been constantly increasing from year to year. In last fifty year, there has been boosting of economy which is mostly because increasing in stock market activities as well as prices. However, people do not know much about that. In some sense it creates our destiny regarding our future job orientation, since companies and corporations find stock exchange one of the easiest ways to obtain money to finance their activities. To make this more clear and convincible, let us assume a day when Wall Street marketers announce that price of certain company’s share/stocks extremely went down by, say, 35%. How would it affect companies and people? When it comes to people, fear of increases of economic unemployment is the way to affect them. In many cases, loosing job means increases in personal debt which further leads to insolvency or inability to repay all liabilities. Further consequences are shown in loose of houses, discouragement, financial dependence…etc. On the other side, decrease in company share’s prices leads to financial dependence meaning that companies facing that situation rely on money from bank. However, in order to obtain funds from bank companies usually have to agree on repaying principal back with high interest. Repaying principal back together with interest usually results in company’s less profit which further leads to less innovation, less competition, economy of scale decreases…etc. Besides that, borrowing funds from bank is heavily regulated. 212 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As Frederic S. Miskhin and Stanley G. Eakins mentioned in their book Financial Markets and Institutions (2006, p. 49), stock exchange is an important factor in business investment decision because of shares affecting the amount of funds that can be raised by selling newly issued stock to finance investment spending. In simply words, this means that a higher price for firm's share leads to a larger amount of collected funds, which can further be used to finance different business activities starting from inventory changes to rebuilding new company's facilities. Well functioning economies are closely related to the well functioning of stock exchange also for other reasons: Channeling funds from savers to borrowers - channeling those funds results in promoting economic efficiency as well as effectiveness in a way that competition increases, more funds are provided, unemployment decreases, more projects being implemented…etc. Figure 2 – participants being served by the stock exchange Governments Small business Investors STOCK EXCHANGE Banks Issuers Intermediates Corporations - - More innovation – highly developed countries are associated with innovation because people in those countries always want something new and sometimes have relatively unrealistic wishes and demands. Wealth of people is going up since they have job. This further leads to increases in their spending and result in profit increases of firms. Governments also benefit from this since people spend more, firms earn more, and more taxes are collected. Professor Mihailo Dedovic said in his book, “Stock Exchange” (page 2) that stock exchanges is not only important because huge amount of capital being involved. Far from being the case, it is mostly important because it is actually place where prices of goods, services, capitals as well as money are determined. What does this mean for us? In order to better understand consequences of stock exchange activities regarding price determination, let us take a look on the picture below: 213 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 3 – consequences of stock prices going down NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE Prices of corn are going up NATIONAL ECONOMIES Cash outflow is increased due to price increases PEOPLE People pay more money on corn products. It further leads to more money being saved since people can’t afford to buy luxury goods. Final consequence is national economic activities are decreased. Taking close look at this picture, we can notice that a New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) activity determines not only activities of national economies, but also activities of people being part of those economies. It is unwritten rule that when people have to pay necessities a bit expensive than they used to, in order to keep their cash at balance, they will turn to spending less money. This will further lead to less money on market and economic activities will decrease. Stock exchange helps company to raise fund which are necessary to expand its business. How is that work? Let us take simple example. Imagine yourself as an owner of small manufacturing company for producing furniture. You have some amount of money which you use to buy a machine for production, found couple customers, and you just started doing the business. So far, the business is doing well, profit is increasing, you are winning new customers and soon you face situation in which you simply can’t satisfy all customers’ needs and wants. Now you are facing the dilemma of whether to increase the business and profit, but require you to spend certain amount of money or you can just let your competitors take potential customers away from you, but you are letting competition to increase and putting yourself in risky situation regarding your future business and profit as well. In order to increase the business you have to buy new machines which costs, say, $100,000. Now, you can wait for some period to earn more money to buy that particular machine, but you are certainly going to lose many customers simply because they can’t wait for you to make product. So, they will switch the company. You can also borrow money from bank, but it is heavily regulated and soon you get money you will have to start returning more money back than you borrowed because interest is included. Finally, you can issue share which is third and most reasonable option to do. So, if I you do that, meaning if you sell part of your company to third person, you will not be a 100% owner, but you will have money necessary for financing your activity. In fact, third person is actually investor having claims on company’s future earnings. At first sight it seems that you earn less amount of money. Far from being the case, your business is increased and you earn more money. So, all in all, whenever a company decides to expand business or strengthen its capital, it has two main ways to obtain funds: either taking a loan from bank or issuing shares through the stock market. However, the stock market is the primary source for company to raise funds whenever it needs it. - There is saying that stock exchanges have predicted 3 out of last 10 recessions. 214 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo One simple thing that can warn us that particular event can take place is lack of responsibility regarding trading securities. This simply means that if, say, New York Stock Exchanges (NYSE) does not run the business in a way it is supposed to or fully carry out its duty regarding overseeing the stock trading process the investors will simply lose faith in the transparency, fairness and safety of the New York Stock Exchange. If this happens then all of the economic activity that the stock exchanges create will decrease and this will lead to an overall drop in economic activity. The stock exchanges must be sure that investors are not taken advantage of and that investors continue to have confidence in the system the stock exchanges created. - It is mentioned previously that the stock exchange is closely related to the economy of country in a way when stock prices go down; all participants in the economy, starting from individuals to large corporations are affected. This is mainly because the economy is such science in which changes in one branch affect and leads to changes in other branch of the economy. Figure 4 – domino effect (Dreamstock, 2011) The above picture explains effects of stock prices going down. As it is said, not only large corporations and small business are affected, but also almost every individual even if many of them are not aware of it. This is simply because of stock exchange, being one of the main factors in the economy as well as acting as dynamo forcing changes in economy together with well-full functioning stock market will help increase the strength of the reel economy. All in all, the stock exchange is one of the most important sources for companies, governments, small investors...etc, to gain money to expand business or finance their activities. The stock exchange activity is actually our destiny creator in the sense that small changes can cause positive or negative domino effect of worldwide business affecting directly us as individuals. Watching news about changes in share prices during whole day, seven days a week, it is just worth considering that stock exchange being part of our life. People’s awareness, especially of those holding shares, about stock exchange activities should be increased because the first impact they will see is fall or increase in their wealth. This can also cause domino effect since fall in wealth leads to people being more hesitate to spend money. Further effect is fall in consumer spending and list goes on. 215 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Taking into consideration everything mentioned, it is worth to say that nothing can change the fact that well functioning stock exchange is a way to create new jobs and way to create funding for companies from the biggest to those with small capacity. It is also fact that without a proper functioning of stock exchange, it is not possible to have a healthy economy. Simply saying, stock exchange is one of the key factors in producing high economic growth. 2. STOCK EXCHANGE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA When it comes to stock exchange of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the most important one is Sarajevo Stock Exchange (SASE), daily volume is measured in millions of dollars. Likewise abroad, the company’s easiest way to obtain funds for financing its activities is through issuing stock on the stock exchange. However, not all companies can participate on the BH stock exchanges. In order to trade securities either on SASE or BLSE, the particular company must be listed there. Sarajevo Stock Exchange (SASE) and Banja Luka Stock Exchange (BLSE) set up certain requirements that company must fulfill in order to participate on the stock exchange including: minimum amount of capital, minimum amount of size of shares, minimum number of class holders, which is 150…etc. As it is said previously, the way of trading of securities is being done on two stock exchanges located in Sarajevo (SASE) and Banja Luka (BLSE). Both, SASE and BLSE aim to provide quality and transparency as well as fair trading environment for their market participants which include both domestic and foreign participants. Over here in Bosnia and Herzegovina, business is done electronically meaning that brokers are sitting at their offices and do the business through technology. So, we can’t see people over here running around screaming and yelling like we see on American movies which actually show real picture of American stock market’s working environment. Stock exchanges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with annual turnover measured in hundred million of dollars, has been recording improvement in the way of working as well as profit increasing from year to year. The performances of SASE and BLSE exploded especially in last couple years. Such improvement and profit increases lead to capital market strengthening which has also been recording improvement and people awareness from year to year. Since 2002, market capitalization has risen by around twenty times and at the end of 2005 it was EUR 3.3bn (Wiener Börse: EUR 107.1bn). The average daily trading volumes have also soared in the past few years and hit EUR 1.5mn by 2005 (Wiener Börse: EUR 342mn). The leading index of the Sarajevo Stock Exchange, the BIFX, rose from 1,264.20 at the end of 2002 to 4,045.57 points at the end of 2005. (SASE, 2011) 2.1 Criteria for Admission to the Admission to the Sock Exchange Listing Stock exchange is not like ordinary market where everybody can enter in, do the business, and walk away. Far from being the case, there are certain regulations and rules that particular company must implement before participating in stock market. A particular company must first be adjusted and registered by SEC (Security Exchange Commission) and even when it is adjusted process is not done yet because the particular company must do two other regulations: informing stock exchange about all circumstances affecting its business and providing stock exchange with annual and semi-annual financial statement. 216 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1 indicates that securities which complete the below listed criteria can be admitted to the listing. Table 1 – Criteria for admission of securities The issuer is a joint stock company registered at the Commission Years of business Reality and objectivity of accounting reports Capital (the overall capital by the last balance sheet: capital stock, paid surplus, reserve, assigned revenues or loss from previous years, revaluation capital, undivided revenues or the business year loss) Minimum share size class (considered to be the book4keeping value of share, i.e. market capitalization, if a share already was a part of any segment of the organized market Share class percentage at the public offer Share class owners 3 Revised accounting reports for the last three business years KM 4,000,000 KM 2,000,000 At least 25% At least 150 Table 2 - Criteria for admission of bonds: Years of business Reality and objectivity of accounting reports 3 Revised accounting business report for the last three years KM 3,000,000 Overall nominal value of the sold bond series Table 3 - Obligations after adjustment Obligation after approval by security exchange commission: - to inform stock market about all circumstances affecting its business - to provide stock exchange with annual and semi-annual financial statement 2.2 Institutional framework of Sarajevo Stock Exchange Well-functioning institutional framework in Bosnia and Herzegovina is necessary for transparency. On the other side, transparency and fairness are closely related to attracting of new investors while investors are considered to be most important players in a game called capital market. Institutional framework can be divided into several segments: 217 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.1 Security exchange commission Security exchange commission is body established for the implementation of different tasks which is mandatory for fair and transparent trading on Sarajevo Stock Exchange. Without this body, it would not be possible to regulate and promote secure capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Another reason for the existing of security exchange commission is protection of investors. Once we have body that works on behalf of investors in a way that protects their rights, it is easy to attract new investors because they feel secure. Security Exchange Commission aims to promote capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina to foreign investors and they found that building trust in the efficiency, effectiveness and fairness of the capital market is key to succeed in it. General overview of responsibilities of Security Commission of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (KOMVP,2011) The Securities Commission of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a broad regulatory authority. Its responsibilities, among other, include the following:  Regulation of conditions and methods of securities issuances and trading;  Approval of issuances of shares and other securities by companies and banks;  Approval of securities issuances bz fund management companies, investment funds, mutual funds, and other legal persons that issue securities;  Regulation of conditions and methods of bond issuance bz cantons and municipalities;  Prescribing the rules and control of securities trading based on securities exchange and system of listing, using electronic means;  Protection of investors' rights;  Prescribing and enforcement of standards of disclosure to investors and the general public on business operations of securities trading participants;  Prescribing of conditions, issuing approvals of operations, and control of professional intermediaries (e.g. brokers and dealers), and other securities trading participants. 2.2.2 Registry of Securities – in most simple way to explain Registry of Security is place where data on securities are being held. Article 2 of the law defines that the Registry of Securities performs operation of registration, safekeeping and maintenance of data on securities, operation of transfers in accordance with the law regulating the issuance and trading of securities. However, it is not only duty and operation preformed by the Registry of Security. Far from being the case, it may also perform other operations including clearing and settlement as well as all other operations that are related to clearing and settlement, but which are firstly approved by Security Commission. The Registry performs the following operations for securities issuers:     - registration, safekeeping, keeping and maintaining data on securities; - making the list of shareholders and list of securities holders with the balance as of the day requested by the issuer; - making other reports as requested by the issuer; - services in case of changes in property status and in case of changes in securities due to conversion, securities denomination, merger and division of issuer's shares; 218 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo       - Services in exercising the rights derived from securities (submitting data to issuers on securities holders, data on shareholders, who have the right to: vote in the shareholder meeting, payment of dividend, as well as other rights) and other, in accordance with the special contract. The Registry performs the following operations for the securities holders: - keeping the balance of securities on securities holders' accounts; - transfer of securities based on applications for transfer of securities, submitted directly to the Registry by the security holder; - issuing certificates – statements and confirmations on balance of the securities account; - Services in connection with keeping, on separate accounts, the rights of third parties on securities, of the lien, right of limitation of disposition, usufruct right and other rights; Service in connection with joint stock company takeover and conducting tender offer based on a special contract between securities holder and the Registry. Figure 5 - Registration of data on securities Registration of data on securities Company’s management Registry Investor’s account Account of issuer Certificate showing the balance of the security account at the end of the month in which a change on the balance of the account took place. Confidence Only investors and authorized person in the registry have access to the account. As we can see on the picture above, registration of data of securities is a process consisted of couple steps. First step is approving of security by security exchange commission. After it is approved, it goes to the registry as a central place where securities are being held. In the registry, two accounts are must be opened; account of issuer and account of investor. Such accounts serve the purpose of providing certificate that shows the balance of the security 219 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo account at the end of the month. However, not all accounts are included, but only accounts in which a change on the balance of the account took place. 2.2.3 Professional intermediates – brokerage firms A brokerage firm or brokerage house refers to company which is allowed or licensed to buy and sell securities. A brokerage firms are basically connection between buyers and sellers. A brokerage firm is a financial institution that facilitates the buying and selling of financial derivatives between a buyer and a seller. Brokerage firms serve a clientele of investors who trade public stocks and other securities. (Wikipedia, 2011) Figure 6 – brokerage intermediation Seller Brokerage houses Buyer Being a connection or an intermediary between buyers and sellers, brokers as employers of brokerage houses make, simply saying, clients’ wishes come true. In other words, it is brokers who carry out client’s needs and wants when they decide to do trading on the stock exchanges. So, brokers do trade but usually not on their own account and they are usually paid on a commission basis. - Operations performed by brokerage houses on SASE Buying and selling securities, not on their own account, but on the accounts of clients, Buying and selling securities on their own account,(dealers) They help in promotion of capital market, Portfolio operating, Investment consulting 2.2.4 Investment funds Investment fund is actually firm that invests money which is collected from different investors. Having money of many, small investors, investment fund invest it into in securities, bonds…etc. By this, an investment company gives an opportunity to small investors to invest their money in different securities. This becomes more important if we take into consideration the fact that those investors would probably never have such an opportunity. Another benefit of investing in investment funds is that small investors do not worry about trading costs which can sometimes be high. It is investment fund, not small investors that can gain economies of scale in while doing trading. There are two worldwide known investment companies: open-end which includes mutual fund, closed-end that includes investment trust 220 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.5 Depositary banks Over here in Bosnia and Herzegovina, depositary banks are actually commercial banks that are allowed to do everything related to depositary job. Every brokerage house has its own depositary bank which is used to make payments. In order to be allowed to perform depositary job, a particular bank must be approved by Security Exchange Commission. Depositary bank offers the following services: - - Takes care of the fund property by keeping special accounts for property of each fund and separating property of each fund from property of other funds In case of mutual fund, repurchases and pays for shares, and makes payments to the owners of share of mutual fund from fund profit Takes care of the fact that calculation of net value of some stock or share in the fund was made in accordance with the Law, other regulations, prospect and Statute of the Fund Reports the Company on corporative affairs referring to the fund property, which it is taking care of, and executes the orders resulting from these affairs Pays all incomes and other rights due for the fund benefit, which are resulting from its property Keeps business operations records performed as the bank depositor for each fund and harmonizes it with Company’s records regularly Provides auditors and other persons authorized for auditing, including the Commission, with access to data and accounts related to the fund and its property (BIB, 2011) 2.3 Comparison of SASE, in terms of annual turnover, with regional stock exchanges in last two years. Before comparing turnover of SASE with regional stock exchanges, we should first see turnover of SASE from 2004 to 2010. As the table below (Table 4) indicates, starting from 2004, activity on SASE, in terms of money earned, had been constantly increasing till 2007 when the annual turnover was 1.274.340.116 KM. In 2008, in a year when recession started, activity on SASE dramatically decreased by more than five hundred million of KM. Fall in activity was continued in the following years and in 2010, annual turnover was the worst in SASE history with the amount of 108.55.379 KM. Based on this information we can divide turnover of SASE into two parts: prerecession turnover and post recession turnover. It is noticeable that before recession there were constant increases in turnover. However, when recession started, there have been constant decreases in turnover. 221 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4 - Turnover from 2004 to 2010 Year Turnover 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 108.554.379 KM 219.085.458,65 KM 477.079.376 KM 1.274.340.116 KM 654.717.252 KM 555.353.951 KM 231.137.332,00 KM % percentage of total turnover on B&H stock exchanges 38,38 % 62,32 % 63,43 % 94,48% 59,45% 66,51% 67% The table below (Table 5) shows the comparison of Sarajevo Stock Exchange turnover for the years of 2011 and 2010 with regional stock exchanges such as; Zagreb Stock Exchange, Belgrade Stock Exchange and Ljubljana Stock Exchange. As it is noticeable, the Zagreb Stock Exchange had the highest turnover followed by Belgrade Stock Exchange whose turnover in last two years was over 400 million of euro. Capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina is less developed than those of Serbia and Croatia, which means that annual turnover of SASE, is lesser with turnover around 100 million of euro in last two years. The last one Ljubljana Stock Exchange with turnover less than 100 million of euro in last two years. However, it does not mean that capital market in Slovenia is undeveloped. Far from being the case, it is among most developed in Balkan region, but it is obvious that recession took place in this country. Table 5 – Comparison of SASE turnover with regional stock exchanges in last two years Name of Stock exchange Sarajevo Stock Exchange Zagreb Stock Exchange Belgrade Stock Exchange Ljubljana Stock Exchange Year 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 Turnover / 55.668.921 EUR 749.911.956,6 EUR 934.882.913,7 EUR 208.180.538 EUR 222.475.934 EUR 19.352.083 EUR 20.485.947 EUR Figure 7 – The graphical comparison of Sarajevo Stock Exchange with regional Stock Exchanges. 222 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As it is mentioned previously, the Zagreb Stock Exchange had the highest turnover in last two years. Based on this information, it is noticeable that Croatia has highly developed capital market, especially in last two years. According to this fact capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina is far from level at which capital market of Croatia is in terms of development. Since, capital market over here is less developed; SASE should follow some strategies used by Zagreb Stock Exchange. 3. CONCLUSION Even if the facts, graphs, and tables shown in this work are promising, the general picture of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina is still relatively unfavorable. The development of BH capital market is related to the development of primary and secondary market. It means, when primary and secondary markets are involved in high activity, the capital market is strengthening. If we make comparison of capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina with those of developed countries, it is still underdeveloped and most of all, it is still seen as relatively unimportant to the development of domestic country’s economy. One of the main reasons for being less developed is corruption. This further means that there is legal uncertainty which prevents investors to invest. It is also important to realize that economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina must rely more on financial institutions as well as capital market. This means that the close relationship between economic development and financial institutions must be established. So far, stock exchange together with the banking industry is seen as a key factor in producing high level of activity on capital market and economic growth as well. However, it is still far from desired level of liquid financial market which is another problem of capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina being undeveloped. Professor Mehmed Ganic is mentioning, in his work about current problems of capital market (page 14) five reasons related to a possible recovery in the capital markets of B&H which must be taken into account. First, the process of ownership concentration is largely complete, so the new owners have lost an interest and incentive to appear in the capital market. It underestimates the shares and leads to the discharge of the market. Consequently, this makes it unlikely to stimulate interest both domestic and foreign investors; 223 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Second, the benefits of financial markets resulting from the significant effects of established organizational networks, as well as development and trading securities guided, above all, the unit fixed costs. If the market is less liquid, then the trading costs are high. This ultimately reduces the benefits of capital markets, discourage investors, in other words, a lack of demand. In addition, B&H has not yet fully adopted the culture of financing by issuing of new shares which means that companies regularly resort to capital markets for the raising of fresh capital. Third, that the performance of capital markets is still under the influence of bad political and economic environment of instability and poor social status of most citizens. Fourth, there is a weak mobility of the issuers and limited of trading in securities of the local companies, which resulted in the competitiveness of capital markets because of such restrictions at a very low level. Fifth, the capital market of B&H is limited due to the slow and incomplete process of privatization, following its further growth. Another reason for capital market of Bosnia and Hezegovina being unfavorable and underdeveloped is because of lack of foreign investors. Foreign direct investment plays an important role in development of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina, so capital market should be attractive in order to make foreigners invest their capital in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, capital market of Bosnia and Herzegovina is undeveloped, and it means that investors do not want to take risk and invest. They usually turn to developed financial markets which is key to encouraging them to take a risk and invest. Capital marek of highly developed countries is characterised by various short-term financial instruments. However, it is not case in Bosnia and Herzegovina.The overall financial market should encourage all, starting from companies to financial institutions to governments to start issuing short-term financial instruments. By this time, banking industry and stock exchange are key for producing high level of activity on capital marekt in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is them which contribute to developing of economy of B&H. All in all, capital market and stock exchanges as a segment of capital market play key role in our daily lives and we should start seeing this of great importance. Being key of producing high economic growh, government should attract investors by providing securtiy and transparency while companies should be offering more diversified financial instruments in order to attract customers. Once again, nothing can change the fact that stock exchange plays key role in our daily lives and it is stock exchanges that in some sense create our destiny. REFERENCES 1. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange, 05/01/2012 2. Dedovic, Dr.Mihailo, Berza – projekat od nacionalnog interesa, Pec, 1998 3. Internet: http://www.bestgrowthstock.com/blog/2009/04/02/the-importance-of-the-stockmarket-for-the-economy/ 28/12/2011 4. Internet: http://www.dreamstock.com, 03/10/2012 5. Mishkin, Frederic S. and Eakins, Stanley G. Financial Markets and Institutions, Fifth edition, 2006 224 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 7. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 8. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 9. Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana Stock Exchange, 02/03/2012 Analyze and evaluate the system of internal control in the process of implementing the audit of financial statements for business entities Pece Nikoloski, Goce Menkinoski, Facullty of economics in Prilep, Macedonia E-mails: nikoloski.pece@yahoo.com,gocemenkinoski@yahoo.com Abstract Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing and reporting results from financial transactions in the form of financial statements. Other than accounting, auditing the financial statements determines whether those statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting standards. You could say that this kind of audit users of financial statements provides objective and independent opinion on the truthfulness and honesty of the data presented in financial statements of business entities that are clients. The application of the system of internal control in the implementation of the audit process is very important activity in the process of making business decisions to allocate economic resources and successful management. Information obtained from the analysis answer the question as business entity in the previous period and how to function in the next period to be maintained better result. The main goal of any business entity is achieving greater profits. The profit maximization is striving to achieve the possible cost less and also the achievement of greater revenues. Profit shown in the financial statements may differ from reality depending on the way you handled the financial statements or in other words the way reports display where they can be concealed large gains and losses. From there the auditors are those who weigh the reality of participants' data in financial reports. How the financial result is a real set, so will be better and better decisions are made based on such information. The advantages of better financial reporting are significant, hence the actions needed to achieve those benefits are complex and comprehensive. As such we list the following activities: improving the framework of financial reporting; strengthening of key factors within the financial reporting; supporting the audit profession; supporting education, training and public awareness. The main and primary objective of financial reporting is to provide access balanced between financial reporting and audit requirements, which means meeting the needs of different users of financial information but also will be complex to burden the functioning of the corporate sector. In practice, here are three main reasons to perform the process of analyzing financial statements and financial indicators achieved: 1. The need for continuous monitoring of their own situation analyzes achieved financial indicators, financial instruments are planned and implemented financial control; 225 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1297 Title A name given to the resource Stock exchange influence in promotion of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina: SASE case Author Author Fahrudin , Malanovic Abstract A summary of the resource. Economic efficiency and well being of one country is somehow connected with the efficiency and effectiveness of stock exchange, so the main purpose of this study is to show and explain workings of capital market in Bosnia and Herzegovina through activities of Sarajevo Stock Exchange. The reason for this analysis is fact that the stock exchange performs important, if not key, role in one nation’s economy since it provides investment opportunities by offering buyers and seller’s places for trading securities, such as stocks and bonds. Such investment opportunities are ways for corporations, governments, and business to obtain funds necessary for expanding business or financing publicly good project. Another reason for this analysis is the lack of awareness about importance of stock exchange even if performance of stock exchanges affects everybody starting from individuals to large corporations to governments. Taking into consideration the fact that the stock exchange is an organized place for trading goods, securities, financial derivatives…etc, whose daily volume is measured in billions of dollars, it can be easily concluded that importance of it is huge. This work is mentioning direct and indirect effects of stock exchange activity on an economy, proving great impact on daily activity, not only of business, but of people as well. This study also indicates that highly developed nations are closely related to the high level of activity of stock exchanges and see stock exchange, as a component of capital market, a key factor to success. Simply, stock exchange is as important as other public goods. Less developed nations are not necessarily related to the poor performance of stock exchanges; however, it could also be a main reason for those nations to be considered as a less developed. All in all, nothing can change the fact that stock exchange creates our destiny regarding our future job orientation, since companies and corporations find stock exchange one of the easiest ways to obtain money to finance their activities. Also, nothing can change the fact that the whole global economy, including economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is dependent on those biggest stock exchanges around the world where the most important one is the New York Stock Exchange. This work is divided into three chapters. Section 1 deal with stock exchange and stock market in general. When it comes to Section 2, it deals with stock exchanges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while Section 3 is actually conclusion part of this work.Keywords: stock exchange, capital market, security, stock, bond Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0361653282a6c24f1963fea31ea9c397.pdf 541f64719b29a3d106a1b9581bd657fd PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Concepts and Practice. Greenleaf Publishing Limited, Sheffield. Seçme, N.Y., Bayrakdaroğlu, A. and Kahraman, C. (2009) Fuzzy performance evaluation in Turkish Banking Sector using Analytic Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS, Expert Systems with Applications, 36(9), 11699-11709. Sheu, J.B., Chou, Y.H., Hu, C.C. (2005) An integrated logistics operational model for greensupply chain management, Transportation Research Part E, 41(4), 287-313. Srivastava, S.K. (2007) Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review, International Journal of Management Reviews, 9 (1), 53-80. Vachon, S. and Klassen, R.D. (2008) Environmental management and manufacturing performance: the role of collaboration in the supply chain, International Journal of Production Economics, 111 (2), 299-315. Van Hoek, R.I. (2000) From reversed logistics to green supply chains, Logistics Solutions, 2, 28–33. Zhu, Q. and Sarkis, J. (2004) Relationships between operational practices and performance among early adopters of green supply chain management practices in Chinese manufacturing enterprises, Journal of Operations Management, 22, 265–289. Selection of Sustainable Warehouse Location in Supply Chain Using the Grey Approach Fahriye Uysal1,Ömür Tosun2 1Department of International Trade and Logistics, Ayse Sak School of Applied Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 2Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: fahriyeuysal@akdeniz.edu.tr,omurtosun@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Supply chain sustainability has recently gained an increasing attention in the supply chain context both from the practitioners’ perspective and as a research area. There have been many incentives for more sustainable warehousing in supply chains. Sustainable Warehousing includes activities such as, for example, terminal and warehouse location, proper storing and 383 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo disposing of hazardous materials, donation of excess or obsolete inventory to local communities, and training to safely operate forklifts. A sustainable warehousing company would not only have to consider the economic factors, such as rent and operations costs, but also balance the social and environmental effects that occur within the warehouse compound as well as its surrounding vicinity. Sustainable warehouse location selection decision has a crucial role in the supply chain management process. In this study cost, labor, transportation, environment and geographical location are taken as decision criteria. Grey approach is used under the sustainability basis for the warehouse location selection problem. This method is appropriate for solving the group decision-making problem in an uncertain and inconsistent environment. Warehouse location alternatives for the supply chain of the medical companies are evaluated in this study. Keywords: Sustainable supply chain, sustainable warehousing, grey approach 1. INTRODUCTION The term sustainability, which increasingly refers to an integration of social, environmental, and economic responsibilities, has begun to appear in the literature of business disciplines such as management and operations. In addition, companies are beginning to rapidly adopt the term sustainability (Carter and Rogers, 2008). Sustainability today demands that supply chains must be explicitly extended to include by-products of the supply chain (Linton et al., 2007). The need of seriously exploring the concept of sustainable supply chains within a collaborative perspective is seen as a goal to improve companies’ revenue growth and costumer’s recognition (Kleindorfer, et al., 2005). A focus on supply chains is therefore a step towards the adoption of a growth on sustainability. The location of a warehouse is generally one of the most important and strategic decision in the optimization of supply chain (Frazelle, 2002). It is a long-term decision and can be influenced by different quantitative and qualitative criteria, but not all of the criteria have the same effect on the decision process. In this study costs, labor, transportation, environment and geographical location criteria are used. Due to the prejudice of the decision makers, conventional approaches can be less effective in dealing with a proper assessment. Therefore, a multi-criteria based decision making procedure is used. This paper describes the Grey approach and its application for evaluating warehouse locations in supply chain based on sustainability criteria. This method is appropriate for 384 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo solving the group decision-making problem in an uncertain and inconsistent environment. The work is structured in the following manner. In Section 2, a literature review of the sustainable supply chain is given. In Section 3 definition of sustainable warehousing is given. In Section 4, the grey approach is defined. An evaluation of warehouse location selection, the proposed methodology and results are fully shown in Section 5. Finally, conclusions and considerations are reported in Section 6. 2. Sustainable Supply Chain A focus on supply chains is a step towards the broader adoption and development of sustainability, since the supply chain considers the product from initial processing of raw materials to delivery to the customer (Linton et al, 2007). Extending the supply chain to include issues such as remanufacturing, recycling and refurbishing adds an additional level of complexity to existing supply chain design in addition to a new set of potential strategic and operational issues, which in turn can increase costs, at least in the short term (Corbett and Klassen, 2006). Sustainable supply chains have not yet been clearly defined. A popular definition states that sustainable supply chains require coordination of the social, environmental and economic dimensions. Linton et al. (2007) transfer the concept of sustainability to supply chains and state that: a sustainable supply chain is a supply chain integrating issues and flows that extend beyond the core of supply chain management such as product design, manufacturing by-products, product management during use, product life extension, product end-of-life and recovery processes at end-of-life. Companies that implement ecological and social factors relating to the supply chain gain financial benefits through reduced costs and operational efficiencies, also sustainable supply chain practices can be a source of differentiation and competitive advantage. 3. Sustainable Warehousing One of the key components within the sustainable supply chain is sustainable warehousing. Sustainable warehousing includes activities such as terminal and warehouse location, proper storing and disposing of hazardous materials, donation of excess or obsolete inventory to local communities, and training to safely operate forklifts (Carter and Jennings, 2000). 385 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In real life, most warehousing and transportation companies have little regard for the environmental impacts of their actions and do not understand the social consequences of their business activities. A sustainable warehousing company would not only have to consider the economic factors like rent and operations costs, but also balance with the social and environmental effects that occur within the warehouse compound as well as its surrounding vicinity (Tan et al, 2010). Among supply chain studies, many papers on warehouse/facility location problem have been published (Vlachopoulou et al. 2001; Sharma and Berry, 2007; Sharma and Sharma, 2000). But, in most of them, environmental issues are not studied due to the policy of these companies. Different warehouse location selection studies are analyzed to select the suitable criteria, and also environment criterion is added in view of the sustainability. These criteria are: Cost: Costs are one of the factors highly affected by the facility location. Cost criterion is evaluated by taking into account of labor costs, transportation costs, handling costs and land cost. Labor: This criterion defines the state of qualified labor at a location and the degree of the availability of such labor. Transportation: Ease of transportation, traffic density and distance from the alternative warehouses to main warehouse are considered by the decision makers. Environment: Carbon minimization and other environmental policies are considered for the decision process. Geographical location: This criterion defines the land availability that changes according to the structure of the alternative regions. 4. The Grey Approach In this section, the Grey approach will be described. In this method, there are m possible warehouse alternatives given as . is the set of n independent criteria. is the vector of criteria weights. In this study, criteria weights and ratings of the warehouses are taken as linguistic variables. These values are given in Table 1 and Table 2. In Table 1, linguistic criteria weights whereas in Table 2 criteria rating values in Grey numbers are given. A Grey number is shown as . The detailed procedure is given below (Li et al., 2007; Baskaran et al., 2012): Step 1: Criteria weight identification A group of decision makers (DM) identifies the criteria weights. If there is K number of decision maker, then the criteria weight is calculated as 386 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo where is the criteria weight of the Kth DM. Step 2: Criteria rating value in linguistic variables Criteria rating values in linguistic variables are calculated using where is the criteria rating value of the Kth DM. Table 1: Scale of attribute weights Scale Very low (VL) Low (VL) Medium low (ML) Medium (M) Medium high (MH) High (H) Very high (VH) W [0.0, 0.1] [0.1, 0.3] [0.3, 0.4] [0.4, 0.5] [0.5, 0.6] [0.6, 0.9] [0.9, 1.0] Table 2: Scale of attribute ratings Scale Very poor (VP) Poor (P) Medium poor (MP) Fair (F) Medium good (MG) Good (G) Very good (VG) W [0, 1] [1, 3] [3, 4] [4, 5] [5, 6] [6, 9] [9, 10] Step 3: Establish the Grey decision matrix are linguistic variables based on the grey number. Grey decision matrix is: Step 4: Normalize the Grey decision matrix In the normalization process, the ranges of the Grey numbers are limited to [0, 1]. Normalization depends on either minimization (cost) or maximization (benefit) of the criteria. Maximization criteria is given as Minimization criteria is given as below Step 5: Establish the weighted normalized Grey decision matrix The weighted normalized Grey decision matrix is the product of normalized Grey decision matrix and criteria weights ( . 387 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Step 6: Set ideal warehouse alternative as referential warehouse alternative From m possible warehouse alternative set (S = {S1, S2, …,Sm}) the ideal referential warehouse alternative by using Step 7: Calculate the Grey possibilities Compare warehouse alternatives set S = {S1, S2, …,Sm} with ideal referential warehouse alternative ; Step 8: Prioritize warehouses Rank the order of warehouse alternatives based on the comparison given in Eq. (7). If S i value is smaller, the ranking order of Si is better. Otherwise, the ranking order is worse. 5. Application In this study, the Grey approach is used for the warehouse location selection problem of a pharmaceutical company in Turkey. The company has six different warehouse location alternatives (S); each of them is evaluated by four decision makers (DM) according to the criteria of cost (C1), labor (C2), transportation (C3), environment (C4) and geographic location (C5). The calculation procedure is given below: Step 1 By using Eq. (1), criteria weights are calculated. Step 2 Criteria ratings values for six warehouse alternatives are calculated by using Eq. (2). Step 3 Using Eq. (3), establish the grey decision matrix. Step 4 Establish the grey normalized decision table. Step 5 Establish the grey weighted normalized decision table. Step 6 Make the ideal warehouse 388 a referential alternative, using Eq. (6). �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo = {[0.333, 0.950], [0.353, 0.650], [0.482, 0.925], [0.416, 0.725], [0.513, 0.825]} Step 7 Calculate the grey possibility degrees, using Eq. (7). Grey possibility degree results are given below: = 0.862 = 0.729 = 0.686 = 0.963 = 0.716 = 0.735 Step 8 Rank the order of six warehouses, according to the results given in Step 7. S5 > S4 > S3 > S6 > S1 > S2 From the results, it’s seen that S5 is the most suitable location alternative for the company. 6. CONCLUSION A warehouse location selection is a multi-criteria decision-making problem including both quantitative and qualitative criteria. In this paper, a multi-criteria decision making approach for sustainable warehouse location selection is given. The main criteria for the selection of sustainable warehouse location were identified. After the main criteria were determined, the hierarchy of the sustainable warehouse location selection was structured. The proposed method is applied a pharmaceutical company, and decision makers from the company are asked to evaluate alternatives and criteria. By using Grey approach, alternative 5 can be selected by the company. REFERENCES Baskaran V., Nachiappan S. and Rahman S. (2012) Indian textile suppliers' sustainability evaluation using the grey approach, International Journal of Production Economics, 135, 647-658. Carter, C.R. and Jennings, M.M. (2002) Logistics social responsibility: An integrative framework, Journal of Business Logistics, 23(1), 145–180. Carter, C.R. and Rogers, D.S. (2008) A framework of sustainable supply chain management: moving toward new theory, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 38(5), 360-387. Corbett, C.J. and Klassen, R.D. (2006) Extending the horizons: environmental excellence as key to improving operations, Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 8 (1), 5–22. 389 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Frazelle E. (2002) Supply Chain Strategy: The Logistics of Supply Chain Management, McGraw-Hill, New York. Kleindorfer, P.R., Singhal, K. and Van Wassenhove, L.N. (2005) Sustainable operations management, Production and Operations Management, 14(4), 482–492. Li, G., Yamaguchi D. and Nagai M. (2007) A grey-based decision-making approach to the supplier selection problem, Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 46, 573-571. Linton, J.D., Klassen, R. and Jayaraman, V. (2007) Sustainable supply chains: an introduction, Journal of Operations Management, 25 (6), 1075-1082. Sharma, R.R.K., and Sharma, K. D. (2000) A new dual based procedure for the transportation problem, European Journal of Operational Research, 122 (3), 611-624. Sharma, R.R.K., and Berry, V. (2007) Developing new formulations and relaxations of single stage capacitated warehouse location problem: Empirical investigation for assessing relative strengths and computational effort, European Journal of Operational Research, 177 (2), 803-812. Tan, K.S., Ahmed, M.D. and Sundaram, D. (2010) Sustainable enterprise modeling and simulation in a warehousing context, Business Process Management Journal, 16 (5), 871-886. Vlachopoulou, M., Silleos, G., and Manthou, V. (2001) Geographic information systems in warehouse site selection decisions, International Journal of Production Economics, 71 (1), 205-212. The Role Of Internal Auditing In Sustainable Development And Corporate Social Reporting Serpil Senal, Gaye Atilla, Burcu Aslantaş Ateş Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails:serduz@mynet.com, burcuatesaslantas@msn.com, gaisan@hotmail.com Abstract Sustainability means a lot more than just the economic, environmental, and social challenges an organization faces in its everyday and future operations: it means the ethics in these operations, touching on all the lives of those in the organization, its stakeholders, and the planet. The objectives of all sustainable development programs must be measured, and the 390 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1134 Title A name given to the resource Selection of Sustainable Warehouse Location in Supply Chain Using the Grey Approach Author Author Fahriye, Uysal Abstract A summary of the resource. Supply chain sustainability has recently gained an increasing attention in the supply chain context both from the practitioners’ perspective and as a research area. There have been many incentives for more sustainable warehousing in supply chains. Sustainable Warehousing includes activities such as, for example, terminal and warehouse location, proper storing and disposing of hazardous materials, donation of excess or obsolete inventory to local communities, and training to safely operate forklifts. A sustainable warehousing company would not only have to consider the economic factors, such as rent and operations costs, but also balance the social and environmental effects that occur within the warehouse compound as well as its surrounding vicinity. Sustainable warehouse location selection decision has a crucial role in the supply chain management process. In this study cost, labor, transportation, environment and geographical location are taken as decision criteria. Grey approach is used under the sustainability basis for the warehouse location selection problem. This method is appropriate for solving the group decision-making problem in an uncertain and inconsistent environment. Warehouse location alternatives for the supply chain of the medical companies are evaluated in this study. Keywords: Sustainable supply chain, sustainable warehousing, grey approach Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/34a5cfd8dea51952a268a8f5a3b4cf66.pdf e3e36e895b39bee7eb1829150efa995b PDF Text Text Carrillo_Morales G., Davila-Jimenez M.M., Elizalde-Gonzalez M.P., Pelaez-Cid A.A, Removal of Metal Ions From Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on the Natural Adsorbent CACMM2, Jaurnal of Chromatography A, 938, 237-242, 2001. Townshend, A; Encylopedia of Analitical science, Academic Pres, Londan, 1995. Water Pollution Control Regulation Official Gazette: 31 December 2004, Issue: 25687. Özdemir C. et al., ―Examination of purification of leather industry wastewaters with the use of the marl soils of Basyayla(Karaman) region‖, D.E.U Science and Engineering Journal, Issue: 3 5.57-64, October 2004. Toprak R.Girgin I., ―Removal of chromium from leather industry wastewaters with activated clinoptilolite‖, Turk J Engin Enviran Sci 24(2000), 343-351 TUBITAK. Water Resources Conservation for Sustainable Agricultural Development F. Ozge Uysal, Onder Uysal Faculty of Agriculture, SuleymanDemirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mail: onderuysal@sdu.edu.tr 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1.Water resources consumption Increase of population and insufficient water resources has led to environmental pollution has reached substantial levels with use of synthetic and chemical inputs as a result of the increase in production. Decreasing available water resources brings on a serious water shortage problem. Allliving things are negative affected by theenvironmentalpollution. The loss of speciesin nature, instead of use of biological control use chemical control, thehormonesto increasefood production have a verynegativeforecology. The main reason for environmental pollution and degradation of the natural balance in ecosystem, consumption increased rapidly due to increasing population and increased use of fossil proliferation of products. 1.2.Water resources conservation One of themostimportantaim of sustainableagricultureandruraldevelopment is toprotectandconservethecapacity of thenaturalresourcebasetocontinuetoprovideproduction, environmentalandculturalservices. 333 �Turkey Land and Water Resources LAND RESOURCES Mha ( millionhectares) Arable Irrigable RainfedAgriculture EconomicallyIrrigable PresentlyIrrigated Land : Land : : : : 4.90 28.05 25.75 17.25 8.50 Land Resources Turkey‘s total landarea is 78 Mha. Almostonethird of this, 28 Mha, can be classified as cultivableland. Recentstudiesindicatethat an area of about8.5million ha is economicallyirrigableundertheavailabletechnology. Untilnow, an area of about2.8million ha has beenequippedwithirrigationinfrastructuresby DSİ. WaterResources MeanPrecipitation 643 mm/m2 Turkey‘sSurfaceArea 780,000 km 2 AnnualWaterResourcesPotentialBm ³ (billion m ³ ) A Precipitation Volume 501 B Evaporation 274 C LeakageintoGroundwater 69 D Springs FeedingSurfaceWater 28 E SurfaceWaterfromNeighboringCountries 7 F=A-B-C+D+E F Total SurfaceRunoff (gross) 193 G ExploitableSurfaceRunoff 98 H GroundwaterSafeYield 14 I=G+H I Total Potential (net) 112 The total watervolume in theworldamountsto1.4billion km3, 97.5% of which is salinewater in theoceansandseas, 2.5% of which is freshwater in theriversandlakes. Duetofactthat 90% of 334 �freshwaterexists in the South Poleand humanbeingshaveverylimitedreadilyexploitablefreshwaterresources. North Pole, Annualmeanprecipitation in Turkey is 643 mm, whichcorrespondsto 501 Bm3 (billion m3) of annualwatervolume in thecountry. A volume of 274 Bm3waterevaporatesfromwaterbodiesandsoilstoatmosphere. 69 Bm 3 of volume of waterleaksintogroundwater, whereas 28 Bm3 is retrievedbyspringsfromgroundwatercontributingtosurfacewater. Also, thereare 7 billion m3volume of watercomingfromneighboringcountries. Thus, total annualsurfacerunoffamountsto a volume of 193 Bm3 of water. Turkey is not a richcountry in terms of existingwaterpotential. Turkey is a waterstresscountryaccordingtoannualvolume of wateravailablepercapita. Theannualexploitableamount of water has recentlybeenapproximately 1,500 m3percapita. Development of Irrigation, Hydropower, andWaterSupplySectors in Turkey IN ULTIMATE OPERATION GOALS AS OF 2005 DEVELOPMENT IRRIGATION OF BY 2030 4.9 million ha 8.5 million ha DEVELOPMENT OF 45.3 HYDROELECTRIC billionkWh ENERGY 127.3 billionkWh DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLY FOR 10.5 billion m 38.5 billion m 3 DOMESTIC AND 3 INDUSTRIAL USE EACH SECTOR‘S DEVELOPMENT RATES 58% 36% 27% 1.3.Orientationtoecotourism Peopleturned toecotourismareas because of environmental pollution, increase in population, global warming. Ecotourism increased because of peoplemove away fromcity life, increasedconsumption of products ofagriculturalorigin and increase of environmental pollution.Because of reduction of water resources, production activities also reduced. Difficulties which are encountered in production activities because of water resources are deficit in our country. Decreasing available water resources brings a serious water shortage problem. In order to deal with this problem, the studies for the efficient use of irrigation water by providing water saving gain importance. Irrigationtechniques have been developed for efficient use of water resources. Withthe effective useof water resources, boththewater resourceswill be protected and high yieldwill be obtained per unit area. So, peoplecan cometo workforecotourismactivities. Thus, environment, social life, cultural environment and public health develop positive because of ecotourism. Everykind of tourismmade in virginnature is withinthescope of ecotourism. Theprinciple of ―sustainability of naturalenvironment‖, which is one of thetwoimportantcriteria of ecotourism in thesenaturetrips, has to be obeyedclosely.Thesecondimportantcriterion of ecotourismis ―thesustainability of 335 �localculturesandthatthepeopleshouldbenefitfromthistourismactivity‖. When eco-tourists make tourism activities, they can do agricultural activities. Such water resources, environmental pollution and global warming factors can provide with conservation ofwater quality. This also provides that effectivefertilizerin agricultural areas, efficient use ofpesticides and efficient useof water resources. 2.RESULT Therichgeographyandnaturalpotential of ourcountry is a bigchanceforthetypes of naturetourisms. However, if it is behavedunconsciously, theruin of environmentalvalueswillrapidly be inevitable.Sustainableagriculturemay be defined as consisting of environmentally-friendlymethodsof farmingthatallowtheproduction of cropsorlivestockwithoutdamagetohumanornaturalsystems.Recently, orientationtoecotourismstudyingshouldincreaseandthus, agriculturalenviromentalandglobalwarmingproblemsshould be solved.Theuse of agriculturalproducts ratherthan theuse of syntheticproductsshouldbe increase. Not onlyenvironmentalandtourismpurposesanndeclining waterresources, increase of population and in ordertomeet growing consumer needsshould be provided in thedevelopment of ecotourism. REFERENCES http://www.ekoturizmdernegi.org http://www.dsi.gov.tr Sustainable Development- Environmental Ethics Relationship Within Eu Environmental Policies Özcan Sezer, Şenay Işin 1.INTRODUCTION Environmental problems and approaches to environment have an important place within EU policies. There are major impacts of economic development on the inclusion of environmental issues to the Union‘s area of interest, which aims to integrate European Countries through economic, political and cultural areas and which foresees the free flow of capital, goods, services, labor. It is crucial to form environmental values and provide the member countries to internalize them in order to sustain development without giving harm to environment. In this context, environmental ethics reveals a conflict from the perspective of sustainable development. There emerges an area of conflict between attaining economic, social and cultural development on the one hand and taking into consideration of environmental values and environmental ethics during this process on the other hand. The desire to improve the living conditions at the member countries through providing economic, social and cultural development and to upgrade quality of life to a common level 336 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1264 Title A name given to the resource Water Resources Conservation for Sustainable Agricultural Development Author Author F. Ozge Uysal, Ozge Uysal Abstract A summary of the resource. Increase of population and insufficient water resources has led to environmental pollution has reached substantial levels with use of synthetic and chemical inputs as a result of the increase in production. Decreasing available water resources brings on a serious water shortage problem. Allliving things are negative affected by theenvironmentalpollution. The loss of speciesin nature, instead of use of biological control use chemical control, thehormonesto increasefood production have a verynegativeforecology. The main reason for environmental pollution and degradation of the natural balance in ecosystem, consumption increased rapidly due to increasing population and increased use of fossil proliferation of products. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General)