139 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/14491bc34f24a8b8dabb143dc5e26b64.pdf 0d24224a371a0443404f9e1a275bb0cf PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo ICSID Arbitration and Turkey in Terms of Subject and Party Süleyman Dost Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey suleymandost@sdu.edu.tr The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is an autonomous international institution established under the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (the ICSID or the Washington Convention) with over one hundred and fifty five member States. Turkey signed and ratified ICSID Convention. The primary purpose of ICSID is to provide facilities for conciliation and arbitration of international investment disputes. ICSID has become the leading arbitration institution for the resolution of investor-state disputes. This arbitration system is different from the other arbitration. First of all, ICSID was established by the Convention as an impartial international forum providing facilities for the resolution of legal disputes between eligible parties, through arbitration procedures. Second, The Convention sought to remove major impediments to the free international flows of private investment posed by non-commercial risks and the absence of specialized international methods for investment dispute settlement. Third, recourse to the ICSID facilities is always subject to the parties' consent. Fourth, as evidenced by its large membership, considerable caseload, and by the numerous references to its arbitration facilities in investment treaties and laws, ICSID plays an important role in the field of international investment and economic development. Today, companies considering an investment in a foreign country, must be aware of ICSID and the other treaties providing access to ICSID. For example, Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT’s) Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and Multilateral Treaties (MIT’s). Turkey has signed namerous BIT’s with different countries. Furthermore, Turkey ratified the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) that includes a provision regarding ICSID arbitration. Due to the steps taken by Turkey to create a more appropriate legal climate for investments during 90’s, foreign investors have brought eight arbitration cases before the ICSID against Turkey since 2002. In this study, firstly, ICSID arbitration system and arbitration cases against Turkey will be taken hand. Then Turkish investor’s cases against host state will be indicate. Finally general assesment will be made for Turkey and the other parties of ICSID Convention. Keywords: Arbitartion, Investment, ICSID, Turkey. 262 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f817e6ff095b88079775c9227c4a1de6.docx ee55b407fc14ec37b73a9d61eaf3be15 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f16c3cef72816b730b029b3c6f2fb7af.pdf 2a85b32a40aa1df4f57d031bb31baf8f PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo ICSID Arbitration and Turkey in Terms of the Subject and Parties Suleyman Dost Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey suleymandost@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is an autonomous international institution established under the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (the ICSID or the Washington Convention) with over one hundred and fifty five member States. Turkey signed and ratified ICSID Convention. The primary purpose of ICSID is to provide facilities for conciliation and arbitration of international investment disputes. ICSID has become the leading arbitration institution for the resolution of investorstate disputes. This arbitration system is different from the other arbitration. First of all, ICSID was established by the Convention as an impartial international forum providing facilities for the resolution of legal disputes between eligible parties, through arbitration procedures. Second, The Convention sought to remove major impediments to the free international flows of private investment posed by noncommercial risks and the absence of specialized international methods for investment dispute settlement. Third, recourse to the ICSID facilities is always subject to the parties' consent. Fourth, as evidenced by its large membership, considerable caseload, and by the numerous references to its arbitration facilities in investment treaties and laws, ICSID plays an important role in the field of international investment and economic development. Today, companies considering an investment in a foreign country, must be aware of ICSID and the other treaties providing access to ICSID. For example, Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT’s) Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and Multilateral Treaties (MIT’s). Turkey has signed namerous BIT’s with different countries. Furthermore, Turkey ratified the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) that includes a provision regarding ICSID arbitration. Due to the steps taken by Turkey to create a more appropriate legal climate for investments during 90’s, foreign investors have brought eight arbitration cases before the ICSID against Turkey since 2002. In this study, firstly, ICSID arbitration system and arbitration cases against Turkey will be taken hand. Then Turkish investor’s cases against host state will be indicate. Finally general assesment will be made for Turkey and the other parties of ICSID Convention. Key Words:arbitration, Investment, ICSID, Turkey. Introduction ICSID Convention, which came into force on 14th October 1966 established an International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. This Convention, which is also referred to as Washington Convention came into force in Turkey on 02nd.04.1989. ICSID 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Convention mainly aims to stop disputes being a political tool and a threat factor and resolve the disputes on a platform where the benefits of both parties are balanced. (Emek, 27)The Convention provides the ways of conciliation and arbitration for that. 464 applications have been registered so far. 255 of these have been concluded1 and 169 of them are still on trial2. Applications show that, disputes mainly come up in areas of banking, construction, energy, health, industry, mining, tourism and agriculture3. ICSID (The International Centre) established within the body of the World Bank offers an objective and reliable arbitration case in the resolution of disputes between foreign investors and the host state. The Centre also aims to clear the concerns of foreign investors and to motivate them for investing in foreign states and to reduce the negative attempts of the host state towards investment. ICSID Arbitration Trial authority of the Centre covers legal disputes between states that are a party to ICSID Convention and the citizens of other states that are also a party to ICSID Convention, who have submitted their written consent related to the dispute to the General Secretariat. After the submission of consent, no party can withdraw it back unilaterally (Article 25 of the ICSID). Trial authority of the ICSID Arbitration Centre depends on three factors: The first one is the presence of a legal benefit dispute, arising directly out of the investment. The second one is the consents of the parties. And the third one is the requirement that the host state and the sending state are both parties to the ICSID Convention. (Sassoon, 102)So, it is possible to discuss the trial authority of the Centre with respect to the subject of the trial, parties of the dispute and consents of the parties (Nomer et al., 54): 1-Trial Subject In the presence of a subject relevant to the tribal authority of the Centre, there has to be a legal dispute directly related to investment as a first condition4. (De Cassio, 230; Amerasinghe, 636)Consequently; political, economic, financial or commercial disputes are included within the scope of ICSID trial. (De Cassio, 230) As the Convention not defines investment, wills of parties shall be studied. (Azrak, 27; Wagner, 472; Kurtz, 20) In ICSID arbitration, troubles related to subject limitation are too rare. (Park et al., 453; Hornick, 189; Escobar, 140) Any kind of dispute related to investment can generally be a trial subject in an ICSID arbitration system. However; expenses made by the Claimant prior to investment are not regarded as investments with respect to Article 25 of ICSID5. 2-Parties According to ICSID Convention, one of the parties is a state party to the Convention and the other party is the citizen of another state which also is a party to the Convention (Article 25 of the ICSID). So, disputes, parties of which are real and/or special legal entities or states are outside the authority of ICSID. One party of the dispute is the host state where the investment is made. In order for a dispute to be resolved by ICSID arbitration, the host state shall be a party to ICSID and 1 See: https://icsid.worldbank.org (23.04.2013) See: https://icsid.worldbank.org (23.04.2013) 3 See: https://icsid.worldbank.org (23.04.2013) 4 See for additional knowledge: Mihaly - Sri Lanka, Award, ICSID Case No:00/2, p.32. 5 Mihaly - Sri Lanka, Award, ICSID Case No:00/2, p.28-33, 52-54, ve 61-62. 2 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo have consent on arbitration issue. Moreover it is allowed that; the subunits forming any country or the state which has assigned a representative to the Centre is a party to the dispute (Erten, 216; Tawil, 278). The other party of the dispute is the citizen of another state which is a party to the ICSID Convention (De Cassio, 230). This statement expresses the real or legal entities possessing the citizenship of a state party apart from the home state which was a partof the Centre at the date when the application was submitted to the Centre (Article 25/2-a of the ICSID). In case of dual citizenship, the investor can apply for ICSID arbitration if the state he/she is a citizen of is a party to the ICSID Convention6 (Nomer et al., 55). 23 ICSID Convention accepts that, if a prior agreement is made, companies under the control of foreign powers will be treated in the host state as a citizen of another state which is a party to the Convention (Article 25/2-b of the ICSID). 3-Written Arbitration Convention In order for an international investment dispute to be resolved by ICSID arbitration, there must be a relevant written arbitration convention carried out between parties. This is an obligatory condition for the beginning of ICSID arbitration procedure (sine qua non condition). A valid arbitration deal means consent to arbitration. This consent relation can be provided with an arbitration condition or an independent arbitration deal (De Cassio, 229). Parties might give this consent before or after dispute (Günuğur,339). In most of the disputes that come up in practice, this consent is given on the condition of arbitration put into the investment agreement (Nomer et al., 54). This consent is also given in BIT’s carried out between states. States that have signed the ICSID Convention doesn’t mean that they give consent (Amerasinghe, 636; Şanlı, 9). This shows the states’ desire to get into an ICSID arbitration system. It doesn’t pose an obligation7 (Erten, 218). Declaration of consent for arbitration shall be given for a certain dispute. Being a party to the ICSID Convention doesn’t require parties to give consent for applying for ICSID arbitration for the resolution of a dispute included within the scope of the Convention (De Cassio, 229). On the other hand; some consent declaration might not cover the consent required by the Convention for the tribal authority of the Centre. However; once the parties have submitted their consents to the Centre, it is not possible for them to withdraw these back unilaterally8 (Sassoon, 103). Consents of the parties for arbitration within the framework of the Convention means they have rejected any solution outside the Convention unless stated otherwise. However; states might demand as a prior condition for these consents that, local administrations and legal ways have been exhausted (Article 26 of the ICSID). On the other hand; the Convention allows states to make declaration for the types of disputes they don’t want to put through ICSID arbitration any time. (Article 25/4 of the ICSID). This means, providing that they make the necessary declaration, they can restrict their membership to the Centre as long as they desire. Consequently; foreign investors shall study and monitor the concerns put into the Convention by the host state. Because in some cases, signing of the ICSID Convention might only be for promotional reasons (Altıntaş, 19). 36 6 Olguin - Paraguay, Award, ICSID Case No:98/5, p.60-61. CSOB - Slovak Republic, Decision, ICSID Case No:97/4, p.36. 8 Article 25 of the ICSID. 7 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo ICSID Arbitration and Turkey In General Turkey signed the ICSID Convention on 24th.06.1987 and approved it with Law No 3460 dated as 27th.05.1988. 37So far, eight disputes have been submitted to ICSID arbitration against Turkey. And thirteen Turkish origin companies have applied for ICSID arbitration against various states. The amounts both in arbitration cases sued against Turkey and sued by Turkish origin companies are quite high. Thus; ICSID arbitration is very important. Here, ICSID arbitration cases against Turkey will be discussed first and then, ICSID arbitration cases sued by Turkish citizens against various states will be discussed. Cases against Turkey Here, concluded cases against Turkey will be discussed first and then, cases still in progress will be discussed. Concluded Cases 1-PSEG Global Inc. and Konya Ilgin Elektrik Üretim ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi v. Republic of Turkey9 The first application to ICSID against Turkey was the application of an enterprise consisting of PSEG Global Inc. and Konya Ilgın Elektrik Üretim ve Ticaret Limited Şti., which was registered on 2nd May 2002. The arbitration procedure carried out for the dispute arising from the Electricity power plant project was concluded on 19thJanuary 2007. Turkey was given a penalty of 9 million USD Dollars of compensation and it was required to pay 65% of the costs of the case. 2-Motorola Credit Corporation, Inc. v. Republic of Turkey10 The application made by the American Motorola company was registered on 04th January 2004. As parties came to a mutual agreement, the dispute on communication networks was ended on 21st November 2005 by the Tribunal according to Cl. 43/1 of ICSID Arbitration Rules. There are no documents issued about this case. This case is a one that was ended after the mutual agreement of the parties after the arbitration process had started. 3-Saba Fakes v. Republic of Turkey11 The arbitration procedure started upon the application of Netherlander Saba Fakes on 13th August 2007 was concluded on 14th July 2010. The case won about mobile communication services and Turkey the case. It was claimed that Telsim, whose shares mostly belonged to the claimant, was seized by Turkey and sold to a third party. In return, Turkey claimed that the investment on trial didn’t either carry the “investment” conditions stated in BIT made between Turkey and Holland or the ICSID Convention Cl. 25/1. The tribunal acknowledged that Turkey was right in its defense. 9 PSEG Global Inc. and Konya Ilgin Elektrik Üretim ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi v. Republic of Turkey,ICSID Case No. ARB/02/5. 10 Motorola Credit Corporation, Inc v. Republic of Turkey,ICSID Case No. ARB/04/21. 11 Saba Fakes v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/20. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 4-Europe Cement Investment and Trade S.A. v. Republic of Turkey12 The application submitted by the Polish Europe Cement Company was registered on 6 th March 2007. The arbitration case performed within the framework of the Additional Facility Rules of ICSID was about electricity concession and Turkey won the case on 13th August 2009. In the case, the claimant claimed that it was the owner of ÇEAŞ and Kepez Electricity shares and was injured as Turkey seized these companies. Respondent Turkey claimed that, owners of ÇEAŞ and Kepez Electricity had not carried out the required legal procedures and declarations for transfer. Turkey also stated that, the claimant didn’t possess the “investor” charter defined in Energy Charter Treaty. The tribunal concluded the case for non-authority, it found Turkey right. 5-Cementownia “Nowa Huta” S.A. v. Republic of Turkey13 The application made by Polish Cementownia “Nowa Huta” Company was registered on 16th November 2006. The case was about electricity concession. The case was resolved within the framework of ICSID’s Additional Facility Rules as Poland was not a party to the ICSID Convention. In the case, the claimant claimed that it was the owner of ÇEAŞ and Kepez Electricity shares and was injured as Turkey seized these companies. Respondent Turkey claimed that, owners of ÇEAŞ and Kepez Electricity had not carried out the required legal procedures and declarations for transfer. Turkey also stated that, the claimant didn’t possess the “investor” charter defined in the Energy Charter Treaty. The case was concluded on 17th September 2009 and Turkey won it. Cases Still in Progress 1-Libananco-Republic of Turkey14 Another application submitted to ICSID against Turkey is the application of Libananco Company from Southern Cyprus. Application of Libananco submitted to ICSID against Turkey was registered on 19th April 2006. The case was about electricity generation and distribution concession. Republic of Turkey’s Ministry of Energy seized the current assets of ÇEAŞ and Kepez Electricity based on the claim that it failed to fulfill its undertakings stated in the Concession Contract. Libananco Company on the other hand claimed that, it owned 66% of these seized company’s assets and was injured by this seizure. Respondent Turkey claimed that the owners of ÇEAŞ and Kepez Electricity had failed to fulfill the legal procedures and make necessary declarations. Turkey further claimed that the Claimant didn’t fulfill the “investor” charter defined in the Energy Charter Treaty. The case was concluded on 2nd September 2011 and Turkey won it. On 20th December 2011, Libananco Company applied for the cancellation of the decision. The trial performed upon this application for cancellation is still in progress. 2- Alaplı Electric B.V. v. Republic of Turkey15 An arbitration trial made upon Netherlander Alaplı Elektrik’s application on 27th August 2008 was concluded on 16th July 2012. Turkey won the case about the dispute about electricity concession. Judge Marc Lalonde lodged a statement of opposition to the decision and on 16th November 2012, a cancellation application was made to present new evidences. The trial performed upon the application for cancellation is still in progress. 12 Europe Cement Investment and Trade S.A. v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/07/2. Cementownia "Nowa Huta" S.A. v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/06/2. 14 Libananco Holdings Co. Limited-Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No: ARB/06/8. 15 Alaplı Elektrik B.V. v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB/08/13. 13 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 3-Tulip Real Estate Development Netherlands B.V. v. Republic of Turkey16 The application of Tulip Real Estate Development Netherlands against Turkey was registered on 28th October 2011. The dispute arises from the residential and commercial construction project. Arbitration trial is still in progress. Evaluation In ICSID arbitration trial process started by Libananco, Europe Cement and Cementownia “NowaHuta” against Turkey, it was investigated whether claimants possessed the conditions of an investor within the framework of the ICSID Convention, Energy Charter and BIT. In these trials, tribunals decided that claimant investors did not fulfill the “investor” conditions defined in the relevant regulations. According to domestic legislation, the claimant should have recorded the registered shares into the shareholders’ register of the company after the submission of endorsements and commercial papers. However, claimants didn’t fulfill these conditions. Furthermore; it was concluded in these trials that claimants acted in bad faith. The same thing is true for the Saba Fakes case. This case sued against Turkey by PSEG/Ilgın is the first experience of Turkey in ICSID arbitration case. In this case, the arbitration tribunal regarded the dispute arising from the concession contracts as an investment dispute within the scope of the ICSID Convention and BIT. The tribunal stated that, current regulations and BIT showed Turkey had consent for ICSID trial and so rejected Turkey’s opposition that no resolution procedure was set forth in BIT. The tribunal also rejected claimant investor’s some claims related to the base of dispute. The tribunal also concluded that the investor failed to fulfill some of its obligations set forth in Law No 4501. In conclusion; although Turkey was sentenced to pay compensation to the claimant, the claimant was unable to get the result it desired. Cases of Turkish People/Companies Today, Turkey has come to be a home state as well as a host state. Consequently, Turkish citizens and companies investing in foreign states that are parties to ICSID Convention can also apply to ICSID arbitration. Arbitration trials started withfive Turkish companies against host states have been concluded so far and arbitration trials of eight more companies are still in progress. Turkish companies will also have their disputes related to investments in ICSID arbitration henceforward. Concluded Cases 1-Bayındır Insaat Turizm Ticaret ve Sanayi A.S. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan17 Arbitration application made by Turkish Bayındır Insaat Turizm Ticaret ve Sanayi A.S.Against Pakistan was registered on 1st December 2003. The case, the dispute subject of which was highway construction contract, was concluded on 27th August 2009 and Pakistan won the case. 16 17 Tulip Real Estate and Development Netherlands B.V. v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB/11/28. Bayındır Insaat Turizm Ticaret Ve Sanayi A.S. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Case No. ARB/03/29. 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 2-Rumeli Telekom A.S. & Telsim Mobil Telekomunikasyon Hizmetleri A.S. v. Republic of Kazakhstan18 Arbitration application made by Turkish Rumeli Telekom A.S. & Telsim Mobil Telekomunikasyon Hizmetleri A.S. Against Kazakhstan was registered on 30th August 2006. The case, the dispute subject of which was telecommunication, was concluded on 29th July 2009. However; cancellation application was made on 7th November 2009. The decision was given on 25th March 2010. 3-Sistem Muhendislik Insaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. – Kyrgyz Republic19 Arbitration application made by Turkish Sistem Muhendislik Insaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. Against Kyrgyzstan was registered on 12th April 2006. The case, the dispute subject of which was a hotel construction project, was concluded on 9th September 2009. 4-Barmek Holding A.S. v. Republic of Azerbaijan20 Arbitration application made by Turkish Barmek Holding A.S.Against Azerbaijan was registered on 16th October 2006. The case, the dispute subject of which was electricity concession, was concluded on 28th September 2009 with the agreement of the parties according to Rule 43/2 of the ICSID Arbitration Rules. 5-ATA Construction, Industrial and Trading Company v. Kingdom of Jordan Arbitration application made by Turkish ATA Construction, Industrial and Trading Companyagainst Kingdom of Jordan was registered on 28thFeb 2008. The case, the dispute subject of which wasWaterway Construction Project, was concluded on 18thMay 2010. However; cancellation application was made on 27thSeptember 2010. The ad hoc Committee issues an order taking note of the discontinuance of the proceeding pursuant to ICSID Arbitration Rule 44, on July 11, 2011. Cases Still in Progress 1-Adem Doğan v. Turkmenistan21 Arbitration application made by Turkish citizen Adem Doğan against Turkmenistan was registered on 22nd May 2009. The dispute subject of the case is a chicken farm and the case is still in progress. 2-Kilic Insaat Ithalat Ihracat Snayi ve Ticaret Anonim Şirketi v. Turkmenistan22 Arbitration application made by Turkish Kilic Insaat Ithalat Ihracat Sanayi ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi against Turkmenistan was registered on 19th January 2010. In the case, the dispute subject of which is a construction project, on 7th May 2012 the Arbitration tribunal gave the decision that the claimant had to apply to local jurisdiction at first according to the BIT made between Turkey and Turkmenistan. Consequently; the arbitration case is still in progress. 18 Rumeli Telekom A.S. & Telsim Mobil Telekomunikasyon Hizmetleri A.S. v. Republic of Kazakhstan, Case No: ARB/05/16. 19 Sistem Muhendislik Insaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.-Kyrgyz Republic, Case No: ARB (AF) /06/1. 20 Barmek Holding A.S. v. Republic of Azerbaijan (ICSID Case No. ARB/06/16) 21 Adem Dogan v. Turkmenistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/9. 22 Kilic Insaat Ithalat Ihracat Sanayi ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi v. Turkmenistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/1. 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 3-Ömer Dede and Serdar Elhüseyni v. Romania23 Arbitration application made by Turkish Ömer Dede against Romania was registered on 19th November 2010. The case, the dispute subject of which is agricultural machines and equipments, is still in progress. 4-Içkale Insaat Limited Sirketi v. Turkmenistan24 Arbitration application made by Turkish Ickale Insaat Limited Sirketi against Turkmenistan was registered on 20th December 2010. The case, the dispute subject of which is designing and construction contract, is still in progress. 5-Turkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı v. Republic of Kazakhstan25 Arbitration application made by Turkish Fuel Oils Incorporated Partnership (TPAO in Turkish) against Kazakhstan was registered on 14th January 2011. The case, the dispute subject of which is Fuel oils search and production, is still in progress. 6-Garanti Koza LLP v. Turkmenistan26 Arbitration application made by Turkish Garanti Koza against Turkmenistan was registered on 20th July 2011. The case, the dispute subject of which is a construction project, is still in progress. 7-Muhammet Çap & Sehil Insaat Endustri ve Ticaret Ltd. Sti. v. Turkmenistan27 Arbitration application made by Turkish Muhammet Çap & Sehil Insaat Endustri ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi against Turkmenistan was registered on 26th March 2012. The case, the dispute subject of which is a construction project, is still in progress. 8-Karkey Karadeniz Elektrik Üretim A.S. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan28 Arbitration application made by Turkish Karkey Karadeniz Elektrik Üretim Anonim Sirketi against Pakistan was registered on 8th February 2013. The case, the dispute subject of which is, energy generation equipment, is still in progress. Conclusion The following can be stated about ICSID Convention and Turkey under the light of the above mentioned decisions: 1-Turkey is a home state as well as a host state. Consequently, international arbitrations have now become a way for jurisdiction Turkish enterprises can apply to for the disputes arising from their international investments. 2-ICSID arbitration where one of the parties is a state is the most appropriate way of jurisdiction for the resolution of disputes arising from foreign investments. International commercial arbitration and particularly the ICSID arbitration is superior to the decisions given by foreign state courts. Because parties have the right to specify their own judge and the ways and principles they are going to use in their arbitration cases. 23 Ömer Dede and Serdar Elhüseyni v. Romania ICSID Case No. ARB/10/22. Içkale Insaat Limited Sirketi v. Turkmenistan ICSID Case No. ARB/10/24. 25 Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı v. Republic of Kazakhstan (ICSID Case No. ARB/11/2) 26 Garanti Koza LLP v. Turkmenistan (ICSID Case No. ARB/11/20) 27 Muhammet Çap & Sehil Inşaat Endustri ve Ticaret Ltd. Sti. v. Turkmenistan (ICSID Case No. ARB/12/6) 28 Karkey Karadeniz Elektrik Uretim A.S. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan(ICSID Case No. ARB/13/1) 24 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 3-Attracting foreign investments are among the priorities of Turkey just like all other developing countries. Foreign investors accepts international arbitration as one of the most significant elements of a legally reliable environment to invest in another country. Consequently; arbitration is a preferable resolution area for disputes in investment contracts. 4-Arbitration decisions given within the framework of ICSID Convention are binding for all members. The decision in question can be applied as a decision given by the national court of the member state. 5-It shall also be kept in mind that; ICSID arbitration system is the guarantee of the investments to be carried out by Turkish enterprises in foreign states. 6-In cases sued by foreign investors against Turkey, Turkey has mostly treated then investor in a fair way and conformed to the terms of multiple party treaties like BIT and Energy charter. In this sense, it can easily be said that Turkey is a suitable state for foreign investors. References Amerasinge, C.F., (2002).Jurisdiction of International Trubunals.Leiden, NLD:Brill, N.H.E.J., N.V. Koninklijke, Boekhandel en Drukkerj. Altıntaş, M. A., (1998).Uluslararası Yatırımların Korunması, Temel Uyuşmazlıklar ve Tahkim Kurulları.Hazine Dergisi, Sayı:10. Azrak, A.Ü., (1999).İdari Sözleşmeler ve Uluslararası Tahkim-Panel. Türkiye Barolar Birliği, Ankara. De Cassio, F. 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Lessons from Chapter 11 of NAFTA and the OECD Multilateral Agreement on Investment. Jean Monnet 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Working Paper 6/02, New York University School of Law, New York.Retrieved 23.04.2013 fromwww.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/02/020601.pdf. Nomer, E., Ekşi, N. &Gelgel, G.,(2000).Milletlerarası Tahkim, İstanbul. Park, W., Bjorklund, A.K.&Coe, J.J., International Commercial Dispute Resolution. The International Lawyer, Volume:37, No:2. Sassoon, D.M., (1993).International Investment and Dispute Settlement.Conflict Resolution in International Trade (Symposium), (Editors: D. Friedman&E.J. Mestmacker) Nomos Verlagsgeselschaft Baden-Baden. Şanlı, C., (1999).İdari Sözleşmeler ve Uluslararası Tahkim-Panel.Türkiye Barolar Birliği, Ankara. Tawil, G.S., Commentary:ICSID Jurisdiction and the Request For Arbitration.Arbitration International, Vol:18, No:3. Wagner, J. M., (1999).International Investment, Expropration and Environmental Protection., Golden Gate University Law Rewiev, Volume:29, Issue:465. Awards of ICSID (Awards retrieved 23.04.2013, from https://icsid.worldbank.org) Adem Dogan v. Turkmenistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/9. Alaplı Elektrik B.V. v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB/08/13. Barmek Holding A.S. v. Republic of Azerbaijan, ICSID Case No. ARB/06/16. Bayındır Insaat Turizm Ticaret Ve Sanayi A.S. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Case No. ARB/03/29. Cementownia "Nowa Huta" S.A. v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/06/2. CSOB - Slovak Republic, Decision, ICSID Case No:97/4, p.36. Europe Cement Investment and Trade S.A. v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/07/2. Garanti Koza LLP v. Turkmenistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/11/20. Içkale Insaat Limited Sirketi v. Turkmenistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/24. Karkey Karadeniz Elektrik Uretim A.S. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan,ICSID Case No. ARB/13/1. Kilic Insaat Ithalat Ihracat Sanayi ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi v. Turkmenistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/1. Libananco Holdings Co. Limited-Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No: ARB/06/8. 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Mihaly - Sri Lanka, Award, ICSID Case No:00/2, p.32. Motorola Credit Corporation, Inc v. Republic of Turkey,ICSID Case No. ARB/04/21. Muhammet Çap & Sehil Inşaat Endustri ve Ticaret Ltd. Sti. v. Turkmenistan, ICSID Case No. ARB/12/6. Olguin - Paraguay, Award, ICSID Case No:98/5, p.60-61. Ömer Dede and Serdar Elhüseyni v. Romania, ICSID Case No. ARB/10/22 PSEG Global Inc. and Konya Ilgin Elektrik Üretim ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi v. Republic of Turkey,ICSID Case No. ARB/02/5. Rumeli Telekom A.S. & Telsim Mobil Telekomunikasyon Hizmetleri A.S. v. Republic of Kazakhstan, Case No: ARB/05/16. Saba Fakes v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/20. Sistem Muhendislik Insaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S.-Kyrgyz Republic, Case No: ARB (AF)/06/1. Tulip Real Estate and Development Netherlands B.V. v. Republic of Turkey, ICSID Case No. ARB/11/28. Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı v. Republic of Kazakhstan, ICSID Case No. ARB/11/2. 11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1618 Title A name given to the resource ICSID Arbitration and Turkey in Terms of Subject and Party Author Author DOST, Suleyman Abstract A summary of the resource. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is an autonomous international institution established under the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (the ICSID or the Washington Convention) with over one hundred and fifty five member States. Turkey signed and ratified ICSID Convention. The primary purpose of ICSID is to provide facilities for conciliation and arbitration of international investment disputes. ICSID has become the leading arbitration institution for the resolution of investor-state disputes. This arbitration system is different from the other arbitration. First of all, ICSID was established by the Convention as an impartial international forum providing facilities for the resolution of legal disputes between eligible parties, through arbitration procedures. Second, The Convention sought to remove major impediments to the free international flows of private investment posed by non-commercial risks and the absence of specialized international methods for investment dispute settlement. Third, recourse to the ICSID facilities is always subject to the parties' consent. Fourth, as evidenced by its large membership, considerable caseload, and by the numerous references to its arbitration facilities in investment treaties and laws, ICSID plays an important role in the field of international investment and economic development. Today, companies considering an investment in a foreign country, must be aware of ICSID and the other treaties providing access to ICSID. For example, Bilateral Investment Treaties (BIT’s) Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and Multilateral Treaties (MIT’s). Turkey has signed namerous BIT’s with different countries. Furthermore, Turkey ratified the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) that includes a provision regarding ICSID arbitration. Due to the steps taken by Turkey to create a more appropriate legal climate for investments during 90’s, foreign investors have brought eight arbitration cases before the ICSID against Turkey since 2002. In this study, firstly, ICSID arbitration system and arbitration cases against Turkey will be taken hand. Then Turkish investor’s cases against host state will be indicate. Finally general assesment will be made for Turkey and the other parties of ICSID Convention. Keywords: Arbitartion, Investment, ICSID, Turkey. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d5ed895be4c5fc4800254fcf22c1ce77.pdf b1a7eb731c2701055e85cd56e21ccb85 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Özdevecioğlu, M. ve Aktas, A., 2007. Kariyer Bağlılığı, Mesleki Bağlılık ve Örgütsel Bağlılığın Yaşam Tatmini Üzerindeki Etkisi: İş-Aile Çatışmasının Rolü. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 28, Ocak-Haziran, ss.1-20. Pindyck, R. S., ve Rubınfeld, D., 1991. Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts. Mc Graw-Hill, Inc, New York. Rode, J., 2004. Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction Revisited: A Longitudinal Test of an Integrated Model. Human Relations, Volume 57(9), ss. 1205-1230. ICT Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: A Story of BH Telecom Dzihad Zlatar,Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Sarajevo, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mails:dzidzmir@gmail.com, mhandzic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract World-class ICT infrastructure is the key to rapid economic and social development ofa country. Past studies show that the growth of ICT, particularly telecommunicationservices has a direct link with the economic growth of the country. However,the access to ICT infrastructure, services and applications and thus the level ofdevelopment varies among the countries. The focus of this study is on the currentsituation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The main objective of the study is toexplore the penetration of telecommunication in B&H and the role of BH Telecom inthis process. Keywords:ICT, infrastructure, sustainable society, case study 1. INTRODUCTION The war that has ravaged Bosnia (1992-1995) did not just take its toll in casualties and material damage but has left the communications infrastructure crippled as well. While the other countries in the region introduced beginnings of information technologies, Bosnia had just started an arduous task of rebuilding its communications network. That task fell to the 198 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo shoulders of the state held PTT Company (Post, Telephone, Telegraph) more accurately to its offspring company - BH Telecom. It is not against logic that ICT development and spread infrastructure has a beneficial effect of economic and social development. If we just take the basic economic principles of effectiveness and efficiency we can assume that a functional ICT can help reduce costs and redundancy and point out faults and bottlenecks which the system needs to address. To understand what kind of impact the ICT provided by BH Telecom had we would have to have an extensive study of IT environments conducted in the private sector so that we can have a comparable ratio of increase in development compared to services provided. Sadly that kind of study has never been done which makes this hard to compare and contrast this relation in retrospect. However, previous projects, studies and activities had been conducted to promote usage of ICT technologies in the government, educational and private sectors. These activities were funded both by foreign agencies as well as local decrees and can provide the necessary comparison data for the case. 2. BH TELECOM 2.1.History The firsts steps of the renewal and reconstruction of the new information and telecommunication system were taken by the mother company already in the war period. After the breakthrough of the telephony barrier in September 1993, the management board in the former Public Enterprise PTT B&H devised the interest in new technologies in the field of communications,and in doing so prepared the company for the inevitable market race in the aftermath of the war. Its courage and visionary orientation was proven in 1996 by investing significant financial assets into the GSM technology enabling the population a access to the world by new digital PSTN access points as well as mobile telephony and Internet. At the beginning of 2001 the company Public Enterprise PTT B&H was divided and into BH Postal Services and its offspring BH Telecom. 2.2 Services BH Telecom had a long standing streak as the biggest provider of the telecommunication services in Bosnia – Herzegovina in the field of PSTN, mobile and data network. In the area of the mobile telephony it introduced the GPRS/ WAP, MMS and SMS info and fun services on the VAS platform as well as EDGE technologies. At the end of 2006 BH Telecom had over 1.000.000 users with market participation of over 50% and annual increase 199 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of the number of users for approximately 150.000 accompanied by continuous improvement and work on coverage of the territory and signal quality in the entire B&H. In the field of PSTN numerous activities were conducted on application of the broadband network on the basis of the ADSL technology ensuring that BH Telecom has a very reliable and safe network accompanied by digitalization of total installed capacities of over 95%. In order to even more improve its predispositions and promote the economc sector BH Telecom implemented new technologies in the domain also, such as IVR, SMS and VMS. In recent years BH Telecom continually increased its broadbands speeds, removed the long standing limit on downloadable traffic, introduced VoIP, IPTV with video on demand and PayPerView options and continues to spread its network by reaching remote users via wireless technology. 2.3.Government support and internal operations The business model of BHT allowed for special contracts to be offered to private, government and educational sectors. While the private sector offers were most concerned with stability and security, educational sectors are cost conscious options for users who require wide range of users with no specific requirements. The government sector is a cross between the two incorporating both a large scale of smaller, constant transactions with big emphasis on security and reliability. Being a state held company as well (the government is a majority share-holder) BHT had regarding its own problems regarding its internal organization and operation redundancy. All available technologies (landline, internet, GSM service) started further improving in their own direction with no coherent relationship between the users. Therefore it was normal for one user to regular receive 3 or more bills monthly all coming from the same company all due to be paid in different times. In 2009 in cooperation with local software companies a new information system has been devised to unify the subscriber tree and provide a single platform from where all customer operations can be conducted. By doing so instead of juggling between several different applications and multiple entries on different databases everything can be done from one place with added monitoring and customer history. This not only allowed faster and more reliable service but also helped decrease the costs to the company. Regarding the topic of the paper this could be a proving case for itself but for the purpose of exploring the impact on society we will focus on government institutions as a measure of improvement to society. 200 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.EFFECTS OF ICT DEVELOPMENT IN B&H The development of informational society in BIH was abruptly stopped by the fall of Yugoslavia and the following war. The drawback in development was even more dramatic because it happened it the time of explosive global expansion of ICT development and practical usage. It is important to note that in 2002 it was estimated that there were over 300.000 PC in households, over 5000 web sites and 100.000 internet users. However most of thesestatistics is centered on urban population and the “digital divide” between urban and rural population is one of the greatest obstacles in enabling ICT infrastructure. 3.1. Government According to the results of the study conducted by UNDP in cooperation with the Council of Ministers n 2009 government institutions have made significant progress towards incorporating and overall acceptance of ICT in their work. The results showed that 95.74% of government employees use computers in their daily work. This study does not allow us to see the quality of hardware nor the sophistication of usage but does show the results of penetration of ICT in administrative usage. 201 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Another important statistic that has improved over recent year is the presence of local area networks within government institutions. This is an essential prerequisite for electronic information exchange in the daily work of government employees. Finally, the study examined the quality of the internet connection provided to the institutions which showed a dramatic increase in percentage of broadband connections as opposed to previously dominant Dial-up and ISDN connectivity. 202 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The survey, done in 2009 would probably encounter even more dramatic results since, in the case of BH Telecom the overall shift to broadband connectivity will result to entirely terminating its offering of Dial-up and ISDN service due to the lack of subscribers (and the need of) by the end of the current year. The largest improvements in the government sector had been seen in its judiciary system both in terms of the infrastructure and project development. The judiciary system had made the biggest leap to automatization of its services and support and as the process matures the citizens will see the increasing benefits of ICT enabled administration. Some of the project conducted in the process of improving the judicial system is LAND ADMINISTRATION PROJECT (GTZ) - project on the Implementation of laws related to land registers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. LEGISLATION DATABASE PROJECT (UNDP and EU) - This webpage allows users to search, browse and access all laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina. JUSTICE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (USAID) - The JSDP was designed to strengthen capacities within the justice sector in order to maintain and strengthen the rule of law. The primary goal is the provision of institutional support in order to strengthen the independence of the justice sector 203 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.2. Education One of the main indicators of ICT usage within educational institutions is the ratio of pupils/studentsper computer. In comparison with the collected data from the 2005 eReadiness Report we can observe an increase in pupils/students per computer ratio: Though the increase is promising (especially considering the data dates to 2005) it is far away from adequate. Another problem is that the rate of acquisition of ICT technologies varies amongst different educational institution. While some have embraced information technologies and help/improvement that it brings other reluctantly implement new methods due to either financial reasons or unwillingness to learn new technologies. 3.3. Private sector The reliability on ICT technologies is present in all branches of economy but the impact on society is best measured observing the development of IT market itself. According to the International Data Corporation (IDC) the IT market in Bosnia and Herzegovina stagnated at $167 million in 2010. When measured in local currency, the market expanded 5.0% from the previous year. According to a recent report from market research company IDC, per capita IT spending in Bosnia and Herzegovina reached $36 in 2010, or 4.3% of the EU average. Between 2011 and 2015, IDC expects the Bosnia and Herzegovina IT market to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.8% to reach $291.49 million in 2015.Like in many developing counries benefits from ICT technologies in Bosnia are predominantly that of it’s mobile operators and service providers. Survey done in 2003 conducted by UNDP showed that 8,6 % of countries GDP is shared between ICT service providers. To effectively 204 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo use the resources provided this trend has to be reversed: The service providers must be second to the market which benefits from the service and creates value. Although in recent years the IT market has significantly expanded, most of the companies are foreign subsidiaries who use the local work force for “cheap labor” because of the difference of standards in the regional industies. The same standards apply for platforms, standards and equipment needed therefore it is hard to be competitive in foreign markets. This can be attributed as the largest reason for stagnation in the industry because even if ICT technology is present and suffice the needs of IT developement the lack of financial investment and high prices due to economies of scale hinder their development. 3.4 Role of BH Telecom in ICT industry In terms of the three sustainable society branches spoken of BH Telecom was involved in all aspects. In the goverment sector as the state owned operator it provided majority of the infrastructure (at least in the Federation entity). Most if not all goverment institutions are connected with broadband internet and connected via local area networks. In the educational sector there is a wide gap left by the discontinuation of the academic research newtork which has never been filled. BHT has on numerous occasions collaborated with educational institutions and promoted programs in the educational sector but the task of establishing an unified network falls upon the legislation of the goverment. If and when the goverment decides that the need for such a network cannot be ignored BHT has the resources to create it. Concerning the private sector BHT is a long time partner with two of the worlds leading plaform solutions – Oracle and Microsoft and in that way enabled all its customer to use and develop their own solutions based on that platform. Regarding other branches of the industry BHT offered specialized business packages suited for the needs of companies either operating on the internet or using its benefits. This feature did expirience a decline due to the appearance of smaller ISPs which are focused on delivering more customized and suitable offerings but some of which still use BHT infrastructure.In this sector services of BHT provided operational requirement for e-banking, virtual private networks or even such services as Mparking.It is also important to note the distribution of IPTV, although BHt is not the fist operator to offer the service, the service it does offer is not just centered in the urban areas but all over the country enabling suburban and rural areas the quality of IPTV service which can compare to world standars. 4.CONCLUSION The facts presented in this paper that there is indeed an increase in development of ICT in all aspects of the society, although it is less than desirable. It would be unfair and incorrect to attribute all of it to the services provided by BH Telecom but it cannot be denied that BH 205 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Telecom was in all recent years and still is the largest provider of ICT services all across the country. Furthermore where other ISP providers are mostly profit oriented the role of BHT as the state operator is to provide service everywhere regardless of the profits involved. Development of ICT undeniably affects the society as a whole in a beneficial manner but B&H has reached a point where future development is not hampered by the lack of its infrastructure but rather a lack of financial investment in further improvements. Though the lack of resources is high compared to world standards or even countries in the region it is the usage of these resources that creates the demand. Until our society does not promote and invest in incorporating ICT in our daily routine the stagnation is inevitable and furthers the gap between B&H and the countries of the developing world. If that demand does happen and is adequately supported by the ruling structures, BH Telecom has the necessary resources and skill to answer that call. “For a country to put ICT to effective use it must be ‘e-Ready’ in terms of infrastructure, the accessibilityof ICT to the population at large and the effect of the legal and regulatory framework on ICT use”. Source: bridges.org, http://www.bridges.org/e_readiness_assessment REFERENCES Last accessed on 4 29, 2012, from United Nations Development program E-Readiness report 2009 : http://www.undp.ba/upload/News/e-Readiness%202009.pdf Last accessed on 4 26, 2012, from BH Telecom Web Portal, History of BH Telecom : http://www.bhtelecom.ba/1210.html Last accessed on 4 26, 2012, from United Nations Development program, Strategy for IS Development in BH, IS and sustainable development : http://www.undp.ba/upload/publications/Strategy%20for%20IS%20Development%20in%20 BH.pdf Last accessed on 4 28, 2012, from LAND ADMINISTRATION PROJECT (GTZ), http://www.zkk.ba Last accessed on 4 28, 2012, from LEGISLATION DATABASE PROJECT (UNDP and EU), http://www.legislativa.ba/ Last accessed on 4 28, 2012, from JUSTICE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (USAID), http://www.usaidjsdp.ba Last accessed on 4 27, 2012, from Internation Data Corporation (IDC), IT Market in Bosnia and Herzegovina http://www.idc-cema.com/?showproduct=41456 Last accessed on 4 27, 2012, from bridges.org http://www.bridges.org/e_readiness_assessment 206 E-Readiness assessment, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1169 Title A name given to the resource ICT Infrastructure for Sustainable Society: A Story of BH Telecom Author Author Dzihad , Zlatar Abstract A summary of the resource. World-class ICT infrastructure is the key to rapid economic and social development ofa country. Past studies show that the growth of ICT, particularly telecommunicationservices has a direct link with the economic growth of the country. However,the access to ICT infrastructure, services and applications and thus the level ofdevelopment varies among the countries. The focus of this study is on the currentsituation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The main objective of the study is toexplore the penetration of telecommunication in B&H and the role of BH Telecom inthis process. Keywords:ICT, infrastructure, sustainable society, case study Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3e2e9c795301a8971a030e3ea6d7f247.pdf 76b7a200dcda34ee952d1b5fc25837a3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Impact of Financial Crisis on Unemployment with Close Look on Bosnia and Herzegovina Erkan Ilgün International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina eilgun@ibu.edu.ba Semira Budic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina semirabudic@hotmail.com Various economic and financial crises were occurring during the last few centuries and had great impact on many variables in the society and as such mostly on unemployment in all countries around the globe. Throughout this research paper we will be defining financial crisis, types of it, how and when each one of them occurred starting with the Great Depression and what kind of impact they had on unemployment comparing European countries with United States. It can contain also analysis on impact of global economic crisis on unemployment in OECD countries. The financial collapse led to a big climb in unemployment especially in the construction and manufacturing industries as well as financial and business sector. We will be following the evolution of unemployment during the current crisis and how does it vary according to gender and age differences as well as which countries were directly and mostly affected. For this study secondary data will be used. Those data are collected from Eurostat web site (statistical office of the European Union) using Labor force survey (LFS) which is designed to obtain the data from labor market Descriptive statistics and econometric models will be used to analyses unemployment and economic growth variables to investigate the level of impact of financial crisis on unemployment in different countries. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Unemployment, Bosnia and Herezegovina 109 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1532 Title A name given to the resource ICT Use in Small and Medium Enterprises for Development in Vlora Region Author Author ILGÜN, Erkan BUDIC, Semira Abstract A summary of the resource. Various economic and financial crises were occurring during the last few centuries and had great impact on many variables in the society and as such mostly on unemployment in all countries around the globe. Throughout this research paper we will be defining financial crisis, types of it, how and when each one of them occurred starting with the Great Depression and what kind of impact they had on unemployment comparing European countries with United States. It can contain also analysis on impact of global economic crisis on unemployment in OECD countries. The financial collapse led to a big climb in unemployment especially in the construction and manufacturing industries as well as financial and business sector. We will be following the evolution of unemployment during the current crisis and how does it vary according to gender and age differences as well as which countries were directly and mostly affected. For this study secondary data will be used. Those data are collected from Eurostat web site (statistical office of the European Union) using Labor force survey (LFS) which is designed to obtain the data from labor market Descriptive statistics and econometric models will be used to analyses unemployment and economic growth variables to investigate the level of impact of financial crisis on unemployment in different countries. Keywords: Financial Crisis, Unemployment, Bosnia and Herezegovina Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/aa644292d8dbd7f6008b992dc222f6c6.pdf 218b427516ed74fc8aafdcebbca1c037 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo ICT Use in Small and Medium Enterprises for Development in Vlora Region Ermelinda Kordha University “Ismail Qemali”, Vlore, Albania ermes.k@gmail.com Gorica Klodiana University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania klodi_gorica@yahoo.com Fioralba Vela University “Ismail Qemali”, Vlore, Albania fiorivela@yahoo.it Brokaj Rezarta University “Ismail Qemali”, Vlore, Albania rezartab@gmail.com Republic of Albania, in its efforts to build a sustainable growth of the country and the region, considers information and communication technologies, (hereafter named ICT), as an essential tool with a major impact in terms of building the information society. According to the strategy document for ICT 2007-2013, a document of Albanian government, ICT should be used in all business sectors as transport, tourism, agriculture, environment, leisure, culture, etc. and to contribute to the entire population. Despite the challenges facing Albania and other developing countries, computers and other ICTs have tremendous potential to help overcome them. This requires not only public sector leadership, but also private sector engagement. The strategy implementation in Albania has included different actions regarding not only central and local administration, but also private sector and businesses. Implementation, on the other hand must be supported by regional and local level strategies and action. In this context, the Pitagora project is one of the projects undertaken by different actors in Albania and especially in Vlora Region to study the current use and future possibilities of using ICT in Vlora Region. 106 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The purpose of this study is to focus on the use by businesses, especially small and medium-sized businesses, SMEs, given that ICT is considered by many authors as well as by orientations of the European Union, a powerful engine for regional and local economic development. On the other hand, as indicated above, the strategy of the study will include surveys through structured questionnaires, to identify some very important aspects of ICT use in SMEs. The important indicators included in the survey are general data bout SME in the region, and the ICT presence within organizations as well as ICT use, in the light of their importance for regional development. As the analyses show, the characteristics of SME and their business operations affect the use of ICTs in this region. In fact, the low level of cooperation in the value chain between clients and suppliers, small number of operation abroad and types of sectors most developed in the region create some opportunities for ICT use but also some challenges. The use of specific software and the depth of use in ICT are some of the solution recommended for the relatively low level of ICT use in the region. Keywords: ICT Use, SME, Businesses, Economic Sector, Clients, Suppliers, Effective Operations, Vlora Region. 107 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6006075c0f26b172d810166a9396a78d.docx 4c66112fd2f0f7279613d253b9797c77 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c86276f257ecfbb5873b9f4e0542b90d.pdf db723dab3be922f29141aadad873f8c6 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo ICT use in Small and Medium Enterprises for development in Vlora region Ermelinda Kordha University “Ismail Qemali”, Vlore, Albania ermes.k@gmail.com Gorica Klodiana University of Tirana,Tirana, Albania klodi_gorica@yahoo.com Fioralba Vela University “Ismail Qemali”, Vlore, Albania fiorivela@yahoo.it Brokaj Rezarta University “Ismail Qemali”, Vlore, Albania rezartab@gmail.com Abstract Republic of Albania, considers information and communication technologies, (hereafter named ICT), as an essential tool with a major impact in terms of building the information society, in order to build a sustainable growth in the regional context. According to the strategy document for ICT 2007-2013, a document of the Albanian government, ICT should be used in all business sectors as transport, tourism, agriculture, environment, leisure, culture, etc. and to contribute to the entire population. Despite the challenges facing Albania and other developing countries, computers and other ICTs have tremendous potential to help overcome them. This requires not only public sector leadership, but also private sector engagement. The strategy implementation in Albania has included different actions regarding not only central and local administration, but also the private sector and businesses. Implementation , on the other hand must be supported by regional and local level strategies and action. In this context, the Pitagora project is one of the projects undertaken by different actors in Albania and especially in Vlora Region to study the current use and future possibilities of using ICT in Vlora Region. The purpose of this study is to focus on the use by businesses, especially small and medium-sized businesses, SMEs, given that ICT is considered by many authors as well as by the orientations of the European Union, a powerful engine for regional and local economic development. On the other hand, as indicated above, the strategy of the study willincludesurveysthroughstructuredquestionnaires, to identify some very important aspects ofICTuse in SMEs. The important indicators included in the survey are general data bout SME in the region, and the ICT presence within organizations as well as ICT use, in the light of their importance for regional development. As the analyses show, the characteristics of SME and their business operations affect the use of ICTs in this region. In fact, the low level of cooperation in the 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo value chain between clients and suppliers , a small number of operations abroad and types of sectors most developed in the region creates some opportunities for ICT use but also some challenges. The use of specific software and the depth of use in ICT are some of the solutionsrecommended for the relatively low level of ICT use in the region. Keywords: ICT use, SME, businesses, economic sector, clients, suppliers, effective operations, Vlora region. Introduction Starting a business in today's environment brings opportunities and challenges. Changing lifestyles demand greater choice of products and services. New technologies and greater access to global markets have provided increased business opportunities. At the same time increased competition, insistence on quality and unremitting pressure for lower costs, just to mention some issues, represent major challenges for business. For Small and Mediumsized Enterprises (SMEs) the challenge is greater. They lack scale, resources and the capacity to handle complex business management. Typically, less than half survive more than five years and only a small proportion go on to become large companies. Entrepreneurship and enterprise development are important elements in creating dynamic market economies. SMEs is a vital source of new jobs, exports and economic contribution to the countries. How to ensure the growth of the SME sector - a fundamental feature of all developments and growing economies - is a major policy challenge for all countries. Literature review Entrepreneurship can take many forms and can be defined in many ways. In our paper we focus on entrepreneurship as it takes place in small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) since the two are often found to be closely related. As noted ‘Small firms are the vehicle in which entrepreneurship thrives (Wennekers and Thurik, 1999).In the last ten years, governments in the transition countries have introduced a number of policies aiming to promote entrepreneurship through SME development, since SMEs compose a very large part of enterprises in these countries. Limited access to finance, a low degree of professionalism, difficulties in recruiting qualified personnel, depending on clients and suppliers and the absence of economies of scale are identified as the core SME sector weaknesses and the main areas where SMEs may require special attention (Burns, 2001). A number of authors have identified the distinct characteristics of entrepreneurship and SME activities in transition countries where the environment is undergoing quite dramatic changes (Dallago, 1997; Scase, 2000; Chilosi, 2001; Smallbone & Welter, 2001; Aidis, 2006). Though it is often argued that SME development is especially crucial for the early phases of transition (EBRD, 1995; Smallbone and Welter, 2001), it is, in fact, just as important for the advanced stages of post-transition. As M. Porter (1990) has argued, invention and entrepreneurship are at the heart of national advantage and country competitiveness. So the new technologies may be an important aspect to be focused on the efforts for developing the SME sector for the purpose of development. In this context, SME usage of ICT ranges from basic technology such as radio and fixed lines to more advanced 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo technology such as email, e-commerce, and information processing systems. Using advanced ICT to improve business processes falls into the category of e-business.However, not all SMEs need to use ICT to the same degree of complexity. The first ICT tool that most SMEs adopt is having basic communications with a fixed line or mobile phone, whichever is more economical or most convenient for their business. This allows the SME to communicate Like any firm, an SME decides which type of ICT products to adopt based on the concrete benefits they can bring to its core business, the ICT capacity of its employees, and the financial resources available. Most people are familiar with basic ICT such as fixed phone lines, mobile phones, fax, computers, and basic document processing software – like Microsoft Office. Advanced communication technology, however, is more complex. Advanced communication technology relies primarily on the Internet and the intranet, which allow people within the firm to share files with each other over the same network. Having an Internet connectivity enables firms to do faster research, set up websites, conduct e-commerce, and set up video conferences. One of the most revolutionizing developments in advanced communication technology is Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Methodology of the study The results of this study are based on a research survey of 141 SME-s in Vlora region classified according to revenues. The methodology included a stratified random sampling of 141 out of 784 companies in the region requiring the regulated factor of a finite population for the sample size. The interviews were administered as face to face interviews with the study group in a period from May till September 2012.Some of the difficulties encountered in the field interviews were resolved with a fulfillment of the sample with a judgment sample of some bigger companies according to revenues and classification in tax payment. Albanian general situation Actual statistics of enterprises in Albania, measured by INSTAT intended to representthe structure ofeconomicactivitiesthrougheconomicindicators. Data show that - Enterprises with 20 or more employees dominate the economy, from the point of view of number of employees and also turnover and investments. In 2010, there were 75.4 thousand enterprises where 1666 are with 20 and more employees. These big enterprises employ about 46 percent of the employed of the country, while they have also achieved 60 per cent of the turnover and 71 per cent of the investment. On the other hand, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have a crucial role in the transition process. SMEs already makes up the vast majority of private businesses operating in Albania. Enterprises with 1-4employeesoccupy91percentofenterprises, achieving 17percentof turnover. Small enterprises arethe dominantproducers ofservices. Because of their size and adaptability they are likely to be the main source of employment generation in the future. As in mature market economies, a vibrant SME sector will eventually become not only a provider of employment, but also a key source of innovation, entrepreneurship and productivity growth. For these reasons, improving the business environment for SME development is a key objective of the policy framework in Albania. The Albanian authorities are increasing the support given to the SME sector, in recognition of the growing importance ofSMEs to the national economy. This political support is manifested in developments such as: • The approval of a medium term-strategy for SME development. 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo • The efforts to improve the legal and institutional framework for the business sector. • The efforts to create a Small Business Development Agency. Substantial emphasis on performance assessments has been placed in eliciting the views of private SMEs on their past experience and perception of the key barriers to business and new investment, and their assessment of progress in implementing policies to encourage the development of SMEs. Part of this improvement, according to national strategies is also the involvement of ICT use in their business processes. One of the greatest projects involving SME and the use of technology is SME training for ICT user. SMEs can benefit either as producers of ICT or as users of ICT for purposes such as increased productivity, faster communications and reaching new clients. However, it must be noted at the outset that not all SMEs need to adopt ICT tools to the same degree of sophistication. The most basic ICT tool is having communication capabilities through fixed lines or mobile phones, whichever is more cost effective. SMEs may then use a personal computer (PC) with basic software for simple information processing needs such as producing text or keeping track of accounting items. Internet access enables SMEs to have advanced communication capabilities such as email, web browsing and launching a website. SMEs in manufacturing can benefit from more advanced ICT tools such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) or inventory management. SME IN VLORA REGION Whereas the majority of the region‘s enterprises (95 percent of the overall number) are small ones with just 1-5 employees and only the remaining 5 percent employ more than 6 employees. Although there are only a few large companies with over 80 employees, they actually employ 26,5 percent of the overall number of employees working in the region‘s active enterprises. More people are employed in production, trade and service enterprises. Table 2.2 below provides information about the active enterprises in the Region of Vlora. Survey results This study is focusedon the actual and potential use of Information and communication Technologies, ICT). The goal is to study the use of the businesses, especially the Small and Medium Enterprises, SME, since it is considered from a lot of authors in the field, as well as from the directives of European Union Projects, that ICT is a powerful engine for economic development in the region and in the local level. The strategy of the study, includes the survey through structured questionnaires, to identify the demand aspects of ICT. The users are businesses and the interviewee, managers and owners of 127 SME-s are selected through a probability sample methodology, explained thoroughly in the Anex 1. Even though , during the implementation it is combined for the sake of the important information missing, with a judge methodology in only 15% of the cases. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS It is easily seenthatthe types ofactivitiesof companies thatare partof the study aremainlyinthe trade and servicessector, reflecting the distributionof businessesand companiesin our country. 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Figure 1 Percentage of companies according to sector Type of activity 5% 6% Tourism 10% Services 36% 39% Gambeling Trade (industrial goods and food) 4% Somebusiness characteristicsdirectlyreflect their conditionsfor ICT use. Thus, participation in agroup, having a network of suppliersor certification, are characteristicsthat createconditionsfor theneed anddemandby the companiestouse, not justcomputersandICTequipment, but also for elements of Information systems, such as databases, telecommunication networks, Electronic Data Interchange and e-commerce technologies Fig 2 shows that companies that are part of a group are in a small number, implying that these companies may not demand for ICT in the near future. The data about local network of suppliers, on the other hand, show that 59% of the businesses are part of such a network, so they can build further relationships with their network, using the benefits that offer Information Systems. Figure 2 Characteristics relied to conditions for ICT use. 1% Companies that are part of a group 7% Yes No No answer 92% Local network of suppliers 2% Yes 39% 59% No No answer 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The study has shown a high nonresponse rate in most of the questions that have sensitive information, such as the time of creation and declaration of yearly revenues. It remains clear the problem that businesses have with giving information because of lack of confidence in different state institutions, including research studies. In relation with the demand trend for product/services of the companies interviewed, 45% of the companies declare that their demand is stable, 33% have experienced a declining demand, while only 20% declare rising demand for their product/services. Figure 3 Demand for products/services of businesses Past demand for products/services 2% 33% Raising 20% Stable 45% Declining No answer GENERAL INDICATORS Animportant indicator forthe use oftechnologyin organizationsis the number ofcomputers.Infactfrom the questionnaire wecan seethe percentage of theorganizations that haveat least one computer, and aswe seethe percentageis higher, but notvery satisfying. About75% of companies haveat least onecomputerormany devices,from whichonly61% have PCs,only25% have notechnology. We seethatthe basictechnologyis widespreadin organizations. But what comes next, since the numberof computers isonlyan initial indication. Secondlyaboutthe varietyofICTequipment, we see that the numbersare deluded, 4% have aninternalserver(i.e.Usenetworking) and2% have iPhones, technologies that today is used from companies in very modern networks, called cloud computing . Only 1% have other technologies, such as notebook, netbook, etc. Figure 4 Companies according to type of ICT devices used Type of ICT devices PC 25% 2% 1% 1% 4% Workstation 61% Netbook Internal server 1% Smartphones 5% 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo TypesofInternetconnectionsare also anindicator oftechnologicaldevelopmentand the needforcommunication andfast dataexchange. In fact they are an indicator for quality of service provided and the type of activities that are supported from these connections. Figure5 shows that the companieseitherhave noInternetconnection, 36%, orhave some connection type with satisfactoryspeed levels suchasADSLservices, used in51% of cases.Broadband technology, which hasthegreaterspeed, assuring so the quality of connection,is far fromwidespread.A small part of companiesstillconnectedthrough the modem. Figure 5 Companies according to type of Internet connection Type of Internet connection 2% Broadband ADSL 36% DSL 51% Modem Cell phone 2% Don't know 1% No Internet connection 5% 3% Networking technologiesare animportantindicatorwhen consideringnot just the spread ofICTin organizations, butthefullexploitationofICT toimpact thebusiness processesanddecision making.Here youcan see thatAlbanianbusinesseshave not yet joinedthese levels, because66% of the respondentsdo nothavetechnologies that usenetwork connections. Figure 6 Network Technologies used by businesses Type of technology (network) used Web phone-calls 17% Intranet 10% 66% 0% Extranet 2% Virtual Private Network 5% SAAS No Technology 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Another element ofthe use oftechnology inorder to increase theproductivityofthe company'sactivitiesisthe Website.Today, thistechnologicaltoolisusednotsimplyandsolely forinformationandpromotionof the company, butlargelyfor the realization ofbusiness transactions, saving time, energy andbureaucracyin theprocess. Even in this case,there is anabsence. The percentage ofcompanies witha website is verysmall comparedwith the standards ofcompaniesin developed countries. Only15% of the interviewed companieshave aWebsite.Thisis a figurein factthat has changedcompared withthe first phase ofthe study,where the percentage ofsurveyedcompanieswith Website wasgreater. In the second phase, the overall sample includes companies with a year revenue that categorizes them in the big business, but their activities are mainly manufacturing businesses,oreven tradeproductsthat do notdevelopthistypeofelectroniccommerceandfocuson the demandmainlyindomesticmarkets. Their activities include onlyimport of productsor raw materials from foreign markets. If companies target the global marketplace and seek to enlarge their activities, there are opportunities to use technology through the newest modelsofelectronic business. Eventhose companiesthat have a Web site, use it inmost ofthe casesforpromotionand only2of themforonlinetransactions. Figure 7 Percentage of companies with Website Companies with Web site 15% Yes 85% No Figure 8 Companies using specific software to support their business processes Business processes using specific software 1% Accounting 6% 14% 15% 5% 8% 12% Management control Staff management Purchase management 20% 7% 7% 5% Operations management Production technology Inventory management Shipments 0% 8 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo In relationwiththe use ofspecificsoftware to support business processes, we can saythatthe small percentage ofcompanies which are included, use them mostly forthe management ofpurchases andsales and less forfunctions likeaccountingandstaffmanagement. Functionssuch as productionand operations do not use technology. Opportunities for future use of ICT Finally, despite the current low or high levels of different ICT, we asked about the interviewed perceptions of the ICT value in different company activities.. They do not consider technology as very important, in any of the activities. The largest impact is estimated to be in the work efficiencies and reporting and control, while that's somewhat less in the image and still less in cost. Figure 9 The perceptions on ICT importance in business Importance of ICT in company operations ICT impact on costs ICT Impact on image Importance of Web-site Reporting and monitoring Labour eficency 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 These responses reaffirm that the stage of using ICT is low because such is the perception on the value it has in the company. CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMMENDATIONS Despitethe challengesfacingAlbaniaandother developingcountries, computertechnologiesandotherICTshaveatremendous potentialtohelp overcomethem.Thisrequires notonlypublic sectorleadership, but also private sector commitment. Vlora region, as one of the biggest region in the country has lately experienced economic development through some very important sectors in the economy such as Agriculture, Tourism, Fishing, Trade of commercial goods. Vlora region supports its economic development through the management of a lot of natural and cultural resources and heritage. Since SMEs constitute a very important part of the economy, from the viewpoint of the number of enterprises, but also from the perspective of future developments, this study tried to give the state of the art in regard of ICT spread and use within SMEs. a. The greatest percentage of SMEs is part of trade, service and tourism sectors. The recommendation here is the incitement of specific software 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo use, since these sectors, especially tourism, depend on the good management of natural, cultural and human resources. b. A very small part of companies are part of a group or have certifications for their products, while a bigger number are part of a network of suppliers. It is very important in this aspect, to incite SMEs for using the local suppliers and for creating long-term relationships through ICT use, for communication and data sharing through e-mail or Internet. 2. Types of technologies used are below the desired and appropriate level. Most of the companies have only PCs, and a relatively high percentage does not use any devices. They have Internet connections with ADSL services and their mobile devices, but there are still businesses that connect through a modem. a. The actual spread of computers and technology should be the beginningof a more planned and useful approach to businesses, especially thinking of their shortages or problems. b. Encouriging the use of services of SMEs and companies in ICT sector such as outsourcing companies will, not only help the proper development of Information Systems and ICTs inside other sectors, but will help in the development of the ICT sector itself in Vlora region. c. Using social networks or other Internet platforms, as a tool for getting clients or serving them better will help SMEs-s especially those in the service sector and tourism. Appropriate use for business must bring more revenues by satisfied clients as well as by more clients or more expensesto the company. References Aidis, R. (2006), Laws and Customs: Entrepreneurship, Institutions and Gender During Transition. SSEES Occasional Series, University College London, London. Aidis and Sauka, Enterpreneurship in a changing environment: Analyzing impact of transitional stages on SME development, Inter-RENT online publication, 2005. Burns, P. (2001), Entrepreneurship and Small Business. Palgrave Macmillan. Chacko J. G. ICT, SMEs and business development UNDP-APDIP, National Workshop on Capacity Building in Public Policy issues of Internet Use for Business Development in Asia and the Pacific, 15-16 August 2007, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Chilosi, A. (2001), Entrepreneurship and Transition. MOST 11:327 –357. Dallago, B. (1997), The Economic System, Transition and Opportunities for Entrepreneurship. Chapter 7, pp. 103-124 in Entrepreneurship and SMEs in Transition Economies, The Visegrad Conference. Paris: OECD. Wennekers, S. & Thurik, R. (1999), Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth. Small Business Economics 13:27-55. 10 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Smallbone, D. & Welter, F. (2001), The Distinctiveness of Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies. Small Business Economics 16:249-62. 11 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1531 Title A name given to the resource ICT Use in Small and Medium Enterprises for Development in Vlora Region Author Author KORDHA, Ermelinda KLODIANA, Gorica VELA, Fioralba REZARTA, Brokaj Abstract A summary of the resource. Republic of Albania, in its efforts to build a sustainable growth of the country and the region, considers information and communication technologies, (hereafter named ICT), as an essential tool with a major impact in terms of building the information society. According to the strategy document for ICT 2007-2013, a document of Albanian government, ICT should be used in all business sectors as transport, tourism, agriculture, environment, leisure, culture, etc. and to contribute to the entire population. Despite the challenges facing Albania and other developing countries, computers and other ICTs have tremendous potential to help overcome them. This requires not only public sector leadership, but also private sector engagement. The strategy implementation in Albania has included different actions regarding not only central and local administration, but also private sector and businesses. Implementation, on the other hand must be supported by regional and local level strategies and action. In this context, the Pitagora project is one of the projects undertaken by different actors in Albania and especially in Vlora Region to study the current use and future possibilities of using ICT in Vlora Region. The purpose of this study is to focus on the use by businesses, especially small and medium-sized businesses, SMEs, given that ICT is considered by many authors as well as by orientations of the European Union, a powerful engine for regional and local economic development. On the other hand, as indicated above, the strategy of the study will include surveys through structured questionnaires, to identify some very important aspects of ICT use in SMEs. The important indicators included in the survey are general data bout SME in the region, and the ICT presence within organizations as well as ICT use, in the light of their importance for regional development. As the analyses show, the characteristics of SME and their business operations affect the use of ICTs in this region. In fact, the low level of cooperation in the value chain between clients and suppliers, small number of operation abroad and types of sectors most developed in the region create some opportunities for ICT use but also some challenges. The use of specific software and the depth of use in ICT are some of the solution recommended for the relatively low level of ICT use in the region. Keywords: ICT Use, SME, Businesses, Economic Sector, Clients, Suppliers, Effective Operations, Vlora Region. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6aaf0df037cbd6b77805956f30fdf7c6.pdf f4bb532e1ebe5876f8e700deeb57e282 PDF Text Text “İDEALİST ÖĞRETMEN”İN EĞİTİM ANLAYIŞI Recep DUYMAZ Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü Edirne, Türkiye rduymaz@gmail.com Abstract: We are living in an age of science. In this age, individuals, families and societies solve the problems they encounter under the guidance of science. For this reason, science is a concept that gets more and more important each day for individuals, families and societies. Science is acquired from schools, universities and research institutes based on a program. Besides books, visual and audio materials, we encounter teachers in these places. According to our thoughts the most crucial aspect of education is teacher. Thus, each nation pays full attention to the training of teachers. Good teachers -with no doubt- are people with high professional knowledge and formation. Besides these qualities a good teacher is the one with ideals. The ideal of a teacher is loving science and children. The idealist teacher with professional knowledge and formation alters the place s/he works positively according to the purpose of education. The Racinski character in Georgy Petrov’s The Idealist Teacher, is an example of this type in the world of literature. The success of education depends on idealist teachers with sound professional knowledge and formation. Key words: Science, education, teacher, ideal, G. Petrov Giriş Eğitim, birey, aile ve toplumu biçimlendiren bir çalışma alanıdır. Çağımızda onun önemi daha da artmıştır. Bugün, birey, aile ve toplumlar, karşılaştıkları sorunları bilimin yol göstericiliğiyle çözmektedirler. Bunun yanında bilim ve teknolojide ileri giden milletler, günlük hayatı kolaylaştıran ve çalışma hayatında üretimi arttıran âletler yapmakta ve onları öteki milletlere pazarlamaktadırlar. Bu durumda çağımızda her millet, bilim ve teknolojide ileri gitmek, günlük hayatı kolaylaştıran, çalışma hayatında verimi arttıran ve kaliteyi yükselten teknolojik âletleri kendisi yapmak istemektedir. Bu isteğin kaliteli bir eğitimle gerçekleşebileceği açıktır. Bu nedenle günümüzde her millet, gençlerine eğitim kurumlarında iyi bir eğitim ve öğretim vermek istemektedir. Çocuklarına ve gençlerine çağın gerektirdiği eğitim ve öğretimi verebilen milletler, geleceğe doğru daha emin adımlarla ilerleyebilirler. Eğitim Nedir? İnsan dünyaya cahil olarak gelir. Kendisi, ailesi ve çevresi hakkındaki bütün bilgileri zamanla öğrenir. Aile, okul ve çocuğun içinde yaşadığı toplum, bilgi edinilen başlıca mekânlardır. Öğrenim, ailede başlayan ve ömür boyu devam eden bir süreçtir. Bu uzun sürecin başlangıcı kuşkusuz ailedir. Çocuk, önce insan, aile, toplum ve kâinat hakkındaki ilk ve temel bilgileri bu ocakta öğrenmeye başlar. Ailedeki eğitim, doğal, sıcak ve samimi bir ortamda gerçekleşmekle beraber, plansız, programsız, dağınık ve karmakarışıktır. Bu nedenle milletler, ailedeki eğitimi yeterli görmemiş ve bir bakıma onun devamı diyebileceğimiz eğitim kurumlarını meydana getirmişlerdir. Eğitim kurumlarındaki eğitim, ailedekine göre hem daha ileri, hem de planlı ve programlıdır. Biz burada örgün eğitim dediğimiz okuldaki eğitimden söz edeceğiz. Eğitim, heterojen bir kavramdır. Bu kavram, birbirinden ayrı, ancak her biri diğerini karşılıklı olarak etkileyen dört öğeyi içerir. Bu dört öğenin oluşturduğu bütünlüğe eğitim sistemi diyoruz: 84 �Yönetim Öğrenim Öğretim Program Eğitim Sistemi Eğitim sistemimin bu temel öğelerini kısaca şöyle açabiliriz: Öğretim, çocuklara, gençlere ve yetişkinlere belli bir amaca göre gereken bilgi, beceri ve uygulama yetisini görsel, işitsel ve deneysel yollarla kazandırma işidir. Öğretim, insan yaşamına amaçlı bir müdahaledir ( Barutçugil, 2002, s. 18). Öğretmen en geniş anlamıyla bu işi meslek edinen kimsedir. Program, bir alanda yapılacak işlerin ( burada öğretimin ) amacına ulaşabilmesi için bir düzene ve sıraya konulmasıdır. Programda gösterilen işler ve bunların sırası o alandaki öğretimin amacına uygun olarak düzenlenir. Program, çalışma hayatının isterlerine uygun olarak daima güncellenebilir. Öğrenim, çocukların, gençlerin veya yetişkinlerin çalışma hayatındaki bir meslek veya iş için gerekli bilgi, beceri ve uygulama yetisini kazanmaları amacıyla yaptıkları işitsel, görsel ve deneysel çalışmalardır. Öğrenci, bu çalışmaları hayatının belli bir döneminde yapan kişidir. Yönetim, öğretim, program ve öğrenim işlerinin ülkenin yasalarına ve kurumun özel şartlarına uygun biçimde zamanında yapılmasını sağlamaktır. Eğitim kurumlarında bu işi yapan kişiye yönetici (müdür) denir. Eğitim Sisteminde Öğretmenin Yeri Eğitim sistemi, kendisini oluşturan bu dört öğenin uyumlu çalışmasıyla olumlu sonuçlar veren bir yapıdır. Bu öğelerin arasında öğretim unsurunu gerçekleştiren öğretmenin özel bir yeri vardır. Kanaatimize göre sistemin en önemli öğesi, öğretmendir. Bunun sebebi, öğretimin onun vasıtasıyla gerçekleşmiş olmasıdır. Çağdaş anlamda öğretmen, bir bilgi işçisidir ( Ergun, 1999, s. 61). Bu işçinin görevi, yeni nesillere bilgi aktarmaktır. Buna göre öğretmen bir aktarıcıdır. Hemen belirtmeliyiz ki onun aktarıcılığı, bilgiye giden yolu göstermekten ibarettir. Öğretmen bu yolda yeni nesillere bilgiyi, kültürü, uygarlığı ve güzelliği aktarır. Öğretmen her türlü bilgiyi aktarmak zorunda değildir; onun yeni nesillere aktaracağı bilginin birtakım özellikleri vardır. Bunların başında “yenilik” gelir. Bir ülkenin eğitim sistemi, yeni nesillerine her şeyden önce her alanda (dil, edebiyat, eğitim, biyoloji, fizik, kimya...) insanlığın en son ulaştığı, en yeni bilgileri öğretmek zorundadır. Bir millet, ancak yeni bilgilerle yeni âletler üretebilir ve ancak yeni âletler üretebilen milletler teknolojide söz sahibi olabilirler. Eğitim sisteminde öğretmenin aktaracağı bilginin “yeni” olmasının yanında “doğru” olması da gerekir. Buradaki doğruluktan kasıt, evrensel bakımdan doğru olmaktır. Bir tek kişi, ideoloji veya siyaset anlayışına göre doğru olan bilgileri eğitim kurumlarında “bilim” adı altında yeni nesillere aktarmak, eğitim değil, propagandadır. Propaganda ise eğitimden ziyade siyasete ait bir kavramdır. Öğretmen, fen bilimleri ve sosyal bilimlerdeki en yeni bilgilerin ve evrensel doğruların yanında yeni nesillere “kültür”ü de aktarır. Buradaki kültürü, öğretmenin ait olduğu milletin kültürü (dil, din, sanat …) şeklinde anlayacağımız gibi, bölgenin, hattâ insanlığın ortaya koyduğu bütün kültür unsurlarının güzelliklerini kapsayacak şekilde geniş olarak da anlamalıyız. Buna göre öğretmen, çocuklara ve gençlere “yeni” ve “doğru” bilgilerin yanında kendi milletine ait “kültür”ü de güzel bir yolla aktaran bir şahsiyettir. 85 �Bütün bunlar gösteriyor ki bir milletin eğitim sistemi, “öğretmen” öğesiyle bir canlılık kazanıyor ve gerçekleşiyor. Bu sebeple her millet, eğitim sisteminde öğretmenin yetiştirilmesine ayrı bir dikkat ve özen göstermektedir. Türk eğitim sisteminde de 1915 yılından itibaren öğretmenler özel bir takım kurumlarda yetiştirilmeye başlanmıştır ( Akyüz, 1985, s. 206). Petrov’un “İdealist Öğretmen”i Eğitimbilimciler, kaliteli öğretmenin özelliklerini, hangi eğitim kurumlarında nasıl yetiştirileceklerini, mezun olduktan sonra atanma ve çalışma şekillerini eğitimbilimine dair yazdıkları kitaplarda uzun uzun anlatırlar ( Barutçugil, 2002, s. 77-100; Ergun, 1999, s. 62-113; Çelikkaya, 1999, s. 5-15; Koçer, 1992, s. 79204; Yalman, 1992, s. 86) . Eğitim bilimcilerin kaliteli öğretmen tasavvurlarının yanında bazı edebiyatçı ve diğer bilim dallarındaki şahsiyetler de eğitim ve öğretmen üzerinde düşünmüşler, düşündüklerini deneme, hikâye roman gibi edebiyat türlerindeki eserlerinde yazmışlardır. Bunların yazdıkları, gözlemlerine, çevrelerinde yaşanan gerçek olaylara dayandıkları için daha bir somutluk, canlılık ve inandırıcılık kazanmıştır. Bu şahsiyetlerden birisi de bir Rus yazarı olan Grigoriy Petrov’dur. Petrov, yazdığı “İdealist Öğretmen” adlı kitabıyla eğitim ve öğretmene dair düşüncelerini yakın çevresinde gördüğü olaylara dayandırmış ve Raçinski’nin şahsında idealist bir öğretmenin portresini çizmiştir. D. Bojkov, İdealist Öğretmen’i Bulgarca’ya çevirmiş, bir Türk eğitimcisi olan Ali Haydar Taner de onu Bulgarca’dan Türkçe’ye aktararak 1928 yılında İstanbul’da ilk kez bastırmıştır. İdealist Öğretmen, o tarihten günümüze gelinceye kadar Türkiye’de değişik yayınevlerince birçok kez basılmıştır. İdealist Öğretmen’in yazarı Grigoriy Petrov, orta öğreniminden sonra İlâhiyat Fakültesi’ne gitmiş ve yüksek öğrenimini orada tamamlamıştır. Daha öğrencilik yıllarında insanları aydınlığa ve mutluluğa götürecek yolları aramaya başlamıştır. Çağdaşı ünlü yazar Levi Tolstoy gibi o da “yeryüzünü cennete çevirecek bir yol” arıyordu. Şöyle düşünüyordu: İnsan, yeryüzünün en değerli yaratığıdır. O, Tanrısal yaratığın baş tacıdır. Bu dünyada her şey insan içindir. Sanat, bilim, teknoloji, bütün bu güzellikler ve zenginlikler insanları daha güvenli huzurlu ve mutlu etmek için ortaya konulmalıdır. Bunlar insanı daha aydınlık günlere götürmelidir ( Petrov, 1961, s. 1). Aramalarının sonunda yeryüzünü cennete çevirecek yolu bulduğunu düşünüyordu. O yol, “eğitim yolu” ydu. Eğitimi de okul, üniversite ve enstitülerde öğretmenler veriyorlardı. Öyleyse öğretmenler, hem meslek, formasyon ve genel kültür bilgilerine, hem de “yeryüzünü cennete çevirme” idealine sahip olarak yetiştirilmeliydiler. Öğretmen adaylarına meslek, formasyon ve genel kültür bilgileri, öğrenim gördükleri okullarda kuşkusuz öğrenimleri boyunca eksiksiz olarak verilebilir; fakat onlara bir de ideal duygusu vermek o kadar kolay değildir. Petrov, bunun örneklerle kazandırılabilecek bir değer olduğunu düşünüyordu... Önce idealin ne olduğunu, sonra da petrov’un bunu okurlarına/öğretmen adaylarına nasıl kazandırdığını görelim. İdeal nedir? İdeal ve ideoloji sosyal bilimlerin tartışmalı kavramlarıdır. Biz burada o tartışmalara girmeyeceğiz; onları sadece konumuzla alakalı yönleriyle kısaca ele almakla yetineceğiz. Onları açıklamaya sözlük anlamlarından başlayacağız. İdeal, insan düşüncesinin tasarlayabileceği bütün üstün nitelikleri kendinde toplayan düşünce, nesne veya davranıştır ( Parlatır,1998, s. 1046); Hornby, 1978, p. 427). İnsan hayat yolunda her alanda iş, arkadaş, ev, araba... ve benzeri alanlarda hep en iyisine sahip olmayı ister ve onu elde etmek için çalışır. Doğal yapısı bozulmayan her insanda görülen bu istek, onu sürekli olarak çalışmaya ve istediğini elde etmeye yöneltir. Bu anlamda idealist de böyle bir isteğe sahip olan insan demektir. İdeal kavramının bu sözlük anlamının yanında, sosyolojide bir de terim anlamı vardır. Terim anlamıyla ideal, bir “düşünce gücü”dür. Bu “düşünce gücü”, bireyi, aileyi, toplumu, bulunduğu düzeyden hem maddî, hem manevî bakımdan daha ileri ve mükemmel bir duruma götürme isteği şeklinde kendisini gösterir. Sosyolojide, idealin bir türevi olan ideoloji için birçok tanımlar yapılmakla beraber, biz onlardan sadece bir tanesine değinmekle yetineceğiz: “İdeoloji farklılaşmış bir toplumun fikir yapısıdır. Farklılaşma ile birçok toplum fonksiyonunun iç içe girdiği geleneksel toplum yapılarının yerini, farklılaşmış sosyal fonksiyonlara bırakmasını kastediyoruz. Artık cemaat ilişkilerinin yerini şehir toplumunun fonksiyonel açıdan farklılaşmış ilişkileri alıyor. Hemşehri 86 �kavramının yerini “işçi” kavramı alıyor. İşte bu farklılaşma sonucunda, insanların içine düştükleri yeni şartlara uygun inanç arayışlarına ideoloji diyoruz” Türköne, 1991, s. 23). İdeal, bir arayışın anlatımıdır. Bu arayış, bireyi, aileyi ve bütün toplumu daha ileri ve mükemmele doğru götürme çabası şeklinde ortaya çıkar. Tarihin akışına bir ideale sahip olan idealistler yön vermişlerdir. Bilim, sanat, siyaset, askerlik ve daha başka alanlarda ortaya çıkan idealistler, mensup oldukları milletlerin bireylerindeki gizli güçleri harekete geçirmiş ve onları medeniyet yolunda ileri götürmüşlerdir. Her millet, ideali olan gençlere sahip olmak ister. Gençleri ideal sahibi olarak yetiştirmek, kuşkusuz eğitim kurumlarının görevidir. Eğitim kurumları, gençlere seçtikleri meslekle ilgili bilgi ve beceriler kazandırırken, onlara mensup oldukları millet ve bütün insanlık için çalışmak ve “yeryüzünü cennete çevirmek” idealini de kazandırmaya çalışır. Eğitim kurumlarının yanında gençlere hem bilgi, hem ideal duygusu veren bilim, sanat ve düşünce adamları da çıkmıştır. Grigoriy Petrov, onlardan biridir. Petrov, İdealist Öğretmen adlı kitabında Moskova Üniversitesi’nde ünlü bir matematik profesörü olan A. Raçinski’nin üniversitedeki görevinden ayrılarak doğup büyüdüğü Tatevo köyüne öğretmen olarak atanmasının hikâyesini anlatır. Kitapta anlatılan hikâye boyunca biz, Raçinski’nin şahsında ideal öğretmen tipinin eğitim, öğretmenlik ve öğrencilere dair düşüncelerini okuruz. Genç profesör, üniversitedeki görevinden ayrılıp köy okulunda öğretmen olmaya karar verdiği zaman, üniversitedeki arkadaşları ve Eğitim Bakanlığı’ndaki yetkililer şaşırmış ve onu kararından vazgeçirmeye çalışmışlardır. Raçinski, kararına itiraz edenlere verdiği cevaplarda ve Tatevo köyünde yaptıklarında, aynı zamanda, öğretmenlik anlayışını da ortaya koymuştur. Ona göre öğretmenlik, bir “keşif mesleği”dir. Öğretmen de bir “kâşif”tir. Rusya’nın uçsuz bucaksız bozkırlarına dağılmış köylerindeki halk yığınlarının arasında gizli kalmış nice “yetenekler” vardır; fakat o sıralarda uygulanmakta olan eğitim sistemi ve oralara gönderilen öğretmenler bu yetenekleri bulup ortaya çıkarmak gücünden yoksundurlar: “İşte ben bugün, milletin ruhunun derinliklerinde, binlerce seneden beri gizli kalmış olan büyük yetenekleri meydana çıkarmak için köylere gidiyorum. ( ...) Öğretmenler, okullarda halka doğru gidiş tarzını, hayatı iyi kullanış yollarını öğretmiyorlar; milletin ruhunda gizli kalmış yetenekleri uyandırmıyorlar. Milyonlarca halk kütlesinin dimağları, işlenmemiş milyonlarca dönüm arazi gibi çorak halde bulunmaktadır” ( Petrov, 1928, s. 16, 17 ). Raçinski’ye göre bunun sebebi, mevcut öğretmenlerin ideal duygusuna sahip olmayışlarıdır. Milletin ruhunda gizli kalmış yetenekleri “keşfetmek ideali”, öğretmenin meslek, formasyon ve genel kültür bilgilerine bir yön verir; onları nerede, ne zaman ve nasıl kullanacağını gösterir. Onlara bir çerçeve görevini görür. Hayatına ve mesleğine bir anlam kazandırır: Meslek bilgisi Formasyon bilgisi Genel kültür bilgisi İdeal Meslek bilgileri ile ideal arasındaki bağlantı Halk yığınları arasında “gizli kalmış yetenekleri keşfetmek ve yeryüzünü cennete çevirmek ideali, öğretmenin meslek, formasyon ve genel kültür bilgilerini içine alan bir çerçeve gibidir. Bu çerçeve, öğretmenin bilgi, düşünce ve eylemlerini hep idealini gerçekleştirmek yönünde kullanmasını sağlar. Rus edebiyatında olduğu gibi, Türk edebiyatında da idealist öğretmen tiplerinin hikâyelerini anlatan romanlar yazılmıştır. Reşat Nuri Güntekin’in Çalıkuşu adlı eseri onlardan biridir. Çalıkuşu romanının kahramanı Feride, başlangıçta bir hayal kırıklına uğraması üzerine gönlünü avutmak için İstanbul’dan Anadolu’ya giderek öğretmenlik yapmaya başlar. Orada çocukların durumunu gözleriyle görünce kendi derdini unutur. Kendini öğretmenliğe adar… Çalıştığı okulları, bulundukları durumdan daha ileri ve güzel bir duruma getirir… Bunu edindiği idealizmi sayesinde başarır. 87 �Sonuç Meslek, insanların geçimlerini kazanmak için yaptıkları iştir. Her toplumda birçok meslek vardır. Doktorluk, avukatlık, mühendislik, ayakkabıcılık ve berberlik... bunlardan sadece birkaçıdır. İnsanların yaşamlarını devam ettirebilmelerini sağlayan, severek yapılan bütün işler iyi ve şerefli mesleklerdir. Bununla beraber öğretmenliğin bunların arasında özel bir yeri vardır. Öğretmenlik bir bakıma bir “keşif” ve “elmas arayıcılığı mesleği”dir. Öğretmenlik, gizli kalmış değerleri bulup çıkarmak, işlemek ve onları önce kendi milletinin, sonra da bütün insanlığın hizmetine sunmaktır. Bu amaç, öğretmenin meslek bilgilerinin yanında bir özveri ve ideal duygusuna sahip olmasıyla gerçekleşir. G. Petrov’a göre bu ideal milletin bireylerinin içinde gizli kalmış değerleri “keşfetmek” ve onları “işlemek” idealidir. İdealist Öğretmen kitabında bize tanıtılan Raçinski, idealist bir öğretmendir. O, mensup olduğu Rus milletinin geniş halk yığınları arasında gizli kalmış değerleri keşfetmiş, onları işlemiş, devamında önce kendi milletine, sonra da bütün insanlığın hizmetine sunmuştur. Raçinski, kuşkusuz bir simgedir. Yazar, bu simgeyle köy, kasaba ve büyük şehirlerdeki bütün öğretmenlerin birer ideal sahibi olmaları gerektiği iletisini vermek istemiştir. Bu iletiyi, yüksek okul ve üniversitelerdeki öğretim üyelerini de kapsayacak şekilde genişletmek eserin ruhuna uygun bir yorumdur. Her eğitim kademesindeki öğretmenlerine bu ideali kazandırmasını bilen bir millet, bilim ve teknoloji yolunda hızlı adımlarla ilerler ve modern dünyanın şerefli bir üyesi olur. Kaynaklar: Akyüz, Y., (1985), Türk Eğitim Tarihi, Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Yayınları. Barutçugil, İ., (2002), Eğiticinin Eğitimi, İstanbul, Kariyer Yayınları. Barutçugil, İ., (2002), Eğiticinin Eğitimi, İstanbul, Kariyer Yayınları. Çelikkaya, H., Öğretmenlik Mesleğine Giriş, İstanbul, Alfa Yayınları. Ergun, M., vd. (1999), Öğretmenlik Mesleğine Giriş, Ankara, Ocak Yayınları. Hornby, A. S., (1978), Oxsford, Oxford Advaced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, New Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Koçer, A., (1992), Türkiye’de Modern Eğitimin Doğuşu ve Gelişimi ( 1773-1923 ), İstanbul, MEB Yayınları. Parlatır, İ., vd., (1998), Türkçe Sözlük, Ankara, Türk Dil kurumu Yayınları. Petrov, G., (1928), Mefkûreci Muallim, Çev. Ali Haydar, İstanbul, Kütüphane-i Hilmi. İstanbul. Recep Duymaz, bu kitabı günümüz alfabesiyle bastırmıştır: İdealist Öğretmen, (2008), İstanbul 3F Yayınları. Petrov, G., (1961), Ak Zambaklar Ülkesinde, Çev. Ali Haydar, İstanbul, MEB Yayınları. Türköne, M., (1991), Siyasî İdeoloji Olarak İslamcılığın Doğuşu, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları. Yalman, M., (1992), Öğretmenlik Mesleği ve Meseleleri, İstanbul, Türkiye Milli Kültür Vakfı Yayınları. 88 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 656 Title A name given to the resource İDEALİST ÖĞRETMEN”İN EĞİTİM ANLAYIŞI Author Author DUYMAZ, Recep Abstract A summary of the resource. We are living in an age of science. In this age, individuals, families and societies solve the problems they encounter under the guidance of science. For this reason, science is a concept that gets more and more important each day for individuals, families and societies. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed L Education (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bfee387f66953e8ffcaa02447b494576.docx 2e35d518fe2f38d2f7b2c26c682bc7d9 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3abc786d6312d1b79fa6bc376699cf5a.pdf 5ba2003303768fa60423bbe368d413cd PDF Text Text �������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3124 Title A name given to the resource Ideje za ubrzanje integracije Bosne i Hercegovine u Evropsku uniju Author Author PEJANOVIĆ, Mirko Abstract A summary of the resource. Država Bosna i Hercegovina je tokom druge polovine devetnaestog i početkom dvadesetog stoljeća, u okviru austro-ugarskog carstva ušla u istorijski proces evropeizacije u ekonomskoj i kulturnoj sferi. Tokom socijalističkog razvoja u vremenu od 1945. do 1992.godine, Bosna i Hercegovina je izgradila svoju državnost i postala srednje razvijena zemlja. Nakon sticanja nezavisnosti i međunarodnog priznanja 1992.godine i četverogodišnjeg rata, Bosna i Hercegovina je na temelju Dejtonskog mirovnog sporazuma započela svoj politički razvoj u pravcu postizanja članstva u Evropskoj uniji i NATO – savezu. U tom kontekstu, izvedene su mnoge reforme i potpisan Sporazum o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju između EU i Bosne i Hercegovine 2008.godine. Od 2008.godine do 2014.godine došlo je do stagnacije u odvijanju procesa integracije BiH u Evropsku uniju. U radu su izložene ideje za ubrzanje integracije BiH u Evropsku uniju. Oblikovane su vanjske, zapravo geopolitičke pretpostavke, za ubrzanje integracije BiH u EU. Razmatraju se i unutrašnje pretpostavke koje se odnose na udruživanje pobjedničkih stranaka u širu koaliciju: za evropsku Bosnu i Hercegovinu. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cab4a7e34dac615942f9d4fc7f1dc993.pdf 02cedf3c493fe707ddbd642e0d1e56f5 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo T.C.ÇEVRE VE ORMAN BAKANLIĞI. (2011). Karbon Piyasalarinda Ulusal Deneyim ve GeleceğeBakiş,http://www.google.com.tr/search?q=KARBON+P%C4%B0YASALARINDA +ULUSAL+DENEY%C4%B0M+ve+GELECE%C4%9EE+BAKI%C5%9E&ie=utf8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:tr:official&client=firefox-a (accessed: 12.12.2011) TEKİN A., VURAL İ.Y. (2004). Global Kamusal Malların Finansman Aracı Olarak Global Önerileri. Selçuk Ün. SBE Dergisi 12: 323-335. 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Identifying The Dimensions Of Attitudes Toward Vocational Economy And Commerce Education: A Research In Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina A.Tuba Duman, Uğur Ergün Internatıonal Burch Unıversıty, Faculty of Economıcs, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovına E-mails: d.aybalatuba@yahoo.com, uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the dimensions of attitudes toward vocational economy and commerce education in high schools in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 354 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Secondary school students’ attitudes toward professional economy and commerce education are analyzed through a self administered questionnaire. The surveys were collected from four high schools giving economy and commerce education in Sarajevo Canton. Out of the total number of 820 students in the second, third and fourth grades, 373 students were surveyed as part of the study. The results show that the students’ attitudes toward vocational economy and commerce education in Sarajevo Canton can be explained by six dimensions. These dimensions are “laboratory and physical resources”, “education”, “books”, “courses”, “overall attitude”, and “career intentions”. Keywords: Vocational education, economy and commerce education, high schools, Sarajevo 1. INTRODUCTION Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new republic established after a devastated war between regional forces On December 14, 1995. The country is divided into two entities (BosniaHerzegovina Federation and Serbian Republic) and an autonomous district (Brcko). The area of Bosnia-Herzegovina Federation covers %51 of the area of the country and the area of Serbian Republic covers %49. The approximate population of Bosnia Herzegovina is 3.4 million and 51.1% of the population is female and 48.9% is male (in 2007 estimates). Bosnian (43.5%), Serbian (31.2%) and Croation (17.4%) ethnic groups constitute the majority of the Bosnia Herzegovina’s population (Küçükkiremitçi, Genç, Şimşek, Ekinci, Ersoy ve Sekmen, 2010). Present education system in Bosnia Herzegovina is planned and carried out separately by two entities and autonomous Brcko district. Although Federation Ministry of Education and Science forms the national education planning and coordination of the 10 cantons that constitute Bosnia Federation, Canton Ministries of Education carry out education applications in a non-central way. Cantons are authorized to legislate and use their own laws on the condition that they adhere to the federation laws. In Serbian Republic (Republika Srpska) there is a central education system. Central administration plans and carries out the issues such as determining school subjects, preparing curriculum, control and number of teachers. In the country totally 12 ministries of national education (10 cantons, Serbian Republic and Brcko District) conduct education applications (Jabuča, Gaković, Hadrović, Prohaska, Đokić, Vlasić, Markotić, Mandić, Merlo, Praso, Jović, Leto, Sarajčić, Mulać, Vlasić, Numic, Ličina and Gaković, 2001). In Bosnia Herzegovina 9-year compulsory education is implemented and it is free of charge (Foundation for Development of Relations with Bosnia (BIGMEV), 2012). Education and training start at the age of 6. Education life in Bosnia Herzegovina is divided into three parts: primary, secondary and higher education. Schools offering primary education are named as “osnovna škola” and they implement a 9-year education program that trains students between the ages of 6-15. After primary education, students start secondary education which lasts 3 or 4 years. Seven school types are found in the country (Jabučar et al., 2001). These are general education, languages and mathematics (Gimnazija), teaching schools (These schools are only in the Federation regions where mainly Bosnians live.), art schools, technical and related schools (These schools are only in the Federation region and they are named as 4-year 355 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo vocational schools.), vocational schools (These schools are named as 3-year vocational schools.), religious schools, special schools. Schools that are dealt within the scope of this study are technical and related schools and vocational schools and they offer economy and commerce education. Technical schools give 4-year vocational education, vocational schools give 3-year vocational education. Schools that give 4-year vocational education accept students with exams; entrance to 3-year schools is with ability tests. In order for graduates of 3-year vocational schools to continue higher education, they have to switch to 4-year education and complete it. The ones who have completed their 4-year education can continue higher education (Institutional and Capacity Building of Bosnia and Herzegovina Education System, 2008). This research examines the attitudes of high school students receiving economy and commerce education towards vocational education and the relationship between these attitudes and career expectations for the future. The research questions are determined as follows: What are the factors forming the attitudes of students, who are receiving economy and commerce training in Sarajevo Canton, towards vocational education? What are the basic dimensions determining the attitudes of students towards vocational education? 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Vocational Education The technological improvements in our rapidly improving and changing world increase the use of information and cause this information to spread quickly. This situation reveals labor market’s need for intermediate staff that is equipped, open to innovation and is able to adapt themselves to new improvements. Therewithal, the need and expectations of business world lead people to specialize in certain fields. This increases the importance of the vocational schools training qualified staff. In this sense, “vocational education can be named as activities that bring ability and behavior with individual development in a profession with the aim of meeting the needs of individuals that make up society and individuals’ activities to improve their capabilities with various aspects in order to be useful for the society” (Yıldırım, 2003: 2). Vocational and technical education is one of the prior issues in education in European Union countries. In the year 2002 in the notice published as part of “Copenhagen Process” it was emphasized to increase the quality of VET and the decision to study on the issue was taken (Copenhagen Process, 2002). Bosnia-Herzegovina, taking steps to integrate itself into European criteria, initiated the integration projects also in VET field and reform movements between the years of 1998-2000 with “EU Phare” program. Within the scope of this project “Green Paper” including strategy and plans related to VET that is compatible to EU trends was prepared. “The White Paper” was published in December 2001 by being accepted by all institution and canton level ministries. 356 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2. Economy and Commerce Education in Sarajevo Canton In Bosnia in general and in Sarajevo Canton economy and commerce high schools offer their graduates diploma and certificate as a result of the education they give. In Sarajevo Canton there are a total of 35 state and private high schools and the total number of the students in these schools are 162,434. Among these high schools there are 5 schools, which are related to the topic of the thesis carried out, including commercial high school, high school of economics and multi-programmed high schools offering commerce education and the total number of students of these schools are 820. Unemployment is a serious problem of Bosnia Herzegovina. When the causes of this problem are taken into consideration it seen that the educational level of the unemployed is low and they do not have the enough qualification to find a job. This must show us that vocational education is a quite important education to train qualified staff for the labor market. The unemployment rate’s being high in Bosnia Herzegovina effects the female population at the most. 2.3. Factors Influencing the Quality of Economy and Commerce Education One of the main factors of economic and social development is vocational education. Vocational education is seen as a crucial tool to obtain efficiency in the operation of economy and to achieve social welfare (Mouzakitis, 2010). Because of the reasons mentioned vocational education is one of the issues that managers and educators always overemphasize (Qiang and Shiyan, 2012). When the research and applications carried out are examined, it can be suggested that main factors determining the quality of vocational education fall under six headings (Pehlivan, 2008; İmamoğlu, 2010; Ozturk, 2001). These main factors are; course structure, textbooks, educators, technological resources, practical education and internship and physical environment. 2.3.1. Course Structure According to Child (2004), education curricula can be grouped under four headings. These are content, learning experiences, objectives and assessment. Child at the same time defines the effective curricula as the ones that encourage teachers and students to talk on the important issues and bring practical experience with academic knowledge. As in all areas, curricula in vocational education should be designed in a way that teaches students the requirements of the profession and presents them an opportunity to show their capabilities (Bowers, 2006; Kang and Bishop, 1986). The course curricula in vocational education should be prepared by taking teacher and student’s opinions (Bowers, 2006). It can be expected the curricula reflecting teacher and student’s opinions to be more encouraging and successful. 2.3.2. Textbooks Nowadays, even though the use of technology increases, the importance of the course books for the education does not change (Prucha, Walterova and Mares, 2003). In this sense, also in 357 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo vocational education, course books are an important factor for student’s attitude towards the course and learning. In vocational fields the course books have the characteristics of a tool that visually presents art, science and technology in accordance with the student’s level (Novota, Ridzonova, Kadnar and Stefkova, 2012). Novota et al. (2012) found in their study that even if vocational education students do not use the course books constantly, they use them as a part of education. In this study teacher state that they find the course books insufficient and they refer to the Internet to complete the lacking parts. Writers state that course books are one of the most important elements in terms of the quality of education. 2.3.3. Educators The most successful teachers are the ones who give their students pedagogically the most qualified education in the field offered (Darling-Hammond, 1997). According to the observational theory put forward by Bandura (1971), most of the time the reason for the changes in human behavior is by observing the behavior of the people nearby like teacher, parents and friends. Among these people around student teacher factor confronts us as the person from whom the student is influenced and whose behavior the student models at most. Additionally, Lleras (2008) puts forward that there is a positive relationship between students’ learning and teachers’ positive motivation. In terms of the communication between teacher and student, the efficiency of education depends on the highness of motivation of both sides (Igwe, 2002). 2.3.4. Technological Resources In economy and commerce education the use of technology is by using packaged software, simulations, case studies, public access databases via the Internet, networking and interactive programs. In this respect, in the schools giving vocational education on economy and commerce, by teaching students packaged software widely used in the markets students can be made to get ready for the profession in this way. For instance in accounting education it has become compulsory for the course schedule and curricula to be improved in every respect and evaluated continuously (Yıldırım and Dalgeç, 1993). However, what is more important for the success of education is teachers’ providing education by using different education methods while using computer (Dwyer, Ringstaff, and Sandholtz, 1991). 2.3.5. Practical Education and Internship At the present time, the internship training which is usually given in vocational education appears to be a complementary element for vocational education syllabuses (Knouse, and Fontenot, 2008). The internship training is important because it is the environment for the students to reinforce the things they have learnt during the lessons and to practice. Since students are personally in daily life with the internship programs, these programs make them gain a good training experience and provide them with a chance to improve themselves (Hendrie, 2004; Hirsch, 1974; Littky and Grabelle, 2004). 358 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.3.6. Physical Resources One of the factors that contribute to the academic success at school is school equipment (Hallack, 1990). The adequacy of physical facilities is one of important signs for student achievement (Shami and Hussain, 2005). School buildings, classrooms, accommodation units, libraries, laboratories, furniture, recreation equipment and other education materials constitute the physical environment and equipment in school. In addition to these, other factors such as books, audio-visual software and hardware and the size of classrooms can be regarded as the factors that forms student’s learning environment (Farrant, 1991 and Farombi, 1998). In a research by Shami and Hussain (2005) it is found out that the adequacy of physical facilities is directly related to student’s success. In a research carried out in the District of Columbia in the United States of America, it is seen that the grades of students who have education in neglected and old buildings are lower than the grades of students who have education in modern and well-maintained buildings (Edwards, 1991). 2.3.7. Student Participation In vocational education student participation starts with student’s choosing his/her school. Research shows that the participation of students who choose their school willingly and their chance to choose the right career is increasing (Bishop and Mane, 2004). Students’ learning by taking responsibility in their education environment is important for their learning motivation to increase and for students to exhibit positive behavior (Le Brun and Johnstone, 1994). Students’ active participation in class is closely related with their achievements in learning and forming positive attitudes towards education (Howard, Short, and Clark, 1996). In previous research on the subject, it is suggested that the elements determining student’s active participation in class are student’s taking notes, getting in touch with teacher or classmate and sharing ideas (Howard, Short, and Clark, 1996; Howard and Henney, 1998). The student who participates in class performs a more effective learning by exhibiting an active behavior. Since vocational education is an education method which is largely based on application and is actualized with student participation, student’s success and career choice is directly related with active participation in class (Carbonaro, 2005; Farkas et al., 1990; Johnson et al., 2001; Kelly, 2008). 2.3.8. Career Intentions Vocational education as by its structure is directly related with career planning. Students thinking of getting vocational education, also make their career plans with their education plans. In a sense vocational education is a career oriented education. Thus, it is recommended that education on career facilities, occupations related to the education received and industry qualifications is given to students during training (Kelly and Price, 2009). 359 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Vocational education’s career development dimension is important to form positive attitudes in students towards school, to decrease prudential concerns and to increase students’ motivation to improve themselves (Arum and Shivat, 1995). Kuijpers , Meijers and Gundy (2011), it can also be expected that student makes career plans in vocational education in which real life problems are discussed and student directly participates in discussion. While making career plans in the correct way might have important positive impacts on students’ life after training, making them in the wrong way might also have many negative impacts (Carbonaro, 2005; Gamoran, 1987; Lee and Bryk, 1988). Research shows that placing especially students from low-income groups in vocational education fields without a plan causes a decrease in student’s motivation and failure in profession (Vanfossen, Jones, Spade, 1987; Gamoran and Mare, 1989). This case emerges more clearly in the event of placing students especially from minority ethnic groups in vocational education in an unplanned way (Brekke, 2007; Oakes, Ormseth, Bell and Camp, 1990). 2.3.9. Other Factors It should be indicated here that there might also be a good many different reasons determining students’ attitudes towards vocational education and their intentions of making a career. For example, various reasons such as students’ family and social environments, the place and geography where the education is received and personal facilities presented to the student can also effect attitude and career plans (Schoon, Martin and Ross 2007; Guo and Harris, 2000). Furthermore, students’ personal qualifications and differences can also play an important role on their career plans (Bowles and Ginties, 2002). Topics other than determined elements are excluded from the scope of this research and left to be examined in the next studies. This research’s findings are limited to tested topics and its sample. 3.METHODOLOGY 3.1. Data Collection Instrument and Pilot Study The questionnaire used in this research consists of three parts. General questions are asked in the 1st part. Students are asked in which department they study, their reasons for choosing vocational education and who has got impacts on their choosing vocational education. In the 2nd part demographic qualifications of participants are tried to be identified. In this part, demographic questions related to students themselves and their families are asked. In the 3rd part, questions to assess vocational education are posed. In this part participations are requested to consider 9 different dimensions as they evaluate vocational education. These dimensions are composed of questions about ideas on instructors and attitudes towards commerce education, course, the contents of course books, the use of technology in education, doing internship, physical facilities of educational institutions, student’s participation in class and professional career expectations. While these questions are answered, it is expected to respond within the options of 1 “strongly disagree” and 5 “strongly agree”. 3 is “I am not sure” option. For the students who do not have any opinions, “I have no idea” option was also given. Before this questionnaire was implemented, a preliminary study was done in order for the questionnaire to be understood easily and not to overlook any problems related to the 360 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo research. A high school teacher and a university instructor who are engaged in related education were requested to examine the questionnaire and their opinions were taken. During these interviews parts which are not understood were revised and one of the questionnaire questions was removed. After that a pilot study was carried out by applying the questionnaire with a group of 45 3rd grade students from Economy high school in Zenica city. The application was done face to face in classroom environment. At the end of the preliminary study, the questionnaire was given its final shape. 3.2. Population Sampling and Data Collection 2, 3 and 4th grade students receiving education in economy and commerce high schools in Sarajevo Canton form the universe of this research. According to the information from Canton Ministry of Education, 820 2, 3 and 4th grade students receive education in economy and commerce high schools. High schools offering economy and commerce education, the types of these high schools, their education years, number of students and number of questionnaires collected in the scope of this research are given in Table 1. As it might be observed in the table, 45 % of the targeted number of students is reached and questionnaire response rate is 45 %. Table 1. Number of high school and students surveyed School School Types Education Year Number of Number of Current Students Collected Questionnaires A (Ekon Saraj) Economy 4 300 85 B (Trgov Sarj) Commerce 4 200 78 C(Vogoşca) Economy 4 265 157 D (Hadzici) Commerce 3 55 53 820 373 TOTAL In the process of collecting questionnaire data, firstly the permission was asked by writing a petition to Sarajevo Canton Ministry of Education. In this petition, the objective of this research was explained and the questionnaire form to be used in the research was presented. The data collection was performed with the permission of the Ministry of Education by making appointments with schools in different times. The data collection was performed in four different economy and commerce high schools in Sarajevo Canton. One of these schools is economy high school, another is commerce high school and the other two are Economy departments of Srednjoskolski Centar schools. Srednjoskolski Centar Schools are multiprogrammed high schools embodying different departments. All of school directors were 361 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo interviewed beforehand and informed about how the questionnaire was going to be performed. All directors and pedagogues were closely interested in the application. In general the students’ interests and participation were high but in one school, instructor had to read and explain questionnaire questions one by one. The instructor put forward students’ lack of interest towards education as a reason for his/her using this method and stated that the questionnaire would be more productive in this way. Questionnaires were implemented throughout December 2011 and a total of 373 questionnaires were collected. 4.RESEARCH RESULTS 4.1. Socio-demographic Analysis The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants are given in Table 2. When the socio-demographic characteristics are examined, it is seen that 71.0% of the participants are female and 29.9% are male students. 67.5% of students’ families are composed of 4-5 people. It can be observed that 54.5% of the monthly income of the participants’ family is between 500 KM and 1.100 KM. The total is 71.5% and this shows that participants are satisfied with the quality of vocational education in general. Table 2. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents Socio-demographic Variables Gender Family size n Male 107 29.0 Female 265 71.0 Total 372 100 2-3 80 21.5 4-5 251 67.5 33 8.9 8 2.2 6 or more Missing Total Monthly family income (Convertible Bosnian Mark (KM)) 372 100 500 or less 50 13.4 501-800 92 24.7 801-1100 111 29.8 1101 or more 102 27.4 17 4.6 Missing 362 % �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Father’s occupation Total 372 100.0 Worker 146 39,2 Public employee 41 11,0 Business owner 42 11,3 Unemployed 80 21,5 Missing 63 16,9 372 100,0 25 6,7 242 65,1 University 57 15,3 Missing 48 12,9 Total 372 100,0 Worker 105 28,2 Public employee 39 10,5 Business owner 20 5,4 201 54,0 7 1,9 372 100,0 98 26,3 223 59,9 43 11,6 8 2,2 372 100,0 3 53 14,2 4 319 85,8 Total 372 100,0 74 19,9 Total Father’s education Primary school High school Mother’s occupation Unemployed Missing Total Mother’s education Primary school High school University Missing Total School type how the student selected this school 363 family �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo friends 14 3,8 250 67,2 9 2,4 22 5,9 3 ,8 372 100,0 4 1,1 To find jobs easier 177 47,6 To continue university education 160 43,0 27 7,3 4 1,1 372 100,0 Low quality 10 2,7 unsatisfactory 23 6,2 undecided 33 8,9 187 50,3 High quality 79 21,2 Missing 11 3,0 Don’t know 29 7,8 372 100,0 Own decision teachers others Missing Total Why the student selected this school Others motivated me Other reasons Missing Total Overall quality of vocational education Overall quality Total 4.2. Descriptive Evaluation of Measurement Scales The items of the scale used in the research are measured with 5-point Likert scales which denoted 1 absolutely negative and 5 absolutely positive categories at both ends of each scale items. While 1 and 2 alternatives marked for scale items express negative attitude, 4 and 5 alternatives express positive attitude. Grading done with 3 on the scale shows that no attitudes are developed related to mentioned item. Table 3 shows the descriptive analysis of students’ answers to 29 scale items related to attitudes of participant students towards vocational education. 364 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 3. Descriptive Analysis of Attitudes toward Vocational Education in Sarajevo Canton Descriptive Statistics N 1. I think I advance myself with the vocational education. 2. Our classroom size is adequate for the number of occupying students. 3. I plan to continue university education in this area. 4. I plan to pursue my career after my graduation. 5. Internship supports my vocational education. 6. The number of vocational courses at our school are adequate. 7. People who get education in this vocational area will have a successful career in this area. 8. If I had to choose again, I would choose to take vocational education. 9. Our teachers' subject knowledge is satisfactory. 10. I like vocational education. 11. I can get help in solving vocational education problems. 12. Homework improves us professionally. 13. I like vocational courses. 14. Our school building is well-kept. 15. My internship company is closely related to my vocational education. 16. I like to deal with vocational problems. 17. I can participate in the sample problem solving in the classroom. 18. I don't think that vocational courses are boring. 19. Our teachers' methods for teaching vocational subjects are very good. 20. Social spaces in our schools are adequate. 21. Vocational books make my learning the subjects easier. 22. Equipment at our school is adequate for contemporary needs. 23. Computer labs at our school are adequate. 24. Number of days allocated for internship is adequate. 25. The way our teachers' approach towards students is very good. 26. The theoretical information in vocational education books supports practical life. 365 Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation 360 1.00 5.00 3.90 0.87 356 1.00 5.00 3.90 1.00 341 1.00 5.00 3.89 1.20 336 1.00 5.00 3.88 1.17 298 1.00 5.00 3.87 1.06 357 1.00 5.00 3.82 1.10 326 1.00 5.00 3.78 1.01 330 1.00 5.00 3.73 1.19 360 1.00 5.00 3.70 1.09 349 1.00 5.00 3.66 1.02 347 1.00 5.00 3.63 1.05 351 1.00 5.00 3.63 1.07 350 1.00 5.00 3.61 1.05 341 1.00 5.00 3.57 1.10 247 1.00 5.00 3.56 1.08 339 1.00 5.00 3.56 1.05 324 1.00 5.00 3.52 0.98 350 1.00 5.00 3.46 1.13 361 1.00 5.00 3.46 1.12 334 1.00 5.00 3.34 1.12 351 1.00 5.00 3.23 1.24 315 1.00 5.00 3.20 1.11 360 1.00 5.00 3.16 1.36 310 1.00 5.00 3.14 1.34 363 1.00 5.00 3.12 1.22 344 1.00 5.00 2.99 1.15 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 27. Vocational books cover contemporary subjects. 28. We use computer software related to our profession adequately. 29. I can use school laboratories for my vocational education adequately. 345 1.00 5.00 2.92 1.22 363 1.00 5.00 2.90 1.37 353 1.00 5.00 2.84 1.28 4.3. Exploratory Factor Analysis In order to determine the number of dimensions of the 29 attitude items presented in Table 3, an exploratory factor analysis was implemented. The factor analysis was performed in five stages and the results obtained at the end of these stages are presented in Table 4. In the first stage of the analysis 7 dimensions whose Eigen values are over 1 were revealed by using basic components method and varimax transformation. However, among the scale items respectively three items related to internship were excluded from the analysis because of their factor loads’ being low. As a result of the examinations, it was revealed that an important number of the students had not answered these questions. One reason for this is that the internship activities were not performed as required and students could not develop attitudes towards this topic. Two more items among scale items were respectively excluded from the analysis. It was observed that one of these two items was loaded on more than one item and the other one appeared as a separate factor. It was observed that among these items, the item related to teacher attitude was not completely understood by the students. The item related to the size of the classrooms was interpreted not to be associated with any dimensions by the students because of the fact that the classrooms were already big enough. As a result of the analyses 6 factors presented in Table 4 were obtained. These factor dimensions are named as “Laboratory and physical resources, education, career, books, courses and overall attitude”. As it can be seen in Table 4 the data support the factor analysis (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy: ,84) (Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black, 1998) and 6 factors explain 67,62% of the total variance. The factor structure obtained as a result of the analyses was compatible with the theory and literature so the following analyses of the research were started. Tablo 4. Exploratory Factor Analysis of Attitude Items Components and loadings 1. Computer labs at our school are adequate. 2. I can use school laboratories for my vocational education adequately. Laboratory 3. We use computer software related to our profession and adequately. physical 4. Equipment at our school is adequate for contemporary resources needs. 5. Our school building is well-kept. 6. Social spaces in our schools are adequate. 7. I like to deal with vocational problems. 8. I don't think that vocational courses are boring. Education 9. I can get help in solving vocational education problems. 366 1 ,838 ,812 2 Components 3 4 5 6 ,789 ,735 ,647 ,641 ,419 ,785 ,715 ,595 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 10. Our teachers' methods for teaching vocational subjects are very good. 11. Homework improves us professionally. 12. Our teachers' subject knowledge is satisfactory. 13. I can participate in the sample problem solving in the classroom. 14. I plan to continue university education in this area. 15. I plan to pursue my career after my graduation. 16. If I had to choose again I would choose to take vocational education. 17. People who get education in this vocational area a will have a successful career in this area. 18. Theoretical information in vocational education books supports practical life. 19. Vocational books make my learning the subjects easier. 20. Vocational books cover contemporary subjects. 21. The number of vocational courses at our school is adequate. 22. I like vocational courses. 23. I like vocational education. 24. I think I advance myself with the vocational education. Factor Eigen Values The Variance Values for the Factors Total Variance Explained Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy Bartlett Test of Superficiality ,591 ,432 Career ,589 ,546 ,479 ,403 ,862 ,836 ,705 ,635 ,824 Books ,784 ,764 ,429 ,779 Courses ,679 ,743 ,646 Overall attitude 7,762 2,563 1,756 1,605 1,402 1,139 32,343 10,681 7,317 6,689 5,842 4,747 67,618 ,840 Chi-square: 1972,103 (276), significance=,000 4.4. Reliability and correlation analysis Reliability analyses were implemented in order to determine to what extent the substances that constitute the factors are related with the factors they belong to. Reliability analysis results of factors are given in Table 5. Due to the fact that factor reliability coefficient in reliability analyses was high and there were no items that would significantly reduce the reliability coefficients, any items were not removed from the scale. As it can be seen in Table 5, reliability coefficients of the tested dimensions except for “courses” dimension are over 70. These values prove that this scale can be evaluated as reliable (Nunnaly, 1978). Since the courses dimension is theoretically an important dimension of education evaluation and reliability value ,614 is acceptable in general, this dimension was included in the analysis (Hair et. al., 1998). In order to examine the relationships between the factors in the research model, scale indexes were composed based on the general arithmetic means of scale items which constitute the factors obtained from the factor analysis. The arithmetic means, standard deviation and correlation values of the factors are presented in Table 6. As it can be observed from the correlation table, the highest correlation value among independent variables in the research model is ,56. As the correlation values among factors are not so high, it can be interpreted that they can be accepted as different factors. 367 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 5. Reliability Analysis Factors Number of Items Cronbach Alpha Laboratory and physical resources 6 ,873 Education 7 ,825 Career 4 ,798 Books 3 ,802 Courses 2 ,614 Overall Attitude 2 ,700 Table 6. Correlation Analysis Factors AA SS Laboratory 3,13 0,99 Education 3,56 0,76 Career 3,79 0,95 Books 3,03 1,02 Courses 3,71 0,94 Attitude 3,77 0,84 1 2 1 3 4 5 6 ,508 ,436 ,234 ,365 ,223 1 ,480 ,430 ,560 ,489 1 ,280 ,380 ,278 1 ,443 ,200 1 ,350 1 5. DISCUSSION The purpose of this study was to identify the underlying dimensions of vocational economy and commerce education in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research was carried out in 4 vocational schools in Sarajevo Canton. The majority of students who participated in the research were composed of female students. Students commonly stated that they had taken their vocational education decision themselves and their main purpose was to find a job easily and to continue their university education. Half of the students indicated that the quality of education they received was in “general level”. When the socio-demographic qualifications of students are examined, it can be observed that the income of their families is low, most of the parents are high school graduates and in connection with this fact their unemployment rates are high are the reasons leading them to have vocational education. In order to determine students’ attitudes towards vocational education, a 29-item economy and commerce scale was prepared. When students’ answers for the items in this scale are viewed, it can be said that students improve themselves by receiving vocational education 368 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and they regard vocational education as a tool to make career and continue their university education. The arithmetic means’ related to these items being high is an expected situation. The literature research also shows that vocational education is an education received for career. On the other hand, students exhibit negative attitudes in three topics. These facts are; books do not include recent topics, packaged programs related to vocational topics are not adequately used and students do not sufficiently use the school laboratories. According to these results, in order to improve students’ attitudes towards vocational education, the necessity to perform the required studies on these three topics comes out. To identify the basic dimensions determining students’ attitudes towards vocational education, seven dimensions were specified and items related to these dimensions were presented to students’ evaluations. As it was indicated in the research model, these seven dimensions were courses, textbooks, lecturers, technology use, internship, physical environment and student participation. As a result of the factor analyses performed with the obtained data, it was concluded that these seven dimensions might be examined in a more reliable way under four basic dimensions. The new obtained dimensions were education, books, courses and laboratories and physical facilities. Because of this fact it can be stated that for the Sarajevo Canton where the datum was collected, the four basic elements forming the attitudes towards vocational education in economy and commerce education are education, books, courses and laboratories and physical facilities. 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Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB) Mesleki ve Teknik Egitim Arastırma ve Gelistirme Merkezi Baskanlıgı Yayını (Editör), Ankara Vanfossen, B.E., Jones, J.D., Spade, J.Z., (1987). Curriculum tracking and status maintenance. Sociology of Education 60, 104–122. Yıldırım, O. and Dalgeç, A. (1993). Küresellesme ve Muhasebe Egitimi, XIII, Türkiye Muhasebe Egitimi Sempozyumu, İzmir. Knowledge Maps & Knowledge Mapping: Literature Review Admir Čavalić, Erkan Ilguen International Burch University,Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract This study provides information about Knowledge Mapping as a tool of Knowledge Management, how it is used and how do we “occasionally” use it daily. Main part of this paper focuses on the relation among an organisation and knowledge mapping, and how kmaps are important and what’s their purpose. After a broad analysis of articles from nowadays significant researchers about knowledge mapping I was able to extract the main issues, statements and definitions on knowledge mapping and what would help an organisation in its strategic positioning and development in the manner of k-maps. Moreover, where to focus on, in the need of preparing a knowledge map. Also, which k-maps developed throughout the time and their difference among each other? Keywords: Knowledge Mapping, Knowledge Management, Organisation, Strategic Positioning 1. INTRODUCTION Knowledge is an accepted and significant base for competitive advantages and companies started to establish new smart information system. One of the key processes in Knowledge Management is Knowledge Mapping. The main use of knowledge maps is to get an outline about the available sources of information and to help in finding appropriate sources quickly. So therefore a source can be expertise, knowledge, a person, etc. In order to apply any knowledge mapping technique, an organization must be sure of its success and efficiency. A basis to identify the level of knowledge of an organisation could be the knowledge map which also can support the strategic positioning in terms of knowledge management. In an organisation one of the most important goals is the expertise location. In this expertise mapping the organisation’s knowledge needs to be inventoried as well as to map the organisation’s information flow. The common approached to achieve this are assessment of interviews, abilities records and extensive surveys and analysis. 373 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1344 Title A name given to the resource Identifying The Dimensions Of Attitudes Toward Vocational Economy And Commerce Education: A Research In Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina Author Author A., Tuba Duman ERGÜN, Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this research is to identify the dimensions of attitudes toward vocational economy and commerce education in high schools in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Secondary school students’ attitudes toward professional economy and commerce education are analyzed through a self administered questionnaire. The surveys were collected from four high schools giving economy and commerce education in Sarajevo Canton. Out of the total number of 820 students in the second, third and fourth grades, 373 students were surveyed as part of the study. The results show that the students’ attitudes toward vocational economy and commerce education in Sarajevo Canton can be explained by six dimensions. These dimensions are “laboratory and physical resources”, “education”, “books”, “courses”, “overall attitude”, and “career intentions”. Keywords: Vocational education, economy and commerce education, high schools, Sarajevo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 953 Title A name given to the resource Identitet i Obrazovanje Author Author Marusic, Patricia Abstract A summary of the resource. Pitanje identiteta zaokuplja podjednako književnost i književnu teoriju. Osobni identitet gradi se u odnosu prema osjećaju pripadnosti grupi. Proces obrazovanja složeni je postupak pri kome se na mnogo načina, kroz identifikacijske procese, gradi identitet pojedinca. U njemu sudjeluju i zadani jezični sustavi i pročitana književna djela. Današnji modificirani načini učenja i dalje sudjeluju u oblikovanju rodnih i nacionalnih identiteta, kako zajedničkih, tako i individualnih, a neki instrumenti koje nam nudi suvremena književna teorija pomažu nam pri analizi tog procesa. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3372 Title A name given to the resource IDENTITIES STUCK IN PURGATORY: DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MOVIE “DEDEMİN İNSANLARI” Author Author Ay, Aysel Midilli, Seher Tugen, Bahar Abstract A summary of the resource. This research aims to reveal the reflections of Turkish-Greek Population Exchange on contemporary lives of those people, which occurred in Turkey and created social issues, investigating the issue through a recent Turkish melodrama 'Dedemin İnsanları', in the scope of highlights and consequences of TurkishGreek Population Exchange, focusing on the concepts such as 'identity' and 'the other'. Second section includes discourse analysis of the movie 'Dedemin İnsanları' within the frame of above mentioned concepts. Keywords: Identity, The Other, Migration, Dedemin İnsanları Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3539 Title A name given to the resource IDENTITY AND OTHERNESS IN SHERMAN ALEXIE'S THE ABSOLUTELY TRUE DIARY OF A PART TIME INDIAN Author Author Raljevic, Selma Sivric, Marijana Abstract A summary of the resource. The paper discusses Sherman Alexie's 2007 novel The Absolutely True Diary of a Part Time Indian within the context of the (de)construction of identity and Otherness of a “new” American Indian in the contemporary world. Through analysis of the American Indian identity and the facets which characterize “Indianness” in Alexie’s Diary, the paper explores a new Indian reality that resists boundaries and singularity in many ways. A great part of that identity is created and presented through Junior and/or Arnold’s language. Abundant with slang terms, occasionally sexually explicit, offensive and racist comments or views packed with metaphorical expressions and underlined with humor and irony, such language contributes significantly to the creation of double identity or multiple identities of a young person. Additionally, there are cartoons, used as a special medium to bridge the gap between the words and the reader offering at the same time a humorous insight into the experience of life. The aim of the paper is to focus on the contrasting identities of the Indian and the White cultures, races and spaces as well as on a concept of a new consciousness about Indian identity and co-existence in the world that is yet to be discovered for Alexie’s post-nomadic Indian. It will also show that the creation of identity of a young person is a multilevel process of growing up and maturity reflected in social, cultural, linguistic and many other dimensions. Keywords: Otherness, “Indianness”, “a part time Indian”, a post-Indian identity, language, slang, humor, cartoons. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English