137 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0101eccaa33831020e37410b379d71b0.pdf f75edefc93cbc1fadcb9ee03469949af PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Boiled Veal Bulgur Pilaf Bulgur Pilaf Orange Strawberry Pears Grilled Chicken Oven Meatballs Yoghurt Soap Bulgur Pilaf Green runner beans Green beans with meat Pears Rice Pudding Macaroni timbale 19 Apricot Tomato Soap Chick peas with meat Whitefish Stuffed Eggplant Rice Pilaf Maccaroni with cheese Maccaroni with cheese Pearch Curly Salad 20 Watermelon Awareness-rasing Sustainable Business and Corporate Social Responsibility Among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Huseyin Onlem Ersoz1,Ramazan Kilic2 1Adnan Menderes University, Karacasu Memnune Inci Vocational School, Aydin, Turkey 2Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Aydin, Turkey E-mails: hoersoz@adu.edu.tr, rkilic@adu.edu.tr Abstract Sustainable business and corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have been raising in Turkey since 2001 Economic Crisis. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), is an approach developed with the concept of sustainable development. CSR is a kind of self-regulation management and organization model. CSR means that a company's business model should be socially responsible and environmentally sustainable. It refers to responsible corporate action beyond legal requirements; CSR manifests itself throughout the value chain, in a company’s treatment of its employees and in its dealings with the relevant stakeholders. Especially, most large-sized companies in Turkey at least have played some roles on sustainable development with their projects, activities or reports. Most of them have relations with the world business environment. That’s why they could find chance and had to use sustainable strategic management methods to prevent their stakeholders. But many small and 27 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo medium-sized companies (SMEs) couldn’t have realized yet the importance of sustainability and CSR because of the many reasons (financing, accounting, human resources, work places, cultures and others). SMEs give dynamism to the Turkish economy, employment and businesses providing an important contribution to sustainable development. 98% of total enterprises in Turkey ara SMEs, Community and the environment in which SMEs can make significant contributions to corporate social responsibility. Because the term responsible for the business, social and environmental issues become part of the company's activities to ensure the economic success of the company with sustainability. CSR in Turkey is not a new subject. Historical background the society has already got a culture of philanthropy by some foundations and trade guilds. The research problem was how SMEs efforts could be improved into responsible entrepreneurship by raising questions on the possible ways with a profitable and sensible manner. The research may also help the companies in our region identify further actions that they can take to strengthen their business, its reputation and performance. The research area was undertaken in Aydin. Only seven percent of companies have ISO 9000 certificate. Almost nearly SMEs don’t have certificates such as ISO 14000 and CE certificates. This situation may be the result of SMEs adequate environmental awareness. SMEs owner/managers play important roles to build workplace, environmental, marketplace and community policies. Cause they are the first policy makers on entreprises’ values. Besides they think that these are unnecessary expenditures for themselves and the society or they have limited ability to apply. Keywords: Sustainable Business, Corporate Social Responsibility, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Business Policies, Company Values 1. INTRODUCTION In the present days, business environment, financial, political, and social factors all have impacts and subsequent affects on entreprises. Society of environment are becoming consistently more aware of the importance of the environment, social and ethical issues. As a result, greater awareness of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within the business world has been developing. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), is an approach developed with the concept of sustainable development. CSR is a kind of self-regulation management and organization model. The Committee for Economic Development commented about CSR as: “Today it is clear that the terms of the contract between society and business are, in fact, changing in substantial and important ways. Business is being asked to assume broader responsibilities to society than ever before and to serve a wider range of human values. Business enterprises, in effect, are being asked to contribute more to the quality of life than just supplying goods and services (Acar and Oksuz 2008). 28 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo CSR means that a company's business model should be socially responsible and environmentally sustainable. It refers to responsible corporate action beyond legal requirements. CSR manifests itself throughout the value chain, in a company’s treatment of its employees and in its dealings with the relevant stakeholders. Especially, most large-sized companies in Turkey at least have played some roles on sustainable development with their projects, activities or reports. CSR can benefit all stakeholders, including employees, manufacturers, and consumers, while addressing their social and environmental concerns. Therefore businesses of all sizes, including SMEs, have felt the impact of the above within subsequent changing business environments. Many of the focus studies and works in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) have been about big-sized enterprises so far, such as the Corporate Responsibility Index or the Global Reporting Initiative. The very phrase “CSR” implies a certain size of enterprise. This is because big businesses have more abilities and tools than SMEs. They are more international which means facing more pressures than SMEs. But in Europe many entreprises are SMEs which means the society will probably expect CSR from SMEs now or later, whether business shape is large or not. At last entreprises which need to improve their quality, have to adopt a more social management style, sustainable business. It is necessary therefore to study the concept CSR in the SME context to understand and know the CSR key success factors that will enable SMEs to compete effectively and succeed in the long run. So this search focus on the SMEs roles at CSR. This research paper has been organized in the following order. Subsequent to the introduction, SMEs is briefly explained, followed by the short perspective of CSR. This is followed by the methodology of the study and its results are provided. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations for future research are given for the benefit of the field. 2. SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES SMEs are important for country economies. Although big companies have strong sources to reach local communities, SMEs are more closer and better relations. 2.1. The Definition of SMEs Over 90% of enterprises in which both the developed and developing countries are SMEs (Aykaç et al, 2008). This means, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are playing a major role for the countries’ economical and social area growths. SMEs is a kind of business concept that used in almost all countries. But there is no global definition accepted of SMEs. 29 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Different country use various measures of size depending on total number of employees, total investment or sales turnover. That’s why the definition of SMEs varies from country to country. The definition of SMEs depends on the national economy, the level of industrialization, the market size, sector, and vary according to the method used in the production. European Commission, has got new definition since 2005 to solve this problem. Table 1: The definition of SMEs in Europe and Turkey Europe Turkey Enterprise category Employees Turnover or Balance Sheet Total Medium-sized 50-249 < 50 Million Euros or < 43 Million Euros Small 10-49 < 10 Million Euros or < 10 Million Euros Micro 0-9 < 2 Million Euros or < 2 Million Euros Medium-sized 50-249 < 25 Million TL or < 25 Million TL / 10,87 Million Euros Small 10-49 < 5 Million TL or < 5 Million TL / 2,174 Million Euros Micro 0-9 < 1 Million TL or < 1 Million TL / 0,435 Million Euros 1 Euro = 2,30 TL, February 2012 Source: European Commission (2005: 14), www.kosgeb.gov.tr 2011 Table 1 shows that, SMEs have been defined in EU, as enterprises, which employ fewer than 250 employees and which have either an annual turnover not exceeding 50 million Euros, or an annual balance sheet total not exceeding 43 million Euros. The size and diversity of SMEs in Europe is enormous. Eurostat estimates that there are about 20 million enterprises in industry and services of which more than 99% are SMEs with fewer than 250 people employed (www.ec.europa.eu 2012). In Turkey, enterprises which employ less than 250 employees, and annual net sales revenue or fiscal balance sheet is not exceeding 25 million Turkish Liras are called SMEs (www.kosgeb.gov.tr 2012). 2.2. The Importance of SMEs in Turkey Turkey is a functioning market economy. Based on IMF estimates of worldwide GDP, Turkey is the world’s 16th largest economy. Turkey’s GDP per capita has increased from approximately $1.300 to $4.000 in 2000 and exceeded $10.000 in 2011. Although this level stands at 46% of the EU average, Turkish economy could have reached 6,5% annual growth rate during 2002-2011 (http://evds.tcmb.gov.tr/cbt.html). 30 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The size of the population is close to 75 million, and it is projected to reach 84 million in 2025. Turkey has a young population. The proportion of the population under the age of 24 is 44 percent. This represents a demographic potential that can contribute to economic growth if future policies focus on improving the state of the labor market. Removing rigid labor market regulations, reducing the tax wedge, and, more importantly, enhancing human capital through education reforms are essential policies for accelerating the economic growth rate on a sustainable basis. Currently, the Turkish economy is using less than half of its workforce (Ararat 2011). Almost 98,8% of companies are SMEs in Turkey. 61,1% of workers are employed by the SMEs. The SMEs investment rate in all companies is 56,5%. Besides 37,7% of annual production of Turkish Economy is made by these companies (see Table 2). These rates indicate that SMEs have a great power on Turkish society, such as reducing unemployment, flexible production abilities, national economic and social development. Table 2: Economical Indicators of SMEs in Turkey Economical Indicators % SMEs rate in all entreprises 98,8 Employment rate 61,1 Investment rate in all entreprises 56,5 Annual production rate 37,7 Annual given bank credit rate 4 Export rate in all entreprises 8 Source: Bayat, 2011:p.569 SMEs are more closer than the large ones to the markets, have better relations with customers and employees. SMEs generate competition level higher of the sector in which they operate. Besides, the development of SMEs are considered the most efficient instrument for transition economies, which generates sustainable economic growth, employment, powerty alleviation and improvement of national economic welfare. Below are listed the most important factors for the contribution of SMEs to the market economy (Keskin and Senturk, 2010):  31 SMEs provide the strength of element of “balance” income spectrum. This balance gains importance in terms of both social and economic sides. These enterprises are the sources of new ideas and discoveries. They contribute to the industries for providing required elasticity. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  SMEs have the opportunity to make a decision more quickly. Because they work with less expense of management and general operating, they have faster and cheaper production.  SMEs play an important role in creating private initiatives. Also they enjoy large shares in employment and training. These enterprises are the first establishments in which many qualified workers receive technical training.  SMEs constitute an effective way to expand the manufacturing and industrialization to the whole country.  SMEs are of the situation to be the manufacturer of intermediate goods and inputs of large industrial enterprises.  SMEs may be effective in increasing quality of life providing some opportunities for small investments to use labor force, raw material and financial sources that cannot be used because of social and political reasons.  SMEs possess a significant role to fulfill the function to reflect small savings and family savings directly to the investments. However, due to their structural capabilities and national economic-social policies, SMEs face many problems. In Turkey, most small businesses have capital and management problems which cause functional disorganizations (Ayik and Keskin 2011). So that SMEs have not only financial problems for investments, but also have nonqualified workers, inexperienced managers, inadequate bank credits, old technologies, standardization deficiencies, corporate management, marketing and sales problems (Aykac et al, 2008). Today businesses are struggling with a new role around the World. They need to meet the needs of their societies where they live. Organizations are being called upon to take responsibility for the ways their operations impact to societies and the natural environment. Small businesses may not know or have not ability and use the term "CSR", but their close relations with stakeholders such as employees, markets and society often will expect to trust. Many SMEs are committed to environmental, social and community responsibility is certainly clear. Much of this will not be called “CSR” by those who are doing it. Successful SMEs are regularly providing excellent goods and service. They provide employment. They engage their employees and harness their motivation and skills for the long-term success of the enterprise. They recognise the value of informing and consulting employees, and of creating participative workplaces (www.csr-in-smes.eu, 2011). 3. A SHORT HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CSR CSR seems new concept, but it has been in the academic literature since 1950’s. But it has not got a universal accepted definition yet. 3.1. The Definition Of CS 32 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo CSR is an evolving concept that currently does not have a universally accepted definition. Generally, CSR is understood to be the way firms integrate social, environmental and economic concerns into their values, culture, decision making, strategy and operations in a transparent and accountable manner and thereby establish better practices within the firm, create wealth and improve society. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has described CSR as the business contribution to sustainable economic development (Hohnen 2007). Another definition of CSR is “Operating a business in a manner that meets or exceeds the ethical, legal, commercial and public expectations that society has of business (Raynard and Forstater 2002). As issues of sustainable development become more important, the question of how the business sector addresses them is also becoming an element of CSR. CSR is defined by the EU as a concept “whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis.” (www.csr-in-smes.eu, 2011). Here, corporate social responsibility, is an approach developed with the concept of sustainable development. CSR is a kind of self-regulation management and organization model. CSR is a kind of concept that discribes the relationship between a business and its environment. So that for CSR, any business models should be socially responsible and environmentally sustainable from their impacts. 3.2. Views on CSR Corporate Social Responsibility, has existed in name for over 70 years. In academic literature, various authors have referred to a sequence of some approaches, each including and transcending one other, showing past responses to the question to whom an organization has a responsibility (Marrewijk, 2003). It is not until Bowen’s seminal text that CSR becomes the object of significant academic interest. Bowen in 1953 defines CSR as ‘‘the obligations of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to follow those lines of actions which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society”. (Freeman and Hasnaoui 2010). But the classical view on CSR is “the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits” by legal means (Friedman, 1970). Milton Friedman contributed to the creation of a general CSR theory by asking questions such as “Should companies take responsibility for social issues?” (Friedman, 1970). Managers are only responsible for their shareholders. Profit maximization, is the main responsibility of the business. Other thing such as socially responsible activities are a major task of governments (Arslan, 2005). Consequently, the use of organizational resources for the larger good, such as donating to charities, is detrimental to firms since it may decrease profitability or increase product prices or both (Snider et al 2003). The modern argument on CSR says that both big enterprises and SMEs are responsible to society as a whole, of which they are an integral part. They should use their resources to improve the walfare of its environment. Consistent with this argument, Carroll identified a model called “The Pyramid of CSR” (see Figure 1). 33 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Source: Branco M. C. and Rodrigues L. L, 2007 Figure 1: The Pyramid of CSR Accordingly this model, CSR has four dimensions: economic, legal, ethical. and philanthropic (Carroll, 1991). The economic component is business’s fundamental responsibility to make a profit and grow. The legal component is their duty to obey the law and to play by “the rules of the game.” The ethical component is their responsibility to respect the rights of others and to meet the obligations placed on them by society that ensure these rights. Finally, the discretionary component involves philanthropic activities that support the broader community (Snider et al 2003). All of these dimensions of responsibilities have always existed to some extent. But it has only been in recent years that ethical and philanthropic functions have taken a significant place (Carroll, 1991). In his model, each dimension of CSR can be examined in relation to the various stakeholders of organization. The modern definitions emphasize that a socially responsible company must have concerns beyond short-term profitability (Mohr, 2001). Obeying the laws is not enough to build a modern society. The modern view on CSR is defined as briefly explained by E. Freeman’s “stakeholder theory”. Stakeholders identified and categorized by their “interest, right, claim or ownership in an organization” (Snider et all 2003). A stakeholder is a part of business who can affect the organization or is affected by the activities of an organization. (Ertuğrul 2008). Stakeholder theory indicates that shareholders are not the only accountable group for the organizations but also there are another important stakeholders: customers, managers, employees, civil society, supliers, government, competitiors or investors ect. (Wood, 1990). Figure 2, shows that there are six responsibility areas. It is also shows the stakeholders groups. CSR is really about how to manage these six responsibilities. Hence, stakeholder theory provides a useful framework to evaluate corporate social responsibility through social reporting activities. 34 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Source: Palazzi M. and Starcher G. (2006: 9) Figure 2: The Six Responsibility Areas in CSR The growth of corporate social responsibility as an issue in modern society stems from a wide range of events and trends. The trends outlined below are receiving increased coverage by the media (Mamun et all 2009): Changing Expectations of Stakeholders Regarding Business Shrinking Role of Government Increased Customer Interest More Competitive Labor Markets Supply Chain Responsibility Growing Investor Pressure Demands for Increased Disclosure New and Emerging Issues 3.3. The Relationship Between Sustainability and CSR There is a growing belief that firms can and should pursue strategies that address economic, social, and environmental problems that, if unresolved, may erode the basis for businesses’ continuity. Economic sustainability is of fundamental importance to firms and is best reflected in their business models and governance choices. Social sustainability emphasizes the embedded nature of business in society. Issues such as poverty, access to medicine, access to clean water, polarization of income, and social exclusion are all related to the context in which businesses operate. Environmental sustainability considers the impact of 35 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo economic activities on natural resources, ecological balance, and global warming (Ararat et al 2011). Around the world, companies are becoming increasingly aware of the impact of their activities. They are striving to make their business decisions more sustainable by applying the principle of corporate social responsibility (CSR) within the company, in the wider environment they operate in, and in their relationship with suppliers and customers. In line with their own economic interests, businesses – small and large, domestic and international – are starting to share responsibility for the ecological and social situation in their immediate environment. Examples include the protection of human rights, drawing up and implementing employment and environmental standards and minimising corruption (Conze 2011). Hence CSR is formulated managing change at company level in a socially responsible manner. This happens when a company seeks to set the trade-offs between the requirements and the needs of the various stakeholders into a balance, which is acceptable to all parties. If companies succeed in managing change in a socially responsible manner, this will have a positive impact at the macro-economic level (European Commission 2002). The most competitive economy on the world will probably be achiving sustainable development capability by social responsible management. 3.4. Corporate Social Responsibility and SMEs The CSR concept was developed mainly by and for large multinational enterprises. Because of their lower complexity and the strong role of the owner, SMEs often manage their social impact in a more intuitive and informal way than large companies. In fact, many SMEs are already implementing socially and environmentally responsible practices without being familiar with the CSR concept or communicating their activities. These practices are often defined and understood as responsible entrepreneurship by SMEs (European Commission 2002). Social responsibility applications of SMEs are affecting by stakeholders. We can say that a stakeholder is a part of a value chain. Stakeholders press each other. Especially SMEs having relationships with international affairs can be affected by through direct supply chain, as well as the development of legislation, getting international standardization or any certifications. On the other hand, CSR offers opportunities for greater market access, cost savings, productivity and innovation to SMEs, as well as broader social benefits such as education and community development. Without the incorporation of SMEs into the global ‘social’ value chain, the aim of CSR will not be met. 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research problem was: How could SMEs efforts be improved into responsible entrepreneurship? We tried to find awareness level of SMEs by raising questions on the possible ways with a profitable and sensible manner. 36 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This study used both quantitative and qualitative research methods to compare multiple forms of data and seeking convergence in the findings. A questionnaire was used to collect data. It was sent to the enrepreneur and managers of SMEs by. Face to face interviews with corporate executives were also done to seek insights on their CSR practices. The questionnaire was taken from The European Commission Directorate-General for Entreprise (www.ec.europa.eu, 2012). It consisted of four major parts (workplace, enviromental, marketplace and community policies), and 30 questions. The research results are used as data material for the analysis. The data analysis was conducted by using the SPSS program (Statistical Package for Social Science) and for evaluation and comments, the frequency analysis was used. 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The number of enterprises responding to the survey is 40. The answers to the questionnaire were evaluated by means of frequency analysis. Frequency analysis of responses to the survey results are described separately below. 33 of the respondents are business owner/managers and the others are managers (general managers or unit directors). Only 3 of them are females. 72,5% of those interviewed are university graduates. Only 10% of them are over 50 ages. 70% of the entreprises are between 0-20 years old. Besides 37,5% of them are micro sized, 52,5% of them are small sized and 10% of them are medium sized entreprises. 5.1. Workplace Policies of SMEs The long-term success of enterprises and their ability as an effective entrepreneur often depend on the knowledge, skills, talent, innovative creativity and the motivation of their employees. As an enterprise grows, it will need people that it can rely on and delegate to, so that it can innovate the business. According to survey 29 of enterprises encourage their employees to develop real skills and long term carees. 10 of them have partially long-term plans. 37% of them have a process to ensure adequate steps taken against all forms of discriminitaion both in the workplace and at the time of recruitment. 35% of them have no processes and 8% of them have partially. 77,5% of the enterprises consult with employees on important issues. While 7,5% of them answered “no”, 15% of them consult partially. 21 enterprises have suitable arrangements for health, safety and walfare that provide sufficient protection for their employees. 17 of them have partially and 2 of them don’t have suitable arrangements. While 17 enterprises actively offer a good work-life balance for their employees for example, by considering flexible working hours or allowing employees to work from home, 18 of them offer partially, and 4 of them do not. 37 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5.2. Environmental Policies of SMEs Environmental degradation is both a global and a local problem of increasing concern throughout society and therefore also among customers. Further, good environmental performance often makes financial sense. Energy efficiency, pollution prevention, waste minimisation and recycling can all result in significant cost-reductions for the enterprises. 60% of enterprises have tried at least once to reduce their energy consumption, 25% of them have tried partially and 15% of them don’t have any energy reduction plan. 22 of the enterprises have tried to minimize their waste and maximize recyling while 18 of them have tried partially or not. Only 27 of enterprises have tried to use pollution prevention procedures for example effluent discharges, noise. 26 of enterprises exactly have some procedures to prevent the natural environment. But 10 of them have partially protection procedures. 47,5% of SMEs have sustainable transport options. 42,5% of enterprises have ability saving money by reducing their environmental impacts, 30% of them have partially. 65% of enterprises on the research area consider the potential environmental impacts when developing new products and services. 7,5% of managers do not know the impacts of their activities. The number of enterprises supplying clear and accurate environmental information on products, services and activities to customers, suppliers and local community is 30, whether 5 of enterprises have partially procedures and 3 of them do not supply. We asked the enterprises whether they could think of ways in which their enterprises could use the sustainability of its products and services to gain an advantage over competitors such as recyclability of products, energy efficiency, etc. The ratio of “yes” answers is 60%, “no” is 10%, 25% is “in part”. 2,5% of the ratio is “don’t know and 2,5% is “not applicable”. 5.3. Marketplace Policies of SMEs Enterprises are basically ‘human’ organisations that rely on a web of internal and external relationships which are vital for mutual prosperity. The way in which these working relationships are managed is often vital to the success of an enterprise. Good relations with customers and suppliers bring gains for both sides. According the survey 80% of enterprises have policies to ensure honesty and quality in all their contracts, dealingd and advertising (e.g. a fair purchasing policy, provisions for consumer protection, etc). 75% of them are suppliying clear and accurate information and labelling about products and services, including its after-sales obligations. 17,5% of them supply partially. 27 of enterprises ensure timely payment of suppliers’ invocies, but 3 of them don’t ensure. 7 of them ensure partially. Only 22 of enterprises have a process to ensure effective feedback, consultation and/or dialogue with customers, suppliers and the other people they do business. Accordingly the survey 72,5% of enterprises try to register and resolve complaints 38 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo from customers, suppliers and business partners. 25% of them can register and resolve complaints partially. Besides 52,5% of SMEs have been working with other companies or other organisations to adress issues raised by responsible entrepreneurship but 15% of them don’t work with others. 5.4. Community Policies of SMEs There is a clear connection between a healthy and profitable business and the wellbeing of the community around it. Most small businesses are an integral part of their community and have an active involvement with local aspirations and activities. According to survey 35% of enterprises offer trainning opportunities to people from the local community. 30% of them can offer partially, but 30% of them don’t offer any trainning opportunities. The number of enterprises having an open dialogue with the local community on adverse, controversial or sensitive issues that involve their enterprise is only 15. 14 of them don’t have any open dialogues. Accordingly the survey whether 70% of enterprises try to purchase locally, only 4 of them don’t have local purchasing relations. 62,5% of enterprises encourage their employees to participate in local community activities such as practical help, employee time and expertise. 60% of SMEs can give regular financial support to local community activities and projects (e.g. charitable donationas or sponsorship). 20% of them can support partially, but 17,5% of them can not. 5.5. Company Values of SMEs Most small businesses already “do the right thing” or at least do a number of good things. Small and medium-sized enterprises often reflect the existing values and principles of the owner/manager. But few enterprises have put their values into a code of conduct, a statement of good business practice or even a set of simple rules articulating the company’s vision, values, responsibilities and ambitions. Accordinggly the survey nearly %85 of SMEs have clearly defined their enterprises’ values and rules of conduct. 12,5% of them partially have defined values and 2,5% of them have not defined enterprise values yet. 60% of enterprises told their values to customers, business partners, suppliers and other interested parties. 32.5% of them told partialy their values to stakeholders. Hence 60% of SMEs’ customers know the enterprises’ values and rules of conduct. Respondents explained that 85% of enterprises’ employees were aware of the enterprises values and rules of conduct because enterprises tried to train on the importance of their values and rules of conduct. 70% of enterprises train their employees, but 30% of them partially could train. 6. CONCLUSION CSR and sustainable business is not well-known concept for SMEs in Aydin. Emprical findings show that the perception of CSR is very unclear. Most enterprises heard about CSR 39 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo concept for the first time with this survey. We can say that at least we reached our aim. Hence enterprises could be noticed business responsibilities and were raised by this survey. We found that the values of the owner/manager are major importance keys when deciding on company workplace, environmental, and community policies. Educational level of managers is also important to improve responsible entreprises. But they think that these are unnecessary expenditures for themselves and the society or they have limited ability to apply. On the other hand SMEs’ employees can play important roles to reach the new concept of CSR in the future. If SMEs can give safety and healty workplace conditions, and career plans to employees will be highly motivated. That means SMEs give value them as individuals. Being responsible business is be valid unless building trust between managers, employees, customers and local community. Regardless of size or sector, all companies have some foot prints which are usually negative impacts on the environment. Negative impacts arise through the direct or indirect consumption of energy and resources, the generation of waste and pollutants and the destruction of natural habitats. Not only big enterprises but also SMEs can reduce the destruction of natural habitats. This can be done by new technologies, production procedures, sharing expriences with stakeholders, improving relationship with suppliers, customers and local communitiy or etc. All of these benefits clearly will establish the long-term sustainability and success of SMEs. REFERENCES Acar Z. and Oksuz B. (2008). 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Küreselleşme Sürecinde Rekabetin Artırılması ve KOBİ’ler, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları, İstanbul Awareness-raising Questionnaire / The European Commission Directorate-General for Entreprise, 40 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainablebusiness/files/csr/campaign/documentation/download/questionaire_en.pdf, 2011 Bayat, M. (2011) Uluslararası Ticarette Rekabet Gücü Elde Etmede Küçük ve Orta Boy İşletmelerin Rolü ve Önemi, Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, Vol: 8, No: 16, pp. 567-575 Branco C. M. and Rodrigues L. L. (2007) Positioning Stakeholder Theory within the Debate on Corporate Social Responsibility, Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, vol.12, no.1, 05-17 Caroll, A. B. (1991) “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibilit: Toward The Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders, Business Horizons, v. 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(1970) “The Social Responsibility Of Business Is To Increase Its Profits”, The New York Times Magazine, September 13 http://www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html Hallunovi A. (2011) Identify The Main Characteristics of SMEs The Advantages And Difficulties That SMEs, Face In Shkodra http://www.dukagjinicollege.eu/libri/arjeta_hallunovi.pdf Hohnen P. (2007) Corporate Social Responsibility: An Implementation Guide For Business, International Institute For Sustainable Development, Canada Keskin H. and Senturk C. (2010) The Importance Of Small And Medıum-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) In Economies: Swot Analyses Of The SME Sector In Turkey And Albania, Niğde Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt:3, Sayı:1, s.116-132 KOBİ’lerin Tanımı, Nitelikleri ve Sınıflandırılması Hakkında Yönetmelik (2012) http://www.kosgeb.gov.tr/Pages/UI/Baskanligimiz.aspx?ref=2, 41 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mamun A. M and Ahmed U. Z. (2009) Manager’s Vision for Corporate Social Responsibility, European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.30 No.4, pp.631-648 Marrewıjk, M.V. (2003) “Concepts and Definitions of CSR and Corporate Sustainability: Between Agency and Communion”, Journal of Business Ethics, Netherlands, v.44, 95-105 Mohr, L. A, Webb, D. J and Haris K. E, 2001, “Do Consumers Expect Companies to be Socially Responsible? The Impact of corporate Social Responsibility on Buying Behaior”, The Journal Consumer Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 1, 45-71 pp Palazzi M. and Starcher G. (2006) Corporate Social Responsibility And Business Success, The European Baha’i Business Forum, France Raynard P. and Forstater M. (2002) Corporate Social Responsibility: Implications for SMEs in Developing Countries, UNIDO, Vienna Snider J, Hill R. P. and Martin D. (2003) Corporate Social Responsibility in the 21st Century: A View from the World’s Most Successful Firms, Journal of Business Ethics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, v.48, 175-187 SMEs and The Environment in The European Union http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/business-environment/files/main_report_en.pdf, 2012 Wood, D. J. (1990) “Business and Society”, Harper Collins Publishers, USA Appendixes QUESTIONNARE PART 1: Knowledges About Managers And Entreprises 1. What is your position? a. Owner b. General Director d. Deparment Director 2. e. Vice of Department Director What is your education level? a. Primary School b. High School e. Master Degree f. Doctorate 3. 42 What is your gender? a. Female b. Male c. Vice of General Director c. College f. Other d. Faculty �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. How old are you? a. 18-29 b. 30-39 c. 40-49 d. 50-59 e. 60 or more 5. How many years have been operating your enterprise? a. 0 -5 b. 6-10 c. 11-15 d. 16-20 e. 20 or more 6. How many employees are working in your enterprise? a. 0-9 b. 10-49 c.50-249 PART 2: Workplace Policies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Do you encourage your employees to develop real skills and long-term careers (e.g.via a performance appraisal process, a training plan)? Is there a process to ensure adequate steps are taken against all forms of discrimination, both in the workplace and at the time of recruitment (e.g. against women, ethnic groups, disabled people, etc.)? Do you consult with employees on important issues Does your enterprise have suitable arrangements for health, safety and welfare that provide sufficient protection for your employees? Does your enterprise actively offer a good work-life balance for its employees, for example, by considering flexible working hours or allowing employees to work from home? PART 3: Environmental Policies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 43 Have you tried to reduce your enterprise’s environmental impact in terms of energy conservation? Have you tried to reduce your enterprise’s environmental impact in terms of waste minimisation and recycling? Have you tried to reduce your enterprise’s environmental impact in terms of pollution prevention (e.g. emissions to air and water, effluent discharges, noise)? Have you tried to reduce your enterprise’s environmental impact in terms of protection of the natural environment? Have you tried to reduce your enterprise’s environmental impact in terms of sustainable transport options? Can your enterprise save money by reducing its environmental impact (e.g. by recycling, reducing energy consumption, preventing pollution)? Do you consider the potential environmental impacts when developing new products and services (e.g. assessing energy usage, recyclability or pollution generation)? Does your enterprise supply clear and accurate environmental information on its products, services and activities to customers, suppliers, local community, etc? Can you think of ways in which your enterprise could use the sustainability of its products and services to gain an advantage over competitors (e.g. recyclability of products, energy efficiency, etc)? �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo PART 4: Marketplace Policies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Does your company have a policy to ensure honesty and quality in all its contracts, dealings and advertising (e.g. a fair purchasing policy, provisions for consumer protection, etc)? Does your enterprise supply clear and accurate information and labelling about products and services, including its after-sales obligations? Does your business ensure timely payment of suppliers’ invoices? Does your company have a process to ensure effective feedback, consultation and/or dialogue with customers, suppliers and the other people you do business with? Does your enterprise register and resolve complaints from customers, suppliers and business partners? Does your company work together with other companies or other organisations to address issues raised by responsible entrepreneurship? PART 5: Community Policies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Does your company offer training opportunities to people from the local community (e.g. apprenticeships or work experience for the young or for disadvantaged groups?) Do you have an open dialogue with the local community on adverse, controversial or sensitive issues that involve your enterprise (e.g. accumulation of waste outside your premises, vehicles obstructing roads or footpaths)? Does your enterprise try to purchase locally? Are your employees encouraged to participate in local community activities (e.g. providing employee time and expertise, or other practical help)? Does your enterprise give regular financial support to local community activities and projects (e.g. charitable donations or sponsorship)? PART 6: Company Values 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 44 Have you clearly defined your enterprise’s values and rules of conduct? Do you communicate your enterprise’s values to customers, business partners, suppliers and other interested parties (e.g. in sales presentations, marketing material or informal communication)? Are your customers aware of your enterprise’s values and rules of conduct? Are your employees aware of your enterprise’s values and rules of conduct? Do you train employees on the importance of your enterprise’s values and rules of conduct? �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 45 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1096 Title A name given to the resource Awareness-rasing Sustainable Business and Corporate Social Responsibility Among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Author Author Huseyin, Onlem Ersoz Ramazan, Kilic Abstract A summary of the resource. Sustainable business and corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have been raising in Turkey since 2001 Economic Crisis. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), is an approach developed with the concept of sustainable development. CSR is a kind of self-regulation management and organization model. CSR means that a company's business model should be socially responsible and environmentally sustainable. It refers to responsible corporate action beyond legal requirements; CSR manifests itself throughout the value chain, in a company’s treatment of its employees and in its dealings with the relevant stakeholders. Especially, most large-sized companies in Turkey at least have played some roles on sustainable development with their projects, activities or reports. Most of them have relations with the world business environment. That’s why they could find chance and had to use sustainable strategic management methods to prevent their stakeholders. But many small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) couldn’t have realized yet the importance of sustainability and CSR because of the many reasons (financing, accounting, human resources, work places, cultures and others). SMEs give dynamism to the Turkish economy, employment and businesses providing an important contribution to sustainable development. 98% of total enterprises in Turkey ara SMEs, Community and the environment in which SMEs can make significant contributions to corporate social responsibility. Because the term responsible for the business, social and environmental issues become part of the company's activities to ensure the economic success of the company with sustainability. CSR in Turkey is not a new subject. Historical background the society has already got a culture of philanthropy by some foundations and trade guilds. The research problem was how SMEs efforts could be improved into responsible entrepreneurship by raising questions on the possible ways with a profitable and sensible manner. The research may also help the companies in our region identify further actions that they can take to strengthen their business, its reputation and performance. The research area was undertaken in Aydin. Only seven percent of companies have ISO 9000 certificate. Almost nearly SMEs don’t have certificates such as ISO 14000 and CE certificates. This situation may be the result of SMEs adequate environmental awareness. SMEs owner/managers play important roles to build workplace, environmental, marketplace and community policies. Cause they are the first policy makers on entreprises’ values. Besides they think that these are unnecessary expenditures for themselves and the society or they have limited ability to apply. Keywords: Sustainable Business, Corporate Social Responsibility, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Business Policies, Company Values Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5094bb4b75472342a64b086fe5091919.pdf 28d9b66f18af0291bf5966b11fb54da9 PDF Text Text Heavy metal induced gene expression in Brassicaceae Lamija Subasic, Haris Gavranovic, Imer Muhovic and Abdul Razaque Memon* Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: armemon@ibu.edu.com Abstract Plants require at least 14 mineral elements for their nutrition. These include the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) and the micronutrients boron (B), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo). These are generally obtained from the soil. Crop production is often limited by low bioavailability of essential mineral elements and/or the presence of excessive concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Al in the soil solution. In the past few years, responses of plants to heavy metals have received increasing attention. On one hand due to industrial activities, toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb have been released into the biosphere and represent a widespread environmental pollution. High concentrations of heavy metals in the soil can inhibit plant growth and reduce crop yields, which can affect sustainable development severely. In order to study the molecular response of plants to heavy metals, the gene expression data of model crop plants especially in Brassicaceae family were analyzed by searching several databases available online. In the first part of this work the publicly available online resources for these plants from websites such as http://www.ncbi.nih.gov, http://www.tigr.org, http://www.brassica.info, and related sites were searched to collect nucleotide sequences that encode heavy metal ATPases and transporter protein homologues. The second part of this work focuses on the expression of these genes in plants grown at different concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) experiments will be carried out to analyze the expression of these genes in roots and shoots of B. nigra and B. juncea treated with different concentrations of metals. Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassicaceae, phylogenetic tree, Metal ATPases, phytoremediation 1.INTRODUCTION Phytoremediation uses green plants to clean up toxic amount of inorganic and organic pollutants from the environment. The rapid industrialization and urbanization of many developed and recently developing countries (for example China, India, Brazil etc) have increased heavy metal and organic pollution in the environment (Memon and Schroder, 2009). Hyperaccumulation as a phenomenon has attracted growing attention in the past decade. Exploiting hyperaccumulating plant species, and identifying metal accumulation 205 �genes is currently focal point for phytoremediation or phytomining (Ozturk et al 2012). Among limited number of plant species 400 are classified as heavy accumulator plants (Baker et al., 2000). Among them Arabidopsis hallari, Thlaspi, Brassica nigra, and Brassica juncea have been most studied (Memon and Schroder, 2009). Those plant species have the ability to accumulate extremely high amounts of heavy metals in their leaves (Brown et al., 1995). The plants absorb contaminants through the root system and store them in the root biomass and/or transport them up into the stems and/or leaves. A living plant may continue to absorb contaminants until it is harvested. After harvest, a lower level of the contaminant will remain in the soil, so the growth/harvest cycle must usually be repeated through several crops to achieve a significant cleanup. After the process, the cleaned soil can support other vegetation. Heavy metals that have been identified in the polluted environment include As, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Hg and Zn. Different sources of heavy metals are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Different sources of heavy metal contamination. Heavy metals Sources As preservatives, animal feed plants, herbicides, volcanoes, mining and smelting Cu biosolids Cd fossil fuel burning, phosphate fertilizers, sewage sludge Semiconductors, petroleum refining, wood additives, coal power, Electroplating industry, smelting and refining, mining Geogenic sources , anthropogenic activitie,s metal smelting and refining, application of Cr tanneries Electroplating industry, sludge, solid waste, Pb of leaded gasoline, wastes enriched in Pb, paints Mining and smelting of metalliferous ores, burning municipal sewage, industrial Hg industries producing caustic Volcano eruptions, forest fire, emissions from soda, coal, peat and wood burning 206 �Se fuels, glass manufacturing (e.g., varnish, pigment formulation) Coal mining, oil refining, combustion of fossil industry, chemical synthesis Ni bursting and gas exchange soils and geological materials Volcanic eruptions, land fill, forest fire, bubble in ocean, weathering of Zn mining, biosolids Electroplating industry, smelting and refining, Different approaches have been used or developed to mitigate the heavy metal polluted soils. The metal ion accumulated in the aerial parts that can be removed to dispose or burnt to recover metals. The results indicate that many Brasssica sp. such as B. juncea L., B. juncea L. Czern, B. napus L.and B. rapa L. exhibited moderately enhanced Zn and Cd accumulation. According to Brooks (1998) and Baker (2000) they were also found to be most effective in removing Zn from the contaminated soils. The plant species that have been identified for remediation of soil include either high biomass plants such as willow (Landberg and Greger, 1996) or those that have low biomass but high hyperaccumulating characteristics such as Thlaspi and Arabidopsis species (Memon et al 2000, Memon et al. 2008). The main objective of this study is to identify genes responsible for hyperaccumulation of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu and Cd in Brassicaceae family species, namely Brassica , do comparative phyletic analysis among different species and characterize metal induced gene expression. The present study aims at finding homologues of heavy metal ATPases among species mentioned that might possess same specific functional similarities. Moreover, this study aids to resolve many problems of soil pollution and enhance soil clean-up methods by using fast growing and high biomass accumulator plant species. The main components of this study are: i) retrieval of heavy metal ATPase nucleotide sequences from Brassicaceae family species, H.sapiens and S.cerevisiae by searching through all sequence databases; ii) multiple alignment of found sequences, iii) phyletical analysis of heavy metal ATPases genes, where the main gene source was A.thaliana, compared with Brassicaceae, H.sapiens and S.cerevisiae and other related organisms with the objective of finding motifs with high or identical functional similarity. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1.Retrieval of sequences In this study DNA sequences were retrieved from websites as a molecular evidence to classify organisms. Several publicly available online data resources were used including: http://arabidopsis.org/ (TIGR, The Institute for Genomic Research); http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (GenBank); http://plantgdb.org/ (PGD, Plant Genome Database), http://srs.ebi.ac.uk (EMBL-EBI). Homo sapiens and yeast sequences were acquired from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. and http://www.yeastgenome.org/ (SGD, Saccharomyces Genome Database), respectively. All the sequences were downloaded in FASTA format and all databases were screened for heavy metal ATPase gene homologues by 207 �employing the BLAST algorithm (Blastn and discontiguous megablast for nucleotide databases). Discontiguous megablast as a version of megablast is used to compare slightly diverged sequences, especially sequences from different organisms, which have alignments with low degree of identity. For the initial screening, Arabidopsis, human and yeast heavy metal ATPases nucleotide sequences were used and every database scanned for the E-value of sequences of <10-7. Phylogenetic tree was constructed from DNA sequences by using Java applet JalView. Firstly, genes responsible for hyperaccumulation of heavy metals, heavy metal ATPases were collected from www.arabidopsis.org. The sequence databases were also searched using keywords for heavy metal ATPases. In total seven of the gene nucleotide sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana were taken and put for further analyses. The identified genes from these databanks are: HMA1 (Heavy metal ATPase 1); copper-exporting ATPase, HMA2 (Heavy metal ATPase 2); cadmium-transporting ATPase, HMA3 (Heavy metal ATPase 3); ATPase, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism, HMA4 (Heavy metal ATPase 4); cadmium-transporting ATPase, HMA5 (HEAVY METAL ATPASE 5); ATPase, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism, PAA1 (metal-transporting P-type ATPase 1), PAA1 (metaltransporting P-type ATPase 1); ATPase, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism. Subsequently, based on those identified genes sequences, nucleotide sequences for other organisms such as Brassica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human were collected from http://srs.ebi.ac.uk and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ for the purpose of finding homologue sequences. After the set of related sequences were obtained, we proceeded further by using BLAST tool form NCBI website to find regions of local similarity between sequences. 2.2. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree construction A total of 134 heavy metal ATPase sequences were multiply aligned by utilizing ClustalW program in order to construct phylogenetic tree. Construction of phylogenetic tree is the most convenient method to represent the significant relation among obtained sequences. The purpose of our research is to study the sequences of gene family where all sequences share the same common ancestor. Thus by implementing phylogenetic trees we will ensure that the heavy metal accumulator genes are orthologous to another well-characterized gene in another species. Two genes that are orthologous often have the same exact function (have similar roles) in the two different organisms they come from. In order to construct phylogenetic tree sequences of genes need to be aligned. In multiple sequence alignment the nucleotide sequences are being overlapped so similar features end up in the same column. The idea behind a multiple alignment is to put nucleotides or amino acids in the same column because they are very similar according to some criterion. There are four major criteria to build a multiple alignment of sequences that all have different properties. These four criteria are as follows: structural, evolutionary, functional and sequence similarity. While the first three criteria have a clear biological meaning, the fourth one does not. When the sequences are closely related, their structural, evolutionary, and functional similarities are equivalent to sequence similarity. The criterion observed in this research is that the sequences of different metal induced genes have functional and evolutionary similarities among species. Our hypothesis is that the functionally related sequences of the genes from different species or organisms will be having conserved pattern or motif which will be possibly related to hyperaccumulation of heavy metals. 208 �3.Results and Discussion 3.1.Heavy metal ATPase homologues Three phylogenetic trees were constructed for collected heavy metal ATPase nucleotide sequences. In Fig.1. a total of 27 gene nucleotide sequences were obtained from 2 different organism: 24 plants and 3 human species after scanning of major sequence databases. The majority of these sequences belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana. Mainly mRNA sequences were taken for multiple alignment and construction of phylogenetic tree by using Neigbour Joining method in Jalview software. Fig.1. Linear dendrogram presenting a phylogenetic tree for metal accumulating genes. In one study a total of 35 homologues gene nucleotide sequences were obtained from 19 different organisms: 2 plants (8 Arabidopsis thaliana and 3 Oryza sativa Japonica Group), 2 Mus Musculus, 2 Rattus norvegicus, Caenoharbditis elegans, 2 Canis lupus familiaris, Bos taurus, Gallus gallus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Macaca mulatta, Anopheles gambiae pest, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pan troglodytes, Homo sapiens, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Danio rerio, Neurospora crassa, Magnaporthe oryzae and Drosophila melanogaster after scanning of major sequence databases. The majority of heavy metal ATPase sequences belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana. Mainly mRNA sequences were taken for multiple alignment and construction of phylogenetic tree by using Neigbour Joining method in Jalview software. 209 �In another study a total of 72 homologues gene nucleotide sequences were obtained from 14 different organisms: plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Hordeum vulgare, Glycine max, Oryza sativa japonica, Oryza sativa indica, Noccaea caerulescens, Thlaspi caerulescens, Triticum aestivum, Sorghum bicolor, Populus trichocarpa, Medicago truncatula, Picea glauca, Solanum tuberosum, Hirchfeldia incana, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus ,Vitis vinifera, Zea mays, Thellungiella halophila, Physcomitrella patens ssp patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, Solanum lycopersicum, Brachypodium distachyum, Sedum alfredii, Ricinus communis ), Pan troglodytes, Pongo abelii, Macaca mulatta, Rattus norvegicus, Equus caballus, Bos taurus, Sparus aurata, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila erecta, Chlamydomonas reindhartii, Trichoplax adhaerens, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens after scanning of major sequence databases. The majority of heavy metal ATPase sequences belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana (8), and Medicago truncatula (6). Mainly mRNA sequences were taken for multiple alignment and construction of phylogenetic tree by using Neigbour Joining method in Jalview software. From the comparative analyses of phylogenetic trees orthologous heavy metal ATPase genes were identified from model crop plants in Brassicaceae family, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Noccaea caerulescens and Thlaspi caerulescens. Phylogenetic tree is comprised of: leaves or OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units), nodes which represent an ancestral OUT, clade (a group of OTUs that includes several sequences and their common ancestor nodes), branch which defines the relation between a clade or an OTU and the rest of the tree and root which is the common ancestor of all the OTUs. Phylogenetic trees were built with distance methods by grouping OTUs according to overall similarity. These phylogenetic trees are unscaled, where branch length does not have any special meaning in terms of evolutionary time. On the other hand it indicates of orthologous heavy metal ATPase genes across different species. Conclusion Great efforts have been made in the last two decades to reduce pollution sources and remedy the polluted soil and water resources. Phytoremediation, being more cost-effective and fewer side effects than physical and chemical approaches, has gained increasing popularity in both academic and practical circles. Recent advances in biotechnology will play a promising role in the development of new hyperaccumulators by identifying a specific metal genes and transferring metal hyperaccumulating genes from low biomass wild species to the higher biomass producing cultivated species in the times to come. This can play a significant role in the extraction of heavy metals from the polluted soils and aid sustainable environmental development. Phytoextraction as a way of phytoremediation is environmental friendly, and causes no harm to soil quality. Moreover, it is less expensive than any other clean-up process. It takes more time than other clean-up techniques, but on the other hand its benefits certainly outweigh the time-consuming process, since it is related to plants. Although, investigations are needed to develop new methods for effective recovery of metals from the hyperaccumulator plant biomass. REFERENCES Memon, A.R. and Schröder, P. 2008. Implication of metal accumulation mechanisms to phytoremediation. Environ. Sci. Pol. Res. (ESPR). 16: 162-175. Ozturk, M., Memon, A. R. , Gucel, S. , and Dogan, Y. 2012. Brassicas in Turkey and their Possible Role in the Phytoremediation of Degraded Habitats. Springer-Verlag. 210 �Memon et al 2008. Metal accumulation in crops- Human health issues, In : Trace ElementsNutritional benefits, environmental contamination, and health implications, Ed. M. N. V. Prasad, John Wiley & Sons pp. 81-97 Memon, A. R., Aktoprakligıl, D., Özdemir, A., and Vertii, A. 2000. Gene expression of heavy metal stress protein in plants. Turkish J. Botany 25, 111-121 Memon, A. R., Yildizhann Y. and Keskin, B. C. Phytoremedıatıon of heavy metals from contamınated areas of Turkey. 4th European Bioremediation Conference, Sept 3-6, Chania, Crete, Greece, ID04 pp1-4, ISBN 978-960-8475-12-0. Baker, A.J.M., McGrath, S.P., Reeves, R.D., Smith, J.C.A. (2000). Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants: A Review of the Ecology and Physiology of a Biological Resource for Phytoremediation of Metal-Polluted Soils.In: Terry, N., Banuelos, G. Eds. Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils and Water. Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Brown, S.L., Chaney, R.L., Scott Angle, J. (1995). Zinc and cadmium uptake by hyperaccumulator thlaspi-caerulescens grown in nutrient solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59: 125-133. Claverie,J.M. Cedric Notredame (2007). Bioinformatics For Dummies (2nd). Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Landberg, T., Greger, M. (1996). Differences in uptake and tolerance to heavy metals in Salix from unpolluted and polluted areas. Applied Geochem., 11(1-2):175-180. Brooks, R.R., 1998. Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals. CAN International, Wallington, p.379. Engineering of microalgae for biofuel production Recep Vatansever1, Sanija Cavar1,2, and Abdul Razaque Memon1 1Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, 71000 Sarajevo 2Department of Chemistry, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and herzegovina Abstract Increasing of the world population along with the economic wealth deepens the energy crises every day. Hence we need to find the new alternative energy sources that will satisfy the energy demand and concomitantly deliver no emission to the environment. In this particular situation, plants offer us a highly efficient and effective solutions. However use of higher plants for such purposes can cause several problems such as food competition, water shortage, arable land, fertilizer etc. Algae are tiny biological factories that use photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy so efficiently that they can double their weight several times a day. As part of the photosynthesis process algae 211 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1246 Title A name given to the resource Molecular cloning and characterization of ARF1 and COPI coat proteins from Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong Author Author Holger , Densow Abstract A summary of the resource. The integrity of the Golgi apparatus in both plant and mammalian cells is dependent upon a coordinated flow of COPII (coatomer protein) coated vesicles in anterograde (forward) and of COPI coated vesicles in retrograde (backward) direction. Although a fair amount of work on vesicular trafficking has been published in Arabidopsis thaliana not much information is available related to the secretory pathway in other higher plants. In the present study we have used Medicago truncatula, a model plant for legume species as for symbiotic and pathogenic interactions, to identify Arf1 and COPI components of the early secretory pathway. Their localisation and interaction with the Golgi apparatus in the root cells has been identified. EST databases of the M. truncatula were screened and putative homologues for all seven coatomer proteins and MtArf1 were identified. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and immunoblotting studies showed very high expression of Arf1 in nodules and nodulated roots compared to nonnodulated ones. Our results show that MtArf111::GFP, Mtz-COP1::GFP and Mtz COP2::GFP were localized on mobile Golgi structures, streaming along the ER network and were sensitive to brefeldin A, indicating their potential association with Golgi stacks. This study demonstrates an important role of Arf1 and COP1 proteins in early secretory pathway in root cells of M. truncatula. Keywords: Medicago truncatula, Arf1, COPI, Golgi, Vesicular trafficking, Root Nodules Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/84719377efd977e3e9be07d21ca21f86.pdf a67930dae22fe8c2180d1f591a2c8542 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo [4] Z.Hasan (2001-2002) Recent Financial Crisis in Malaysia: Response, Results, Challenges, “The Indian Economic Journal, Vol. 49 No.1, pp.28-49 [5] Z. Hasan (2010) Dubai Financial Crisis: Causes, Bailout and After, Journal of Islamic Banking & Finance, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 47-55 [6] http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa017.html (accessed from 31.01.2012) [7] http://208.43.71.196-static.reverse.softlayer.com/english/politics/3410/429108.html (accessed from 02.02.2012) [8] Z. Hasan (2011) (unpublished), Money creation and control from Islamic perspective, Department of Economics & Governance, INCEIF: Global University of Islamic Finance [9] M. A . Haneef and E. R. Barakat (2006) (A.D/1427 A.H), Must Money Be Limited to Only Gold and Silver?: A Survey of Fiqhi Opinions and Some Implications, JKAU: Islamic Econ., Vol. 19, No. 1, pp: 21-34 [10] C. Murat (2010): The Case Against the Islamic Gold Dinar, INCEIF, Kuala Lumpur, Unpublished. [11] A. B. B. M. Yusuf, et al. (2002) The Implementation of Gold Dinar is It the End of Speculative Measures?, Journal of Economic Cooperation, 23-3, pp. 71-84 [12] Reuters. "Malaysia Plans To Initially Use Gold Dinar Within Small Group" The Star, 2/5/2002. [13] A. K. M. Meera & M. Larbani (2003) The Gold Dinar: The Next Component in Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, International Conference on Banking, Monash University, Prato, Italy. [14] A.K.M. Meera (2002) The Islamic Gold Dinar, Pelanduk Publications, Kuala Lumpur, [15] http://www.goldcentro.com/home (accessed from 25th January 2012) [16] www.kitco.com (accessed from 4.2.2012) Quality Costs Accounting And A Firm Application Hilmi Kirlioğlu, Zülküf Çevik, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey E –mails: hilmik@sakarya.edu.tr, zcevik@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract Contemporarily, the competition in the markets has thoroughly heated up. Many companies try to decrease their costs in order to survive in this cruel market. In this respects, the quality costs gain importance in all over the world and in Turkey, too. Companies need to gaining profit for sustainability. And also gaining profit is one and first of companies’ two basic goals. In order to achieve this first goal and to gain sustainability, companies have to provide customers’ and potential costumers’ needs and demand as well as 44 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo they do, and also they should gain sustainable competitive advantage by improving its technology, and its product quality. With the globalization and non-boarding trading, the markets turned into cruel competitive place. In that kind of markets, unfortunately, using low pricing model is not enough for selling goods and services. Companies also need to provide high quality products. In other words, being successful in the global markets, the companies need to have not only low price products, but also high quality products. As it is stated above, in order to gain sustainable competitive advantages in the market, companies need to act two actions at the same time. Firstly, improving the quality of products and services causes gaining sustainable competitive advantages in the market. Secondly, decreasing production costs by improving efficiency in order to promoting the product, brand or company in the market.In addition, the quality cost system utilizes the production efficiency. Therefore, the quality cost system should be established in every company in which it can be applicable. Keywords: Total Quality Management, Quality Costs, Managerial Accounting. 1.INTRODUCTION In recent years, competitive environment of companies are getting harder. In order to have sustainable competitive advantage, companies should produce their products to entirely supply customers’ needs, wants and demands. Subsequently, companies need to have more quality products to remain competitive with other companies. Quality means providing goods and services as suitable for use, and it means fulfilment of clients’ demands. Quality product means having conformity with quality standards in the finished goods. To gain a competitive advantage over rival companies, a company should produce high quality products. While producing high quality product, the company should also take into account its quality costs. Shortly, companies need to produce high quality products in a low quality costs. Consequently, quality and quality costs gain vital importance for a company to survive in a highly competitive market. The importance of this study is to comprehend the necessity of the quality system for a company which operates in the global and local markets. Another importance of the study is to provide recognition of quality costs system benefit to the profit and brand name. The quality costs system causes decreasing in the production cost and increasing in the brand name which will be perceived as producing qualified products. The aims of this study are to show importance of the quality costs for a company which competes in a highly competitive market, and also to demonstrate the necessity of quality costs system in order to have high qualified product with a low quality costs. As it is well known, the quality cost is not a responsibility of a department or an individual, on the contrary, every person in an organization should be responsible for quality. Highly qualified products can be reached by collaboration of all departments in an organization. In this sense, main aim of this study is to demonstrate the function of accounting department in quality costing activities. Those activities can be summarized as, measurement of quality costs, classification of this costs and reporting techniques of the quality costs. In this respect, showing the importance of quality costs’ reporting. 45 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.QUALITY Many people define quality in many different ways, because quality is a multi-dimensional concept(Karabınar, 1998). Quality is the degree of consumer satisfaction about the goods and services which they consume. In other words, quality is the degree of fulfilment consumers’ needs and demands for produced product and served services. J. M. Juran, who is one of the quality gurus, thought that quality has many meanings, but two of them have critical importance to managing for quality. First one, quality is the features of products which meet customer needs and thereby provide customer satisfaction. Second one, quality means freedom from deficiencies(Juran & Godfrey, 1998). According to D. C. Montgomery, Quality means fitness for use, and also he defined quality as inversely proportional to variability(Montgomery, 2005). Quality concept is shaped as a conformance of consumers’ needs and use by today’s technologic, economic and social conditions(AYDEMİR, 1999). In addition to those definitions, other quality gurus (Philip B. Crosby, W. Edwards Deming, Armand V. Feigenbaum, Kaoru Ishikawa, Robert M. Pirsig) had been defined quality as(Hoyer & Hoyer, 2001); - - - Crosby defines quality as “conformance to requirements” Feigenbaum’s definition of quality is “the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacture and maintenance through which the product and service in use will meet the expectations of the customer.” According to Ishikawa, quality means “quality of work, quality of service, quality of information, quality of process, quality of division, quality of people, including workers, engineers, managers and executives, quality of system, quality of company, quality of objectives, etc.” Pirsig’s definition of quality is that “Quality is a characteristic of thought and statement that is recognized by a nonthinking process. Because definitions are a product of rigid, formal thinking, quality cannot be defined.” To summing up those definitions, quality is the whole good and service characteristic features of fulfilment power for stated and demanded needs. In other words, many quality gurus defined quality in terms of the degree of the product’s conformance to its requirements to maintain customer satisfaction and in terms of a product that contains no defects(Ömürgönülşen, 2009). 2.1.Quality Costs Quality cost is a cost for detection and anchoring of low quality about goods and services. Simply, Costs of quality are the costs which occur because poor quality may or does exist(Hansen & Mowen, 2006). Quality costs are a measurement of the costs particularly related with the accomplishment or non-accomplishment of product or service quality. To making those explanations more specific, Jack Campanella defined cost of quality as(Campanella, 1999); “More specifically, quality costs are the sum of the cost incurred by (a) investing in the prevention of non-conformances to requirements, (b) appraising a product or service for conformance to requirements, and (c) failing to meet requirements.” At the definitions of Campanella, it is understood that the quality costs consist of three main parts; Prevention Costs, Appraisal Costs, Failure Costs. 46 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.Quality Components 2.2.1.The Quality of Design The quality of design is the measurement of how much intended requirements and expectations reverberate to the finished products by taking into account production factors. Therefore the quality of design is to designate specification and requirements in order to fulfilment of products’ expected usage function. The quality of design is to approach/reach the quality level of intended product. The important issue is whether the final product conforms to the design and performance standards that have been arranged for it, and not the content or validity of those standards(Garvin, 1984). Determine requirements by - Customers’ Surveys, - Sales Call or Visit Reporting Specifications Sellers Report Specifications to the Organization Company Customers Figure 1: The Process of Design Quality Source;TÜRKEL Asuman, “İşletme Yöneticileri için Toplam Kalite Yönetimi Ve İnsan Kaynakları”, Türkmen Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1998, s.36 The figure above represents the process of the design quality. The design quality has started by customers’ surveys and sales calls; afterwards, specifications have been determined. This process can continue to reach perfect products or services. It is the fact that consumers have endless needs so this process can continue after having perfect products. 2.2.2.The Quality of Conformance The quality of conformance is simply expenditures for reaching desired finished products. It is a company’s fulfilment ability of conformity to design specifications for satisfying customers’ needs, wants and demands. In other words, the quality of conformance shows the conformity degree of a product or a unit to the specifications which had been defined at the stage of quality design in production process. The quality of conformance is conformity between the actual specialty of finished products and the intended speciality which is determined at the stage of product design. Sellers Conformance Company Customers Figure 2: The Process of Quality Conformance Source;TÜRKEL Asuman, “İşletme Yöneticileri için Toplam Kalite Yönetimi Ve İnsan Kaynakları”, Türkmen Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1998, s.57 47 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The process of quality conformance is illustrated in the figure above. The aim of this process is to reach conformity with specification which have stated in the stage of product design. As increasing the development of the process of quality conformance, the customer’s complaints and direct material costs, labour costs, maintenance costs would be decreased dramatically, and also the products would be produced in time, in a good quality and in a good price or cost. 2.2.3.The Quality of Usage The quality of usage can be also called the quality of performance. It demonstrates the level of product performance in the market by performing customers’ surveys, sales call and sales analysis. It is an indicator of how well the product working by resulting of marginal consumers usage. Shortly, it is usefulness degree of a product which has been bought by consumers.In this respect the quality of performance is the functional result of design and conformance quality. Having Consumers’ Satisfaction with the help of Usage/Performance Reporting Specifications Sellers Redesign Company Customers Figure 3: The Process of Usage Quality Source;TÜRKEL Asuman, “İşletme Yöneticileri için Toplam Kalite Yönetimi Ve İnsan Kaynakları”, Türkmen Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1998, s.15 Source;TÜRKEL Asuman, “İşletme Yöneticileri için Toplam Kalite Yönetimi Ve İnsan Kaynakları”, Türkmen Kitabevi, İstanbul, 1998, s.15 The process, which shown in the figure 3, illustrates usage quality. This process starts with stating the performance levels of the companies’ products in the market by making customer’s surveys and sales analysis. According to these surveys, company redesigns its product to satisfy consumers’ needs, wants and demands. 2.3.Development of Quality Concept Before 20th century, quality was concerned as detection which means that products had been produced and then checked weather the goods were defective or not. Quality was viewed as a problem and product uniformity had been emphasized and also inspection department was responsible for quality. By the year of 1920, it was the first time to use control schemas in the processes. By means of those schemas, which were developed by Walter Andrew Shewhart, make the process more intelligible about how quality is the outcome (product), how it is reliable, and whether the process under control or not. On the other hand, after 1950s, William Edwards Deming, who is the American quality expert, suggested that the important thing is not the outcomes, it is the process itself. It was really important approach for those years. 48 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo By the year of 1956, Arnold Feigenbaum put quality concepts one step further and come up with Total Quality concepts. According to Feigenbaum, if production department singly interested in quality, the high quality product production would be just a dream. All parts of an organization - Marketing, engineering, purchasing and production department - should be interested in product quality instead. By the 1960s, the concept gained a broader meaning. Quality started to be perceived as a thing that included not only the production process, but also the entire organization(Reid & Sanders, 2004). Early TIME: 1900s 1940s 1960s 1980s and Beyond FOCUS: Inspection Statistical Organizational Sampling Quality Focus Customer Driven Quality Old Concept of Quality: New Concept of Quality: Inspect for quality after production. Build quality into the process. Identify and correct causes of quality problems. Figure 4: Timeline showing the differences between old and new concepts of quality Source: Reid R. Dan, Sanders Nada R. “Operations Management: an Integrated Approach”, Wiley, 2nd edition, 2004, p.143. Until 1970s quality was perceived as something which is just a work consists of inspecting and correcting, even if some quality gurus made good effort for quality approach. In 1980s and beyond, fortunately, the quality was concerned as a management tools. It was viewed as a competitive opportunity. The market and consumer needs gained importance and this importance pushed the companies to produce high quality product, otherwise they would not compete in the market. The inspection aspect of quality has been changed. Quality has been built into production process. Causes of quality problems began to be identified and corrected before the production process and quality was not viewed as an inspection after production, anymore. 3.THE CLASSIFICATION OF QUALITY COSTS In an organization, in order to produce quality product, companies have to be in an activity which started from purchasing raw materials to taking into place quality products. Those activities charge company some costs which can be classified as two main parts – Activity Costs and Investment Costs. Cost of Quality 49 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Activity Costs Investment Costs Prevention Costs Interest Costs Appraisal Costs Amortization Costs Failure Costs Opportunity Costs Internal Failure External Failure Figure 5: The Classification of Quality Costs 1.1. The Cost of Investments in Quality Companies have to bear some costs in order to continue their activities, so it is also natural for a company to bear quality costs in order to emerge in the market. Quality investment costs can be defined as the cost to setup research facilities, tests & trials tools and the depreciation of those tools and facilities for taking into place quality goods and services. Internal Failure Costs External Failure Costs Appraisal Costs Prevention Costs Target Current Situation Figure 6: Total quality costs can be reduced by investing in prevention activities. Source:Sippola, Kari, “Two case studies on real time quality cost measurement in software business”, University of Oulu, Finland, p.77 1.2. The Cost of Activity Quality Having quality product brings some requirements. For example, companies need to bear some costs for quality activities. The most important and well known optimal quality model is TQM. Besides TQM, the prevention-appraisal-failure (PAF) model also known as the optimal quality model (Seokjin & Behnam, 2008). In 1961, Feigenbaum indicated that the required quality activities will incur costs and he categorised quality costs into three main parts – Prevention, Appraisal and Failure Costs – Those can be also stated as PAF model (Jaju & Lakhe, 2009). Failure costs should be taken into consideration as two subtopics which are called internal and external failure costs. Cost of Quality Activities 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Prevention costs Appraisal Costs Failure Costs Internal Failure External Failure Figure 7: Classification of Quality Activities Costs Source: SuhansaRodchua, “Factors, Measures, and Problems of Quality Costs Program Implementation in the Manufacturing Environment”, Journal of Industrial Technology, Vol.22, No.4 (Oct. 2006 through Dec. 2006), p.3. In the figure 8, three main classifications of quality activities costs have been shown. Those costs do not occur at the same period of the production process. So, it should be also classified as time periods in which they occurred. Consequently, quality cost classification can be classified in time periods. For example, prevention costs encompass the stage of both pre-production and during production and appraisal costs cover the three stages of production –preproduction, production and after production stage. Failure costs divided into two subtopics which internal failure costs and external failure costs. Internal failure costs encompass the period of both production and after production stages. External failure costs just related with the stage of after sale. Before Production During Production Prevention Costs After Production After Sale Appraisal Costs Internal Failure Costs External Failure Costs Feedback Loop Figure 8: Time-Phased Model for Quality Costs Source: Barfield, Jesse T., Raiborn, Cecily A., Kinney, Michael R., “Cost Accounting: Traditions & Innovations”, South-Western College Pub, 5 edition, 2000, p.317 1.2.1. Prevention Costs Prevention costs are the preliminary activities’ costs to reach quality goals for producing goods and services and to avoid deviations of those goals (Kırlıoğlu, 1998). Prevention costs are the activities costs for preventing nonconformity of the goods and services to the costumers’ wants, needs and expectations. Prevention costs are occurred to prevent low quality in the goods or services being produced (Hansen & Mowen, 2006). If prevention activities are adequately performed, these efforts will result in relatively high quality products and low internal and external failure costs. In other word, prevention costs cause to maintain Appraisal and Failure Cost to minimum. Prevention costs are related with quality planning, designing, implementing and managing the quality system, auditing the system, supplier surveys, and process improvements (Rodchua, 2006). 1.2.2. Appraisal Costs It is an activity cost of measuring the suitability of the product to customers’ needs. It is incurred to identify non-conformance to requirements (Oliver & Qu, 1999). 51 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Those costs are related with the supplier’s and customer’s assessment of purchased materials, processes, intermediates, products and services to assure conformance with the specified requirements (Tsai, 1998). These costs can be summarised as Tests and Trials Costs for Incoming Direct Materials, The Costs of Control and Tests for Laboratory Acceptance, Maintenance of Test Device and Equipment, The costs of associated supplies, materials and employee 1.2.3. Failure Costs Failure costs are the costs of quality deviation to the pre-stated quality specifications and quality target in the any stage of product quality process. As a result of low quality product, companies have to bear additional costs and it indicates the costs of failure. Those costs are not inevitable costs for the companies. It is possible to avoid those costs, so those costs are non-conformity costs in the quality costs (Kırlıoğlu, 1998). Failure costs contain the activities of reproduction of defective and unsuitable product, repairing and maintenance or sending to scrap. So as to avoid those costs, the compulsory investing activities for quality should be increased (Kırlıoğlu, 1998). Failure costs divided into two subtopics as internal failure costs and external failure costs. 1.2.3.1. Internal Failure Costs Those costs are the costs of low quality product which is realised before sales of the product. In other words, these costs arise when the outcomes of production fail to meet stated quality specifications and are noticed before transfer those low quality product to the customers (Vahevanidis, et al., 2009). Generally, external failure costs are consisting of Scrap Costs, Reproduction or Repairing Costs, Re-controlling and Retest Costs. 1.2.3.2. External Failure Costs External failure cost is a component of failure costs. It occurred after selling the poor quality product to the customers. In other words, it is failure costs which come up after delivering the products to the customers (Kaner, 1996). Those costs take place for the reason that the products and services do not conform to specification or requirements and those products do not satisfy customer needs after being delivered to customers (Hansen & Mowen, 2006). It is also incurred by amending failures after transfer the finished goods and products to the customers (Low & Yeo, 1998). In general, external failure costs are consisting of Complaints, Warranty, Refunds and Replacement with updated products, Compromise, Recalling. In the figure 9, it is observable that there is two periods which are initial position of the activity costs of quality and ideal position of it. In the initial position, companies have controllable costs – Prevention and Appraisal –. If a company does not perform prevention and appraisal activities properly, it would cause resultant costs as shown in the figure 9. Those costs consists of five costs components. Improper prevention activities results internal and external failure costs. Inappropriate appraisal costs causes lost reputation, customers’ dissatisfaction and customers incurred. 52 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 9: Costs of Quality Model Source:Beecroft, G.D. (2001), ‘‘Cost of quality and quality planning affect the bottom line’’, The Quality Management Forum, Vol. 27 No. 1, p.6. As shown in figure 9, companies should get rid of the failure costs by adequately performing prevention and appraisal activities. As a result, company should take ideal position in the quality system in order to not to bear failure costs. 1.3. The Quality Costs Measurements Quality costs measuring helps to find out where unnecessary quality costs are occurred, thus management can take actions to eliminate that kind of costs and this elimination will reduce poor quality costs occur. In other saying, the quality costs measurement serves management to determine which area of operation requires preventive measures (Low & Yeo, 1998). 1.4. The Necessity of Measuring Quality Costs Measuring quality costs would show the importance of quality costs and with the help of quality management, it has a positive effect on the workers’ behaviour and attitude for quality improvements. Measurement of quality costs exposes nonconformity which may not be identified by the traditional accounting procedures. Thus, it helps the find out inexactness actions which is ignored or overlooked by traditional implementations. Also measuring quality costs reduce after sale costs in the quality costs category (Kırlıoğlu, 1998). The quality costs information can be used as to monitor financial value of the quality improving programme (Sarıkaya, 2003). 1.5. The Quality Costs Analysis After the collection of data, related with quality costs components, should be analyzed before using in an action. This analysis consists of the relationship between a costs component and other costs components and searches the effect on total costs. Quality costs analyse in weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, etc. periods. Company structure should be taken into account in determining the period of analysis (Şimşek, 2001). In order to analyse quality costs, companies need to use some techniques. The analysis techniques for quality costs can be listed as; I. Pareto Analysis, II. Ratio Analysis, III. Correlation Analysis, IV. Trend Analysis, 53 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo V. Regression Analysis. Let’s explain them. 1.5.1. Pareto Analysis It is one of the most used techniques in quality costs analysis. This technique developed by Wilfredo Pareto who is a nineteenth century Italian social scientist and economist. He gave his surname to the technique. Pareto principle is universally known as the 80/20 rule. Pareto find out that principle by pin downing that 80 percent of Italy’s national income is sharing by 20 percent of the Italy’s populations. With the help of Pareto diagrams, problems can be put in order of importance, problems of costs analysis can be easily performed and relative occurrence numbers could be searched simply (Sarıkaya, 2003). In other words, Pareto analysis can be utilized to recognize cost drivers which are accountable for the most of cost occurred by ranking the cost drivers in order of value (Tsai, 1998). Numbers of Defective products The components of the Pareto analysis are arranged in descending order, starting from the left to right, beginning with the biggest elements to lowest one. The technique contains the list of factors which contribute to the problem and sort them in proportion to the size of the contributions (Campanella, 1999). Figure 10: An Example of Pareto Diagram Source: Nilgün Sarıkaya, Toplam Kalite Yönetimi, 1. Baskı, Sakarya: Sakarya Kitabevi, 2003, s.32 In the diagram above, errors in categories are shown in before production decrease after improvements. 1.5.2. Ratio Analysis The Ratio Analysis technique is a comparison of costs information which has significant relationship. In order to make ratio analysis for quality costs performance departmentally, the first step should be gathering the quality costs information and to make a comparison, a convenient common ground should be stated. First one is according to direct labour costs; various quality costs can be analysed by total labour costs or direct labour costs. Internal Failure Costs Prevention Costs or Total Labour Costs Direct Labour Costs Second one is according to production costs; the production costs can also be used in calculating quality costs. Total Quality Costs External Failure Costs or Total Production Costs Total Production Costs Third one is according to unit basis; various quality costs can be analysed by comparison with number of produced products. Appraisal Costs The Amount of Production or Total Quality Costs 54 The Amount of Production �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Another one is according to Sales basis; various quality costs can be analysed by comparison with the amount of sales. Last one is according to the costs of goods sold basis; various quality costs can be analysed by the costs of goods sold. Total Quality Costs Internal Failure Costs or Sales Sales Total Quality Costs Internal Failure Costs or Costs of Goods Sold Costs of Goods Sold After the calculation of the ratio above for current period, the results can enable to conduct an analysis by compared with previous period ratios. Consequently, those ratios provide managers to see the trend of the quality costs ratio among the years. 1.5.3. Correlation Analysis Correlation analysis represents the direction and the power of the relationship between variables. In correlation analysis, the results do not give cause-effect relationship, because there is no dependent and independent variable in this technique (Altunışık, et al., 2005). Correlation coefficient (r) has a value between -1 and +1. If the coefficient value is near to +1, it means that there is a strong positive relationship between two variables. If it is close to -1, it can be said that there is a strong negative relationship. If the correlation coefficient value is nearby zero (0), it indicates that there is no significant relationship between these two variables. 1.5.4. Trend Analysis In the long time period, in order to analyze companies’ situation or tenor, managers need to examine and compare previous years to current year. Therefore, trend analysis is most suitable analysis technique to monitor companies’ trend. In a narrow sense, trend analysis is a kind of analysis which is based on comparing the current period costs to previous period costs. By using basic trend analysis technique, the results above can be indicated about the quality costs (Sipahi & Yıldırım, 2004); - By monitoring the quality costs tenor year by year, the trend can be stated that it tends to increase or decrease, - By stated the investment amount in quality, the effect of quality costs on sales can measured, - By the help of the results above, the decision about investment in quality can be also analysed. Total Quality Costs A trend analysis graph can be drawn as follows; Trend Analysis Serial 1 Years Figure 11: An Example of Trend Analysis Graph 55 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.5.5. Regression Analysis Regression analysis examines the relationship between one dependent variable and one or more than one independent variables, in other words, this technique try to explain the changes in dependent variable with the help of independent variables (Altunışık, et al., 2005). The regression analysis is crucial technique for analyzing quality costs. It points out the all factors which has an effect on the quality costs. The regression analysis can be used for answering the questions below (Altunışık, et al., 2005); - Can the changes in dependent variable be explained by independent variables? - How much of the changes in dependent variable can be explained by independent variables? (severity of relationship), - If there is a relationship between dependent and independent variables, what is the direction of the relationship? - When the certain conditions controlled, what is the effect of a specific variable or variable group on other variables? Consequently, quality costs have a vital importance for a company and a well-managed quality costs system helps the companies to reach huge amount of profit. 2. AN APPLICATION ABOUT QUALITY COSTS ACCOUNTING ON THE X ELECTRIC INCORPORATED COMPANY In this part of the study, an application will be handled. Until this part, the literature review about quality costs has been given. The concept mentioned in this study will be applied to a firm’s activities. X Electric Inc. Company was founded in 1990 in Adapazarı, Turkey. The company is a Low Voltage Circuit Breaker manufacturer company. The company was founded with hundred percent national capital. It is settled down in a total area of 40.000 square meters, out of which 25.000 square meters is covered area. The company's product range includes 3250 different types of products. 2.1. The Quality Costs Activities in X Electric Inc. Co. In the firm, the quality costs are analysed, measured and reported in order to decrease some avoidable costs in the firm. The company’s failure costs have a big portion among the all quality costs’ components. In order to measure failure costs, the needed chart and report has been prepared monthly and reported to the related departments. 4.1.1. The Prevention Costs Prevention costs are occurred before the production stage of products. The firm takes precaution in order not to produce poor quality product and increase defective product costs. These precaution activities can be stated as; Quality Planning, Quality Circle, The Training of Quality, Inspection and Tests Instructions, Supplier Quality Planning, Preventive Maintenances, Other Prevention Costs. 4.1.1.1. The Quality Planning The quality planning consists of some activities, in order to reach targeted quality level in products. Those activities can be summarized as preparing quality plans, planning all tests 56 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo equipment, preparing yearly quality plan, preparing quality handbook, quality costs reports, personnel planning and other planning activities for quality. Those all activities prepared by quality control supervisor and quality assurance department manager revise this framework and then if it is adequate, the manager approves it. 4.1.1.2. The Quality Circle The quality circle cost consists of the expenditure for the quality circle groups. In the firm, there are two quality circle groups, each group has four members. These members try to find out inaccuracies in the firm and report these inaccuracies to the quality assurance manager. The quality circle cost contains the members’ wages for spending time on the quality circle activities and other costs which occurred by the activities of these circle groups. 4.1.1.3. The Training of Quality The firm gives their personnel periodically training programme for improving their various skills. These training programmes have a context of improving product quality, so these training costs sending to prevention costs as the training costs of quality. 4.1.1.4. The Inspection and Tests Instructions The firm has instructions to make inspection and test for quality. These instructions started from purchasing row materials to reaching final products. The instructions have been prepared by quality control personnel and quality assurance department. These quality costs occurred from the personnel costs and quality assurance department costs for preparing instruction, and it is transferred to the prevention costs as the inspection and tests instructions costs. 4.1.1.5. Supplier Quality Planning The firm provide its row materials from various suppliers. In addition, the firm purchases some products and semi-finished goods by the way of outsourcing. So, the company has some agreements about the outsourcing activities. In these agreements, company states its condition for products quality. By determination of these conditions, some costs are occurred. These costs should be transferred to prevention costs. 4.1.1.6. Preventive Maintenance Machine and equipment has been maintained periodically, in order not to breakdown and produce poor quality products. This maintenance costs transferred to preventive costs. These costs are determined by related department maintenance employee. 4.1.1.7. Other Prevention Costs These costs are occurred from other prevention activities which are not listed above. For instance, try to find out potential causes of non-conformance, and problem solving activities and so on. Because of these activities, the firm bear labour costs, reporting costs and measurement costs. Those all costs are elements of other prevention costs. 4.1.2. The Appraisal Costs The appraisal costs are occurred from the activities of conforming to quality standards and specifications. It consists of calibration, audit, tests and inspection of products, semi-finished products. In the firm, the appraisal costs occur by the activities which are (1) Inspection and tests of purchased materials, (2) Control, maintenance and calibration of Measurement instruments, (3) Process inspection and tests, (4) Consumable materials for laboratory and tests, (5) Products inspection and tests, (6) Other appraisal costs. 57 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.1.2.1. Inspection and Tests of Purchased Materials In the firm, first of all, the purchased materials have been checked for quantity control by warehouseman. And then, package, appearance, and conformity inspections are performed by quality control department. Those all activities have been made properly. The results of these inspections are reported and products are stigmatized as approval or rejection. According to this label the approval ones send to warehouse, rejection products returned to the suppliers. 4.1.2.2. Control, Maintenance and Calibration of Measurement Instruments All measurement instruments should be adjusted according to national and international standards in order to check, whether or not, the products produce in conformity with prestated standards and specifications. The costs occurred by making these activities, are transferred to appraisal costs. 4.1.2.3. Process Inspection and Tests The each phase of semi-finished products is checked for conformity with predetermined specifications. These activities performed by doing process inspection and tests. According to the result of inspection and tests, semi-finished products are determined whether they continue the production process or not. 4.1.2.4. Consumable Materials for Laboratory and Tests By performing appraisal activities in the laboratory, some consumable materials are consumed or damaged. Besides, the tests are performed by laboratory assistant. The costs, which are occurred form the activities above and laboratory assistant salary, are added to appraisal costs as consumable materials for laboratory and test costs. 4.1.2.5. Products Inspection and Tests As it is mentioned before the firm is a circuit breaker manufacturing company. The circuit breaker is very risky and essential device in every home, office, and factory and so on. It is most important safety device in wherever electricity has been used. So, in order to prevent adverse effect on people’s safety of life and property, all products of the firm are tested. In other words, one hundred percent of the products are controlled one by one. 4.1.2.6. Other Appraisal Costs These costs consist of all the activities which are not mentioned above. For example, in order to check quality system conformity with quality planning an audit job has been performed. So, the firm endures some costs which should be transferred to appraisal costs as other appraisal costs. 4.1.3. The Internal Failure Costs These costs are occurred from the poor quality products which are detected before delivering the products to the consumers. These costs can be summarised as (1) Salvage, (2) Reproduction and Repairs, (3) Re-inspection, (4) Corrective actions. 4.1.3.1. Salvage Costs These costs are occurred by Salvage and waste product costs. Salvage and waste product means the defective product cannot be repaired or reproduced, it should definitely be scrapped. These costs are calculated by the labour costs and loss of row materials. This calculation is made by quality assurance department with the help of accounting department. 58 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.1.3.2. Reproduction and Repairs Costs It consists of row materials, labour and other production costs which the firm have to endure reproduction and repairs of the defective products in order to make the defective products convenient to deliver the consumers. 4.1.3.3. Re-inspection Costs The reproduced and repaired products are inspected again. The goal of this inspection is to check whether these products conform to the specifications or not. Those re-inspection activities cause some costs. These costs are transferred to the internal failure costs as reinspection costs. 4.1.3.4. Corrective Actions According to the customers’ compliant, the firm make some corrective activities for nonconformities before selling the products out. The customers’ complaints are collected and reported. According to this report the firm makes corrective activities in order not to receive same complaints about the products. So these activities cause some costs and these costs are added to internal failure costs as corrective actions costs. 4.1.4. The External Failure Costs These costs are raised after selling the product to the customers. These costs are endured after delivering the products to the consumers by failures, defects, and incompleteness of the sold products. The external failure costs arise from the actions that are (1) Products Returns (Returned Products), (2) Transportation Damage, (3) Warranty Costs 4.1.4.1. Products Returns The products returns consist of the defects of the products which cannot repair in the related warranty period or displayed goods and tester products. In addition, the products which are call backed because of manufacturing defects are also added to this cost. All returned products costs have been calculated by marketing department and reported to quality assurance department. These all costs are sum up and transferred to the external failure costs. 4.1.4.2. Transportation Damage The damage of products which takes place during the transportation of the customers is element of activities for this cost. The damaged products in transportation are transferred to reproduction or repair department, and repost these products to the customers. Those all reproduction, repair and repost or re-transportation costs are added to external failure costs as transportation damage costs. 4.1.4.3. Warranty Costs Every cost made in guaranty period and under warranty activities are added to this cost. The company gives a 2 year warranty. After warranty period, the firm also gives repair services to its customers. 4.1. Reporting Quality Costs in the Firm The firm concentrates on reporting activities for internal and external failure costs. In the firm, production assembly and circuit breaker tests department reports salvages and reproductions to the quality assurance department monthly. External failure costs are pursued by the quality assurance department. 59 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.2. Analysis of Quality Costs in the Firm Under this topic, it will be tried to demonstrate the firm data about quality costs. According to this data some ratio analysis will be done. This analysis will be shown with the help of tables and some charts. The figure below shows the company’s sales and production amount in Turkish Liras (here after TL). The sales and production amount have been given for three years. In addition, the figure contents of total quality costs in the firm for three years. Years Data 2008 2009 2010 Total Sales (TL) 629.053.415 695.866.750 786.859.486 Total Production Costs (TL) 515.326.274 563.708.245 643.590.468 10.028.516 11.712.822 12.642.655 Total Quality Costs (TL) The Ratio of Quality Costs to Sales 1,59% 1,68% 1,61% The Ratio of QC to Production Costs 1,95% 2,08% 1.96% Table 12: Some Ratios and Ratio Components in the Firm According to the firm information, the ratios of total quality costs to total sales have been calculated for given three years. And the ratios of total quality costs to total production costs have been also calculated. In the aspect of the information in the section two, these calculations have been performed as follows. In 2008, the company’s total sales are 629.053.415 TL. In the same year, total quality costs are 10.028.516 TL. So the ratio of total quality costs to sales can be found out as follows; 10.028.516 = 1,59% 629.053.415 It can be conclude that the amount of total quality costs is only 1.59% of the total sales in 2008. 10.028.516 = 1,95% 515.326.274 The calculation above demonstrates that the ratio of total quality costs to total sales is about 1.95%. For the years of 2009 and 2010 have been calculated by the same way and written down in the figure above. This ratio is not too much for an early stage of quality costs analysis applier’s company. In other word, the firm analyses it is quality costs not long ago, so the rates is in the acceptable amount. Besides this ratios can be reduced for more efficient quality costs system. 4.3. The Analysis of Quality Costs as Its Components According to the data which gathering from the firm authorised persons, the quality costs will be given as the classification of quality costs components for 2010. According to this classification, quality costs component will be given as costs items for each one. With the 60 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo help of this costs items, the percentage amount of each costs item will be also calculated and given for the year. Components of Quality Costs Costs (TL) Prevention Costs 1.782.614,36 14,1 Quality Planning 518.348,86 4,1 75.855,93 0,6 The Training of Quality 202.282,48 1,6 Inspection and Tests Instructions 113.783,90 0,9 Supplier Quality Planning 214.925,14 1,7 Preventive Maintenances 480.420,89 3,8 Other Prevention Costs 176.997,17 1,4 Appraisal Costs 5.031.776,69 39,8 Inspection and tests of purchased materials 1.036.697,71 8.2 101.141,24 0,8 1.150.481,61 9,1 581.562,13 4,6 1.984.896,84 15,7 Other appraisal costs 176.997,17 1,4 Internal Failure Costs 4.450.214,56 35,2 Salvage 2.225.107,28 17,6 Reproduction and Repairs 1.656.187,81 13,1 480.420,89 3,8 88.498,59 0,7 1.378.049,40 10,9 998.769,75 7,9 50.570,62 0,4 Warranty Costs 328.709,03 2,6 Total Quality Costs 12.642.655 100,0 Quality Circle Control, maintenance and calibration of measurement instruments Process inspection and tests Consumable materials for laboratory and tests Products inspection and tests Re-inspection Corrective actions External Failure Costs Products Returns Transportation Damage Table 4: Total Quality Costs as Each Cost Items for the Components in the year of 2010 61 Ratio (%) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In the figure 2010, the non-conformance costs are under the half of the total quality costs. This demonstrates that the firm is going in the right way. The company pays more importance for conformance costs day by day, so the non-conformance costs decreases naturally. These changes will benefit the company in more ways than one. In the firm, the figures below are reported to the managers in order to monitoring quality costs activates by management. The importance of quality costs increases day by day. Chart 1: the pie chart of Prevention Costs items The chart shows the percentage amount of costs items in prevention costs. The quality planning costs and preventive maintenance costs are about 56% of prevention costs. Quality circle in the firm has too small amount of prevention costs, because this group is voluntary group and the group is not working actively. Chart 2: the pie chart of Appraisal Costs items The chart 2 represents appraisal costs components’ percentage. The production inspection and test has huge amount among these costs. In production inspection and test activities, the company performed control in it is finished products, because of the type of produced products. The finished products have been checked due to prevent consumers’ safety of life and wealth. Chart 3: The pie chart of failure costs items In the chart 3, the failure costs – internal and external failure costs – are drawn as percentage of all costs items in the failure costs. Salvage and reproduction costs have a portion of approximately 66% in the failure costs. 62 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The next table is shown the total quality costs as categorization groups. As it is mentioned before, the quality costs have two components which are conformance and non-conformance costs. And these components costs are given in the chart. In addition, conformance costs are divided into two cost elements that are prevention costs and appraisal costs. The amounts of these costs are also given yearly in the table. The conformance costs are increasing amount the given years. It rose up two times from the amount of 2008 to 2010 amount. It is good for a company to increase its prevention activities in order not confront defects after selling the products out. Besides, the amount of prevention costs in conformance costs is too small. The firm should be concentrate more on prevention costs. Quality Costs 2008 Conformance Costs - Prevention Costs - Appraisal Costs Non-Conformance Costs - Internal Failure Costs - External Failure Costs Total Quality Costs 2009 2010 3.098.811,45 5.177.067,33 6.814.391,05 631.796,51 1.147.856,56 1.782.614,36 2.467.014,94 4.029.210,77 5.031.776,69 6.929.704,56 6.535.754,67 5.828.263,96 4.693.345,49 4.767.118,55 4.450.214,56 2.236.359,07 1.768.636,12 1.378.049,40 10.028.516 11.712.822 12.642.655 Table 5: the amount of quality costs in classification through the years On the other hand, in the table above, the non-conformance costs have been shown in two parts which are internal and external failure costs. The company has endured too much internal failure costs. It should be increase its preventive activities and decrease the internal failure costs. When it comes to external failure costs, the firm is going in a right way, because for each given years the amount of external failure costs going down. The chart below monitors the percentage amount of the quality costs’ categories for the years. The numbers are percentage of the each category for the year. Each colour in the chart represents the years of 2008, 2009, and 2010. Internal Failure Costs External Failure Costs % Chart 4: The Percentage Amount of The Quality Costs’ Categories Through The Years With the help of chart 4, it can be seen that conformance costs – prevention and appraisal costs – are increasing for each year. Additionally, non-conformance costs – internal and external failure costs – are decreasing for each year. It also shows that the huge amounts of total quality costs are occurred after production stage. The internal failure costs are the biggest costs in the total quality costs for every year. This 63 External Failure Costs �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo situation represents that the defects are realized after the stage of production. The chart 4 demonstrates the movements of the quality costs categorizations through the years. In general, the movements of quality costs components are in a right way, even though the non-conformance costs are more than conformance costs. In the chart, it can be also seen that the amount of prevention costs is under the 15% of the total quality costs which means the firm do not pay enough importance for the prevention activities. Although, the trend of external failure costs is declining, the external failure costs have too much portion of total quality costs. Having too much external failure costs are bring more costs than the firm can measure. TL Chart 6: the Trends of Quality Costs’ Categorization in TL In the chart 6, it is again shown the trend of quality costs components. The chart 5 shows the trends as percentage value, the chart 6 shows this trends as Turkish Liras amounts. The inferences of the chart 6 are similar to the chart 5. 4.4. The Application Results and Proposals The quality costs activities in the X Electric Inc. are concentrated in non-conformance activities. In other word, the firm highly interested in internal and external costs. So, nonconformance costs are monthly reported to management. Besides, the firm do not give required importance for prevention and appraisal costs’ measurement. Therefore, conformance costs are just reported yearly period, even though the firm is giving the more importance to conformance costs than before. On the other hand, while paying the non-conformance costs more importance than the conformance costs in the firm, the company endure more costs than it can measure. That is to say, the firm can bear the quality costs more than in numbers; there may be a non-visual negative effect on the firm. For instance, the firm may confront the loss of customers, bad brand recognition and poor employee motivation and so on. In addition, the efficient quality system causes to benefit the company in more ways than one. It decreases the nonconformance costs and increases profitability of the firm. The firm would have sustainable competitive advantage in the market. Yearly reporting total quality costs is not efficient for making decisions on these costs. The measurement of prevention and appraisal costs is not making appropriately. The allocation key is generally labour costs which is not suitable for measurement of every costs item in the quality costs. 64 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The firm should establish an efficient quality costs system and determine this system specification for effective measurement and reporting of quality costs. By having reliable and sufficient data in quality costing, company can reduce its non-conformance costs. And it causes to reduce total quality costs and increase profitability of the firm. The firm should prepare instructions and procedures in order to make measurement more efficient especially in prevention and appraisal costs. Every person in the firm should be informed about these instructions and procedures. On the other hand, only the quality assurance department is responsible for quality costing in the firm. As it is mentioned in the previous parts, quality is not a person or a department job; it should be responsibility of every person and every department in the firm. The quality costs reports should be prepared and reported monthly. The accounting department should determine more suitable allocation keys for the measurement of quality costs and journalese these costs according to this measurement. 5. CONCLUSION The Total Quality Management improvements in the Turkey make the Turkish firms to recognize the importance of quality costs. In the industrialised country, the analysis of quality costs has been performed since 1960s. In our country, the quality costs analysis and reporting has gained importance for last decades. Actually, Turkish Firm are forced to analyse these costs, because of highly competitive market. In the market, there are lots of Competitor Companies and many products of these companies. The quality of product becomes higher day by day. While increasing in quality, products are produced more cheaply. In that kind of market, if a firm want to stay alive, it has to increase its products’ quality and decrease its total costs. In order to make it real, the firms need to analyse their quality costs. Producing poor quality products have not only negative effects on the firms, but also have bad effects on the consumers and country economy. The world has limited natural resources, so every person in the world should use these resources carefully and should not be wasted these resources. In other words, the country economy would be badly affected by producing not qualified or poor qualified produce, because the poor quality products causes salvage, reproduction or repairmen of the products, so it means wasting workforce, energy and time in the economy. Thus, the natural recourses should be used effectively. Previously, companies thought that quality control was just a waste of time. It badly affected on the productivity in production. But this thought has been changed in course of time. By effective quality control system, company can reduce the salvage, loss of labour hours and so on, which is decrease the productivity level. On the other hand, by concentrating on conformance quality would cause performing the production control easily, which means decreasing evitable costs and producing products without defects. In addition, by reducing hitch in production process, the idle time in the production would be also reduced. This also causes increasing productivity. Producing high qualified product brings increase in sales, and the profitability would increase. The goal of analysing quality by costs is recognizing quality and control activities’ costs. After determination of costs for non-quality, the firms can compare the costs of quality with the costs of non-quality. Additionally, by determining costs of quality, the company can monitor the each quality activities and its costs. This causes to recognize the activities which bring non-qualified products. 65 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Improving quality activities is intended to reduce the costs of failure. In other words, concentrating on prevention and appraisal activities brings low failure costs in the firms. By increasing conformance activities, the firms need to endure some costs. These costs are not more than non-conformance costs in the firm, because the non-conformance costs may most probably contains hidden costs. These hidden costs can be more harmful than visual or countable costs. The current accounting system in Turkey is not suitable for quality costing and reporting. It is not designed for reporting quality costs separately in details. So, while establishing quality costs system in a firm, the companies should arrange their account plan in order to record quality costs properly and fully. By measuring and reporting quality costs, the managers can recognize that there is a huge amount of costs which they do not take into consideration while making managerial decisions. They can realise that the non-quality issues increase the evitable costs by too much. The quality costs are separate concept from production costs. Some quality cost items consist of non-evitable costs in order to provide quality in produced products. Some quality costs are occurred by lack of quality and they can be reduced by effective quality costs system. The computable costs for quality are less than non-computable costs. For example, to calculate the costs of the reputation loss which is occurred from non-qualified products is not easy. So these hidden costs should be also considered. In the short run, investing in preventing activities can increase total quality costs, but in the long run, these investments will cause decreasing in failure costs. So the firm will reduce its evitable costs in the long run. To summarise, after defining and classifying quality costs, it should be measured and reported to the management. These reports should be as costs items and functional entity of the organization. This way of reporting provide that in which department these costs come from and which cost items have the big portion of these costs and so on. These provide to take precaution about these costs and poor qualified products. The quality costs should be also reported as at least for three years in order to see trend of the quality costs. So the managers can compare the quality costs by yearly and departmentally. On the other hand, some ratios should be used for this analysis, for example ratio analysis. The firms can take the rate of total quality costs to sales or total production to see the ratio of total quality costs. And also these ratios can give more significance information to the managers. There is a direct relationship between the quality costs and operating capacity. In the high production capacity, the quality costs realised in high amount, besides in the low production capacity the quality costs are occurred less. So, the differentiation on quality costs are occurred from the production capacity or investment amount in quality activities can be easily find out. In the globalizing world, the firms should take into consideration of the quality of products. No company can survive in a highly competitive market with its low quality products. And the amounts of quality costs never excess the amount of poor quality costs. REFERENCES Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Yıldırım, E., 2005. Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: SPSS Uygulamalı. Sakarya: Sakarya Kitapevi. 66 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo AYDEMİR, S., 1999. Kalite Maliyet Muhasebesi: Arçelik A.Ş. Örneği. Sakarya: Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Campanella, J., 1999. Principles of quality costs: principles, implementation and use. s.l.:American Society for Quality press. Garvin, D. A., 1984. Product quality: An important strategic weapon. Business Horizons, May–June , p. 40–43. Hansen, D. R. & Mowen, M. M., 2006. Cost Management: Accounting and Control. s.l.:Thomson South-Western. Hoyer, R. W. & Hoyer, B. B. Y., 2001. What Is Quality. Quality Progress, July, pp. 53-62. Jaju, S. B. & Lakhe, R. R., 2009. Quality costs in a manufacturing industry: a gateway for improvement. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research , pp. 945-954. Juran, J. M. & Godfrey, A. B., 1998. Juran's Quality Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Kaner, C., 1996. Quality cost analysis: Benefits and risks. Software QA, p. 23. Karabınar, S., 1998. Kalite Maliyetlerinin Maliyet Muhasebesindeki yeri ve Bir Öneri. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Kırlıoğlu, H., 1998. Kalite Maliyetleri Muhasebesi. s.l.:Değişim Yayınları. Low, S. P. & Yeo, H. K. C., 1998. A construction quality costs quantifying system for the building industry. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, pp. 329 - 349. Montgomery, D. C., 2005. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Oliver, J. & Qu, W., 1999. Cost of quality reporting: Some Australian evidence. International Journal of Applied Quality Management, pp. 233-250. Ömürgönülşen, M., 2009. A research on the measurement of quality costs in the Turkish food manufacturing industry. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, May, pp. 547562. Reid, R. D. & Sanders, N. R., 2004. Operations Management: An Integrated Approach. s.l.:John Wiley High Education. Rodchua, S., 2006. Factors, Measures, and Problems of Quality Costs Program Implementationin the Manufacturing Environment. Journal of Industrial Technology, OctDec, pp. 510-515. Sarıkaya, N., 2003. Toplam Kalite Yönetimi. Sakarya: Sakarya Kitabevi. 67 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Seokjin, K. & Behnam, N., 2008. The Dynamics of Quality Costs in Continuous Improvement. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, pp. 842-859. Sipahi, B. & Yıldırım, H., 2004. Kalite Maliyetleri Muhasebesi ve İstatistiksel Analizi. İstanbul: Türkmen Kitapevi. Şimşek, M., 2001. Toplam Kalite Yönetimi. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. Tsai, W. -. H., 1998. Quality Cost Measurement Under Activity-Based Costing. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, pp. 719-752. Vahevanidis, N. M., Petropouolos, G., Avakumovic, J. & Mourlas, A., 2009. Cost Of Quality Models And Their Implementation In Manufacturing Firms. International Journal for Quality Research, pp. 27-36. Evaluation of Financial Performance of Banking Sector: Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia Nađa Dreca International University of Sarajevo,Faculty of Business and Administration 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: nadja.dreca@students.ius.edu.ba, nadja_n88@hotmail.com Abstract The objective of this study is to compare the financial performance of the banking sector in some ex- Yu countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia for period from 2005 to 2010. Banking sector of Yugoslavia was strong but because of the weakness and the collapse all these characteristics disappeared. The financial performance of banks is study on the basis of some selected financial variables and ratios, such as return on asset, return on equity, capital adequacy ratio, share of non-performing loans in total loans, participation of deposits, assets and loans in Gross Domestic Product of the country. All of the indicators improved in period until the beginning of the global crisis, but with the first signs of crisis the conditions in entire economy worsen as well as the situation in the banking sector. Data show that banking system of these countries suffers from problems largely influenced by its huge debt to IMF, political situation, financial crisis, internal situation and other political factors. The authorities of banking system in selected countries took some measures in order to improve financial position and to slowdown the negative consequences of the global crisis. Keywords: Banks, ROA, ROE, Non-performing loans, Reforms, Crisis 1. INTRODUCTION The banking sector is considered to be an important source of financing for most businesses. Increase in the financial performance leads to more improved functions and activities of any 68 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1279 Title A name given to the resource Quality Costs Accounting And A Firm Application Author Author Hilmi , Kirlioğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. Contemporarily, the competition in the markets has thoroughly heated up. Many companies try to decrease their costs in order to survive in this cruel market. In this respects, the quality costs gain importance in all over the world and in Turkey, too. Companies need to gaining profit for sustainability. And also gaining profit is one and first of companies’ two basic goals. In order to achieve this first goal and to gain sustainability, companies have to provide customers’ and potential costumers’ needs and demand as well as they do, and also they should gain sustainable competitive advantage by improving its technology, and its product quality. With the globalization and non-boarding trading, the markets turned into cruel competitive place. In that kind of markets, unfortunately, using low pricing model is not enough for selling goods and services. Companies also need to provide high quality products. In other words, being successful in the global markets, the companies need to have not only low price products, but also high quality products. As it is stated above, in order to gain sustainable competitive advantages in the market, companies need to act two actions at the same time. Firstly, improving the quality of products and services causes gaining sustainable competitive advantages in the market. Secondly, decreasing production costs by improving efficiency in order to promoting the product, brand or company in the market.In addition, the quality cost system utilizes the production efficiency. Therefore, the quality cost system should be established in every company in which it can be applicable. Keywords: Total Quality Management, Quality Costs, Managerial Accounting. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eb7dc03f3d4c40e14777f82237c16516.pdf 91ee1561c92bc958b585cf4ab49563d6 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The effects of akhism principles on today's business life: A case in the western mediterranean region Hilmi Uyar1,Hasan Erdoğan2 1Akdeniz University Social Sciences Institute Department of Econometrics Antalya /TURKEY 2Akdeniz University Ayşe Sak school of Applied Sciences Antalya/TURKEY E-mials: hilmiuyar@gmail.com,hasanerdogan@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract In historical process, Akhism guided to the commercial life of Turks. It is in close contact with other institutions of the society. With its rules and principles Akhism seeks to establish good relations between people and also organizations. With these perspectives, Akhism has an quite stable place in history. The purpose of today's commercial applications of the principles and implications of the study is to reveal Akhi. In this context, we did a literature review firstly; followed we implied the survey upon small and medium-sized business owners, than collected data and analyzed. Keywords: Akhism principles, producer, seller, shopkeeper 1.INTRODUCTION In the historical progress of nations, economic wealth plays an important role as well as prosperity in social and cultural make-up. When the entire Turkish history is considered, we come across with the institution of Akhism that is both related to the regulation of sociocultural life as well as to the operation of business life within the framework of certain principles and rules. Even though Akhism has aspects in parallel with today’s management philosophies, history has not been immutable and economical activities have changed since the thirteenth-century establishment of Akhism.11 11 ÜLGER B. and ÜLGER G., “Akhism as a Non-Governmental Association Model in the History of the Turkish Nation and an Assessment of Today’s Business Ethics A Relationship or a Contradiction”, Journal of Human Values, 11,19-61 (2005). 176 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Akhism is such a system with its own principles that developing art, trade and economy of the people of during Ottoman and Seljuk. Ahi in Turkish to mean generous, big-hearted, brave derived from the word “akı”. It is thought the word of Akı transformed to Ahi which is meaning to “my brother” when the Turks rule over Anatolian.12 Akhism is a Turk tradesman founding exposed by historical and socioeconomic conditions and based on religion and moral rules. The main purpose of Ahi organization institutionalized over time was to organize the relationship between producer and consumer in best way and to make honesty dominant over business life. Western historians base the origin of Akhism on Futuvva organization that has developed between Arabs in the east. However, they accept Akhism is far different from Futuvva organization and it is an institution unique to the Anatolian Turks.13 Briefly, Akhism is a professional association which is quite common in Turk countries and especially takes reference Islam religion. With its principles and institutional structure Akhism managed trading life of Turks for a long time. The principles of total quality of today’s business and community life became vision and applied rigorously by members of the Akhism ages ago. The mission of Akhism was determined as “services to all” thus, they aimed to protect all people and in this direction they worked and set required organizations. Correct understanding of Akhism, applying of its vision, mission and organization structure upon business life -especially- is very important for Turkey and world. However, the number of investigation of the effects of Akhism over today’s business life is quite low. The purpose of this study is to show the effects of Akhism applied commonly during Seljuk and Ottoman period, over today’s business life. In this context, in the western Mediterranean region of Turkey (Antalya, Burdur, Isparta), surveyed over small-scale tradesmen and the people engaged in commerce and researched their sensation aimed at Akhism principles. 2.THE VISION OF AHI ORGANIZATON To understand the vision of Akhism it is necessary to analyze thoroughly Futuvvatname which is known as Ahi constitution. Futuvvatnames are the books describing principles of Futuvva organizations and rules entrants must conform of this organization. They are 12 GÖLPINARLI A., "İslâm ve Türk İllerinde Fütüvvet Teşkilatı", İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, C. 11, İstanbul, 1950, s.6 13 www.sebilay.org.tr, (25.04.2012). 177 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo regulations that regulate matters that need attention to be organized of tradesman organizations in cities. The book "Kitab'ul-Fütüvve" written by Ebu Abdi'r-Rahman Muhammed İbn el-Hüseyn es-Sülemi is the first known Futuvvatname. 14 The principles in Futuvvatnames are concern of every moment and every aspect of daily life of Ahi. That encompasses the whole of social life. The principles and doctrines which are accepted unchangeable and indispensable constituting the fundamental values of Ahi vision are listed in Futuvvatnames as follows: 15 Not to leave prayer (ritual of worship centered in prayer). Because prayer keeps away from all forms of evil. Having modesty. Modesty, increases people’s reputation in the community. 1. Not to be a slave of the soul. The slavery of the soul is the beginning of desire and behavior in poor work. 2. Not to be a slave of life of the world. Exalting the dignity of man destroys the mortal ones. 3. Having halal (legitimate) earnings. The thing which is halal is to eat something gained by person’s hand and work. It is one of the most important and indispensable principle of Akhism. This principle has led working life to a dynamic state. 4. Giving and bestowing upon needy people. It is one of the fundamental principles must be based on the generosity and assistance of social and economic life. Provides together with others to reach higher goals. 5. Enjoining goodness and keeping from evil. This principle provides eliminations of errors and injustices that may occur through the internal audit of organization of Akhi. At the beginning of the basic components of Akhi vision, “Excellence in Service” is found. This is the most important building block of Akhi philosophy. No matter who or what the art establishment should do the best and perfect of works. This is in a sense, the reason being Akhism. In doing so, planning for the future is very important. Because Akhis are the people who have partner social values and goals, owner of art and implying these objectives together.16 14 GÖLPINARLI A., “İslam ve Türk İllerinde Fütüvvet Teşkilatı ve Kaynakları”, İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, C.II, İstanbul 1950. 15 Tuhfat-al- Vasayâ, s. 216–217. 16 İbn Batuta, s.8 178 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A non employed Akhi is unthinkable. Every individual learn a profession according to the ability to dexterity and skill, becomes the owner of business and contribute to social life. Unprofessional ones does not help others. Happiness and the power of the society, only if can be possible to make a contribution of every individuals as an owner of art to social life. 17 3.THE MISSION OF AHI ORGANIZATION The basic mission of Akhism is to achieve perfect communities by training excellent individuals, serve humanity and the people in way streamline the world.18 In Akhism individual excellence comes first from everything. For this reason, primarily Ahi should get a move on him. After this takes place, could bring order and service to the world. Then, it is possible to define Akhi as follows: “good-natured, who continue to pray, giving alms, who bestows and obedience to his father, hosts neighbor, who share properties in his hands, who beautify his jobs, saying that is right, trying his deeds to make most beautiful, storing secrets, who in compliance with love, behaves correctly, without a lie and hypocrisy, who gain halal earnings, working like a bee, avoiding unlawful things, giving to anyone even if he is not given, forgiving those who persecute, favors for malfeasant, that comply with Sharia law, protecting the right of siblings, which is sympathetic to his neighbors, asking who away from, visiting patients and inquire after their health.”19 The eyes of Akhi do not see unlawful things; the mouth of Akhi does not speak sin words, the hands of Akhi do not persecute.20 Perfection of society depends on perfection of individuals. When the individuals become perfect, then societies become perfect. The mission of Akhism refers to the excellence from personal to general and from individual to the community. In this context, perfect individuals create great communities. The missions of Akhism related with community in Futuvvatnames, specified briefly the form of services to all. The fundamentals of Akhi founding were so strong and its rules were so acceptable that these rules were taken example for municipal services and for the control of these services; formalized in such a form of law. Akhis bind the rule every stage of production from supplying raw materials to sell. This eliminated many possible frictions between tradesmen. 17 http://www.ahilik.gen.tr/kavram/vizyon2.html, (25.04.2012). 18 Tuhfat-Al Vasayâ, s.209 19 Tuhfat s.209 20 Tuhfat s.209 ayrıca bkz. http://www.ahilik.gen.tr/kavram/misyon.html, (18.04.2012). 179 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Anyone who did not conform to standards, produced low quality goods and services was penalized in such ways. 21 4.RULES OF AKHISM ETHICS22                     Akhis must strive for not a few businesses or art, but a single business or art that is appropriate their capabilities. That must be a business or and art of Akhi protecting his honor appreciating his labor. Ahi should be accurate, shall not deviate from path of labor to earn more than he deserves. Ahi must have knowledge, should love scholars, should not humiliate against of them and should use his information in proper time and place. Must be good-natured and good morals. Must be accurate and reliable in his business and life. Should know that the talking and must remain the promise. Should not distinguish in service. Should not wait response for his goodness. Must be friendly and soft spoken. Should not twit his errors. Should pay attention to friendship; never forget a friend and brotherhood. Should do favor to anyone even he were evil. Should be modest. Should work friendly, willingly and sincerity. Should not betray someone else’s goods. Should be generous. Should judge for his anger. Must keep secrets. Must protect and regard his employees. 5.ADVICE OF AKHI23   Do not look, eat and drink unlawful things! Be accurate, patient and resistant! 21 www.diyadinnet.com (18.04.2012). 22 Burgazi, Burgazi Fütüvvetnamesi. 23 Burgazi, Burgazi Fütüvvetnamesi. 180 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo          Do not tell a lie! Do not begin talking before than elders! Do not trick anyone! Be frugal! Do not desire goods in the world greedily! Do not measure incorrectly and do not weight defectively! Forgive even if you were strong and high case! Behave softly even if you were angry! Be a generous even if you were needy! 6.REFLECTIONS OF AKHISM PRINCIPLES ON TODAY’S BUSINESS LIFE In the study to determine the effects of Akhism on today’s artisans and craftsmen, 5 Likert scale questionnaire designed on the basis of fundamental principles of Akhism and 29 questions were asked to participants. Questionnaire applied over randomly selected eighteen years and over 450 owner of the business organization. The data collected from fieldwork conducted in Turkey’s western Mediterranean analyzed using package programs SPSS 16.0 TM and Stata . Because of reliability problems, 35 questionnaires were removed and continued with 415 questionnaires to study. 7.DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION According to the survey respondents' demographic information is shaped as follows:  Regional and sex distribution is as follows: GAZİPAŞA ALANYA BURDUR MANAVGAT ANTALYA CITY CENTER FİNİKE ISPARTA M F M F M F M F M F M F M F 18–30 5 6 16 7 9 3 9 6 6 7 6 4 17 10 31–45 4 4 14 5 10 1 8 5 9 10 6 5 22 8 46–60 6 3 24 3 8 1 10 2 8 6 7 1 19 5 61-* 6 1 26 0 8 0 7 1 12 2 8 0 18 1 Age / Sex 181 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TOTAL 35   95 40 48 60 37 100 Only in respect to the age distribution is as follows: Male Female Age / Sex 18–30 68 43 31–45 73 38 46–60 82 21 61-* 85 5 TOTAL 415 According to this distribution it is observed that for each age group the age distribution of male distribute properly, but of female decreasing with increasing age.  The distribution of gender and education level as follows: Education / Sex Male Female Male Female İllitarate 34 5 %8,1 %1,2 Primary Educaion 123 45 % 29,6 %10,8 High school 87 32 %20,9 %7,7 Üniversity 52 23 %12,5 %5,5 Master 12 2 %2,8 %0,4 According the data in the table male with primary education has the highest rate with 29.6% 182 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo It is seen that primary education level is much more than other levels. It is also seen that the rate of university and master is quite low. 8.THE EFFECTS OF PRINCIPLES OF AKHISM ON TODAY’S BUSINESS LIFE The SPSS output giving the average of responses to questions as follows: propositions Std. Std. Error N Mean Deviation Mean In business life good temperament and good morals is important for me. 415 3,971 0,88691 0,04354 Promise is just like honor for me even it was not written. I respect my promises, not writings. 415 2,737 1,14459 0,05619 I do favors for everyone and aspect for their kindness. 415 3,947 0,81773 0,04014 I pay attention for justice, measure and weight. 415 3,947 0,89393 0,04388 I do my job sincerely, honesty and friendly. 415 3,952 0,84989 0,04172 I make proximity and hang on my neighbor’s shortages. 415 3,957 0,86144 0,04229 I call myself instead of someone else in looking for errors. 415 3,986 0,89539 0,04395 I am proud to be and have time with the poor fellow. 415 4,043 0,84445 0,04145 I do not respect to the rich ones due to richness of them. 415 3,889 0,91274 0,0448 I speak the truth and do not give up the truth 415 3,986 0,93498 0,0459 I protect my employees and their rights. 415 3,971 0,90577 0,04446 I perform god’s orders and prohibitions in the open and the secret. 415 3,971 0,88962 0,04367 I avoid the bad words and insults. 415 3,937 0,92779 0,04554 I do favor to anyone even he were evil. 415 3,961 0,85322 0,04188 I show patience against the evil and trouble. 415 3,995 0,92207 0,04526 I sincere in my belief and worship. 415 3,974 0,88562 0,04347 I don’t accredit the goods of mortal world. 415 4,031 0,88546 0,04347 I do not observe anything for my goodness and charity except of god’s sake. 415 3,843 0,90466 0,04441 183 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo I try to my consumers’ heart rather than to sell more expensive. 415 2,901 1,0934 0,05367 I’ll be friendly with people knowledgeable and ask for their though. 415 4,053 0,76271 0,03744 I only trust on god every time and every where. 415 4,089 0,82781 0,04064 Custom and usage are very important for me. 415 4,106 0,79146 0,03885 I content with less, give thanks god with much. 415 4,058 0,86897 0,04266 I make sacrifices for the sake of something. 415 4,161 0,77113 0,03785 I maintain the right and object to evil. 415 4,108 0,82257 0,04038 I firmly tied up to my religion. 415 3,925 0,88559 0,04347 I believe that anyone tied up to religion should be faithful in commerce. 415 3,978 0,92836 0,04557 I try my neighbor to win as least as I win. 415 3,111 1,07103 0,05257 (5: “strongly agree”, 4: “agree”, 3: “neither agrees nor disagrees” 2: “disagree” 1: “strongly disagree”) Given the means the result of “strongly agree” was not observed. The mean of 18 questions is in the shape of “neither agree nor disagree” and the mean of 8 questions is in the shape of “agree”. Especially, three of the questions were answered very low rate. These questions are examined below. If we look at these questions by adding gender factor, questions and averages of answers is as follows:  Promise is just like honor for me even it was not written. I respect my promises, not writings. Gender Frequency Mean Male 313 2,7348 Female 102 2,7451 Both female and male answered this question as “disagree” with the average of 2.7.  I try to my consumers’ heart rather than to sell more expensive. 184 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gender Frequency Mean Male 313 2,9553 Female 102 2,7353 It can be seen that both sexes answered to this question as “disagree”.  I try my neighbor to win as least as I win. Gender Frequency Mean Male 313 3,0575 Female 102 3,2745 Participants answered this question as “neither agree, nor disagree”. Considering this three major principle, regardless of gender, it is seen that today’s business life is staying far away from these principles. If we analyze the variables according to the region, means are as follows: REGION 185 Average Result Gazipaşa 3.76 Neither agree, nor disagree Alanya 4.10 Agree Manavgat 3.92 Neither agree, nor disagree Antalya City Center 3.59 Neither agree, nor disagree �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Finike 4.05 Agree Isparta 3.91 Neither agree, nor disagree Serik 3.54 Neither agree, nor disagree Within the survey field of application only Alanya and Finike answered as “agree”, other regions answered as “neither agree nor disagree”. Alanya has the highest level with the average of 4.10; Antalya city center and Serik has the least level. Thus, Alanya is mostly keeping the rules and morals of Akhi. From this point, the effects of Akhism can be mentioned today, but it is obvious that Akhism impact is much weakened. If we analyze the variables according to the education, means are as follows: Education average İllitarate 3.95 Primary Educaion 3.77 High school 3.76 Üniversity 3.65 Master 3.59 As can be seen, whether averages are close to each other, there is an inverse ratio that is averages decreasing towards education level increase. If we analyze the variables according to the income level, means are as follows: İncome level (TL) 186 average 500–1000 3.91 1000–2000 3.90 2000–3000 3.93 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3000–5000 3.83 5000–7500 3.92 7500–10000 3.83 10000-* 3.87 When compared income level almost all levels has close averages. Thus, income level is not a characteristic parameter. If we analyze the variables according to the professional experience, means are as follows: Professional experience (year) average 1–5 3.55 6–10 3.65 11–20 3.88 20-* 3.89 As professional experience increases, the rate of acceptance of the principles of Akhism increases. If we analyze the variables according to the age, means are as follows: age average 18–30 3.67 31–45 3.71 46–60 3.89 60-* 4.17 As it seen, the age variable is quite decisive on the principles and ethics of Akhism. Acceptance rate of principles of Akhi increased with increasing age. In other words, the younger generation less adopted the concept of Akhi. 187 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 9.GENERAL EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION Although the moral and principles of Akhism largely lost its impact, maintained its existence in today’s artisans and craftsmen. The rate of acceptance increases with age and professional experience increase (directly proportional); decreases with education level increase (inverse proportional). In addition, adopting the principles of Akhism rates also vary regionally. It is remarkable that Akhism is more adopted in such regions far from metropolis as Alanya, Finike, Manavgat and Isparta. Correct understanding of principles and morals of Akhism is very important in terms of tradesmen and artisans, and even country’s economy. Who do not know the history could hardly speculate future effectively. However, the Akhi institution and its brought poorly understood by young generations especially. Knowledge of past practices which enlightened business world for centuries and accepted as model for business and personal relationships will help both produce excellent products and exclusion of trust and honesty in consumer relations. With this awareness, it is borne in mind that there are very important duties, to all sections of society and primarily to educators. REFERENCES Abdülkadir GÖLPINARLI, "İslâm ve Türk İllerinde Fütüvvet Teşkilatı", İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, C. 11, İstanbul, 1950. Abdülkadir GÖLPINARLI, “İslam ve Türk İllerinde Fütüvvet Teşkilatı ve Kaynakları”, İ.Ü. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, C.II, İstanbul 1950. Billur ÜLGER and Gürdal ÜLGER, “Akhism as a Non-Governmental Association Model in the History of the Turkish Nation and an Assessment of Today’s Business Ethics A Relationship or a Contradiction”, Journal of Human Values, 11,19-61 (2005). http://www.ahilik.gen.tr/kavram/vizyon2.html, (25.04.2012). Burgazi, Burgazi Fütüvvetnamesi. www.diyadinnet.com (18.04.2012). 188 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo İbn Batuta Seyahatnamesi Seçmeler, Çev. İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, MEB Yay, İstanbul, 1993. www.sebilay.org.tr, (25.04.2012). Tuhfat-Al-Vasayâ. Analysis of Factors Affecting the Life Satisfaction of Household Heads Living in Urban Areas: A Case of West Mediterranean Region Ali Riza Aktas1, Burhan Ozkan2, Onur Oku1 1Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Economics and Finance Dept. 2Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture Economics Dept. E-mails: alirizaaktas@akdeniz.edu.tr,bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr,onuroku@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Since the early ages of history, individuals have sought life satisfaction and considered it as a life goal. Because of this fact, the term life satisfaction has kept its importance in time and has been the focus of many studies. Life satisfaction is seen as a positive value gained by an individual’s own evaluation of the quality of life as a whole, therefore may be described as subjective. Nevertheless, studies made about life satisfaction use both subjective and objective indicators. Life satisfaction is partially conceptualized as the result of satisfaction related to various life fields such as work, family, health, etc. and it is assumed that the effects of environmental conditions highly help satisfaction related with life fields. When studies about life satisfaction are taken into consideration, it is notable that the term job satisfaction is generally emphasized. However, studies show that job satisfaction can explain only a few of the changes in life satisfaction. In this study, it is aimed to determine the socioeconomic factors affecting the life satisfaction of household heads by using data from questionnaires and Logit model. “Unclustered Single-Stage Simple Random Probability Sampling Method” was used to apply the questionnaires to 490 household heads living in city centers of Antalya, Isparta and Burdur. In order to determine the probability of whether the household heads were satisfied with their lives or not, explanatory variables oriented to the current perceptions of household heads were included to the model in the study in addition to the demographic variables. Demographic variables were included to the model as the dummy 189 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1167 Title A name given to the resource The effects of akhism principles on today's business life: A case in the western mediterranean region Author Author Hilmi, Uyar Abstract A summary of the resource. In historical process, Akhism guided to the commercial life of Turks. It is in close contact with other institutions of the society. With its rules and principles Akhism seeks to establish good relations between people and also organizations. With these perspectives, Akhism has an quite stable place in history. The purpose of today's commercial applications of the principles and implications of the study is to reveal Akhi. In this context, we did a literature review firstly; followed we implied the survey upon small and medium-sized business owners, than collected data and analyzed. Keywords: Akhism principles, producer, seller, shopkeeper Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5cc7004c919e28804a4ae923563142f1.pdf 69b2495f0b1440d38af6995d9b4fd9b4 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In The Uncertainty Conditions Cost-Volume-Profit Anlysis Which is Used Fuzzy Logic: Hilmi Kirlioğlu1, Gökhan Baral2 1Sakarya University 2Bilecik University E-mails: hilmik @sakarya.edu.tr,gokhan.baral@bilecik.edu.tr Abstract To be successful in the global competitive environment, business are obliged to maintain their activities and plan their activities. Profit planning is the most important management tool, since the main target is to make profit. The cost system, which is used, should provide information for the concerning people about the many aspects, such as inefficient parts, unprofitable products and determining the activities and products whose costs are high, but incomes are very low. Activity-based costing is becoming as a tool supporting business management by supplying more detailed information as well as effort to determine more accurately the product costs. However, activity-based costing is criticized because it is found complex and application is difficult. In today's management where computers are used effectively can resolve the lack at this point by using computer-supported system. In our study, in activity-based cost systems, a methodology was developed, based on turbid logic theory, so as to eliminate the uncertainty, remove the vaguness and make profit plan by using the estimated data. Keywords: Cost-Volume Profit Analysis, Fuzzy Logic 1.INTRODUCTION Uncertainty in the markets and global instability oblige firms to plan for future and to act quickly. Therefore, profit planning plays an important role in realizing their foremost aim “to make a profit”. Profit planning requires determining the factors affecting profit and coordination between them. Cost-Volume-Profit analysis (CVP) aims to determine effects of factors which are required for profit planning on profit. Cost-volume-profit analysis is analysis that firms use in decision making process. Cost-volume-profit analysis brings flexibility and dynamism to firms in terms of profit planning. Right profit planning and right decisions depends on realistic costing. 156 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Indirect expenditures increased its share in firms due to technologic developments. Traditional cost accounting methods remain incapable. While allocating production cost to goods, measures which are determined according to current output do not reflect product cost accurately. With reference to the consideration “products consume activities and activities consume resources”, it is thought that costs will be more realistic by application of CVP on activity based costing. It is used not just in determining costs, but also in profit planning due to positive effects of activities on profit planning. Customer’s preferences determined by quality and quantity of activities require inclusion of activities based costing in this study. Cost-Volume-Profit analysis (CVP) is used to make decision on a going-forward basis. However, it is hard to extrapolate that managers’ decisions should depend on more reliable information. It is possible to increase expected utility by incorporating atmosphere of uncertainty to CVP analyzes. The way to make more reliable decisions by disambiguation is to provide managers with reliable information and flexibility reflecting atmosphere of uncertainty in planning. Only the firms which are capable to control uncertainty can manage to prevent potential fluctuations in their profits. Although there are some models using probabilistic and random variables, many of managers prefer not to use them considering these types of models as sophisticated and costly for small and middle sized corporations. Inexperienced mangers in statistical and mathematical analysis also prefer not use these types of models. Therefore, managers need practical and simple methods to overcome difficulties in the atmosphere of uncertainty. Probability models require standard distribution principles to provide flexibility in controlling dynamic work conditions. Simulation techniques also require using probabilistic data in related inputs. However, previous distributions do not always help in making decisions in atmosphere of uncertainty and remain incapable. Fuzzy logic is a model for small and medium sized corporations that can be used in analysing atmosphere of uncertainty. It helps managers to find answer to the questions of “if”. Without needing quantitative data, managers can find answers to their questions within a minute by this model. Managers can use fuzzy logic model in setting their plans to reach their first and foremost aim of “profit” (Yuan, 2007:1). 2.Fuzzy Logic Operations Real world is complicated. The complication is derived from uncertainty and difficulty in making certain decisions. Uncertainty is being existed in almost every aspect of life such as social, economic and technical life due to immatureness of human being’s information capacity. Computers are unable to process such uncertainty and need numerical data. Due to the fact that limited capacity of human beings in comprehending such complicated and uncertain phenomenon, they guess by envisaging them. Unlike computers, Human beings are 157 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo able to guess basing on limited and uncertain information. As a general, these limited and uncertain information is called as “fuzzy” sources (Şen:2004:10-15). Managers can make decisions providing that certain and full information is existed. However, it is almost impossible to extrapolate due to economic developments, some factors that are particular to investment, competition, technological developments, change in consumer’s perception, disagreement between employees and employers (Akgüç,1998:393). These factors oblige managers to make decision in the atmosphere of uncertainty. One of mathematical models in estimating uncertainty flexibly is fuzzy logic. The most important opportunity of fuzzy clusters is, unlike classical clusters, to provide user transitivity between clusters (Şen,2004:21). Application of fuzzy logic depends on complexity of the subject, unavailability of adequate information and a need to person’s views and value judgements. Fuzzy logic principles help to use such information sources (Baykal, 2004:166). The main phases in designing fuzzy logic controller are as follows; (Elmas, 2003:86): 1) To determine appropriateness of fuzzy logic method in the problem solving 2) To identify state, input and output variable sequences. Results of measurements by detectors produce input, control and output sequences. 3) To identify membership function for per input and output parameters. Number of the membership function depends on selection of designer and system conduct. 4) Main part of information includes linguistic rules, intuitive knowledge, and measurements of input and output parameters. So, fuzzing can be carried out and it is identified which rule is implemented. 5) A rule base is formed. Designer determines that how much rules are important. 6) Output for rule base and some sample input is examined and it is controlled that output is accurate and consistent with rule base. 7) Results are identified according to the rules. 8) During controlling phase, it is aimed to get adequately good solution rather than proper solution. 9) It is aimed to get the best controlling designer to control knowledge within acceptable accuracy interval. 3.Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP) by Activity Based Costing Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP) is effective planning and decision making tool that aggregates important financial information for corporations such as costs, sale amounts and sale prices and deal with relations between them. Relationship based on self-interest between corporations and other groups and aim of having balanced and healthy relation with them oblige corporations to maximize their profits. One of the several methods to maximize their profits is profit planning. Profit planning is a method that considers many factors effecting 158 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo profit and aims to provide harmony between them. The factors which effects profit are; Sales prices, sales amount, sales mix, unit variables costs and fixed costs. Relations between these factors and variations of them affect output and profit. Profit planning requires decision making by managers on the issues such as new product, production volume, pricing and alternative production methods. Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP) helps managers in their decisions leading them observe effects of these relations on corporation activities. Modern production style and aim of gaining competitive advantage require continuous improvement. The main aims of continuous improvement are prevent wastage, decrease total production time, increase quality and workers’ productivity and reduce costs. Managers need to have adequate information about inventoriable costs. Since, right knowledge on costs reduces the number of the wrong decisions (Kurnaz, 2002:95). Increasing usage of automation and computer aided production line in corporations have decreased the effects of employment costs on production overheads. At the same time, production overheads have become an important part of production costs due to increasing usage of automation. Today, dependence on machinery has increased while dependence on worker has decreased due to increasing product complexity (Doğan,1996:63). Traditional cost accounting loses its importance and underperforms due to flexible, customer driven and knowledge based production models (Sullivan,1992:12). Traditional cost accounting was valid at the time that direct labour costs formed important part of total product cost. New developments in production such as just in time production, increased usage of robots and flexible production systems have cut direct labour costs and increased the ratio of production overheads. Today, total costs are composed of direct labour costs (%10), material costs (%55, and production overheads (% 35). Production overheads can be resulted by differences in throughput, stock diversity and machine settings (Cooper,1988:45). Due to the fact that traditional costs systems employ allocation, production overheads are becoming dependence on current output indirectly. However, production overheads does not depend on current outputdue to today’s automation based production. Hence, production overheads include quality control, programming, product design and monitoring production process in today’s automated based production. Then, many indirect costs do not appear to be proportionate to current output. So, traditional systems do not give adequate information on activity costs. (Glad and Becker,1996:125-126). Activity based costing differ from other traditional systems that it firstly identifies consumption of sources by activities and then builds a relation between goods and costs of activities. So, Activity based costing provides accurate distribution of activity costs over inventoriable costs without depending on current output. 159 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Expected advantages from activity based costing are as follows (Romano,1990:73);          Activity based costing provides accurate distribution of indirect costs (production overheads) which are not dependent on production volume and accurate calculation of inventoriable costs. Activity based costing provides accurate calculation of profits by accurate information on costs. Activity based costing helps corporations to take right decisions. Activity based costing leads corporations to concentrate on value-added activities. Activity based costing facilitates to take right decisions on pricing and discontinue of production. Unlike traditional performance measurements, activity based costing helps to develop new performance measurement. Activity based costing provides effective cost management by analysing activities in corporation and providing accurate information on costs. Activity based costing helps to reduce costs by providing indirect costs separately. Activity based costing provides corporations with flexibility to adopt themselves to new production environments Unlike traditional systems, activity based costing can produce such information. Activity based costing help managers to analyse general factory costs in detail and to observe costs from different points of views. The method also helps managers to determine the departments where waste of sources and unproductivity are existed by showing production and nonproduction processes in detail. However, activity based costing does not prevent wastage and cut production costs separately. The method just calls managers’ attention to costs and main reasons in profiting. (Tanış,1999:149). 3.1.The Usage of Activity Based Costing Information: i) In Analysis of Return on Production New production systems and competition environment have decreased profit margin and have required calculating inventoriable costs and its effect on total profit in detail. (Haftacı, 2005:184). Traditional cost information does not provide accurate information for profit analyses as a result of cost transmission in calculation of product costs and exclusion of some expenditure which are considered period cost though they are directly related with goods. However, product profitability analyse is a tool to canalize efforts to most profitable areas. Activity based costing enables corporations to carry out product profitability analyses accurately providing right financial information. Activity based costing prepares the grounds for accurate analysing of product lines considering processes of purchasing, quality tests and stocking which are particular to product line. Activity based costing also enables corporations to carry out profit simulations at different levels of price and sale projecting profit rate per unit and sale amounts (Pazarçeviren,2006:53). ii) In Analyses of Customer Profitability 160 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Profit and expenditure per customer should be determined for customer profitability analysis. While it is possible to determine profit for per customer easily, it is hard to determine expenditure per customer. It is required to monitor costs for per customer in terms of sale, marketing and distribution. Yet, it can be said that these types of expenses increase more than sales revenue in recent years and so these types of expenses are not stable and they are related to operating volume (Öker,2003:71-72). Issuing information on costs on the basis of customers helps corporations to take decisions on customers easily. Some of these decisions are as follows (Karsak, 2001:24): a) To keep touch with customer with high profit sharing and improve business volume with them b) To reprice some goods which require special costing on the basis of customer c) To apply reductions to customers with high profit sharing d) To assign constantly losing customers to rival firms e) To try to get prospect customers with high profit iii) In Product Design and Development One of most effective tools for corporations to cut costs is product design. Activity based costing enables corporations to determine easily the effects of some alternatives on costs identifying cost drivers. The information through activity based costing is used to understand indirect costs and cost drivers by designers and to do better cost estimates. Activity based costing is used basically for two missions (Öker,2003:76). To get accurate cost information in contrast with traditional cost methods, To provide data base for technical staff in decision making 4. Case Study: CVP Analysis of Changes in Costs in Different Goods by Fuzzy Logic on the Basis of Consignment and Product An Example of Root Canal Therapy by CVP In the firm that more than one product or service are provided, components include sale revenues, variable costs, information costs and constant costs. Root Canal Therapy by CVP Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Model: Low 92.55 92 – 140 Moderate 141.11 120 – 160 High 214.66 150 – 215 Low 45 45 – 70 Moderate 75 60 – 90 Sales Revenue TL Variable Cost 161 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TL Design or Information Cost TL High 136 85 – 136 Low 7.13 7 - 12 Moderate 14.27 11 -17 High 19.03 16 - 19 Low 14.27 14 – 21 Moderate 23.79 20 – 26 High 28.55 25 -29 Constant Cost TL Profit VeryLow 0-24 Low 23-45 Moderate 44-63 High 60-105 Very High 100-150 4.1. Saving from Fuzziness and Finalization Rules in the fuzzy logic are formed as if than rules; SF HIGH, DM LOW, BF LOW, SM LOW THAN PROFIT VERY HIGH. In the CVP analysis of lot and goods level costs, the above rules are acquired through manager’s experience and profit result is calculated through manager’s profit parameters. Profit Result: 162 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Entering fuzzy information by fuzzify unit on the basis of the rules, it is aimed to reach a conclusion by max-min method. Output variable is as above. Profit amount is calculated by the formula as follows; Constant Cost + Profit Turnover providing desired profit = Content Rate 4.2.The result of root canal therapy by CVP through Mamdani fuzzy logic model: 53,30 TL Profit amount is calculated by the formula as follows; 21,50 + Profit 154 = 0,41 63,14 = 21,50 + Profit Profit = 63,14 – 21,50 Profit = 41,64 TL 163 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The result by the formula is close to the result by fuzzy logic. The managers argue that the result by fuzzy logic is more realistic. 5.CONCLUSION Activity based costing is needed to remove skew costing of traditional costing as a result of product cost transfer between products. According to activity based costing, costs in firms are results of activities. Goods consume aforesaid activities. So, it is required to understand operating costs, interrelation between goods and factors which have effects on activities. Activity based costing agree that some costs change according to production units while some costs are not related with production units. However, while activity based costing agrees that non-unit-level costs are stable according to the change in production volume; in the same time it agrees most non-unit-level costs are more variable according to other cost drivers. According to activity based costing, the difference in terms of constant costs will become apparent when a comparison is conducted between formulas in CVP analysis and formulas in traditional CVP analysis. Constant costs emerges as variable costs in activity based costing as a result of cost drives such as making ready for job, engineering hours and R&D (Erden,2004: 88-92). CVP analysis produces more meaningful and strategically important information thanks to new perspective of activity based costing. Combination of activity based costing and CVP analysis enables firms to look ahead, to make better plans and to take more correct decisions in terms of monitoring costs and strategic sense (Erden:92). Combination of CVP analysis, fuzzy logic and activity based costing result in as follows; It is understood that activity based costing and CVP analysis can be calculated by forming fuzzy logic which bases on managers’ experience and knowledge. Inserting of uncertainty in CVP analysis is important for getting expected utility. It enables firms to take more realistic decisions carrying out simulations in the period of uncertainty. Activity based costing analysis by fuzzy logic is more profitable in the period of uncertainty and high production costs (indirect) which has a capacity to affect decisions. Activity based costing analysis by fuzzy logic enables firms to maintain costs effectively in the period of uncertainty. Subjective decisions and past experiences are inserted to decision making process by fuzzy logic. So, formal decision making process becomes more effective, fast and realistic. Activity based costing analysis by fuzzy logic has a potential of usage as a decision making tool in some areas such as customer profitability in addition to product costing. 164 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES AKGÜÇ, Öztin. (1998), Finansal Yönetim, Muhasebe Enstitüsü Yayın No:65 Müh. Enst. Eğitim ve Araştırma Vakfı, No:17, s:393, İstanbul BAYKAL, N. Beyan T. (2004), Bulanık Mantık İlke ve Temelleri, Bıçaklar Kitabevi, Ankara s:166 COOPER, R. (1988) “The Rise of Activity-Based Costing-Part one: What is an Activity_Based Costing?”, Journal of cost management v:7, s:45 DOĞAN, Ahmet (1996) “Faaliyete Dayalı Maliyetleme Sistemi Farklılıkları ve Maliyetleme Süreci, “Çukurova Üniv. İ.İ.B.F dergisi no:6 ELMAS, Çetin (2003), Bulanık Denetleyiciler (Kuram, Uygulama, Sinirsel Bulanık Mantık), Seçkin Yayıncılık, S:27 ERDEN, Selman A. (2004), “Geleneksel Maliyet Hacim Kar Analizinin Faaliyet Tabanlı Maliyetleme Yaklaşımı İle Bütünleştirilmesi Ve Stratejik Önemi”, Öneri Dergisi, Cilt:6 Sayı:22 GLAD, Ernest ve H. Becker (1996), Activity_Based Costing And Management, Jonh Wiley And Sans Ltd, s:125-126 HAFTACI, Vasfi (2005), İşletme Bütçeleri, Beta Yayıncılık, İzmit KURNAZ, Niyazi (2002), İleri Üretim Teknolojilerinde Bölümsel Faaliyete Dayalı Maliyetleme ve Bir Uygulama, Dumlupınar Üniv. Sos. Bil. Enst. Yüksek lisans Tezi, Kütahya ÖKER, Figen (2003) Faaliyet Tabanlı Maliyetleme- Üretim ve Hizmet İşletmelerinde Uygulamalar, Literatür Yayınları, İstanbul PAZARÇEVİREN, Selim Y. (2006) “Dinlence İşletmelerinde Faaliyet Tabanlı Maliyetleme Modeli Önerisi”, Analiz Dergisi Sayı:15 ROMANO Patrick (1990), “Where is Cost Management Going?, Management Accounting, Vol:62 SULLIVAN WG (1992), “A New Paradigm for Engineering Economy” The Engineering Economist, V:36 s:187 ŞEN, Z. (2004),Mühendislikte Bulanık (Fuzzy) Mantık ile Modelleme Prensibleri, Su Vakfı Yayınları, s.9 165 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TANIŞ, Veyis Naci (1999), Faaliyete Dayalı Maliyet Yönteminin Anlamı, Önemi ve Faydaları, Hacettepe Üniv. İ.İ.B.F Dergisi Sayı:2 YUAN, Fong Ching (2007), The Use of a Fuzzy Logic Based System in Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Under Uncertainty, www.sciencedirect.com Leadership Traits Of Managers In Health Sector: Sample Of Isparta Orhan Adigüzel, Nurittin Arikan2, Seher Derya2, Belma Keklik1 1Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Health Administration, Turkey 2Süleyman Demirel University, Department of Business Administration, Turkey E-mails: orhanadiguzel@gmail.com,nurittin_arikan@hotmail.com, seherderya@gmail.com, belmakeklik@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Leadership is a process that affect the activities of people who gathered around the goals and objectives. Leader is a person who directing the behavior of group members in the group’s purposes. In this sense, the business leaders exhibit different behaviors when they leading others to perform the jobs and activities. These different behaviors which are exhibited by the leader is his/her management style. Management style is depend on manager’s personality, company’s sector, organizational structure and members of organization can changeable. The health sector is a developing with techonological innovations and scientific researches day by day. Behaviors of managers and leaders in this sector also attracted the attention of social scientists and executives. In this project, behaviors of managers in health sector will be examined and which leadership styles trend is maximum and this trend how change related to the sex, age, the year of work in the company will be analyzed. Thus, the output of our project will help managers to know their behaviors and academicians for new studies. Keywords: Manegers, Leadership, Leadership styles, Health sector 1.INTRODUCTION Management concept started very long time ago. Human being beginning from their existence was always the part of this management concept. Even in a small and primitive community management could be said to exist. This concept always affected the life of the people, communities and socities deeply and this concept was always current for the socities 166 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1110 Title A name given to the resource In The Uncertainty Conditions Cost-Volume-Profit Anlysis Which is Used Fuzzy Logic Author Author Hilmi, Kirlioğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. To be successful in the global competitive environment, business are obliged to maintain their activities and plan their activities. Profit planning is the most important management tool, since the main target is to make profit. The cost system, which is used, should provide information for the concerning people about the many aspects, such as inefficient parts, unprofitable products and determining the activities and products whose costs are high, but incomes are very low. Activity-based costing is becoming as a tool supporting business management by supplying more detailed information as well as effort to determine more accurately the product costs. However, activity-based costing is criticized because it is found complex and application is difficult. In today's management where computers are used effectively can resolve the lack at this point by using computer-supported system. In our study, in activity-based cost systems, a methodology was developed, based on turbid logic theory, so as to eliminate the uncertainty, remove the vaguness and make profit plan by using the estimated data. Keywords: Cost-Volume Profit Analysis, Fuzzy Logic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60fe8697597571ab70ee92ac8fb65638.pdf 7d23608b14f5a9c40c1966a1d2607dde PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Role of Tourism Incomes in the Reduction of Foreign Trade Deficit: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina Hasan Şenol, Faik Ay, Mehmet Dinç Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: hasansenol@sdu.edu.tr, faikay@sdu.edu.tr, mehmetdinc@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The Foreign Trade deficit, one of the most important problems in both developed and developing countries, has been occasionally leading to crises and recessions. Nations benefit from the tourism incomes in the reduction of foreign trade deficit at utmost level. Developing countries such as Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina structurally need foreign resources to be able to solve the sustainable development and foreign trade deficit problems. In this context, foreign currency inputs obtained from tourism and regarded as “service industry,” have importance in the reduction of foreign trade deficit of nations. In this sense, tourism industry has a role in both acquiring resources needed and in reducing the foreign trade deficit. This paper aims to present the role and importance of tourism incomes in reduction of foreign trade deficit in Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina comparatively. Keywords: Tourism industry, Tourism incomes, Foreign trade deficit, Developing countries, Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina. 1.INTRODUCTION Foreign trade deficit, which is one of the most important problem in both developed and developing countries and current account deficit which comes into existence as a result of foreign trade deficit, at times causes crises and stagnations in economies. Foreign trade deficit emerges when the import of a country exceeds the export, and is a factor which has tremendous influence on current account deficit. When the reasons of foreign trade deficit in development countries are examined, the supply of energy from abroad, the import of exported intermediate goods, investments in technology, and the consumption of luxury goods emerge as the main causes. In closing their deficit, countries benefit from tourism incomes at utmost level. Due to their structures, developing countries such as Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina need foreign resources to be able to solve the sustainable development and foreign trade deficit problems. In this context, the foreign currency obtained from tourism, also known as “a factory without chimney,” acquires importance in reducing foreign trade deficit as well as current account deficit. In this sense, tourism industry has an important role in both acquiring the resources needed and in closing the deficits. 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM Since the second half of the 20th century, tourism became one of the fast-developing and expanding sectors in world economy. As many other industries, it has been often used as a tool for regional and national development. The tourism sector became an important factor with its role in widely creating employment and tax incomes, in mitigating the problems of balance of payment, and in contributing to regional and national economic development. (Çımat&Bahar, 2003:2) * World tourism contributed $852 billion to world economy in 2009 with an approximate number of 822 million tourists. As to Turkey, the country hosted 25,5 million tourists in 2009 and obtained an income of $21,3 billion. By taking a share of % 2.5 in the world tourism market, Turkey became the 9th country in the ranking of tourism incomes. ( http://www.ttyd.org.tr) The development of tourism in a country can create various advantages and costs in various areas. These differences emerge out of the variety in the economic structures and conditions of the countries and regions. However, the monetary and real effects of tourism in countries’ economies are seen as the most efficient tools in solving the economic problems of developing countries and in enhancing development. (Durgun, 2006:17) When the economic impacts of tourism are taken into consideration at a macro level, it is seen that it influences a country’s economy in two major ways. The first involves the effects described as of monetary quality. This type of effects is the monetary impacts that the consumption expenditures of tourists create in the economy. Another influence of touristic expenditures is the total of effects known as of real quality, which emerges out as production and employment surplus. (Çuhadar, 2006:33) Tourism in our days is known as the temporary movement of people from their place of dwelling to different countries with the aim of fulfilling their socio-cultural and psychological needs such as sightseeing, resting, learning, and having fun. Even though it has social and cultural dimensions, tourism is most examined in its economic aspect. Having become a massive economic phenomenon since the 1980s, it has positive influences especially in the economies of developing countries, a situation which features its economic aspect. With its dynamic and economic nature, tourism almost constitutes a point of exit in solving the national and international financial problems that country economies encounter and in overcoming bottlenecks. (Kar& Zorkirişçi&Yıldırım, 2004:88) When the economic impacts of tourism in Turkey are examined, it is seen that tourism constitutes a sector which plays an important role in closing the deficit in the balance of payment in addition to contributing foreign currency to the national income, and which contributes to the reduction of unemployment by providing employment opportunities to masses. (Çuhadar, 2006:33) Tourism’s financial impacts are generally evaluated with qualitative measurements as monetary and real economic impacts. The monetary movements and monetary changes that the consumption expenditures of tourists create in a country’s economy are called monetary economic impacts. Tourism movements 51 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo change the balance of payments in a country by first affecting the supply and demand of foreign currency. The monetary economic impact of Tourism is as follows:    The effect of foreign exchange supply and demand for Tourism, The effect of foreign exchange balance, The effect of price stability. Among the main monetary impacts of tourism are its effect in the balance of international payments with the increase in foreign currency supply, the revitalization of the economy with the influence of tourism income and distribution, the creation of value-added tax on national income, its role in increasing state income, and its influence on internal prices. Tourism’s influence on employment, its effect on other sectors and on infrastructure are evaluated as real economic impacts. ( Avcıkurt, 2003:26) In addition to its monetary effects, tourism has real effects such as creating income in the economy, opening up new employment and occupation areas, reducing unemployment by expanding the business volume, and revitalizing the sectors of agriculture, industry, and services. (Durgun, 2006:25) 2.1.Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism Positive economic impacts of Tourism can offer the following itemized as follows: • the impact on the balance of payments, • to effects employment creation • to encourage investments, • Income effect of creative, • Inter-regional balanced development, and development impact • impact of other economic sectors. 2.2.Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism Development of Tourism over time, decrease tourism benefits provided, would lead to negative developments indicate. Negative economic impact of tourism in this context, the following substances are as follows: • Import effect • inflationary pressures of Tourism, • the effect of opportunity cost, • the effect of seasonality of Tourism, • the effect of foreign capital, • Economic activity is causing the transition from manufacturing economy to tourist economy. 2.3.The Place of Tourism in Turkish Economy and Its Role in Reduction of Foreign Trade Deficits The charts showing the share of foreign currency incomes generated by tourism within GDP and export incomes, and the numbers of total employment that it provides demonstrate that tourism has an important role for the economy of the country. 52 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Tourism incomes have an important role in reducing the current account deficit in Turkey. However, in recent years, even though tourism incomes have increased, their share within GDP and export incomes have decreased. Developing economies realized the dynamic impacts that tourism has on the economy in overcoming the economic problems and the bottlenecks that they face. Gaining importance at local and regional levels, the tourism sector increases the economic appeal of the region with its revitalization of other sectors, the share of foreign currency income within GDP and export incomes, and the employment opportunities that it creates. In recent years, the share of the service sector in the economy of the country has demonstrated an expansion much bigger than the shares of agriculture and industry. At this point the share of the developed service sector is even larger. Tourism is an important sector which creates and markets services, and its driving force is touristic businesses. Chart 1 demonstrates the GDP, Export, Import, Foreign Trade Deficit and Tourism Incomes for the past 5 years in Turkey. (www.tuik.gov.tr) Chart 1: The Share of Tourism Incomes in Turkey in Closing Foreign Trade Deficit YEARS GDP EXPORT IMPORT FOR.TRADE (BILLION $) (BILLION $) (BILLION $) DEFICIT (BILLION $) TOURISM INCOMES (BILLION $) TOURISM INCOME/F. TRADE DEF. TOURISM INCOME/ GDP (%) (%) 2007 650.1 107,272 170,063 -62,791 18.5 29,4 2,8 2008 736,3 132,027 201,964 -69,937 21.9 31,3 2,9 2009 614,2 102,143 140,928 -38,785 21.2 54,6 3,4 2010 730,9 113,883 185,544 -71,661 20.8 29,0 2,8 2011 770,1 134,969 240,838 -105,869 23.0 21,7 2,9 When data for the last 5 years is examined for both countries, we see a foreign trade deficit for every year. Here we will not dwell upon the reasons for this deficit nor the ways in which it can be prevented. Instead we will elaborate on the importance and value of tourism in the financing of these deficits. 53 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo When examined from the perspective of Turkey, tourism incomes have been efficient in closing the deficit. Data from 2009 shows that tourism succeeded at closing 55% of the foreign trade deficit. The low value of foreign trade deficit in 2008 due to the world financial crisis should be noted. As to 2011, when tourism incomes have peaked, the deficit also peaked, and 21.7% of the deficit has been met. Another factor which should be taken into consideration is that, except for 2009, Turkey’s tourism incomes have been increasing. 2.4.The Place of Tourism in Bosnia-Herzegovina Economy and Its Role in Reduction of Foreign Trade Deficits Chart 2 demonstrates the GDP, Export, Import, Foreign Trade Deficit and Tourism Incomes for the past 5 years in Bosnia-Herzegovina.( http://www.bhas.ba) Chart 2: The Share of Tourism Incomes in Bosnia-Herzegovina in Closing Foreign Trade Deficit YEARS GDP EXPORT IMPORT FOR.TRADE (BILLION $) (BILLION $) (BILLION $) DEFICIT (BILLION $) TOURISM INCOMES (BILLION $) TOURISM INCOME/F. TRADE DEF. TOURISM INCOME/ GDP (%) (%) 2007 15.2 4,151 9,720 -5,569 702.3 12,6 4,6 2008 18.5 5,021 12,188 -7,167 689.5 9,6 3,7 2009 16.9 3,929 8,778 -4,849 622.8 12,8 3,6 2010 16.8 4,804 9,220 -4,416 564.2 12,7 3,3 2011 17.9 5,579 10,380 -4,801 533.4 11,1 2,9 When tourism incomes are evaluated in terms of years, a considerable decrease in tourism incomes can be seen. Parallel to this fall, the effect of tourism incomes in closing foreign trade deficit also decreases. Even though the precautions taken to increase tourism incomes, which have such a big impact on economies, do not provide radical solutions to economic problems, they display tourism’s active role in reducing foreign trade deficit. 54 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.CONCLUSION It will be possible to reduce foreign trade deficit by decreasing dependence in foreign industry products, by producing and selling goods with high value, by terminating foreign dependence in the energy sector, and by reducing the consumption of luxury goods. Besides these, another factors which should not be ignored, is the tourism incomes that have an important role in reducing the deficits. The tourism sector in Turkey has undergone a major development especially after 1980, and by providing a foreign currency input, it played an important role in reducing foreign trade deficit and unemployment as well as in ameliorating the balance of payments. (Çımat&Bahar, 2003, p.1) REFERENCES Avcıkurt C. (2003), Turizm Sosyolojisi, Detay Yayıncılık, 1.Baskı, Balıkesir. Çımat A., Bahar O. (2003) Turizm Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisi İçindeki Yeri Ve Önemi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Sayı:6, p.1-18. Çuhadar M., (2006) Turizm Sektöründe Talep Tahmini İçin Yapay Sinir Ağları Kullanımı Ve Diğer Yöntemlerle Karşılaştırmalı Analizi (Antalya İlinin Dış Turizm Talebinde Uygulama), Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta, 2006. Durgun A., (2006) Bölgesel Kalkınmada Turizmin Rolü: Isparta Örneği, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta. Kar M., Zorkirişçi E., Yıldırım, M. (2004), Turizmin Ekonomiye Katkısı Üzerine Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Sayı:8, , s.88. http://www.ttyd.org.tr/cms-files/file/magazine-file2012-1-9-11-24-8-371-TYD.son.pdf 2012) www.tuik.gov.tr (20-04-2012) http://www.bhas.ba/ (20-04-2012) 55 (28-04- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1363 Title A name given to the resource The Role of Tourism Incomes in the Reduction of Foreign Trade Deficit: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina Author Author Hasan , Şenol Abstract A summary of the resource. The Foreign Trade deficit, one of the most important problems in both developed and developing countries, has been occasionally leading to crises and recessions. Nations benefit from the tourism incomes in the reduction of foreign trade deficit at utmost level. Developing countries such as Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina structurally need foreign resources to be able to solve the sustainable development and foreign trade deficit problems. In this context, foreign currency inputs obtained from tourism and regarded as “service industry,” have importance in the reduction of foreign trade deficit of nations. In this sense, tourism industry has a role in both acquiring resources needed and in reducing the foreign trade deficit. This paper aims to present the role and importance of tourism incomes in reduction of foreign trade deficit in Turkey and Bosnia-Herzegovina comparatively. Keywords: Tourism industry, Tourism incomes, Foreign trade deficit, Developing countries, Turkey, Bosnia-Herzegovina. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eb62d6591cd1a9c3cdf70576304db9b3.pdf aa1f2d32ce135cb91f0d9a1e232f4e48 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sarlija, N., & Gerec Z, A. (2008). Kratak pregled Basela 2. Retrieved March 20, 2012, from Economic Faculty of Osijek: http://oliver.efos.hr/nastavnici/nsarlija/projekti/doc/Kratak%20pregled%20Basela%202.pdf The Importance of Environmental Accounting in the Context of Sustainable Development and Within IFRS Evaluation Hasan Şenol, Hakan Özçelik Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: hasansenol@sdu.edu.tr, hakanozcelik@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Nowadays, companies cause a lot of environmental problems because of profit maximization, the endless needs, rapidly advancing technological developments, unconscious consumption of natural resources, as they execute their operations. At first glance, these efforts in order to remove environmental pollution means additional cost to companies in the short term nevertheless they can have a chance of cost minimization in medium and long term and even additional income in this process. To meet the needs of business management and related people about the enviroment, enviromental accounting has started up. The study of TAS/TFRS accounting in the context of the enterprises is focused on enviromental accounting and its importance, reflecting the financial progress on enviromental sensitivity reports and sharing those info with the community. There is no relevant TAS/TFRS on the accounting for and the reporting of environmental costs within the existing set of TAS/TFRS. Because, the accounting principles set out in the existing set of TAS/TFRS are already adequate to deal with the accounting for and the reporting of environmental costs. Also, in our study various suggestions were made for he healthy functioning of enviromental accounting. Keywords: Turkish Accounting Standards, Turkish Financial Reporting Standards, Environmental Accounting, 1.INTRODUCTION The main goal of economic development and welfare, environmental balance and sustainable development model has led to awareness of nature should be protected. Optimum use of resources being wasted, the effectiveness of natural resources, environmental protection and economic growth and environmental quality of the flood to provide a working model of integration. Sustainable development, social, ecological, economic, spatial and cultural dimensions of a concept (Yıldıztekin, 2009:368). When environmental problems that appeared together with industrialization process have reached serious levels round the world, preventative or decremental solutions for these problems have been sought by developed countries. These environmental problems experienced with industrialization caused a better understanding of importance of sustainable 81 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development concept with time. As a result of increased sensitiveness about environment, environmental accounting approach appeared. Although the environmental pollution is a common problem of all countries, the importance of environment has been understood in recent years. Industries are becoming progressively more aware of the environmental and social liabilities pertaining to their operations and products. In addition to social pressure, accounting and especially environmental costs are critically important to form this environmental awareness. In the 1970s, environmental accounting has gained increasing significance, particularly in Western countries. The Environmental Accounting research has focused on “Sustainable Development” and aimed to provide balance between economy and ecology (Lazol& Muğal&Yücel, 2008:56). 2.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The concept of sustainable development was stated at first in the report of Our Common Future prepared by Commission on Environment And Development of United Nations in the year of 1987 and has become prevalent. "Sustainable Development" a development model that tries to ensure integration between the economy and the environment. Sustainable development, the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs to meet the needs identified as a development approach. In other words, without a reduction of the natural capital stock of today's generations to future generations that they have the same welfare level (Çetin, 2006:2). In realizing sustainable development governments, NGO’s and all other economic actors have important roles in an international scope. Sustainable development has the following historical processes.       1972 Stockholm: The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1976 Habitat-1 Meeting 1987 Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (defined sustainable development) 1992 The United Nations Rio Conference 1997 Rio+5 Summit 2002 Johannesburg Summit (Rio+10) The concept of sustainable development, business decision-making over the last decade of planning, social justice, environmental protection and economic development have expanded by including the importance of real-time (Rondinelli& Bery, 2000). 3.ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING The importance of environmental accounting is increasing because of increasing of environment problems, economic, social and technological developments. Environmental accounting which is for sustainable development is required. The term environmental accounting has many meanings and uses. Environmental accounting can support national income accounting, financial accounting, or internal business managerial accounting (EPA, 1995:1). Environmental accounting system as include both national and business accounting, and deals with both financial and non-financial information (Schaltegger, 1997:87). Environmental accounting, accounting and demonstration of financial statements events related to the environment of financial qualities. Environmental accounting defines as the process of environment-based categorization of business activities, collecting, analyzing and then monitoring this environment-related 82 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo activities, then put all these information into business balance sheet to help an organization’s decision making (Tüsiad, 2005:18). EA is a broad term which can be used in various contexts such as (IFAC 2005):  The evaluation and disclosure of environment-related financial information for financial accounting and reporting purposes;  The evaluation and use of environment-related monetary and physical information, that is, EMA;  Full Cost Accounting (FCA) which involves the estimation of external environmental impacts;  Natural Resource Accounting (NRA) which is accounting for the monetary and physical flows and stocks of natural resources;  The aggregation and reporting of accounting information, including natural resource accounting and other information, at the organization-level for natural accounting purposes;  In the broader context of sustainability accounting which requires consideration of environment-related monetary and physical information. 3.1.Scope of Environmental Accounting The scope of Environmental Accounting is very broad . It includes corporate level, national & international level. The following aspects are included in EA (Chauhan, 2005:721): 1. From Internal point of view investment made by the business sector for minimization of losses to environment. It includes investment made into the environment saving equipment/devices. This type of accounting is easy as Money measurement is possible. 2. From external point of view all types of loss indirectly due to business operation/activities. It mainly includes:  Degradation and destruction like soil erosion, loss of bio diversity, air pollution, water pollution, voice pollution, problem of solid waste, coastal & marine pollution.  Depletion of nonrenewable natural resources i.e. loss emerged due to over exploitation of nonrenewable natural resources like minerals, water, gas,etc  Deforestation and Land uses. This type of accounting is not easy, as losses to environment cannot be measured exactly in monetary value. 3.2. Forms of Environmental Accounting There are four form of environmental accounting. These are; Environmental Financial Accounting (EFA), Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA), Environmental Management Accounting (EMA), and Environmental Nation Accounting (ENA). EFA, ECA, and EMA are related to corparate (business) accounting. 3.2.1 Environmental Financial Accounting (EFA) Environmental financial accounting (EFA), data about financial events collects, analyzes, records and reports. Data of EFA make up generally environmental cost. Environmental information of business is shown in financial statements by means of EFA. 83 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Financial Accounting with a particular focus on reporting environmental liability costs and other significant environmental costs (Chauhan, 2005:721). Environmental accounting, financial accounting measurement procedures to apply carefully (Gray&Bebbıngton &Walters, 1993:7). 3.2.2 Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA) An advanced step of development of environmental accounting is development of environmental cost accounting (ECA). Cost accounting is defined as use of the accounting record to directly assess costs to products and processes. In this approach, costs are accounted for by their specific causes. Environmental cost accounting directly places a cost on every environmental aspect, and determines the cost of all types of related action. Environmental actions include pollution prevention, environmental design and environmental management. Past approaches on environmental impacts were based mainly on environmental cleanup costs and past product disposal (Yakhou & Dorweiler, 2004:68). Environmental costs comprise both internal and external costs and relate to all costs occurred in relation to environmental damage and protection. Environmental protection costs include costs for prevention, disposal, planning, control, shifting actions and damage repair that can occur at companies and affect governments or people (United Nations, 2001:11). The IFAC (2005) categorized environment-related costs into four types as follows, claiming that this categorization is based on widely accepted international practice and best practice (IFAC, 2005:12-13): Environmental activity type costs such as waste prevention and control; Costs that represent traditional accounting such as labour and materials; Environmental domain type costs such as land, air or water; and Costs which reflect data visibility in the accounting records such as hidden and obvious costs. 3.2.3 Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) Environmental management accounting (EMA) is defined as the generation, analysis and use of financial and related non-financial information, to support management within a company or business . EMA integrates corporate environmental and business policies, and thereby provides guidance on building a sustainable business (Yakhou&Dorweiler, 2004:68). EMA is broadly defined to be the identification, collection, analysis and use of two types of information for internal decision making (UN, 2001:7-10): - Physical information on the use, flows and destinies of energy, water and materials (including wastes) and Monetary information on environment-related costs, earnings and savings. Management accounting with a particular focus on material and energy flow information and environmental cost information. This type of accounting can be further classified in the following subsystems (Chauhan, 2005:720): - Segment Environmental Accounting: This is an internal environmental accounting tool to select an investment activity, or a project, related to environmental conservation from among all processes of operations, and to evaluate environmental effects for a certain period. 84 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo - Eco Balance Environmental Accounting: This is an internal environmental accounting tool to support PDCA for sustainable environmental management activities. Corporate Environmental Accounting: This is a tool to inform the public of relevant information compiled in accordance with the Environmental Accounting. It should be called as Corporate Environmental Reporting. For this purpose the cost and effect (in quantity and monetary value) of its environmental conservation activities are used. 3.2.4 Environmental National Accounting (ENA) National Level Accounting with a particular focus on natural resources stocks &flows, environmental costs &externality costs etc. Need of Environmental Accounting at Business Level: It helps to know whether business has been discharging its responsibilities towards environment or not (Chauhan, 2005:721). Evaluation of the Environmental Accounting In the Framework of TFRS IAS / IFRS, preparers of financial information in the information recording and reporting process and set of standards published in order to create a common language between users. The new Turkish Commercial Law (TCL), according to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME) commercial books of business while remaining on the quality of individual and consolidated financial statements of the editing, Turkey Accounting Standards Board (TASB), issued by Accounting Standards in Turkey, the accounting conceptual framework which is an integral part of these interpretations and principles and apply them must comply exactly. In small and medium sized enterprises SME / TFRS subject.Large-scale enterprises involving TAS / TFRS in terms of environmental accounting, environmental accounting in many places, although the referral to be seen whether a standard is specifically designed for environmental accounting. Businesses related to the accounting standards that may be relevant, the following is stated on the environment (Aktürk, Akcanlı, Şenol, Akyüz, 2011:818-819).       Conceptual Framework of Financial Reporting, according to the standard required bybusiness information users can produce all kinds of information are emphasized. Accordingly; TAS/ IFRS in preparation of any report regarding environmental accounting, although there is no obligation to prepare such a report does not seem an obstacle. IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements; according to the standard of management can prepare a report describing the company financial performance. Especially in industries where environmental factors are important, environmental factorsdescribed in the various reports issued emphasized. IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment; environmental reasons obtain it focuses on items of tangible assets. In this context it considers appropriate in relation to a business environment to acquiretangible fixed assets and depreciation reserve seem an obstacle. IAS 36 Impairment of Assest; according to the standard as a business accessible to the environment-relatedimpairment of tangible and intangible fixed assets if the asset's carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. The impairment loss is treated as a demotion. IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets; according to the standard, as a result of damage to the environment is stated to leave provision for fines and cleanup costs. IAS 38 Intangible Assets, according to the standard in line with IAS 16 in respect of a business environment, allowing acquire the intangible assets. 85 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Businesses, which will come into force in July 2012 according to the provisions of the new TCL, environmental accounting, including accounting practices of all TAS / IFRS in accordance with will. Table 1: Environment related financial reporting standards IFRS/IAS number Title and/ or description Relevant paragraph(s). Paragraph numbers in parenthesis Remarks Framework Framework for preparation & presentation of financial statements Accountability (14), relevance (26), materiality (29 &30), substance (35), neutrality (36), prudence (37), completeness (38), liabilities & obligation (60), capital maintenance (81), probability (85), measurement reliability (86), recognition of liabilities (91) Statement to the effect that sustainability is within the bounds of the conceptual framework of IASB and FASB IAS 41; Specialized industries IFRS 6 Exploration & evaluation of mineral resources Paragraph (11): requirement for provision and contingencies IFRIC 3 (withdrawn) Emission rights allowances Several paragraphs deal with whether government allocated rights; and the accounting treatment at the start of emission, and the setting aside of provisions. IAS 20 Government Grants IFRIC 5 Jan 2006 Decommissioning, restoration environmental rehabilitation funds Sector’s sensitivity to the environment. See ISO classification and Wiseman’s disclosure scores. and Initial acquisitions of emission rights & allowances recorded as assets whose valuations are subject to impairment tests. & Purpose of fund (1), voluntary & required contribution to the fund (2), geographically dispersed sites (2), independent trustees, accounting for interest in the fund (7), obligations to make additional contributions (10), contingent liability (10), reimbursement rights 86 Refer to statistics about emissions; production of pollutants; toxic waste disposal systems, ground water pollution & land degradation; depletion, industrial accidents; environmental impact studies. Kyoto Agreement, Copenhagen Summit; Agreement versus treaty; efficiency of national and global allocation systems, speculation and transferability of emission rights; whether climate change has o boundaries; markets for trading emission and similar rights and their derivatives; sovereign rights; global shared databases (REA). Government grants could be influenced by the politics of the day. Government can over/under supply the rights certificates; endemic corruptions in the public sector might frustrate the system. Disclosure of the size of the fund; arms length of the trustees; plans for additional contributions; responsibility for past degradations; adequacy of the fund. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (BC 12) Core principle (1), nature of an operating segment (5), aggregation criteria (12), quantitative thresholds (13), disclosure (20), profit/loss/ assets and liabilities (23), measurement (25), geographical information (33) IFRS 8 Operating segments IAS 27, IFRS 3, IAS 28 and IAS 31, SIC 12 Consolidation, investments in mergers and acquisitions, interests in joint ventures and associates; consolidation of special purpose entities Several paragraphs relate to ownership, risk, reward, and significant influence. IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities & contingent assets Several paragraph that require charging current earnings for setting aside normal provisions and contingent liabilities. IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors Accounting policies (10), retrospective application (22), warranty obligations (32 &33), errors (41), prior period errors (49),, impracticability of retrospective adjustments (51, 52&53) IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements IFRS 1 First time adoption of IFRS Material omissions (7); purpose of financial statements (9), fair presentation (15), rectification of accounting policies (18), going concern (25), provisions (54), estimation uncertainty (125) Accounting policy 97), fair value (16), compound financial instruments (23), parents, subsidiaries, joint ventures & associates (24), changes in decommissioning, restoration and similar liabilities (25E), non IFRS comparative information (36), reconciliations (39) IFRS 7, IAS 37 & IAS 39, IFRS 9, IAS 38 Financial instruments disclosure, presentation and recognition and measurement, intangibles & impairment For a global company whether its branches and subsidiaries are operating in environmentally sensitive sectors; and whether the segment meets the quantitative threshold, or whether it is required to prepare consolidated financial statements, and whether its segments meet international standards. Group & consolidated statements are prepared for listed legal entities. Listed and unlisted companies might be sued for violating environmental standards in countries where their segments operate/operated in the past. This in turn might trigger an unbundling wave. Absence and inadequacy of provisions suggests earnings inflation which in turn affects intrinsic (fundamental) values of equities. The extent to which past earnings require restatement, and how this is going to be shown in past, present and future financial statements (retrospective & prospective adjustments). Minimum set of information that must be included in the comprehensive financial statements of environmentally sensitive companies. Fair value of environment related assets, liabilities and provisions. Disclosure of past and present environment related risk(s); qualitative and quantitative description of the effective and non effective hedging strategy; fair value of carbon derivatives and other environment related assets and liabilities. Source: Negash M., IFRS and Environmental Accounting, (December 1, 2009) 87 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Available http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1516837 4.CONCLUSION Environmental accounting is a tangible tool in the application of sustainable development. Environmental accounting to be called as “green accounting” is also requirement of social responsibility of the enterprises. The importance of environmental accounting is increasing because of increasing of environment problems, economic, social and technological developments. Environmental accounting is a tangible tool in the application of sustainable development. Environmental accounting to be called as “green accounting” is also requirement of social responsibility of the enterprises. Reporting of financial transactions have been recorded and concerned about environmental activities has become a necessity. This reporting process is accomplished through environmental accounting. Environmental accounting practice between businesses and the public production form communications about environmental aspects. This will provide an important contribution to sustainable development. The most important element of environmental accounting environmental costs. Focus on the environmental costs, environmental costs will be controlled facility. According to the types of environmental costs should be included in the accounting information system. Environmental costs (Environmental activity type costs, Costs that represent traditional accounting, Environmental domain type costs, Costs which reflect data visibility in the accounting records) have been recorded according to the types of expenses according to their functions should be reflected in costs and expenses of the period. REFERENCES Aktürk A. & Akcanlı F. & Şenol, H. & Akyüz, Y. (2011). The Importance Of Environmental Accounting in Hotel Companies in TAS/TFRS Context, 1.Uluslararası 4.Ulusal Turizm sempozyumu, Isparta-Türkiye, p. 815-824. Chauhan M., (2005). Concept of Environmental Accounting and Practice in India”, The Chartered Accountant, p.720-726. Çetin M. (2006). Teori Ve Uygulamada Bölgesel Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı 1, p.1-20. EPA: An Introduction To Environmental Accounting as a Business Mangement Tool: Key Concepts And Terms, Washington, (1995). Gray R. & Bebbington J. & Walters D. (1993). Accounting For The Environment, Founded by the Chartered Association Of Certified Accountants, England. International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) (2005). Environmental Management Accounting.Available: http://www.ifac.org/news/lastestreleases.tmpl?nid=1124902574170148 (20 April 2012). Lazol İ.&Muğal E. &Yücel Y. (2008). Sürdürülebilir Bir Çevre İçin Çevre Muhasebesi Ve Kobi'lere Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, Sayı: 38, s. 56-69. Negash M., IFRS and Environmental Accounting, (December 1, 2009) 88 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Available http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1516837 Rondinelli, D.A.& Bery, M. A. (2000). Environmental Citienship in Multi-national Corporations: Soial Responsibility and Sustainable Development, European Management Journal, Vol.18, No:1, p:70-84. Schaltegger S. (1997). Information Costs, Quality of Information and Stakeholder Involvement-The Necessity of International Standards of Ecological Accounting, EcoManagement and Auditing, Vol. 4 (3), 87-97. Tüsiad, (2005). Şirketlerin Yeni Yönetim Aracı: Çevresel Muhasebe, Yayın No. -T/200506/404, Haziran. United Nations Division for Sustainable Development, (2001). Environmental Management Accounting, Procedures and Principles. Yakhou M., Dorweiler V.P. (2004). Environmental Accounting: An Essential Component of Business Strategy, Business Strategy and the Environment, Volume 13, p.65-77. Yıldıztekin, İ. (2009). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Çevre Muhasebesinin Etkileri, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı:13 (1): 367-390. The Banks And Sustainable Development Violeta Madzova University Goce Delcev, Faculty of economics-Stip , Republic of Macedonia, violeta.madzova@ugd.edu.mk Abstract This paper focuses on the role of the banks in supporting sustainable development. Its objective is to examine recent trends in banking and sustainable development, as well as to assess the implementation and application of the sustainable development policies adopted by the banks in the banking sector in Republic of Macedonia. For that purpose it is made a comprehensive analysis on the trends of “sustainable finance”, as well as research on the practices in the Macedonian banking sector in supporting sustainable society. Namely, at the beginning of the 21st century, the banks in the industrial world have become complex financial organizations that offer a wide variety of services to international markets and control billions of dollars in cash and assets. Supported by the latest technology, banks are working to identify new business niches, to develop customized services, to implement 89 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1282 Title A name given to the resource The Importance of Environmental Accounting in the Context of Sustainable Development and Within IFRS Evaluation Author Author Hasan , Şenol Abstract A summary of the resource. Nowadays, companies cause a lot of environmental problems because of profit maximization, the endless needs, rapidly advancing technological developments, unconscious consumption of natural resources, as they execute their operations. At first glance, these efforts in order to remove environmental pollution means additional cost to companies in the short term nevertheless they can have a chance of cost minimization in medium and long term and even additional income in this process. To meet the needs of business management and related people about the enviroment, enviromental accounting has started up. The study of TAS/TFRS accounting in the context of the enterprises is focused on enviromental accounting and its importance, reflecting the financial progress on enviromental sensitivity reports and sharing those info with the community. There is no relevant TAS/TFRS on the accounting for and the reporting of environmental costs within the existing set of TAS/TFRS. Because, the accounting principles set out in the existing set of TAS/TFRS are already adequate to deal with the accounting for and the reporting of environmental costs. Also, in our study various suggestions were made for he healthy functioning of enviromental accounting. Keywords: Turkish Accounting Standards, Turkish Financial Reporting Standards, Environmental Accounting, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bc382ff5cc12deaedccc276d63aecc7e.pdf 1b9f99efd70c7bcc606a0a571a55c229 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The Impacts Of Using Additional Teaching Materials On Students’ Performance In Package Program Education: The Case Of Fidelio And Sejour Hasan Kinay, Abdullah Akgün, Hakan Çetin, Yusuf Yilmaz, Zeki Akinci Akdeniz University E-mails: kinay@akdeniz.edu.tr, akgun@akdeniz.edu.tr, hakanc@akdeniz.edu.tr, yusufyilmaz@akdeniz.edu.tr, zakinci@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract This study has been carried out to examine the effects of the use of additional teaching materials on student's performances, during educational activities regarding the use of package programs in the tourism sector. The study design called for two separate groups. Students were provided with a laboratory for study outside of course hours. 73 students took part in practice sessions outside of course hours, while a total of 145 students took the examinations. While researching the effects of using course books, 93 students took classes having been provided course books, while a further 97 students took the classes without course books. A post test controlled experimental design was used to compare the two groups. The study was carried out with third year students of the Akdeniz University, School of Tourism and Hotel Management in the fall term of the 2011 – 2012 educational year. To gather data on the effectiveness of usage of course books, the Fidelio program instructors applied a test with 10 open ended questions, prepared by employees working in the sector and using the program and the researchers. For the laboratory effectiveness study, a post test consisting of 10 questions was prepared by the researchers together with sector employees and applied to the students. The results of the study were evaluated using the SPSS 15.0 statistical software package. Based on the findings, the researchers have made recommendations on the use of course books and laboratory study outside of class hours in applied courses such as package program instruction. Keywords: Additional Teaching Materials, Package Program Education, Package Program Usage 1.INTRODUCTION We are living in an age where global competition pressures are increasing, information is produced rapidly and the information produced is consumed even faster than it is being created; the information age. This age is characterized by an increased flow of information between organizations, individuals and institutions, where the effectiveness of this interaction is high. The increase of the amount of information, triggered by computer use, has affected all sectors, including the tourism and hotel sector. The tourism sector bases activities on the production of services, requiring an active workforce, while some positions, such as customer service and reception, necessitate a face to 95 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo face relationship with customers, meaning that there is a need for qualified personnel. In the constantly changing and developing society, it is clear that individuals who can use information technologies in an efficient way will be considered to be highly qualified and will be more successful (Kurbanoğlu and Akkoyunlu, 2002). For this reason, those wishing to find employment in the tourism sector must be skilled in the use of at least one of the automated systems that are widely used, in order to find employment more easily. The effective use of information technologies in the tourism industry, in hotels, catering establishments, travel companies and sub-units of these organizations, facilitates the management of human resources and increases the efficiency of employees. If human resources can benefit from information technologies, the quality and global competitiveness of the tourism industry will increase (Alkaya, 2006). A study performed in 2004 shows that the greatest issue encountered in computer use in hotels stems for the users, but more specifically, the training of users. The same study concludes that “problems caused by the training of users must be decreased” (Kınay and Kınay, 2004). An examination of curricula of schools providing tourism education shows that the vast majority include courses on automated systems used in the sector. The most encountered problem in automation education is that students are not able to repeat and practice what the learn in class. Even if the student is able to perform all of the tasks as described by the instructor, as the students are not able to repeat these tasks outside of the classroom, they usually come to the next session having forgotten all they have learned. However, being “informed” in the information age means to develop learning capacities, use information, obtain new skills and turn this into a consistent form of behaviour (Yıldırım, 2001). Failure to utilise skills learned in class outside of the classroom means that learning has not really taken place. In information technologies education, whether a student owns a computer, how effectively the student uses computers in daily life, and the social environment all affect the quality of the learning process. A study performed on “information technology education in primary schools shows that gender, the educational status of the parents, whether the family owns a computer, whether the parents assist the child with homework, the student's perceptions and attitudes towards studying all have a statistically significant effect (Demir, 2008). In the transition from an industrial society to information society, educational models also exhibit significant changes. In transitioning to an information society, the teacher's role as a guide, the student learning through teamwork, management based on educationaladministrative leadership, learning based on personal initiative, variable educations programs, organizational learning and multi-faceted conceptional learning criteria become important. In this context, learning through computer laboratory activities, with peers, through debate and consulting other resources and by joint activities that allow students to complement each other, is considered to have the potential to be high quality and sustainable. Many studies show that the use of additional teaching materials has a positive effect on student success. The effect of computer assisted instruction has been shown to have a positive effect in science classes (Altunay and Şeker, 2008), English classes (Akdağ and Tok, 2008), and education with autistic children (Bayram, 2006). 2. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND PACKAGE PROGRAMS 96 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo All technology used in gathering, processing, storing, transmitting through networks and presenting information to users, including communication and computing technologies, may be referred to as “information technologies” (Tonta,1999). Developments in information technology have also affected the field of software. Two important developments have taken place in the field of software for end users in an organizational context. Firstly, instead of specific programs with a single aim developed by in house software experts or end users, organizations are using package programs developed by software companies. This trend began with the emergence of affordable and easy to use software packages designed for micro computers. Today, package programs are available for almost every sector and are developed and marketed by software companies. 3. USAGE OF PACKAGE PROGRAMS IN THE TOURISM SECTOR Considering that electronic trade is becoming widespread and will take up an important share in the total trade volume of all countries, information technology has become an important issue (Gölönü, 2006). Computer based automation systems have become an important infrastructural element in the tourism sector. To address this need, many software companies have developed automation software systems specifically for hotels. Tourism companies are required to gather information regularly, store this information and recall it when necessary. Travel agents are required to fill in forms regarding the products or services that they market as intermediaries, such as accommodation, independent catering services from restaurants, cafes and bars etc., yacht and boat rental companies, other travel agencies organizing city tours, airlines, car or limousine rental companies, railways, maritime transportation companies, and those providing guidance services in museums and places of interest in order to achieve continuity in their services and therefore achieve efficiency and customer satisfaction. Therefore, travel agencies are marketing information in a sense. In this context, travel agencies depend on correct and timely information in their operations, and information technologies are a vital aspect in management. As the tourism sector is based on the production and development of information, information technologies are highly significant. For this reason, there is a multitude of package programs for tourism operators on the market and it is almost impossible to find a tourism agency that does not use package programs. Most of the software developed for the tourism sector targets travel agencies and organizations providing accommodation. 4. PACKAGE INSTITUTIONS PROGRAM EDUCATION IN TOURISM EDUCATION Software companies marketing to the tourism sector provide most of their automation software to education institutions providing tourism education for free or a modest fee. For example, PROTEL, a company representing the Fidelio program provides free education to instructors giving reception courses in universities, in the scope of the Tourism Education and Employment Support Project. If the instructor achieves a score of 70 or higher in the examination at the end of the training, the Fidelio program is provided to the educational institution free of charge. SAN Bilgisayar, the producer of the Sejour program, used in travel agency automation, provided the program to schools free of charge, but now is struggling to 97 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo cope with the demand and charges a modest fee. Some other programs such as Newage and Tourkuaz are free to try or have demo versions. 5. METHODOLOGY 5.1. Aim of the Study The aim of the study is to identify whether the use of course books and laboratory sessions outside of class hours, constituting additional teaching materials, has an effect on student success in applied vocational information technology courses. Furthermore, this study aims to identify if schools and administrators providing IT systems education should facilitate the provision of resources and space for students to study outside of class hours, to achieve higher quality and permanency in learning processes. 5.2. Research Methods The study consisted of two parts. 73 students took part in laboratory application sessions outside of class hours, and took the examination which was taken by a total of 145 students. To examine the effectiveness of the use of course books, 93 students were provided with course books, while 97 students were not. The study used a post test controlled experimental design. The population for the study was all students receiving package program education, while the sample selected consisted of third year students at the Akdeniz University, School of Tourism and Hotel Management, department of travel and accommodation management. The data was gathered based on the results of the test that was performed. All data was analyzed using the SPSS 15.0 program. 5.3.Hypothesis Assuming that practice on the computer is necessary for students to be successful in package program education, our hypothesis was as follows H1: Practice with the package program in the computer laboratory outside of class hours, together with peers, has a positive effect on academic success. Assuming that students required course books as well as computer practice to be successful in package program education, our hypothesis was as follows: H2: Apart from computer practice in package program education, the distribution of course books has a positive effect on academic success. 6. FINDINGS In this section, we will examine the hypothesis formulated above. Table 1 displays the correlation between students practice in computer laboratories outside of class hours and course success. 98 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1: Students activities outside of class hours and Success Rates Correlation Success Success Study Outside of Class 1 .423** .000 Study Outside of Class 146 146 .423** 1 .000 146 146 As shown in Table 1, there is a correlation between the exam results and the time spent by students in study outside of class hours. The correlation coefficient was found to be .423. As a result, we can conclude that study in computer laboratories outside of class hours has a moderate positive effect on academic success (Büyüköztürk et al., 2010a). Based on this data, we can accept hypothesis H1. Table 2 shows the results of a t-test analysis performed on independent groups to identify the effect of the provision of course books apart from computer practice, on academic success in package program education. Table 2: The effect of course books Course Books N X S Control Group 93 24.3434 44.2151 9 Experimental Group 93 21.8996 64.1935 0 df t p 92 -5.7684 0,000 According to the results of the t-test, shown in Table 2, t(92) = -5.7684, p<0.05, and Cohen’s d = 0.598. Therefore, we can say that the provision of course books has a statistically significant effect on student success and this effect (Cohen’s d = 0.598) is moderate (Büyüköztürk et al., 2010b). The experimental group was observed to have a higher rate of success. Therefore, we can accept our hypothesis H2. 99 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS It has been shown that practice with programs outside of class hours and the provision of a resource book increases the academic success of students receiving applied package program education. Therefore, organizations providing package program education should consider acquiring package program demos, course books and other additional teaching materials for the use of students in order to increase student learning levels and success rates. It is clear that the use of additional teaching materials increases the quality of instruction. A high quality learning process will doubtlessly lead to a higher level of success. Educational institutions may also consider the possibility of allowing students to log on to the campus services from their home computers, in order to practice using package programs. Providing the demo versions of package programs for students to install on their home computers may also be an effective way to facilitate the learning process. This study has examined the effects of the usage of course books and laboratory package program use outside of class hours. Similar studies may be performed on the usage of other teaching materials. In this study, we have not performed research regarding the permanency of learning and this may be addressed by other researchers. REFERENCES Alkaya, Y. (2006). Turizm Endüstrisinde Bilgi Sistemleri Uygulamasında İnsan Kaynaklarının Yönetimi, http://ab.org.tr/ab06/bildiri/99.doc, Accessed 10.04.2012. Akdağ, M., & Tok, H. (2008). Geleneksel Öğretim ile PowerPoint Sunum Destekli Öğretimin Öğrenci Erişisine Etkisi. Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 33(147), 26-34. Bayram, S. (2006). Bilgisayar Destekli Özel www.servetbayram.com/otizmce/http/kongre_makale.doc, Accessed 10.04.2012. Eğitim. Altunay, A.Y. & Şeker, R. (2008). Bilgisayar Ortamında Hazırlanan Kavram Haritalarının Bir Öğretim Materyali Olarak Fen Bilgisi Dersinde Kullanılmasının İlköğretim Öğrencilerinin Başarılarına Etkisi. TSA Dergisi, 12(3): 19-32. Öğüt, A., Güleş, H.K. & Çetinkaya, A.Ş. (2003). Bilişim Teknolojileri Işığında Turizm Işletmelerinde Yönetim: Enformatik Bir Bakış. 1. Basım, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık. Yılmaz, M.P. (2007). Chermik: Otel Otomasyon Sistemi. Elektrik-Elektronik Bölümü Dergisi, . Akova, O., Sarıışık, M. & Akbaba, A. (2007). Seyahat Acentalarında İşgören Bulma ve İşgören Seçme Yöntemlerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15: 275-296. Altınöz, M. (2008). Ofis Otomasyon Sistemlerinin Bireysel Performans Üzerine Etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20: 51-63 . Kınay, F. & Kınay H., (2004), Konaklama Işletmelerinde Kullanılan Önbüro Paket Programları Üzerine Antalya Yöresinde Bir Araştırma. TSE Standart dergisi, 43(510): 70-79. Kurbanoglu, S. & Akkoyunlu, B. (2002). Bilgi Okuryazarlığı: Bir İlkögretim Okulunda Yürütülen Uygulama Çalışması. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 16(1): 20 - 41. Yıldırım, R. (2001). Öğrenmeyi Öğrenmek. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık. 100 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Balay, R. (2004). Küreselleşme, Bilgi Toplumu ve Eğitim. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2): 61-82. Gölönü, S. (2006). Gelişen Teknolojiler, Öğrenen Örgütler ve Halkla İlişkiler. Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(3): 73-81. Düşükcan, M. & Kaya, E.Ü. (2003). İşletmelerde Bilgi Teknolojilerinin Kullanılma Yerleri. web.firat.edu.tr/daum/docs/13/08düşükcan.doc, Accessed 10.04.2012. Tonta Y. (1999). Bilgi Toplumu ve Bilgi Teknolojisi, Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 13(4): 363-375 Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2010a). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara:Pegem Yayınları. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çokluk, Ö. & Köklü, N. (2010b). İstatistik, Ankara:Pegem Yayınları. 101 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1156 Title A name given to the resource The Impacts Of Using Additional Teaching Materials On Students’ Performance In Package Program Education: The Case Of Fidelio And Sejour Author Author Hasan , Kinay Abstract A summary of the resource. This study has been carried out to examine the effects of the use of additional teaching materials on student's performances, during educational activities regarding the use of package programs in the tourism sector. The study design called for two separate groups. Students were provided with a laboratory for study outside of course hours. 73 students took part in practice sessions outside of course hours, while a total of 145 students took the examinations. While researching the effects of using course books, 93 students took classes having been provided course books, while a further 97 students took the classes without course books. A post test controlled experimental design was used to compare the two groups. The study was carried out with third year students of the Akdeniz University, School of Tourism and Hotel Management in the fall term of the 2011 – 2012 educational year. To gather data on the effectiveness of usage of course books, the Fidelio program instructors applied a test with 10 open ended questions, prepared by employees working in the sector and using the program and the researchers. For the laboratory effectiveness study, a post test consisting of 10 questions was prepared by the researchers together with sector employees and applied to the students. The results of the study were evaluated using the SPSS 15.0 statistical software package. Based on the findings, the researchers have made recommendations on the use of course books and laboratory study outside of class hours in applied courses such as package program instruction. Keywords: Additional Teaching Materials, Package Program Education, Package Program Usage Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5fde608d738569e1dd732d812b115ea9.pdf 097a67717cc666d68ab24553dd643d45 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Hatipoğlu M. M., Avrupa Birliği: Çağdaş Uygarlığın Yolu mu, Ulusal Egemenliğin Sonu mu? ( Is the EU way to modern civilizations or the end of national sovereignty?) Symposium, 0809.11.2004, Istanbul Hacettepe University Publication Hakim A., Middle East Needs Turkey’s EU Membership, The Journal of Turkish Weekly Opinion, 02 October 2005 Euractiv http://www.euractiv.com, the independent media portal fully dedicated to EU affairs, 2007 Ministry of Foreign Affairs http://www.mfa.gov.tr/agreement-establishing-an-association-between-the-european economic-community-and-turkey-signed-at-ankara_-september-1_-1963_.en.mfa, 2008 The Role Of Twin Deficit Problem In Sustainable Growth: An Econometric Analysis For Turkey Halil Uçal, Mehmet Bölükbaş Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administritive Sciences, 09900, Nazilli, Aydın, Turkey. E-mails:hucal@adu.edu.tr, mbolukbas@adu.edu.tr Abstract In economics literature the relationship between budget deficit and current account deficit is known as twin deficit hypothesis. The Keynesian Approach accepts a relationship between two deficits. In contrast to this, Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis defends there is no relationship between these two deficits. Twin deficit has become the subject of several studies to test which of these hypotheses are reliable but no consensus has achieved. Some studies found a relationship from budget deficit to current account deficit but some of them had the opposite result. Especially after 1980 it is known that many developed and developing countries encountered with this twin deficit problem. Also Turkey has the problem of twin deficit. Therefore, it is important to find whether there is a causality between them and the direction of this causality. In this study the relationship between budget deficit and current account deficit is examined by using Johansen Cointegration Analysis. This study is based on period 1996:Q1-2011:Q4. According to results of co-integration; variable coefficients are statistically significant and consistent with what we expected in hypotheses. CAD has a significant negative effect on BD. When there is a 1% increase in CAD, BD decreases 0,12%. This finding is consistent with economic theory because according to Keynesian Approach two deficits have 258 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo relationship with each other. However, in contrast to this approach, the direction is from CAD to BD and also coefficient is negative. Keywords:Budget Deficit, Current Account Deficit, Sustainable Growth, Econometric Modeling, Turkey 1. INTRODUCTION The Twin Deficit is referred to a situation where an economy is running both Current Account Deficit (CAD) and Budget Deficit (BD). According to Ricardian Equivalence CAD and BD are not correlated. Budget deficit is a result of tax cut which reduces public revenues and public saving (Alkswani, 2000: 4). Decrease in public savings will be compensated by an increase in private saving. Therefore national saving will not be affected and the budget deficit will have no effect on the current trade deficit (Alkswani, 2000: 4). On the other hand, according to Keynesian proposition the two deficits are linked and the direction is from BD to CAD. Because if there is a budget deficit, government has to borrow more and as a result the interest rates rise. The rise of interest rates leads inflow of money from abroad and then the local currency appreciates. The appreciation of currency results with increase in import and decrease in export. As a result, trade deficit increase and current account balance distorted. The twin deficit has started to become a problem with the beginning of the 1980’s in USA. Increase in military expenditures and decrease in income tax raised budget deficit. The increase in budget deficit caused increase in debt of US to the rest of the world and therefore caused distortion in balance of payments. After the global crisis in 2008, it is seen that not only in USA also in other developed and developing countries have the same macroeconomic problems. Especially in developed countries such as European countries faced with serious problems in their economies. Growth in developing economies such as China and India has become a danger for developed countries. Foreign trade worsened and caused decrease in balance of payments in western countries. Also high borrowing of governments deepened crisis in European countries. In recent years, CAD has become the most discussed issue for Turkey’s economy. According to Peker (2009) macroeconomic policies such as inflation targeting generally cause appreciation of local currency and thus stimulate import. Turkey has lack of savings like other developing countries. Because of this, growth in economy depends on import oriented production and consumption. Although Turkish economy performs high level of growth, the trade balance is worsening. In the last decade Turkish foreign trade has showed a large increase. However, increase in trade volume has become more than increase in export. Also increase of gas and oil prices in the world has increased Turkey’s energy expenditure. Therefore trade balance and also current account balance worsened. After the 1999 earthquake and 2001 crisis, fiscal policies tightened and to increase the revenues new tax policies implied. Especially new taxes such as Private Consumption Tax (ÖTV) on import oriented goods implied to help improving budget balance. Especially ÖTV revenues on petroleum products, almost totally import oriented, helped to finance the budget deficit. Tax burden is 20% in 2011 which was 13% in 1998. Also share of value-added taxes (VAT) from import in total value-added tax revenues raised to 17% which was 11% in 1999. The gap between domestic VAT and VAT from import is closed as of 2011. 259 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The growth in economy and tightened fiscal policies reduced the vulnerability to crisis of Turkish economy. However, good performance of budget balance had no positive effect on balance of payments. Export-import ratio was under 70% except 2001 and 2009. After 2001 Trade deficit increased continuously and in period 1997-2004 CAD/GDP ratio was 1,1% but in period 2005-2010 the ratio raised to 5,1%. Graph 1 shows the relation of BD and CAD in the last 15 years. Figure 1. Budget Deficit and Current Account Deficit in Turkey, 1996-2011 (millions of $) Source: Electronic Data Delivery System (EDDS), CBRT, 2012. As seen in the figure, especially after the 2001, Current Account Balance continuously worsens. However, in this period Turkish economy experienced high growth rates. With the global financial crises in 2009 CAD decreases sharply. After that it increases sharply too. In this period BD moves in the opposite direction. According to graph, BD did not rise over 30 billion dollars except 2009. Shrink in economy and decrease in foreign trade decreased budget revenues in 2009. However in the last decade BD/GDP ratio decreased continuously and become -1.4% as of 2011. This ratio is less than 3% which is the reference value in Maastricht Criteria. As of 2011 most of the EU member countries do not meet this criterion. In this paper it is discussed whether CAD and BD has a correlation with each other and if there is, in which direction is this relationship. According to hypothesis of this paper there is a correlation between these two deficits and it is negatively correlated. Because the increase in trade deficit increases the budget tax revenues and this help to decrease budget deficit. 2. LITERATURE In economic literature, there are many empirical researches that focused on twin deficit problem. In 1980’s United States faced with increase in federal trade deficit (TD) and federal budget deficit together. After that the relationship between trade deficit and budget deficit has become an important subject for researchers. Darrat (1988) tried to find the linkage between TD and BD by using data period 1960:I to 1984:IV for United States. He found the evidence of causality from budget deficit to trade 260 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo deficit and stronger causality from trade to budget deficit by using multivariate Granger Causality Test. In the other study for the U.S., Enders and Lee (1990) searched the relationship between BD and CAD in period 1947 to 1987 by using VAR analysis. They found that government spending innovation generates a persistent current account deficit. Also, Abelln (1990) examined the relationship between federal budget deficits and merchandise trade deficit for U.S. He used multivariate time series within autoregressive model for period 1979:02 through 1985:02. He found that indirectly budget deficits affect trade deficits. Another work on US budget deficit and current account deficit linkage is study of BahmaniOskooee (1989). He examined the linkage in period 1973-1985 and concluded that the budget deficit contribute to current account deficit. Not only U.S. but also other countries are faced with this twin deficit issue. Therefore, there are studies about other countries too. Islam (1998) examined the casual relationship between budget deficits and trade deficits of Brazil from 1973:1Q through 1991:Q4. The results suggested that there is a bilateral causality between them. Vamvoukas (1999) used annual data in period between 1948 and 1994 for Greece. He used error correction model for the analysis and found that budget deficit has short and long run positive and significant causal effects on trade deficit. Alkswani (2000) studied on twin deficit problem in petroleum economy by using Saudi Arabia annual data from 1970 to 1999. In his empirical analysis he used ECM, Johansen cointegration and Granger bivariate causality tests and as a result found that trade deficit causes budget deficit. Also in Turkey, there are many studies focusing on Turkey’s twin deficit problem. Some of these studies are Ay, et al.(2004), Uğur and Karatay (2009), Aksu and Başar (2005), Utkulu (2003), Yücel and Ata (2003), Kutlar and Şimşek (2001), Zegin(2000), Sever and Demir (2007), Akbostancı and Tunç (2002). Some of them used current account deficit variable and some used trade deficit variable in their empirical studies. Most of them used quarterly data for Turkey. Akbostancı and Tunç (2002) used quarterly variables between 1987:Q1 and 2001:Q3. They used Budget balance and trade balance as a percentage of GDP. By using ECM and Cointegration analysis the empirical results show that there is a long run relationship between two and in the short run worsening of budget balance worsens trade balance. Sever and Demir (2007) used quarterly data between the years 1987 and 2006 to examine the relationship of budget deficit with current account deficit. By using stationarity test, granger causality test and VAR analysis they found that budget deficit influence current account deficit indirectly. Şimşek and Kutlar (2001) used budget deficit and trade balance seasonally adjusted data in log form in period 1984(4) through 2000(2). In the analysis stationarity test, granger causality test, misspecification test, cointegration test and ECM used and found that there is a positive relationship between two variables and trade deficit increase budget deficit. Zengin (2000) used seasonally adjusted quarterly data for period 1987:I through 1998:I. The main variables are trade deficit and consolidated budget deficit as ratios to GNP. In the 261 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo analysis VAR, Variance decompositions and impulse response function used. The result of the empirical analysis is that budget deficit influence trade balance. Yücel and Ata (2003) used yearly data from 1975 to 2002. The variables are current account deficit an budget deficit both in log form. The result of the empirical analysis is that there is a cointegration between CA and BD and there is a long run positive relationship. Granger causality test results say that causality is from BD to CA in lag(1) and causality is from CA to BD in lag (3,4 and 7). Utkulu (2003) used budget deficit and trade deficit variables as yearly data in period between 1950 and 2000. By using cointegration analysis and ECM, he found that there is a two sided long run causality between budget and trade deficits. Ay et al.(2004) used monthly data between 1992 and 2003 for the empirical analysis to find the linkage between BD and CAD. The variables used in the empirical analysis were in percentage of GDP. They used Granger Causality test and regression analysis. According to the empirical analysis there is reciprocal relationship between two variables. According to two regression analysis the coefficients are positive. 3. MODEL, METHOD AND DATA SET In this section, a multivariate model has established to investigate twin deficit problem in Turkey. BD = β0 + β1 CAD + Ut (1) Where BD, CAD, are budget deficit and current account deficit respectively. Budget deficit (BD) is generally defined as an amount by which some measure of government expenditure and some measure of government revenue. BD is dependent variable, whereas, current account is independent variable in this model. And current account deficit (CAD) Current account deficit includes foreign trade in goods, services and transfers. Current account occurs when a country’s total import of goods, services and transfers is greater than total export of goods services and transfers. Many studies in the literature use BD as an independent variable. But in this study BD is used as dependent variable unlike other studies. This paper adopted the method of co-integration first found by Engle-Granger (1987), developed by Johansen (1988) and applied by Johansen and Juselius (1990). This method depends on direct investigation of co-integration in the vector autoregressive (VAR) representation and produces maximum likelihood estimators of the unconstrained cointegration vector, but it allows one to explicitly test for number of co-integration vectors. Johansen’s methodology takes its starting points in the vector auto regression (VAR) of order p given by; yt= A1 yt-1 + ……. Apyt-p + Bxt + Ɛt, (2) Where yt is a k vector of non-stationary variables I(1), xt is a d vector of deterministic variable; and Ɛt indicates an innovation vector. This VAR can be written as; p-1 Δyt= π yt-1 + Σ τiΔyt-I + Bxt + Ɛt, 262 (3) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo i-1 where p π = Σ Ai– I, τi= - Σ Aj. (4) I=1 Where cointegration hypothesis defined as a reduced rank of the matrix π is stated in the form of π = αβ. α and β represent the two matrix which have (kxr)-dimensional and r rank. r is the number of co-integration (rank), β is a co-integration vector showing long-term effects of variables in the equilibrium relations and α indicates speed of adjustment in error correction model. Accordingly an matrix π is estimated from an unrestricted VAR in Johansen method and tested that specified conditions with reduced rank of π rejected or not. And determined by the help of Johansen method’s test statistics (λtrace and λmak) how many rank of the matrix π has.In this context, the data set of the variables used to determine the twin deficit problem in Turkey belong to1996:Q1-2011:Q4 period. All data were taken from Electronic Data Delivery System (EDDS) published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT). And Econometric Views (Eviews 5.1) software program was used for all tests and estimates. 4. EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Pre Tests Before constructing the Johansen method, it is important to make some process and pre-tests. Firstly the independent variables were transformed into logarithmic form and variables are understood to have seasonal effect deseasonalized by using moving average method. Then checked the univariate time series of variables by using a unit roots test. Here checked unit roots of variables by adopting the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) (1979) test. ADF unit root test results can be seen in Table 1. Variables were initially tested with first-level values and then tested with the levels of receipt of the first differences. Accordingly determined that all variables are integrated in the same order I(1). Therefore the necessary pre-condition for co-integration is provided. Table 1. ADF Unit Root Test Critical Values Variables ADF Test 1% BD -2.318258 [3] -4.1118 CAD -3.353061 [1] -4.1104 ΔBD -9.694507 [2] -3.5440 ΔCAD -4.617754 [6] -3.5526 Note: Trend and intercept term is used as test type for BD and CAD variables, but only intercept term is used for the first differences of variables (Δ). The values in square brackets indicates appropriate length of delay according to AIC. 263 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo It is necessary to determine an appropriate number of delay to apply Johansen method. There are many measurements in the literature to determine the length of delay; Akaike Info Criterion, Schwarz Info Criterion, Hannan-Quin Criterion and Recent Forecast Error Criterion are the most commonly used (Johansen, 1995; Enders, 1995). But these criterions are not enough on their own. Also there should not be econometric problems in the length of delay selected with info criterions. According to this, in this model the length of delay is determined as two. In this context the model presented in Table 2 shows forecasting of diagnostic test is successfully; Table 2: Diagnostic Test Results White Heteroskedasticity Chi-sq Df Prop 14.897 18 0.669 Jarque-Bera Df Prop 0.203535 2 0.9032 0.633672 2 0.7285 Normality Test 4.2. Cointegration Analysis After checking univariate of all time series variables, now can be tested co-integration among these two variables (BD and CAD). The purpose of the co-integration test is to determine whether a group of non-stationary series are co-integrated or not. According to Table 1, all variables are I(1), that means co-integration relation between unemployment and independent variables can be investigated by helping of Johansen Cointegration Method. The results of λtrace and λmak statistics are presented in Table 3. λtrace and λmak statistics helps to find existence of co-integration and number of vectors. According to the statistics; the null hypothesis (there is no co-integration relation between variables), is rejected against to alternative hypothesis (there is at least one co-integration relationship between the variables). In this case, should be concluded the existence of at least one cointegration relationship at 5 % critical value. Table 3: Co-integration Test Null Hypothesi s (H0) 264 Alternative Hypothesisi s (H1) Eigenvalu e Trace and Mak Statistics 5% Critical Value �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo λTrace r=0 λTrace statistic r>0 0.309956 r≤1 23.57399 15.4947 1 0.571998 3.84146 6 r>1 0.009183 λMak λMak statistic r=0 r=1 0.309956 23.00199 14.26460 r=1 r=2 0.009183 0.571998 3.841466 The co-integration equation is presented in Table 4. According to results of co-integration; variable coefficients are statistically significant and consistent with what we expected in hypotheses. CAD has a significant negative effect on BD. When there is a 1% increase in CAD, BD decreases 0,12%. This finding is consistent with economic theory because according to Keynesian Approach two deficits have relationship with each other. However, in contrast to this approach, the direction is from CAD to BD and also coefficient is negative. Table 4: Co-integration Equation BD Normalized Co-integration coefficient (β′) Adaptation rates coefficient (α) Co-integration Equation CAD 0.122535 1.000 (0.08580) -0.000427 -5.23E-05 (7.68E-05) (0.00019) BD= 5001.857 - 0.122535CAD 4.3. Error Correction Model If there is a co-integration relationship among non-stationary variables, there has to be an error correction representation (Engle & Granger, 1987) which illustrates the dynamic convergence of the system to the long-run equilibrium. A precondition for the existence of co-integration is that all the variables are integrated of the same order. If this is fulfilled, then the residuals from the long-run estimates can be used as the error correction term (ECT) to explain the short run dynamic. The error correction variable in a short run 265 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo dynamic relationship indicates the proportion of the disequilibrium from one period that is adjusted in the next period (Cholifihani, 2008; 74). Error correction model (vector error correction: VEC) was established in order to investigate the short-run dynamics of variables acting together in the long-run and the results are presented in Table 5. As seen in Table 5; coefficient of error correction term (ECt-1) is statistically significant and negative. If the error correction term is negative, that means deviations in the short-run will be eliminated and series converges to the long-run equilibrium value again among the series moving together in the long-run. Namely error correction term is good working. According to the result approximately 87 % of deviations from the long-run equilibrium value eliminate in each period. Table 5: Error Correction Model Estimation Results BAt= β0 + β1CAt-1 + αECt-1+ ut Variables Coefficient t-statistic BAt-1 -0.049275 -0.33937 CAt-1 -0.247044 -1.45152 ECt-1 -0.874470 -4.69637 Invariable term -138.1142 -0.31490 R2 = 0.46 R 2 = 0.44 F = 17.12 5.CONCLUSION In this paper we tested whether there is a relationship between BD and CAD in Turkey with the framework of growth. In the last decade, Turkey’s economy performed well. After the 2001 crisis new economic policies strengthened the economy against crises. With the help of tight fiscal policies, government did not compromise on the budget. However increase in consumption, appreciated currency, lack of savings and rise in price of energy products caused increase in trade deficit. As a result current account deficit rose. According to empirical results there is a significant negative correlation between BD - CAD and the direction is from CAD to BD. When there is a 1% increase in CAD, BD decreases 0,12%. Many studies on Turkey do not cover last decade’s data. However this study reflects the effects of structural changes in Turkish Economy after the period 2001 in terms of BD and CAD. In this regard empirical results of this study differ than other papers. That is to say, an increase in CAD helps to fix the budget balance. 2/3 of tax revenues come from indirect taxes which means most of tax revenues in Turkey come from consumption tax. It seems that economic growth in Turkey based on consumption which results with CAD. This is not a sustainable situation. Because, in period of slowdown in the economy cause not only decrease in CAD but also deterioration of budget balance. This situation reduces the credibility of the government and the economy. Therefore Turkish economy has to cope with 266 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo CAD not with tax policies but with increasing production facilities. If not, the economy may face with both deficits at the same time. REFERENCES Abell, J. D. (1990) Twin Deficits During the 1980’s: An Emprical Investigation, Journal of Macroeconomics, 12, 81-96. Akbostancı, E. ve G.İ. Tunç (2002) Turkish Twin Deficit: An Error Correction Model of Trade Balance, Middle East Technical Universty, ERC workingpapers, 1–17. Aksu, H ve S. Başar (2005) İkiz Açıklar Hipotezi’nin Türkiye Açısından Araştırılması, İktisat, İşletme ve Finansa Dergisi, (20), 109–114. Alkswani, A.M. (2000) Twin Deficit Phenomenon in Petroleum Economy: Evidence from Saudi Arabia, Seventh Annual Conference, Economic Research Forum, Amman. Ata, A. Y. ve F. Yücel (2003) Eş-Bütünleşme ve Nedensellik Testleri Altında İkiz Açıklar Hipotezi: Türkiye Uygulaması, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(12). Ay, A., Z. Karaçor, M. Mucuk, S. Erdoğan (2004) Bütçe Açığı - Cari İşlemler Açığı Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Örneği (1992-2003), Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12, 75–82. Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen (1989) Effects of the US Government Budget on its Current Account: An Empirical Inquiry, Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 29, 76-91. Cholifihani, M. (2008) A Cointegration Analysis of PublicDebt Service and GDP in Indonesia, Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 4(2): 68-81. Darrat, D.A. (1988), Have Large Budget Deficit Caused Rising Trade Deficit?, Southern Economic Journal, 54, 879–887. Dickey, D. and Fuller, W. A. (1979) Distribution of the Estimates for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. Engle, R. F. and Granger, C. W. (1987) Co-integration and Error Correction Representation, Estimation and Testing, Econometrica, 55, 251-276. Enders, W. (1995) Applied Econometric Time Series First Edition, Wiley New York. Enders, W. ve B. S. Lee (1990) Current Account and Budget Deficits : Twins or Distant Cousing, The review of Economics and Statistics, 72(3), 373- 381. GİB (2012) “Gelir İdaresi Başkanlığı, Vergi İstatistikleri”, www.gib.gov.tr Johansen, S. (1988) Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors, Journal of Economic Dynamic and Control, 12, 1988: 231-254. Johansen, S. (1995) Likelihood Basic Inference in Cointegration Vector Autoregressive Models, Oxford University Press, New York. Kutlar, A. ve M. Şimşek (2001) Türkiye’de Bütçe Açıklarının Dış Ticaret Açıklarına Etkileri, Ekonometrik Bir Yaklaşım: 1984–2000, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İİBF Dergisi, 16 (1), 1–13. Peker, O. (2009) Türkiye’deki Cari Açık Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Bir Analiz, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 17(1), 164-174. 267 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TCMB (2012) Elektronik Veri Dağıtım Sistemi (EVDS), www.tcmb.gov.tr Utkulu U. (2003) Türkiye’de Bütçe Açıkları ve Dış Ticaret Açıkları Gerçekten İkiz mi? Koentegrasyon ve Nedensellik Bulguları”, D.E.Ü. İİBF Dergisi, 1(18), 45–61. Sever, E. And M. Demir (2007) Türkiye’de Bütçe Açığı ile Cari Açık Arasındaki İlişkilerin VAR Analizi ie İncelenmesi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi,2(1),47-63. Vamvoukas, G. (1999) The Twin Deficits Phenomenon: Evidence From Greece, Applied Economics,31, 1093-1100. Zengin, A. (2000) İkiz Açıklar Hipotezi (Türkiye Uygulaması), Gazi Üniversitesi Ekonomik Yaklaşım Dergisi,11(39), 37–67. The Eu Integration And The Monetary Union: Why England Don’t Join The Euro Akcay Ekrem Yasar1,Akman Elvettin2,Akman Cigdem2 1Ankara Unıversity,Ankara/Turkey 2Suleyman Demirel University,Isparta/Turkey E-mails: ey_akcay@hotmail.com,elvettinakman@sdu.edu.tr, cigdemargun@sdu.edu.tr Abstract EU which was established in 1957 with Rome Treaties and in 1992 with Maastricht Treaty made process from economic union towards political union, also has tried considering the harmony many issues such as agriculture, commerce. One of these issues is monetary union. Within the Monetary Union that came into make its plans in 1969 and it was thought that could prevent the cycle and consider the common monetary policy. In this framework, in 1979, The European Monetary System was established and then in 1986 within the Single European Act, this process continued and in 1992 with Maastricht Treaty it became clearer. Then in 1997, The European Monetary Institute was established and finally in 1999, EURO was accepted as monetary unit for EU members. Now, 17 members put the EURO account but England hasn’t yet. There are many causes about this issues such as political, economics, social, national interests. for England. In addition, this issue or policy effected the other relationships of England. Keywords: EU, England, The Monetary Union, EURO, National Interests. 1. INTRODUCTION The idea of integration in Europe begins with Dante in the 13. Century, embodied by the Organization for European Coal and Steel established by the Treaty of Paris (ECSC) after World War II in 1951 and the European Economic Community (EEC) established by Treaties of Rome in 1957, the Union lived an important process of deepening and enlargement over time (Akçay, Akman and Argun, 2011). 268 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1332 Title A name given to the resource The Role Of Twin Deficit Problem In Sustainable Growth: An Econometric Analysis For Turkey Author Author Halil , Uçal Abstract A summary of the resource. In economics literature the relationship between budget deficit and current account deficit is known as twin deficit hypothesis. The Keynesian Approach accepts a relationship between two deficits. In contrast to this, Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis defends there is no relationship between these two deficits. Twin deficit has become the subject of several studies to test which of these hypotheses are reliable but no consensus has achieved. Some studies found a relationship from budget deficit to current account deficit but some of them had the opposite result. Especially after 1980 it is known that many developed and developing countries encountered with this twin deficit problem. Also Turkey has the problem of twin deficit. Therefore, it is important to find whether there is a causality between them and the direction of this causality. In this study the relationship between budget deficit and current account deficit is examined by using Johansen Cointegration Analysis. This study is based on period 1996:Q1-2011:Q4. According to results of co-integration; variable coefficients are statistically significant and consistent with what we expected in hypotheses. CAD has a significant negative effect on BD. When there is a 1% increase in CAD, BD decreases 0,12%. This finding is consistent with economic theory because according to Keynesian Approach two deficits have relationship with each other. However, in contrast to this approach, the direction is from CAD to BD and also coefficient is negative. Keywords:Budget Deficit, Current Account Deficit, Sustainable Growth, Econometric Modeling, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/beff986ad6fa88d0d258c84a85bf51c5.pdf 7bdc0c1882fb95100d22bb4f6d706fc5 PDF Text Text The Effects Of Organic Agriculture On Ecosystem And Safety Of Organic Foods Halil Tosun1, Kemal Seçkin2 1 Celal Bayar University Saruhanlı Vocation High School Manisa TURKEY 2Celal Bayar University Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Manisa TURKEY Abstract The demand for organic foods is increasing every day. The main reason for this increase in healty, nutritious and safe food supplements is that the commity organic market is also growing rapidly around the world, the health benefits of organic foods, or that the risk must be scientifically that it carries. The effects of organic farming practices can also be discussed in the ecological system. This review of conventional foods, organic foods, and examines the impacts on the environment both in terms of food safety. 1.INTRODUCTION Organic food consumption is increasing rapidly in recent years. The main reason is that cosumers think that the products produced by conventional methods are more safety, more nutritious and environmentally friendly. The reason relates to the prenciples of organic farming. In fact, organic farming, synthetic chemical agents (pesticides, fungicides, etc.), genetically modified organisms and their products may not be used with the vegetable and animal hormones(Magkos et al., 2003). However, many studies in organic foods and nutritional value compared to conventional food in environmental contaminants and did not show a significant superiority (Woese et al., 1997). On this subjects, studies show that organic foods contains less pestisides and nitrate than conventional foods. Morover there are studies showing that the mycotoxin contaminated withorganic foods. In synthetic foods organic pesticides are not used. So plants have secondary metabolites that contain more toxic effects. This may be a potential health hazard. Therefore, organic foods are more nutritious and safer than conventional foods, it is very difficult to say that scientifically. However, organic farming practices are environmentally friendly. Soil and water resources are not contaminated with synthetic chemicals, Environment are protected from antibiotics, hormones, synthetic chemicals and heavy metals contaminants. Instead of producing high yield and high quality products, the aim of organic agriculture is protection of the environment, plant, animal and human health withouth pollution water supplies and air. Therefore, conventional foods, organic foods, although not significantly have an advantage because of the positive contribution organic farming practices on the ecological balance production and consumption should be encouraged. 248 �2.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ORGANIC FARMING The main goal of organic agriculture is the protection of soil, animal and human health withouth poluting of soil, air. With the implementation of the sustainable development of organic agriculture, ecotourism, sustainable agriculture, biodiversity, erosion, desertification and the impact of the Elimination of the factors that cause climate change is possible. Organic agriculture is of sowing. Sowing, plants of different cultures to support the mutual succession to educate interspatial. Thus, the soil is maintained and increased productivity, reduced soil erosion, labor is evaluated on a regular basis during the year. To take soil fertility in organic farming, compost, green manure, farmyard manure, mineral fertilizers and microbial soil is added. Thus, the viability is maintained and the efficiency of the soil will be protected (Hansen et al, 2002). Compared to conventional agriculture, organic farming helps to increase biodiversity. With organic farming enriches the soil fauna, especially in large areas, increases plant diversity, increase the levels of soil borne organisms, arthropods, insects, and increases the number of birds (Bengtsson et al., 2005). 3.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ORGANIC LIVESTOCK In organic livestock antibiotics and chemicals to increase weight are not used for feeding and also synthetic chemicals are not used in the treatment. Animals are fed organic feed. Shelters are designed to obtain sufficient fresh air and sunlight. The main goal of organic livestock pastures for many years, ensuring the use of water resources and minimize environmental pollution by using clean and efficient. Instead of high milk yield and low cost of organic animal husbandry, environmental protection, animal health and welfare in the foreground. As a result, sustainable organic farming practices and animal husbandry development, provision of animal welfare, to minimize adverse impacts on the environment and herd health protection, it is possible (Kouba, 2003). 4.COMPARISON OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL FOODS SECURITY 4.1.Pesticisds The use of synthetic pesticides are prohibited in organic agriculture. Used instead of synthetic pesticides, biological pesticides in the human health effects has not been scientifically. Products of chemicals must not be contaminated soil, air and water. These chemicals, for example, calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, copper sulfate, boric acid and elemental sulfur may be. America and European countries as a result of studies conducted on 94 000 samples of organic agricultural products, pesticide residue was found to have less than conventional products 4.2.Nitrates Conventional foods, contain fewer nitrates than organic foods. This is usually caused by not using artificial fertilizers organic foods. In a study conducted in Belgium 1703mg/kg organic food samples and the average nitrate, nitrate of conventional food samples were an average of 2637mg/kg (Pussemier et al., 2006). In another study of conventional vegetables, organic vegetables contained three times less nitrate was found. The organic milk contains more nitrate than conventional milk‘s (Magkos et al, 2003). 249 �4.3.Nutritional Value Compared to conventional foods with organic foods, ıt can be said that organic foods contains higher dry matter and high mineral content. In addition, there are also studies that show that higher vitamin C (Michael, 2005). Furthermore, many studies have shown that organic foods are made by conventional foods is not a significant difference in terms of nutritional values. This is the most comprehensive research on the subject, Woese et al. (1997), between the years of 1994 to investigate derlemişlerdir to 150 with the 1926. Examples of major cereals, vegetables and fruits that are used in research, bread, beer, milk and egg products, meat and products, and the calf. As a result, There is no singnificant differences between organic and conventional foods nutrationally. Worthington (2001) compiled 41 work on conventional foods, as a result of study organic foods contents of vitamin C, iron, magnesium phosphorus is higher. 4.4.Mycotoxins Synthetic fungusits are not used in organic agriculture. Consequently, organically grown plants can be more sensitive that claims against mold contamination. Studies of grain and cereal based products, fresh apples and Apple juice, such as organic products because they are more sensitive than the conventional as mold contamination. in 2008, Spain and Portugal ochrotoxin A presence was determined from organic and conventional cereals products. %72 percent of organic products and %8 percent of convantional products contained OTA between 1,64-0,05 ng/kg (Juan et al., 2008). In Italy 125 peach, pear, apricot and mixed fruit juice examples are determined in terms of patulin. Patulin was determined in conventional samples as 37,8 while in organic foods was 27.2%. Conventional examples show the average level of 3.6 µg/kg patulin, organic products, is the 3.3 µg/kg level average. None of the examples exceed the European Union current legal limit of 50 µ g/kg (Spadaro et al., 2008). In another study, fumonisin presences was determined in 60 sample of organic and conventional corn samples. Fumonisin content of conventional samples was found as 22-43 ng/g while in organic samples contents was found as 19-35 ng/g. None of samples exceed fumonisin level legal limit of 2000ng/g (Arino et al.2007). Results of organic agricultural products although not suffient to indicate that it contains mycotoxins than conventional pruducts. But organic agricultural products are not saf efor mycotoxins until at least can be said of conventional products. 4.5.Microbial safety Synthetic fertilizers are not used in organic farming. İnstead of synhetic fertilizer, animal manure, vegatable waste (gren manure), marine waste products are used. These products may contain feacel and pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore organic foods contain more Salmonella, Listeria and Escherichia coli O157:H7 than conventional foods (Winter and David, 2006). 5.RESULTS Popularity and consumptions of organic foods are increasing. Consumers of organic foods think that conventional foods are more secure, more nutritious and beter tasting. It is known that organic foods content less nitrate, more vitamine C and some minerals than conventional ones. In addition, organic foods contain less pesticide residue. In addition the risk of organic fertilizer contain fecal and pathogenic microrganisms and toxic exposure to mycotoxins than 250 �conventional foods of plant metabolites are dicussed in terms of food safety, organic farming is considered to contain more than makes. On the other hand according to conventional agriculture, organic agriculture polluting the soil and water resources, plant, animal and human health keeps in the forefront. Oversees the ecological balance and sustainable agriculture offers. As a result, problems related to organic farming, alternative methods of security, traceability and quality managment systems and good agricultural practices and organic farming should be encouraged to be reduced. REFERANCES Arino, A., Estopanan, G., Juan, T., Herrera, A., 2007, Estimation of dietary intakes of fumonisins B1 and B2 from conventional and organic corn, Food control, 18 (9):1058-1062. Bengtsson, J., Ahnström, J., Weibull, A. C. 2005. The Effects of Organic Agriculture on Biodiversity and Abundance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42 (2): 261-269. Hansen, B., Alroe ,H.F., Kristensen, E.S., Wier, M., 2002, Assesment of food safety in organic farming, DARCOF Working Papers no: 52, Danish Research Centre for Organic Farming. [Unpublished,] Available online: http://orgprints.org/206/1/Hansen_organic_food_safety.pdf. Juan, C., Molto, J.C., Lino, C.M., Manes, C., 2008, Determination of ochratoxin A in organic and non-organic cereals and cereal products from Spain and Portugal, Food chemistry.107 (1):525-530. Kouba, M. 2003. Quality of organic animal products. Livestock Production, 80, 33-40. Magkos, F., Arvaniti, F., and Zampelas, A., 2003, Putting the safety of organic food into perspective, Nutr. Res. Rev., 16 (2):211–221. Michael, C. C. 2005. Organic fruits and vegetables: Potential Health Benefits and Risks. Nutrition Noteworthy, 7:(1), 1-5. Pussemier, L., Larondelle, Y., Van Peteghem, C., Huyghebaert, A., 2006, Chemical safety of conventionally and organically produced foodstuffs: a tentative comparison under Belgian conditions, Food Control, 17 (1):14–21. Spadaro, D., Garibaldi, A., Gullino, M.L., 2008, Occurrence of patulin and its dietary intake through pear, peach, and apricot juices in Italy, Food Additives and Contaminants, 1 (2):134139. Winter, C.K., and Davis, S.F., 2006, Organic Foods, Journal Of Food Sci., 71 (9):117-124. Woese, K., Lange, D., Boess, C., and Bogl K.W., 1997, A comparison of organically and conventionally grown foods–results of a review of the relevant literature, J. Sci. Food Agric., 74 (3):281–293. Worthington, V. 2000. Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables,and grains. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 7:161–73. 251 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1252 Title A name given to the resource The Effects Of Organic Agriculture On Ecosystem And Safety Of Organic Foods Author Author Halil , Tosun Abstract A summary of the resource. The demand for organic foods is increasing every day. The main reason for this increase in healty, nutritious and safe food supplements is that the commity organic market is also growing rapidly around the world, the health benefits of organic foods, or that the risk must be scientifically that it carries. The effects of organic farming practices can also be discussed in the ecological system. This review of conventional foods, organic foods, and examines the impacts on the environment both in terms of food safety. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General)