135 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7860e6733cb5e67201eb4292c18e7d16.pdf 9d880239e334ccf3a063ee9c23c66d26 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kaufman, R.K., Bradford, A., Belanger,L.H.,Mclaughlin,J.P. and Miki, Y.(2008) “Determinats of OPEC production: Implications for OPEC behavior”, Energy Economics, Vol.20, No.2, pp.333-351 McMillan, J.(1992) Games, Strategies and Managers, Oxford University press Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) www.opec.org Panayatou, T. “ OPEC as a model for cooper exporters: Potential gains and cartel Behavior Smith, J.L (2005) “Inscrutable OPEC: Behavioral Test of Cartel Hypothesis”, The Energy Journal, Vol.26, No.1, pp.51-82 Cooperation and competition in Information Technology Business: Case of ICT firms in Konya M. Atilla Aricioğlu1,Deniz Göktaş2, Birol Mercan2 1Department of Business Administration, Konya University,Konya, Turkey 2Department of Economics, Konya University, Konya, Turkey E –mails: maaricioglu@gmail.com, d.goktas@gmail.com, birolmercan@gmail.com Abstract The notion of clusters has been attracted increasing interest from academics and business practitioners for two decades. The theory and research emphasize their strong and positive influence in promoting industrial development, innovation, and competitiveness and economic growth. Thus clusters, become a useful policy instrument in regional innovation systems (RIS) aiming to promote sustainable regional growth. Related literature suggests that competitive clusters provide a fertile and conducive business environment for companies to collaborate with research institutions, suppliers, customers and competitors located in the same geographical area. They are becoming powerful engines of economic development and drivers. Not all industries can create opportunities for employment, but of which share knowledge and transfer technology both directly and through upstream and downstream linkages with other relevant sectors. Not only they move their production facilities, they also intend to transfer their research and development units from those favorable regions which have relatively higher stage of development than the others in terms of infrastructure facilities, education and training institutions, stable incentives, subsidiary potential, and the presence of other multinational enterprises. 296 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The informatics sector can provide a foundation for the growth of industrial activity in a developing economy. Therefore, as an example of high-tech clusters and potentially highvalue added sectors in developing countries, in-depth analysis of the informatics sector with its hardware suppliers as a whole can shed light on the question of how a developing country can structure its strategies to be able to upgrade and be competitive over time. In recent years, Turkey has made an effort as a major player in the global informatics sector. Owing to its skilled labor/brain force, rapid growth and market potential, Turkey has gained tremendous attention of the informatics sector since 1980s. According to a survey of a city of Konya sample, innovation attitudes the company managers operating in the IT sector has been measured. In line with this purpose survey of firms in Konya Teknokent has been conducted. Keywords: Cluster, Innovation, Konya, IT, Competition 1.INTRODUCTION In our age, globalization reshapes the social, economic and political sphere. In a changing world economic beliefs and paradigms are changing. One of the changing beliefs in business is the pattern of competition. Traditional cost oriented competition patterns replaced with quality and innovation based patterns. Until 1990’s cost oriented theories like comparative advantage, dominate the competition theory both in international context and inter firm level.Since 1990’s quality and innovation oriented theories has complemented the cost oriented models. Porter (1990)emphasizes geographical proximity as a key to gain competitive advantage through cost advantages. Geographic proximity provides several advantages for firms and industries. Firstly, geographical proximity means a face to face interaction among firms and between firms and organizations. Second it facilities the creation of social capital, common language and common culture. Thirdly, flow of information and exchange of tacit knowledge is easier under geographic proximity. In addition, diffusion of knowledge spill overs and academic research is easier when firms are close to academic organizations. Thus inter firm or inter organization cooperation is important besides the competition between them. In the proposed new competitive models, cooperation is seen productive than rivalry.Cluster theory which is coined to explain advantages of geographical proximity in case of collaboration and sufficient factor endowment. This study is an attempt to explore clustering trends of Konya ICT industry. 2.Cooperation and Cluster for Gaining Advantage Beyond possessing physical resources and assets, firms should manage the cooperative process in order to survive and operate in business sphere (Raco, Mike, 1999). In other words firms must learn cooperating while they are competing against each other. This kind of cooperation is strategic because it enables benefiting from main business activities, product lines and technological diversity (Garcia, Cristina Q. and Velasco, Carlos A. B., 2000). A vast of studies that were carried on competition literature attempted to explain pattern of 297 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo competition in micro, mezzo or macro level.Despite various applying methods and tools, there have been no consensuses on the concept of competition(Çivi, E. 2001). Clustering has been commonly accepted as a method, a tool and approach to competition since the beginning of 1990s. Although there are many definitions of clusters, most comprehensive one is Porter’s definition. Porter(2000) defines clusters: Clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions (e.g., universities, standards Agencies, trade associations) in a particular field that compete but also cooperate.(Porter, 2000:15) First point in this definition is geographic concentration of companies and their relations with each other and non-firm institutions. Firms have connections either horizontal (supplier and provider) or vertical (related industries and associated institutions.) Second emphasis is the cooperation of competing firms. Thirdly, companies in a particular field (specific market or industry) should concentrate. Studies on clustering mostly focus on qualified workforce, information providers, physical infrastructures and sustainability. They concluded that these components would attract international companies to the region and provide region a competitive advantage. (Avnimelech, G. & Schwartz, D. & Bar-El, R 2007, Haan, U. 2008, Parto, S. 2008, Brenner, T. &Gildner, A. ,2006., Lazonick, W. ,2008,. Narula, R. & Marin, A. 2005) In the clustering literature, Porter’s works shed light to other studies which emphasized on aspects above. It has been known that the coined approach was widely attracted attention in international context. 3.Porter’s Diamond Model Porter (2000) introduces four aspects that have influence on the competitive advantage for firms. These four aspects, (i) factor(input) conditions, (ii) demand conditions,(iii)context for firm’s strategy and rivalry (iv) relating and supporting industries are the four corners of diamond. Porter employed this model for determining which firms and industries have competitive advantage and role relating and supporting industries. This theory encourages the further exploration of clustering. The model givesan insight to detect which industries locate which regions. Chance 298 Context for Firm Strategy and Rivalry Demand Conditions Factor(Input) Conditions Related and Supporting Industries Figure.1. Porter’sDiamond Model Government �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Analysis of Konya ICT Sector in Clustering Level with Diamond Model A Survey on Firms in Konya Technopolis Konya techno polis is chosen for assessing the situation of ICT industry and for analyzing the competition in this industry. 4.Objectives and Methodology Objective of the study is exploring the competitive advantage of software firms and detecting their clustering level. In line with these objectives Porter’s Diamond Model is used as analytical tool. Great majority of the surveyed ICT firms operate in Konya techno polis. There are 62 software firms in the city, 53 of them are operating in technopolis. Sample of 34 firms surveyed by questionnaires which asks 20 Likert type questions based on Diamond theory. The level of clustering is measured by scale of 10. The questionnaire is derived from DTM methodology which is built up for clustering map of Turkey. 5.Results 5.1.Factor Conditions Location of Firms: Selchuk University Centre of Technology Advancement was established in TGB-1 and TGB-2 regions. The center has 332,000 meter square area. It locate besides the Selcuk University Campus, its distance from centrum is 20 km, 8 km from Industry district of Konya, 8 km from Konya Airport and 5 km from bus station. Elmas Blok (Diamond Block) in the Selçuk Campus which has 2000 meter square area has been in use since 2004. Surveyed ICT firms ranked 5th among 38 centers of Technology Advancement in Turkey. The techno polis is operating by a governance principle and it has been established by the cooperation of Selcuk University, Foundation of Selcuk University, Konya Chamber 299 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of Industries, Konya Chamber of Commerce, Konya Commerce Market and the Directorate of Konya Industrial District. It also supports the university-industry collaboration. Firms operating in tecnopolis have opportunity to improve their technology and outputs by utilizing infrastructure and knowledge base. Thus they are improving their competitiveness. There are 109 firms in technopolis of which 64 firms engage in software developing activities. Due to ICT firms locate in technopolis, they have geographical proximity to public institutions, university, R&D centers. Human Capital:Selcuk University is one of the great universities in Turkey, with having 21 faculties, 6 institutes, 23 vocational schools, 1 conservatory, 42,000 students and about 3,500 academic staff. Workforce of surveyed ICT firms composed of 77 % has undergraduate degrees, % 14 university students, and % 9 graduate students. It is found that employees have access to sufficient technical equipment, but there is a need for support for basic research. In marketing dimension, in domestic market and especially in foreign market, there is a lack of expertise. Physical Infrastructure: Firms use ICT infrastructure provided by techno polis. Besides they have high quality work place and office environments with meeting halls, social facilities. Firms can use university’s IT labs. Information Infrastructure: University campus has 21 applied research centers. IT organization BILMER provides information to the firms in the techno polis. Academic staff supports the firms by consulting them for whenever they need further information. Thus university-industry linkages are quite strong. In the information infrastructure university units have important role on producing, transferring information to private businesses. Social Facilities: Firms benefit from social amenities which have located in the university campus. Posting and banking services are adequate to reduce transaction costs. Social amenities in the campus are attractive for talent. There are recreational, societal, cattering and health service amenities. In line with survey results, the firms emphasize their demand for specialized talent, strategic information, assessing consumer preferences, technology transfer and financial resources. A Degree factor condition is observed medium level. Factor endowment is not adequate solely, to improve competitive advantage. Thus factor conditions are not main advantage of the surveyed firms. 5.2.Demand Conditions ICT clustering cases in the literature show that demand conditions in the home market can cause competitive power, if sophisticated home market buyers pressure firms to innovate faster and to create more advanced products than those of competitors. Therefore both public 300 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo organizations and private sector should demand more specialized and innovative services. For the case of Konya ICT, since public sector strategies are mostly administrated from Ankara, access into public sector is not easy to develop services and goods for meeting public demand. Thus there are frictions in public market. Private industry demand is not sufficiently to pressure to innovate. Private sector demand mostly comes from health industry and share of the manufacturing industries are low in market demand for software products. Because the share of the industry demand is low, the firms do not incentive to improve competitive advantage. Another disadvantage of the ICT cluster, it is organized to meet local demand so that it has not supply capacity to meet national and foreign demand. According the questionnaire results, demand conditions are sufficient in the regional dimension. ICT cluster has regional competitive advantage. However, in the home market the cluster is not an effective actor. This makes the firms disadvantageous in meeting global market and competition conditions. Moreover, firms are not sufficient to serve desired level for national auctions. Therefore demand conditions to gain competitive advantages can be said weak for Konya ICT firms. 5.3.Firm Strategy and Rivalry In the techno polis 89 % of firms are SME’s, remaining firms are branches of big software firms. Firms are developing software for mainly health, automotive supply industry, packaging industries which are regional industries. Firms get projects which are prepared in cooperation with regional entities or firms. This project based works divert ICT sector to work with regional industries. Some of the projects meet the national demands. Firms declared that after-sell services, human resource for basic research and collaborative work increase competition. In addition they believe that foreign investors will raise the total quality. The firms which collaborate foreign firms as solution partners , report that the local firms benefit from these kind of collaborating. When examining firms strategy, rivalryand cooperation, the firms assert that they attribute high importance on cooperation and collaboration. However in practice they practice medium level cooperation. Because they locate on a shared place like techno polis, they purchase services associatively and they are spatially proximate; they are expected to cooperate high level. Medium level cooperation is an handicap for the ICT firms. In a cluster high level of collaboration and high level of information sharing is crucial. Firms are aware of these benefits but in practice collaboration is not at desired level. Firms perception about collaboration supports the clustering thesis. 5.4.Related and Supporting Industries When the external relations of the firms are inquired, below results are reached: 301 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Due to university-industry partnership, university students, graduate students and academic staff have the opportunity to make applied research and this contributes to industry by helping problem solving. Although they attribute high value for university support in improving talent, technology transfer, contributing cluster development; the current situation shows medium level linkages about these functions. Academic staff is working techno polis via only the project based duties. Collaboration with the local university is inadequate and relations between universityindustry are not effective. Despite the fact that close spatial proximity between university and firms, academic staff could contribute in project based duties, so if the firm is not running on project based duties they do not get support from academia. In addition, firms assert that they do not benefit from brain power which is improved in university. Firms complain that the talented graduates do not prefer these firms because they expect higher wages and different career plans. According to them the talented workforce prefers other regions. They believe that low level of corporatization is another reason for this talent preference. 5.5.Public Institutions The relationship between ICT firms and public institutions are weaker than desired level. ICT firms revealed that public institutions do not recognize them to collaborate. In this case they feel lack of support of public and they are not defined in public administrative processes. This situation is closely related to absence of legal framework and regulations. For instance, support mechanism, subsidy conditions, and structural definition of the clusters are not elucidated in legal institutions. Consequently ambiguities emerge when developing strategies for clusters and creating relationships with public universities. ICT firms also face this kind of ambiguity. Due to their project based works they have relationships between (TÜBİTAK), TİGEM, TİDEP, Directorate of Improvement and Supporting SME’S (KOSGEB). Analysis reveals that firms believe that cooperation with public institutions are not effective. They believe that public-private partnership is highly important for gaining competitive advantage. This situation arise questions on how the firms are familiar with clustering and how do they involved in clustering efforts. 6.CONCLUSION Evaluations and expectations show that core competency, marketing and advertising activities rank first. Surveyed firms state that determining software activities as core competence would cause competitive advantage in home market and foreign markets. Their 302 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo job requires advertising and information sharing among the firms, but trust is reported a precondition for sharing information. Owners and managers of ICT firms state that beyond the adequacy of amount of firms, they think that financial support, planning, coordination are included in clustering attempts. They also point out the importance of relationships with foreign firms and foreign investments in the industry. They believe that high level of corporatization will contribute into cluster making. Current situation they have not enough employees and they work on demanded projects which have been seen irregular works. Members of the surveyed firms emphasize the high return of investing in human resources in their industry. They believe that if the level of collaboration increases, the efficiency of firms would also increase. It has been understood that the firms’ beliefs on cooperation are strong and their tendency to cooperate is high. REFERENCES Avnimelech, G. & Schwartz, D. & Bar-El, R (2007). Entrepreneurial High-tech Cluster Development: Israel’s Experience with Venture Capital and Technological Incubators, European Planning Studies, 1469-5944, Volume 15, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 1181 – 1198. Brenner, T. & Gildner, A. (2006). The Long-term Implications of Local Industrial Clusters, Papers on Economics and Evolution 2006-08, Max Planck Institute of Economics, Evolutionary Economics Group, European Planning Studies, Vol. 14, No. 9, October 2006, 1315-1328. Çivi, Emin, (2001).Rekabet Gücü: Literatür Araştırması”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, Yıl 2001, C 8, Sayı 2, s.21-38. Garcia, Cristina Q. and Velasco, Carlos A. B., 2002. Co-opetition and Performance: Evidence from European Biotechnology Industry, The European Academy of Management, 2nd. Annual Conference on Innovative Research in Management May 9-11, Track: Coopetition Strategy: Towards A New Kind of Interfirm Dynamics, 2002, Stockholm, Sweden. Haan, U. (2008). Looking for success factors in Israel’s high-Tech Clusters, Springer, Lazonick, W. (2008) Entrepreneurial Ventures and the Developmental State Lessons from the Advanced Economies, Discussion Paper No. 2008/01, 303 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/discussionpapers/2008/en_GB/dp2008-01/_files/78805634425684379/default/dp2008-01.pdf Narula, R. & Marin, A. (2005). Exploring the relationship between direct and indirect spillovers from FDI in Argentina, Research Memoranda 024, Maastricht : MERIT, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology, http://ideas.repec.org/p/dgr/umamer/2005024.html Parto, S. (2008).Innovation and Economic Activity: An Institutional Analysis of the Role of Clusters in Industrializing Economies,Journal of Economic Issues, Available at http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-36151980_ITM. Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantages of Nations, Harvard Business Review, March-April, No:2 Porter, M. (2000). Location, Competition and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy, Economic Development Quarterley, 14 (1), 15-34 Raco, Mike (1999). Competition, Collaboration and the New Industrial Districts: Examining the Institutional Turn in Local Economic Development, Urban Studies, 36 (5-6): 951-968. Comparison of linear regression and neural network models forecasting tourist arrivals to Turkey Selcuk Cankurt, Abdulhamit Subasi International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, Francuske Revolucije bb. Ilidza, Sarajevo, 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mail:asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract This paper develops statistical and machine learning methods for estimating tourist arrivals which is one of the donnée for planning the sustainable tourism development. Tourism is arguably one of the world's largest and fastest growing industries. Sustainable tourism 304 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1178 Title A name given to the resource Cooperation and competition in Information Technology Business: Case of ICT firms in Konya Author Author M. Atilla , Aricioğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. The notion of clusters has been attracted increasing interest from academics and business practitioners for two decades. The theory and research emphasize their strong and positive influence in promoting industrial development, innovation, and competitiveness and economic growth. Thus clusters, become a useful policy instrument in regional innovation systems (RIS) aiming to promote sustainable regional growth. Related literature suggests that competitive clusters provide a fertile and conducive business environment for companies to collaborate with research institutions, suppliers, customers and competitors located in the same geographical area. They are becoming powerful engines of economic development and drivers. Not all industries can create opportunities for employment, but of which share knowledge and transfer technology both directly and through upstream and downstream linkages with other relevant sectors. Not only they move their production facilities, they also intend to transfer their research and development units from those favorable regions which have relatively higher stage of development than the others in terms of infrastructure facilities, education and training institutions, stable incentives, subsidiary potential, and the presence of other multinational enterprises. The informatics sector can provide a foundation for the growth of industrial activity in a developing economy. Therefore, as an example of high-tech clusters and potentially highvalue added sectors in developing countries, in-depth analysis of the informatics sector with its hardware suppliers as a whole can shed light on the question of how a developing country can structure its strategies to be able to upgrade and be competitive over time. In recent years, Turkey has made an effort as a major player in the global informatics sector. Owing to its skilled labor/brain force, rapid growth and market potential, Turkey has gained tremendous attention of the informatics sector since 1980s. According to a survey of a city of Konya sample, innovation attitudes the company managers operating in the IT sector has been measured. In line with this purpose survey of firms in Konya Teknokent has been conducted. Keywords: Cluster, Innovation, Konya, IT, Competition Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f23d7bdb7efc09f568961300d305ecb8.pdf 95d3cdc59e8a7c5fd32180dfe530ce11 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Consumer Oriented Marketing: Seafood Consumption Among Children M. TolgaTolon,DilekEmiroğlu Ege University Faculty of Fisheries, 35100, Izmir, Turkey Emails: tolga.tolon@ege.edu.tr, dilek.emiroglu@ege.edu.tr Abstract Parents’ dominance on determination of food consumption pattern of children has been changing in recent years by the effect of developing social communication via information technologies, improving education level and changing social status of the community. Increasing awareness of children on sustainable and healthy nutrition issues affects consumption habits of the modern families. Today, parents give more importance to the preference and proposals of their children for the food selection. In previous decade, adults were more health conscious and prefer healthy foods than the young ones but today an enormous amount of efforts has been launched to educate children about consuming healthy foods than never before. Families with the children are an important market segment for the seafood industry. However, children’sdislike of seafood or strong preferences for fast-food type consumption is the barriers to seafood marketing in many cases. Consequently, children are the preferential targets of seafood promotions and campaigns in most countries to gain more consumers today and in the future. In this study, seafood consumption pattern and preferences of the children in age group of 10-14 has been researched. Randomly selected 400 children were surveyed through a questionnaire with personal interviews. The surveys have been conducted in primary schools of two cities which localized as seaside and inland in west part of Turkey. Findings derived from the research have indicated that social interaction among children has strong impact on seafood consumption habit. Moreover, children would promote seafood consumption in their families. Besides education the forms of seafood specially cooked and packaged attractive to their age group and promotion campaigns lead most children to demand and consume more seafood. This paper provides sample clues for improving marketing strategy by focusing on children’s seafood consumption. The reasons of seafood resistance have to be identified clearly and continuouslyfor the consumer oriented marketing in seafood. Keywords: marketing, seafood, consumption, children, consumer oriented 1.INTRODUCTION The consumer-oriented marketing is a new model of marketing that company should view and organize its marketing activities from the consumer's point of view. Consumer-oriented marketing, which focuses on fine-tuning a business by determining its customer base, is an important development in the evolution of marketing. This process is defined by three functions within the consumer-oriented market model: analysis, modeling and planning. 105 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo When a product is marketed in a consumer orientated way there must be a lot of research needed to find out the facts about the consumer. This is something that can be done through surveys.Also knowing the habits of those markets and consumer needs can be profitable byutilizing that information ahead of time. The availability of customer information has grown exponentially, providing the raw material for more detailed analysis. Although this can be costly, the benefits of most consumer marketing campaigns do outweigh the initial research cost. Another benefit would be gained from the consumer oriented marketing is to target a certain consumer group by the right marketing tools or promotions as in the seafood consumption case. Families with the children are an important market segment for the seafood industry. As eating habits are formed in childhood, it is necessary that their determining factors be understood in order to establish effective educational and marketing processes that can change children’s eating behavior (Angelis, 1995). The literature on infant feeding shows that children’s eating behavior is firstly determined by their family and, in a second moment, by other psychosocial and cultural interactions (Maurem, 2000).Food consumption behavior, like any complex human behavior, will be influenced by many interrelating factors, like physical properties of the food (flavor, texture, odor), characteristics of the individual (personality, preferences, attitudes, perceptions, knowledge) or characteristics with the environment (availability, season, situation, culture) (Olsen, 2001). Innovative and sustainable marketing methods are essential to increase the per capita consumption in markets which the seafood is not present traditionally as Turkey. Inclusion of children into the seafood market would be possible by modern marketing methods as consumer oriented marketing. Therefore, children are the preferential targets of seafood promotions and campaigns in most countries to gain more consumers today and in the future. The main purpose of the present study was to provide sample clues for improving marketing strategy in context of consumer oriented marketing principles by focusing on children’s seafood consumption habits between 10-14 ages. The factors affecting seafood consumption behavior and reasons of seafood resistance were identified in sample case in order to be utilized in consumer oriented marketing strategyfor sustainable marketing efforts. 2.METHODOLOGY The subjects were students who are recruited from the primary schools of two cities, Muğla (agricultural city,20km from seaside) and İzmir (industrial city, near seaside) both located in west part of Turkey. Random selection of 400 children (203 girls, 197 boys) (stratified for age and town, 200 from each of the towns) ranging in age from 10 to 14 years was performed on the basis of local taxation registers in order to achieve an adequate variation of socio-economic factors. Although the detailed demographic data were not collected from any of the students who participated, it is known that families in this subject pool are in and below the Turkish median for income. None of the children in the present study had previously participated in anyseafood or economic survey. 106 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A questionnaire asking respondents about their attitudes and seafood consumption behavior was constructed and pre-tested.The questionnaire was developed on the basis of consumer oriented marketing strategies which include to reveal the clues about consumption pattern, knowledge background, social context related with seafood consumption of the target group. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test analysis were used to predict the relation between consumption behavior and other factors. All analyses were done with SPSS version 15, and a value of p≤0.05 was taken as the level of significance throughout. The p-values are reported only for the significant results. 3.RESULTS A total of 400 surveys were completed for this study during March 2012. Respondents surveyed can be sorted into one of four groups for purpose of data analysis (Table 1). Group 1 had 356 respondents (89%), which reported that they do eat fish or seafood regularly. Group 2 had 32 respondents who do not like the taste of fish and therefore not eating any fish or seafood. Group 3 had 8 respondents who are unable to buy or eat fish or seafood because of low financial situation. Group 4 had 4 respondents which reported that they had experienced health problems as poisoning and awn prick during fish consumption. Table 1. Grouping for survey respondents Number of children surveyed (N) Ratio (%) Groups 356 89 Group I – Eat fish regularly 32 8 Group II – Do not eat fish (Taste) 8 2 Group III – Do not eat fish (Financial) 4 1 Group IV – Do not eat fish (Health) The key points and seafood consumption pattern of target group were analyzed and summarized to develop a consumer oriented marketing strategy (Table 2). Table 2. Summary of the key points for consumer oriented marketing strategy in Group I. Question Frequency 107 Bi-weekly (42%) , Once in a month (26%), Every week (24%) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Place Home (91%), Restaurant (4,5 %) , Outdoor (4,5%) Respect to decision Sometimes (56%), Always (33%) , Never (11%) Species Anchovy (30%) ,Seabream (18%), Sea bass (9%) Other seafood Mollusk (48%), Canned tuna (43%) , calamari (30%) , fish finger (27%) Identify Yes (81%) , No (19%) Benefit Answer (95 %) , No answer (5%) Source of knowledge School (42%) , Social Media (39 %) , Family (19%) Ads interest Yes (76%) , No (24 %) Angling Yes (52%) , No (48 %) Friends consumption Yes (94%) , No (6%) Sibling Consumption Yes (76%) , No (24%) Consumption frequency in Group 1was reported as 42% bi-weekly, 26% once in a month and 24% every week. Questions focused on the employment status of the respondents’ family have showed that 92% of the fathers and 23% of the mothers are employed in a job. Only 21% of the students’ both parents are found to be employed. Parents are in the middle and lower income group according to their business types. The most popular fish species according to respondent’s preference were anchovy (30%), sea bream (18%) and sea bass (9%). The evaluation of deboned or prepared seafood consumption has showed that 48% of the respondents like the taste of mussels, 43% canned tuna fish, 30% calamari and 27% fish finger . Most children stated that they consume seafood at home (91%), 5% of them are consuming at the restaurants and 4% at the outdoor facilities as picnic. Participants reported that 33% of their gatekeepers “always” respecttheir food decisions,nearly half of them (56%) respect “sometimes” and 11% “never” ask their children’s food preferences. An important amount (89%) of the gatekeepers is respecting their children’s decision in preparing and serving food types. 108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Totally 304 respondent (76%) from all groups reported that they are remembering at least one commercial ad about seafood or fish products. Even 73% of non-fish eating groups’ members (Group II,III,IV) arealso remembering at least one commercial ad about seafood and fishes. Most of the children (81%) had stated that they know or can identify the fish species that they eat. However, no significant relation has found between “fish eating”and “fish awareness”(p>0.05) A significant relation has been determined between “fish awareness” and “commercial fish ads” in all groups (p=0.028, p≤0.05). Seventy seven percent (77%) of the respondents which are remembering fish ads are also stating that they are aware of fish species. Although the seafood promotion activities in the schools were very rare, 88% of the respondents who witness a seafood promotion activity reported as they know or can identify the fish species. Also the fish consumption ratio within this group was 99%. There is a significant relation between the “fish promotion in schools” and “fish awareness” as well as “fish consumption” (p=0.021, p≤0.05) No significant relation can be found between the “aquarium hobby” and the “fish consumption”. The presence of aquarium and hobby breeding of fishes as pet do not affecting the fish consumption positive or negatively (p>0,05). Nearly all of the children (95%) had responded the “What are the benefits of fish consumption” question. The reported benefits of seafood were focused on eye wellness, intelligence development, bone and muscle development, growth, protein and omega-3 supply. Nearly half of the respondents (42%) stated that they learn such knowledge from lectures in schools, 39% from newspaper, magazines and internet, 19% from their parents and family members. The question asking that “have you ever been in a bait fishing activity?” was responded as “Yes” by 52% of the respondents. Almost all of the children (93%)thoseanswered this question positively were also stated as they are eating fish regularly. There is a significant relation between the “bait fishing” and “fish consumption habit” (p=0.02, p≤0.05). Greater than 94% of the respondents in all groups reported that their friends are eating fish regularly. This ratio was slightly higher in the Group I as 95%. Significant relation has been found between the “fish consumption” of the respondents and their “friend’s fish eating behavior” (p=0.016, p≤0.05) Sibling’s nutritional behavior also has impact on the respondent’s fish consumption pattern. The percentage of children reporting their sibling’s fish consumption behavior as positive was 76% in Group I. Sibling’s fish consumption behaviorhas a significant impact on respondent’s fish consumption habit (p=0.04 , p≤0.05). 4.DISCUSSION Companies should principally develop their strategies for their target groups in consumer oriented marketing applications. The strategy adopted in this study was to increase the amount and frequency of consumed seafood by product diversification and adaptation according the needs of target consumer group as children. The researched group that has high percentage of seafood consumer (Group I) is a preferential target for consumer oriented marketing strategy. However, 8% of the respondents (Group II), 109 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo who do not like the taste and therefore not consuming seafood, would also be included into the target group of marketing strategy. Psychosocially, eating behavior relies on parents’ active participation as nutritional educators through family interactions that affect children’s eating habits (Gillespie and Acterberg, 1989). The gatekeeper in the family is defined as the primary food decision maker and studies have shown that the gatekeeper's decisions are greatly influenced by other family members', food likes and dislikes (Wandel et al 1995). The high respect level (89%) of gatekeepers to the food decisions of their children and consumption of seafood intensively at home and with family members are the signs of a two-way interaction between children and parents on food consumption habits and decisions. In addition, the findings derived from the research had shown that proper knowledge about seafood is especially supplied by the teachers and followed by media sources as newspapers, internet and magazines.The nutritional facts about the seafood had been properly understood and adopted by almost all of the children researched. Although, children of such age group is not defined as a primary customer in context of economy, their consumption habits and demands are effectively forcing families to involve in seafood market as primary customers. Moreover, children would promote seafood consumption in their families. Social interaction among children has strong impact on seafood consumption behavior. It is an important clue in developing marketing strategy that social environment of children especially their friends have more impact than their families on consumption behavior. In this case, children do not eat only because of hunger feeling but also by suggestion of the environment and social context (Birch and Fisher, 1997). Children’s dislike of seafood or their strong preference for hedonic consumption are barriers to seafood consumption (Olsen, 2001). Children prefer fast food type deboned seafood varieties instead of fish meals that are cooked and served in classic styles. The demand of children for such type of seafood as mollusk, canned tuna fish, calamari, fish finger and fish balls is a strong sign for such preference. Analyzing the serving and eating styles of best preferred meals of the target group and serving seafood products in such forms has to be included in the marketing strategy which would promote effective consumption in the market. Children’s point of view to the seafood products is another important key point in planning consumer oriented marketing strategies. As the aquarium hobby do not affecting fish eating motivation of the children in positive or negative manner, but involving in activities such as bait fishing and fishing for nutritional aims would promote seafood consumption of the children strongly.Informative promotions that are emphasizing edibility of the aquatic organisms would increase the market effectiveness of seafood among the target consumers. Considering the memorable feature of seafood ads by the most of the children, suitable ads that conforms the interests of children would be published through interactive social media and TV’s as consumer oriented marketing strategy. Immediate and future campaigns can be then planned well so that it can create better impact to the consumer segment. 5.CONCLUSION There are a lot of other buying factors that consumers may have but children do not consider price over other factors. Children’s preferences are mainly driven by their hedonic needs. It’s important to take into consideration consumer’s habits, values, and all other factors that influence 110 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo their decisions. With these data at hand, any company can create strategies that can work around the individual needs of these customers. ACKNOWLEDGE Special thanks to primary school teachers Miss ÖzlemÇizmecigil and Mrs.DenizÇakıroğlu who collaborate in conducting surveys and collecting precious data. REFERENCES Alphanet Marketing (2012) Consumer Oriented Marketing Definition, URL http://www.alphanetmarketing.com/2010/12/consumer-oriented-marketing-definition.html Angelis R.C. Ped;13:126-7. (1995)Alimentaçãonainfânciavsconseqüênciasulterioresnasaúde. Rev Paul Birch L.L and Fisher J.A. (1997) The role of experience in the development of children’s eating behavior. Why we eat what we eat. The psychology of eating. 2nd ed. p. 113-41. Washington Brown A.J. (1998) Effective Customer-Oriented Marketing, URL http://www.informationmanagement.com/infodirect/19980401/932-1.html Gillespie A.H and Acterberg C.L. (1989) Comparison of family interaction patterns related to food and nutrition. J Am Diet Assoc ;89:509-12. Maurem R. and Lilian M.S. (2000) Development children’s eating behavior, Jornal de Pediatria Vol. 76, Supl.3, S229-S237 Mennell S, Murcott A, Otterloo AH. (1992) The sociology of food: Eating, diet and culture. Current Sociology. J Intern SocAssoc; 4O:l-147. Olsen S.O. (2001) Consumer involvement in seafood as family meals in Norway: an application of the expectancy-value approach, Journal of Appetite, Volume 36, Issue 2, Pages 173–186 Roininen K. Roininen, L. Lähteenmäki, H. Tuorila (1999) Quantification of consumer attitudes to health and hedonic characteristics of foods, Journal of Appetite, 33 (1999), pp. 71–88 Wandel M, Bugge A, SkoglundRamm J. (1995) Matvaneriendringogstabilitet (Change and stability in food habits). SIFO,:4. 111 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1369 Title A name given to the resource Consumer Oriented Marketing: Seafood Consumption Among Children Author Author M., TolgaTolon Abstract A summary of the resource. Parents’ dominance on determination of food consumption pattern of children has been changing in recent years by the effect of developing social communication via information technologies, improving education level and changing social status of the community. Increasing awareness of children on sustainable and healthy nutrition issues affects consumption habits of the modern families. Today, parents give more importance to the preference and proposals of their children for the food selection. In previous decade, adults were more health conscious and prefer healthy foods than the young ones but today an enormous amount of efforts has been launched to educate children about consuming healthy foods than never before. Families with the children are an important market segment for the seafood industry. However, children’sdislike of seafood or strong preferences for fast-food type consumption is the barriers to seafood marketing in many cases. Consequently, children are the preferential targets of seafood promotions and campaigns in most countries to gain more consumers today and in the future. In this study, seafood consumption pattern and preferences of the children in age group of 10-14 has been researched. Randomly selected 400 children were surveyed through a questionnaire with personal interviews. The surveys have been conducted in primary schools of two cities which localized as seaside and inland in west part of Turkey. Findings derived from the research have indicated that social interaction among children has strong impact on seafood consumption habit. Moreover, children would promote seafood consumption in their families. Besides education the forms of seafood specially cooked and packaged attractive to their age group and promotion campaigns lead most children to demand and consume more seafood. This paper provides sample clues for improving marketing strategy by focusing on children’s seafood consumption. The reasons of seafood resistance have to be identified clearly and continuouslyfor the consumer oriented marketing in seafood. Keywords: marketing, seafood, consumption, children, consumer oriented Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ac11b20ff32bc6b57d4fbd1de8e9b6ce.pdf 28d9b66f18af0291bf5966b11fb54da9 PDF Text Text Heavy metal induced gene expression in Brassicaceae Lamija Subasic, Haris Gavranovic, Imer Muhovic and Abdul Razaque Memon* Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: armemon@ibu.edu.com Abstract Plants require at least 14 mineral elements for their nutrition. These include the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) and the micronutrients boron (B), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo). These are generally obtained from the soil. Crop production is often limited by low bioavailability of essential mineral elements and/or the presence of excessive concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Al in the soil solution. In the past few years, responses of plants to heavy metals have received increasing attention. On one hand due to industrial activities, toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb have been released into the biosphere and represent a widespread environmental pollution. High concentrations of heavy metals in the soil can inhibit plant growth and reduce crop yields, which can affect sustainable development severely. In order to study the molecular response of plants to heavy metals, the gene expression data of model crop plants especially in Brassicaceae family were analyzed by searching several databases available online. In the first part of this work the publicly available online resources for these plants from websites such as http://www.ncbi.nih.gov, http://www.tigr.org, http://www.brassica.info, and related sites were searched to collect nucleotide sequences that encode heavy metal ATPases and transporter protein homologues. The second part of this work focuses on the expression of these genes in plants grown at different concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) experiments will be carried out to analyze the expression of these genes in roots and shoots of B. nigra and B. juncea treated with different concentrations of metals. Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassicaceae, phylogenetic tree, Metal ATPases, phytoremediation 1.INTRODUCTION Phytoremediation uses green plants to clean up toxic amount of inorganic and organic pollutants from the environment. The rapid industrialization and urbanization of many developed and recently developing countries (for example China, India, Brazil etc) have increased heavy metal and organic pollution in the environment (Memon and Schroder, 2009). Hyperaccumulation as a phenomenon has attracted growing attention in the past decade. Exploiting hyperaccumulating plant species, and identifying metal accumulation 205 �genes is currently focal point for phytoremediation or phytomining (Ozturk et al 2012). Among limited number of plant species 400 are classified as heavy accumulator plants (Baker et al., 2000). Among them Arabidopsis hallari, Thlaspi, Brassica nigra, and Brassica juncea have been most studied (Memon and Schroder, 2009). Those plant species have the ability to accumulate extremely high amounts of heavy metals in their leaves (Brown et al., 1995). The plants absorb contaminants through the root system and store them in the root biomass and/or transport them up into the stems and/or leaves. A living plant may continue to absorb contaminants until it is harvested. After harvest, a lower level of the contaminant will remain in the soil, so the growth/harvest cycle must usually be repeated through several crops to achieve a significant cleanup. After the process, the cleaned soil can support other vegetation. Heavy metals that have been identified in the polluted environment include As, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Hg and Zn. Different sources of heavy metals are listed in Table 1. Table 1. Different sources of heavy metal contamination. Heavy metals Sources As preservatives, animal feed plants, herbicides, volcanoes, mining and smelting Cu biosolids Cd fossil fuel burning, phosphate fertilizers, sewage sludge Semiconductors, petroleum refining, wood additives, coal power, Electroplating industry, smelting and refining, mining Geogenic sources , anthropogenic activitie,s metal smelting and refining, application of Cr tanneries Electroplating industry, sludge, solid waste, Pb of leaded gasoline, wastes enriched in Pb, paints Mining and smelting of metalliferous ores, burning municipal sewage, industrial Hg industries producing caustic Volcano eruptions, forest fire, emissions from soda, coal, peat and wood burning 206 �Se fuels, glass manufacturing (e.g., varnish, pigment formulation) Coal mining, oil refining, combustion of fossil industry, chemical synthesis Ni bursting and gas exchange soils and geological materials Volcanic eruptions, land fill, forest fire, bubble in ocean, weathering of Zn mining, biosolids Electroplating industry, smelting and refining, Different approaches have been used or developed to mitigate the heavy metal polluted soils. The metal ion accumulated in the aerial parts that can be removed to dispose or burnt to recover metals. The results indicate that many Brasssica sp. such as B. juncea L., B. juncea L. Czern, B. napus L.and B. rapa L. exhibited moderately enhanced Zn and Cd accumulation. According to Brooks (1998) and Baker (2000) they were also found to be most effective in removing Zn from the contaminated soils. The plant species that have been identified for remediation of soil include either high biomass plants such as willow (Landberg and Greger, 1996) or those that have low biomass but high hyperaccumulating characteristics such as Thlaspi and Arabidopsis species (Memon et al 2000, Memon et al. 2008). The main objective of this study is to identify genes responsible for hyperaccumulation of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu and Cd in Brassicaceae family species, namely Brassica , do comparative phyletic analysis among different species and characterize metal induced gene expression. The present study aims at finding homologues of heavy metal ATPases among species mentioned that might possess same specific functional similarities. Moreover, this study aids to resolve many problems of soil pollution and enhance soil clean-up methods by using fast growing and high biomass accumulator plant species. The main components of this study are: i) retrieval of heavy metal ATPase nucleotide sequences from Brassicaceae family species, H.sapiens and S.cerevisiae by searching through all sequence databases; ii) multiple alignment of found sequences, iii) phyletical analysis of heavy metal ATPases genes, where the main gene source was A.thaliana, compared with Brassicaceae, H.sapiens and S.cerevisiae and other related organisms with the objective of finding motifs with high or identical functional similarity. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1.Retrieval of sequences In this study DNA sequences were retrieved from websites as a molecular evidence to classify organisms. Several publicly available online data resources were used including: http://arabidopsis.org/ (TIGR, The Institute for Genomic Research); http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (GenBank); http://plantgdb.org/ (PGD, Plant Genome Database), http://srs.ebi.ac.uk (EMBL-EBI). Homo sapiens and yeast sequences were acquired from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. and http://www.yeastgenome.org/ (SGD, Saccharomyces Genome Database), respectively. All the sequences were downloaded in FASTA format and all databases were screened for heavy metal ATPase gene homologues by 207 �employing the BLAST algorithm (Blastn and discontiguous megablast for nucleotide databases). Discontiguous megablast as a version of megablast is used to compare slightly diverged sequences, especially sequences from different organisms, which have alignments with low degree of identity. For the initial screening, Arabidopsis, human and yeast heavy metal ATPases nucleotide sequences were used and every database scanned for the E-value of sequences of <10-7. Phylogenetic tree was constructed from DNA sequences by using Java applet JalView. Firstly, genes responsible for hyperaccumulation of heavy metals, heavy metal ATPases were collected from www.arabidopsis.org. The sequence databases were also searched using keywords for heavy metal ATPases. In total seven of the gene nucleotide sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana were taken and put for further analyses. The identified genes from these databanks are: HMA1 (Heavy metal ATPase 1); copper-exporting ATPase, HMA2 (Heavy metal ATPase 2); cadmium-transporting ATPase, HMA3 (Heavy metal ATPase 3); ATPase, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism, HMA4 (Heavy metal ATPase 4); cadmium-transporting ATPase, HMA5 (HEAVY METAL ATPASE 5); ATPase, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism, PAA1 (metal-transporting P-type ATPase 1), PAA1 (metaltransporting P-type ATPase 1); ATPase, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, phosphorylative mechanism. Subsequently, based on those identified genes sequences, nucleotide sequences for other organisms such as Brassica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human were collected from http://srs.ebi.ac.uk and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ for the purpose of finding homologue sequences. After the set of related sequences were obtained, we proceeded further by using BLAST tool form NCBI website to find regions of local similarity between sequences. 2.2. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree construction A total of 134 heavy metal ATPase sequences were multiply aligned by utilizing ClustalW program in order to construct phylogenetic tree. Construction of phylogenetic tree is the most convenient method to represent the significant relation among obtained sequences. The purpose of our research is to study the sequences of gene family where all sequences share the same common ancestor. Thus by implementing phylogenetic trees we will ensure that the heavy metal accumulator genes are orthologous to another well-characterized gene in another species. Two genes that are orthologous often have the same exact function (have similar roles) in the two different organisms they come from. In order to construct phylogenetic tree sequences of genes need to be aligned. In multiple sequence alignment the nucleotide sequences are being overlapped so similar features end up in the same column. The idea behind a multiple alignment is to put nucleotides or amino acids in the same column because they are very similar according to some criterion. There are four major criteria to build a multiple alignment of sequences that all have different properties. These four criteria are as follows: structural, evolutionary, functional and sequence similarity. While the first three criteria have a clear biological meaning, the fourth one does not. When the sequences are closely related, their structural, evolutionary, and functional similarities are equivalent to sequence similarity. The criterion observed in this research is that the sequences of different metal induced genes have functional and evolutionary similarities among species. Our hypothesis is that the functionally related sequences of the genes from different species or organisms will be having conserved pattern or motif which will be possibly related to hyperaccumulation of heavy metals. 208 �3.Results and Discussion 3.1.Heavy metal ATPase homologues Three phylogenetic trees were constructed for collected heavy metal ATPase nucleotide sequences. In Fig.1. a total of 27 gene nucleotide sequences were obtained from 2 different organism: 24 plants and 3 human species after scanning of major sequence databases. The majority of these sequences belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana. Mainly mRNA sequences were taken for multiple alignment and construction of phylogenetic tree by using Neigbour Joining method in Jalview software. Fig.1. Linear dendrogram presenting a phylogenetic tree for metal accumulating genes. In one study a total of 35 homologues gene nucleotide sequences were obtained from 19 different organisms: 2 plants (8 Arabidopsis thaliana and 3 Oryza sativa Japonica Group), 2 Mus Musculus, 2 Rattus norvegicus, Caenoharbditis elegans, 2 Canis lupus familiaris, Bos taurus, Gallus gallus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Macaca mulatta, Anopheles gambiae pest, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pan troglodytes, Homo sapiens, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Danio rerio, Neurospora crassa, Magnaporthe oryzae and Drosophila melanogaster after scanning of major sequence databases. The majority of heavy metal ATPase sequences belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana. Mainly mRNA sequences were taken for multiple alignment and construction of phylogenetic tree by using Neigbour Joining method in Jalview software. 209 �In another study a total of 72 homologues gene nucleotide sequences were obtained from 14 different organisms: plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Hordeum vulgare, Glycine max, Oryza sativa japonica, Oryza sativa indica, Noccaea caerulescens, Thlaspi caerulescens, Triticum aestivum, Sorghum bicolor, Populus trichocarpa, Medicago truncatula, Picea glauca, Solanum tuberosum, Hirchfeldia incana, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus ,Vitis vinifera, Zea mays, Thellungiella halophila, Physcomitrella patens ssp patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, Solanum lycopersicum, Brachypodium distachyum, Sedum alfredii, Ricinus communis ), Pan troglodytes, Pongo abelii, Macaca mulatta, Rattus norvegicus, Equus caballus, Bos taurus, Sparus aurata, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila erecta, Chlamydomonas reindhartii, Trichoplax adhaerens, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens after scanning of major sequence databases. The majority of heavy metal ATPase sequences belonged to Arabidopsis thaliana (8), and Medicago truncatula (6). Mainly mRNA sequences were taken for multiple alignment and construction of phylogenetic tree by using Neigbour Joining method in Jalview software. From the comparative analyses of phylogenetic trees orthologous heavy metal ATPase genes were identified from model crop plants in Brassicaceae family, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Noccaea caerulescens and Thlaspi caerulescens. Phylogenetic tree is comprised of: leaves or OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units), nodes which represent an ancestral OUT, clade (a group of OTUs that includes several sequences and their common ancestor nodes), branch which defines the relation between a clade or an OTU and the rest of the tree and root which is the common ancestor of all the OTUs. Phylogenetic trees were built with distance methods by grouping OTUs according to overall similarity. These phylogenetic trees are unscaled, where branch length does not have any special meaning in terms of evolutionary time. On the other hand it indicates of orthologous heavy metal ATPase genes across different species. Conclusion Great efforts have been made in the last two decades to reduce pollution sources and remedy the polluted soil and water resources. Phytoremediation, being more cost-effective and fewer side effects than physical and chemical approaches, has gained increasing popularity in both academic and practical circles. Recent advances in biotechnology will play a promising role in the development of new hyperaccumulators by identifying a specific metal genes and transferring metal hyperaccumulating genes from low biomass wild species to the higher biomass producing cultivated species in the times to come. This can play a significant role in the extraction of heavy metals from the polluted soils and aid sustainable environmental development. Phytoextraction as a way of phytoremediation is environmental friendly, and causes no harm to soil quality. Moreover, it is less expensive than any other clean-up process. It takes more time than other clean-up techniques, but on the other hand its benefits certainly outweigh the time-consuming process, since it is related to plants. Although, investigations are needed to develop new methods for effective recovery of metals from the hyperaccumulator plant biomass. REFERENCES Memon, A.R. and Schröder, P. 2008. Implication of metal accumulation mechanisms to phytoremediation. Environ. Sci. Pol. Res. (ESPR). 16: 162-175. Ozturk, M., Memon, A. R. , Gucel, S. , and Dogan, Y. 2012. Brassicas in Turkey and their Possible Role in the Phytoremediation of Degraded Habitats. Springer-Verlag. 210 �Memon et al 2008. Metal accumulation in crops- Human health issues, In : Trace ElementsNutritional benefits, environmental contamination, and health implications, Ed. M. N. V. Prasad, John Wiley & Sons pp. 81-97 Memon, A. R., Aktoprakligıl, D., Özdemir, A., and Vertii, A. 2000. Gene expression of heavy metal stress protein in plants. Turkish J. Botany 25, 111-121 Memon, A. R., Yildizhann Y. and Keskin, B. C. Phytoremedıatıon of heavy metals from contamınated areas of Turkey. 4th European Bioremediation Conference, Sept 3-6, Chania, Crete, Greece, ID04 pp1-4, ISBN 978-960-8475-12-0. Baker, A.J.M., McGrath, S.P., Reeves, R.D., Smith, J.C.A. (2000). Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants: A Review of the Ecology and Physiology of a Biological Resource for Phytoremediation of Metal-Polluted Soils.In: Terry, N., Banuelos, G. Eds. Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils and Water. Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Brown, S.L., Chaney, R.L., Scott Angle, J. (1995). Zinc and cadmium uptake by hyperaccumulator thlaspi-caerulescens grown in nutrient solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59: 125-133. Claverie,J.M. Cedric Notredame (2007). Bioinformatics For Dummies (2nd). Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Landberg, T., Greger, M. (1996). Differences in uptake and tolerance to heavy metals in Salix from unpolluted and polluted areas. Applied Geochem., 11(1-2):175-180. Brooks, R.R., 1998. Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals. CAN International, Wallington, p.379. Engineering of microalgae for biofuel production Recep Vatansever1, Sanija Cavar1,2, and Abdul Razaque Memon1 1Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, 71000 Sarajevo 2Department of Chemistry, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and herzegovina Abstract Increasing of the world population along with the economic wealth deepens the energy crises every day. Hence we need to find the new alternative energy sources that will satisfy the energy demand and concomitantly deliver no emission to the environment. In this particular situation, plants offer us a highly efficient and effective solutions. However use of higher plants for such purposes can cause several problems such as food competition, water shortage, arable land, fertilizer etc. Algae are tiny biological factories that use photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy so efficiently that they can double their weight several times a day. As part of the photosynthesis process algae 211 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1247 Title A name given to the resource Heavy metal induced gene expression in Brassicaceae Author Author Lamija , Subasic Abstract A summary of the resource. Plants require at least 14 mineral elements for their nutrition. These include the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulphur (S) and the micronutrients boron (B), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo). These are generally obtained from the soil. Crop production is often limited by low bioavailability of essential mineral elements and/or the presence of excessive concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Al in the soil solution. In the past few years, responses of plants to heavy metals have received increasing attention. On one hand due to industrial activities, toxic heavy metals such as Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb have been released into the biosphere and represent a widespread environmental pollution. High concentrations of heavy metals in the soil can inhibit plant growth and reduce crop yields, which can affect sustainable development severely. In order to study the molecular response of plants to heavy metals, the gene expression data of model crop plants especially in Brassicaceae family were analyzed by searching several databases available online. In the first part of this work the publicly available online resources for these plants from websites such as http://www.ncbi.nih.gov, http://www.tigr.org, http://www.brassica.info, and related sites were searched to collect nucleotide sequences that encode heavy metal ATPases and transporter protein homologues. The second part of this work focuses on the expression of these genes in plants grown at different concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Cd. Real time PCR (RT-PCR) experiments will be carried out to analyze the expression of these genes in roots and shoots of B. nigra and B. juncea treated with different concentrations of metals. Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassicaceae, phylogenetic tree, Metal ATPases, phytoremediation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c6fd64aab5fca2fb44f3769b418b2e1c.pdf e4427b526a4d01576e3dc371185ffe44 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A Comparison Of Futures Prices On Turkdex With Conventional Pricing Theory Kusakci Ali Osman, Kusakci,Sumeyye International University of Sarajevo, Ilidza, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: akusakci@ius.edu.ba,skusakci@ius.edu.ba Abstract Derivatives are very sophisticated financial innovations and require highly sophisticated financial markets before they are introduced successfully. The well-known arbitrage free pricing theory applied when pricing derivative securities is based on some assumptions, which may not be verified in many of the emerging markets. Therefore, the applicability of the conventional theory to the emerging markets must be studied in details. This paper questions conformity of conventional arbitrage free pricing theory for emerging markets and discusses efficiency on newly organized Turkish derivative exchange (TURKDEX). Based on the market data in Turkey a comparison will be made between daily market prices and theoretical prices of 43 futures contracts. The results show that currency futures in TURKDEX are evaluated by market players fairly but ISE-30 and ISE-100 contracts offer arbitrage opportunities. Additionally, this work shows that theory and market differences rely mainly on inexperienced market players and newly established market regulations. Conservative regulations on short-selling are another problem to be solved. Keywords: futures, TURKDEX, cost of carry, arbitrage theory, emerging markets, pricing 1.INTRODUCTION Forward and future contracts are two basic types of derivatives, where they referred in the literature as unconditional derivatives (Daniel Siegel & Diane Siegel 1990).While evaluating them, the basic pricing approach is “cost of carry” approach (CC). CC is derived from an arbitrage-free market theory, while an arbitrage-free market is characterized as follows (Rudolph & Schäfer 2010);     There is no taxes, transaction and information cost Short selling is allowed All market players have the same opportunities on the market A cash flow stream and a derivative instrument can be arbitrarily divided. However, the above mentioned assumptions are only valid for a well-developed market and can be justified only under the well-known efficient market hypothesis (EMH) according to which the current price of a stock fully reflects, at any time, available information exploited by traders. As new information becomes available, any imbalance is immediately detected and accounted for by a counteracting change in stock market price (Fama 1965). Thus, the prices follow random walk and there are no clear arbitrage opportunities on an efficient market (Malkiel 2003; Atsalakis & Valavanis 2009). This, however, requires high liquidity, sufficient depth and well informed market participants. On the other hand, emerging financial markets, like Turkish capital market, may exhibit a different profile and may suffer from low 250 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo liquidity and poor information dissemination which bears arbitrage changes and speculations on the market. After each financial crisis many researchers blamed derivatives and questioned their presence (Buckley 2011). Most developing countries are still skeptical of positive effects of the derivative markets on the financial markets as a whole and apply strict regulations, which complicate trading and discourage international investors. This paper questions conformity of conventional arbitrage free pricing theory for emerging markets and discusses efficiency of newly organized Turkish derivative exchange (TURKDEX). Based on the market data in Turkey a comparison will be made between daily market prices and theoretical prices of 43 futures contracts, which had been traded on TURKDEX in years 2005 and 2006. 2.RELATED WORK Although derivatives started to be traded on over-the-counter markets and on Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) in 2001, the TURKDEX formally became the only entity authorized by the Capital Markets Board (CMB) to offer financial derivatives in 2005 (Kusakci 2010). Clearing is handled by the Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) Settlement and the Custody Bank Inc. (Takasbank) (Kasman 2009). Given its short history there are not many scientific work addressing TURKDEX and its effect on Turkish capital market. Bektaş et al. (2010) tested the price efficiency of TRYUSD and TRYEUR futures contracts and utilized a random walk model. Low level of coefficient of determination for TRY/$ and TRY/€ contracts supports the existence of random walk for TRY/€ contracts. They mentioned also that TRY/€ contracts are more volatile than TRY/$ contracts in TURKDEX. Thus, EMH cannot be falsified for TRY/$ and TRY/€ contracts. Thus, conventional pricing theory is applicable to these financial instruments. Avci and Çinko (2010) studied hedging effectiveness of the ISE-30 index futures contract and the effect of hedging period length on hedging effectiveness. The results of the study presented that the ISE-30 index futures contract is effective in hedging the risks associated with the Securities Investment Trusts (SITs) traded in ISE. Their study indicates that the weekly hedges are more effective than daily hedges (Avci & Çinko 2010). Kasman (2009) examined long memory property of the Turkish futures market. For modeling the volatility, the GARCH and FIGARCH models have been employed. The estimation results provide evidence supporting the FIGARCH models. The results of the FIGARCH model show that estimates of the long memory parameters are significantly different from zero, suggesting that volatility series are long memory processes in the Turkish futures market. Doğru and Bulut (2012) investigated relation between daily closing prices and trading volume of USD futures contracts in the TURKDEX. The results show no significant relation between prices and trading volume in the short run, but a clear price-volume relation in the long run. Their work showed that the data concerning trading volume affect prices. They conclude that the trading volume changes might be used in price forecasts and thus the futures market in Turkey is not efficient. We should point out that this study analysis only TRY/USD futures contracts from January 2, 2009 to December 30, 2011. Hence, the findings cannot be generalized to all derivative instruments traded on TURKDEX. Another question arising while analyzing derivative markets is how efficient they are as hedging tools during financial crisis. Kalayci and Zeynel (2009) addressed hedging 251 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo effectiveness through the index contracts in the Turkish Derivatives Exchange. The analysis employs a dynamic hedging at the short position against the risk of the fall in prices, and ISE30 Index contracts are found hedge effective. Yılmaz and Kurun (2007) presented empirical evidence from the Turkish capital market by investigating the risk perception of the companies and discussed the impact of derivatives on the financial stability in Turkish economy. They focused on non-financial companies that play a vital role in foreign trade operations and have close relations with the banking industry. The results showed that most of the companies give priority to currency risk, followed by commodity price risk. Surprisingly, they do not pay much attention to interest rate risk. Although the firms know derivative products traded on TURKDEX, most of them are reluctant to use them because of the lack of education and experience. 3.COST OF CARRY APPROACH Based on the aforementioned assumptions in introduction section, CC secures a simple evaluation idea, which equates price of a futures contract to cost of holding a spot market position on the underlying asset, as in (1). F0,T  S 0 e rT where S0 Spot price at time 0 F0,T Futures/Forward price at time 0 with a settlement at time T e rT Annual interest factor with interest rate of r for a time period of (0-T) (1) The arbitrage-free market, which is the underlying assumption in equation (1), rests upon a smoothly running market mechanism and foresees that each arbitrage opportunity will be detected and utilized. Two possible strategies, namely cash and carry and reverse cash and carry strategies, to take advantage of this arbitrage profits explains this market mechanism (Luenberger 1998). Under the assumption of an arbitrage free market the theoretical price of a futures contract paying dividends with a continuous rate of q can be calculated as (Hull 2008); Ft ,T  St e ( r q )(T t ) (2) where St Index value at time t Equation (2) relies on an implicit assumption that a stock basket representing perfectly the ISE-30 and ISE-100 Indices can be rebuilt and this stock basket is paying dividends (Rudolph & Schäfer 2010). The evaluation of currency futures relies on arbitrage opportunities when same money invested in the foreign currency. A TRY/$ or TRY/€ futures contract can be evaluated as follows; 252 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ft ,T  St e ( r r f )( T t ) (3) where Interest rate of the corresponding foreign country rf 4.EMPIRICAL STUDY ON FUTURES IN TURKDEX 4.1.Dataset and Methodology In this part an empirical analysis is conducted on the futures contracts written on ISE-30 and ISE-100 Indices and TRY/$ and TRY/€ exchange rates traded in TURKDEX in the years 2005 and 2006. This time period is selected because it covers developing phase, first two years, of the TURKDEX. The number of contracts covered in this period and number of dataset is given in Table 1. Here we will present only the results on annual basis due to the limited space of the paper. Number of contracts Number of dataset ISE-30 Index futures 12 1314 ISE-100 Index futures 7 747 TRY/$ Futures 12 1392 TRY/€ Futures 12 1392 Table 1: Dataset used in empirical study While pricing the contracts transaction costs are not considered. Additionally, no physical delivery of the underlying asset takes place. Dividend rate q is taken as 2% in 2005 and 1.8% in 2006 based on the interview made with the market makers on TURKDEX. The condition for efficiency of ISE-Index futures can be defined as follows: the expected value of and arbitrage profit following a Cash and Carry or Reverse Cash and Carry-strategy must be zero. Thus, the Null-Hypothesis and its alternative can be formulated as: H 0 :  f  r H1 :  f   r (4) f Expected value of fair price F r Expected value of market price P When the results are analyzed, the difference between fair price and market price increases in 2006 when compared with 2005. This indicates more volatile prices in 2006. Table 2 shows the market price, fair price and differences between both prices as well as the related statistics. As indicated by the given t-values of 4.653 and 7.801 for 2005 and 2006 respectively, the null hypothesis must be rejected. Thus, there exist arbitrage opportunities for ISE-30 contracts on 253 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TURKDEX. The results can be observed also for ISE-100 futures contracts based on the given values in Table 3. Mostly futures price at the market lies under the expected spot price for both types of contracts in TURKDEX. This phenomena is called Normal Backwardation (Hull 2008). The arbitrage opportunities on the market can be justified with following arguments: There is no practical way of short selling. Individual expectations are given more weight than theoretical analysis by market participants. As volatility of underlying asset increases, mispricing increases. US Dollar and Euro spot prices are quoted with a bid-ask spread. For cash and carry strategy ask-prices are taken spot prices. The expected value of arbitrage opportunity for the futures must be not positive. Thus, the null-hypothesis and its alternative for cash and carry read as; H 0 : E ( Ft ,r  Ft , f )  0 H1 : E ( Ft ,r  Ft , f )  0 (5) On the other hand the reverse cash and carry strategy requires a long position in the futures market. In order that there exists no arbitrage opportunities, the null-hypothesis and its alternative for reverse cash and carry read as; H 0 : E ( Ft , f  Ft ,r )  0 H1 : E ( Ft , f  Ft ,r )  0 (6) all F 2005 ISE-30 P St. Dev. 8,221 8,614 1,383 4,381 4,558 1,138 5,539 5,444 1,404 (n) 1314 1314 1314 566 Mean 43,500 45,294 1,795 36,065 37,302 1,237 49,127 51,341 2,214 Min 29,825 30,036 -1,574 29,825 30,036 -1,574 38,775 40,492 -1,167 Max 60,350 63,890 8,282 50,625 50,637 4,512 60,350 63,890 8,282 t-value F-P P F 2006 566 5,464 F-P 566 P 749 F 749 4,653 F-P 749 7,801 Table 2: Market price, fair price and difference of both prices with related t-statistics for ISE30 index futures all F 2005 ISE-100 P St. Dev. 4,056 4,082 1,521 2,151 1,793 0,489 4,094 4,092 1,545 (n) 747 747 F-P 747 P F 2006 41 254 41 F-P 41 P 706 F 706 F-P 706 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mean 39,149 40,691 1,542 36,636 37,318 0,682 39,295 40,887 1,592 Min 31,325 31,993 -4,163 32,025 33,445 -0,120 31,325 31,993 -4,163 Max 50,275 50,366 5,829 39,875 39,851 1,560 50,275 50,366 5,829 t-value 7,326 1,560 7,310 Table 3: Market price, fair price and difference of both prices with related t-statistics for ISE100 index futures Table 4 summarizes the results of the study for TRY/$ futures contracts. The average price differences are 0.002 and -0.009 for cash and carry and reverse cash and carry strategies respectively. This value is almost zero in 2005 while a slight increase is observable due to the highly volatile exchange rates in 2006. TRY/€ contracts give a similar picture as given in Table 5.The results indicate that there is practically no arbitrage opportunities to be exploited for both currency futures. 5.CONCLUSION For certain, the derivative products as one of the main triggers of deep recession we experienced must be examined more precisely, especially in developing economies like Turkey. Since their presence reflects not only huge potentials but also huge risks for an emerging market. This study compared the market prices on TURKDEX with theoretical fair prices under arbitrage-free market assumption. The results showed that the index futures on ISE-30 and ISE-100 are undervalued and exhibit reverse cash and carry arbitrage opportunities. However, this is not entirely feasible, as the market does not allow short-selling of ISE-30 and ISE-100 indices or any stock basket recreating the indices. The currency futures contracts, TRY/$ and TRY/€, do not offer any practical arbitrage profit as the market prices and fair prices are not moving beyond the arbitrage-free band. 255 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TRY/$ P Fask Fask- P Fbid Fbid- P P Fask Fask- P Fbid Fbid- P P Fask Fask- P Fbid Fbid- P St. Dev. 0.096 0.092 0.016 0.091 0.017 0.032 0.035 0.009 0.035 0.009 0.110 0.104 0.020 0.103 0.020 (n) 1392 1392 1392 Mean 1.430 1.428 0.002 1.421 -0.009 1.381 1.382 0.000 1.375 -0.006 1.464 1.461 0.003 1.454 -0.010 Min 1.284 1.284 -0.051 1.278 -0.152 1.284 1.284 -0.039 1.278 -0.037 1.313 1.318 -0.051 1.311 -0.152 Max 1.882 1.772 0.143 1.763 0.043 1.477 1.482 0.031 1.475 0.032 1.882 1.772 0.143 1.763 0.043 t-value 0.487 1392 1392 570 570 -2.421 570 570 -0.126 570 823 823 -3.203 823 823 0.587 823 -1.921 Table 4: Pricing of TRY/$ contracts for cash and carry and reverse cash and carry strategies and their comparison with market price. TRY/€ P FaskFask P Fbid Fbid- P P FaskFbidFask P Fbid P P FaskFask P Fbid Fbid- P St. Dev. 0.154 0.148 0.020 0.148 0.020 0.0740.076 0.013 0.076 0.013 0.179 0.172 0.023 0.171 0.024 (n) 1393 1393 1393 1393 1393 570 570 Mean 1.789 1.788 0.002 1.779 -0.010 1.7291.731 -0.002 1.723 -0.006 1.831 1.827 0.004 1.818 -0.013 Min 1.559 1.562 -0.062 1.554 -0.148 1.5951.598 -0.052 1.590 -0.051 1.559 1.562 -0.062 1.554 -0.148 Max 2.357 2.248 0.138 2.237 0.052 t-value 0.266 -1.767 570 570 570 823 823 823 823 823 1.9071.934 0.042 1.925 0.043 2.357 2.248 0.138 2.237 0.052 -0.503 -1.374 0.476 -1.492 Table 5: Pricing of TRY/€ contracts for cash and carry and reverse cash and carry strategies and their comparison with market price. 256 �REFERENCES Atsalakis, G.S. & Valavanis, K.P., 2009. Forecasting stock market short-term trends using a neuro-fuzzy based methodology. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(7), pp.10696-10707. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0957417409001948 [Accessed April 18, 2012]. Avci, E. & Çinko, M., 2010. THE HEDGE PERIOD LENGTH AND THE HEDGING EFFECTIVENESS : AN APPLICATION ON TURKDEX-ISE 30 INDEX FUTURES CONTRACTS. Journal of Yasar University, 18(5), pp.3081-3090. Bektaş, C., Karan, M.B. & Arslan, Ö., 2010. Price efficiency in option markets: An empirical study on Izmir derivatives exchange. The 6th International Scientific Conference “Business and Management 2010”. Selected papers, pp.9-14. Available at: http://www.vgtu.lt/leidiniai/leidykla/BUS_AND_MANA_2010/Finance_Engineering/002.htm l [Accessed April 22, 2012]. Buckley, A., 2011. Financial crisis: causes, context and consequenses 1st ed., Prentice Hall. Doğru, T. & Bulut, Ü., 2012. The Price-Volume Relation in the Turkish Derivatives Exchange. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(8), pp.313-318. Fama, E.F., 1965. The behavior of stock market prices. The Journal of Business, 38(1), pp.34105. Hull, J.C., 2008. Options, Futures and Other Derivatives 7th ed., Prentice Hall. Kalayci, Ş. & Zeynel, E., 2009. HEDGING IN FUTURES MARKETS : HEDGE RATIO AND HEDGING EFFECTIVENESS BASED ON THE USE OF TURKDEX-ISE 30 INDEX CONTRACTS. Suleyman Demirel University The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 14(3), pp.39-63. Kasman, A., 2009. Estimating Value-at-Risk for the Turkish Stock Index Futures in the Presence of Long Memory Volatility. Central Bank Review, pp.1-14. Kusakci, A.O., 2010. Bewertung von an TURKDEX gehandelten Futureskontrakten: Wie gut ist die konventionelle Bewertungstheorie am Türkischen Finanzmarkt anwendbar?, VDM Verlag Dr. Müller. Luenberger, D., 1998. Investment Science, New York: Oxford Unıversity Press. Malkiel, B.G., 2003. Passive Investment Strategies and Efficient Markets. European Financial Management, 9(1), pp.1-10. Rudolph, B. & Schäfer, K., 2010. Derivative Finanzmarktinstrumente - eine anwendungsbezogene Einführung in Märkte, Strategien und Bewertung 2nd ed., Berlin: Springer. Siegel, Daniel & Siegel, Diane, 1990. The Futures Markets -Arbitrage, Risk Management and Portfolio Strategies, London: McGraw-Hill. Yılmaz, M. & Kurun, E., 2007. The Impact of Derivatives on Financial Stability in Turkish Economy Evidence from the Istanbul Stock Exchange and TurkDEX. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 9(9). 257 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1301 Title A name given to the resource A Comparison Of Futures Prices On Turkdex With Conventional Pricing Theory Author Author Kusakci , Ali Osman Abstract A summary of the resource. Derivatives are very sophisticated financial innovations and require highly sophisticated financial markets before they are introduced successfully. The well-known arbitrage free pricing theory applied when pricing derivative securities is based on some assumptions, which may not be verified in many of the emerging markets. Therefore, the applicability of the conventional theory to the emerging markets must be studied in details. This paper questions conformity of conventional arbitrage free pricing theory for emerging markets and discusses efficiency on newly organized Turkish derivative exchange (TURKDEX). Based on the market data in Turkey a comparison will be made between daily market prices and theoretical prices of 43 futures contracts. The results show that currency futures in TURKDEX are evaluated by market players fairly but ISE-30 and ISE-100 contracts offer arbitrage opportunities. Additionally, this work shows that theory and market differences rely mainly on inexperienced market players and newly established market regulations. Conservative regulations on short-selling are another problem to be solved. Keywords: futures, TURKDEX, cost of carry, arbitrage theory, emerging markets, pricing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/31ab889c8926473947fcc11c8a4f3bb4.pdf 36a205a53358663839d102576a94ffd2 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kılıç, S., Kendirli, H. Ç. (2005). Endüstriyel pazarlarda ilişkisel pazarlamanın yeni ekonomideki yeri ve önemi. Üçüncü Sektör Kooperatifçilik Dergisi, 148 (2). ss: 20-36 Oktay, E., Balkanlı, A. ve Salepçioğlu, A.(2004) Bilgi Toplumunda Yeni Ekonomi ve Dönüşüm Stratejileri, http://iibf.ogu.edu.tr/kongre/bildiriler/04-02.pdf. Öztürk, L.(2005), Türkiye’de Dijital Eşitsizlik: TÜBİTAK –BİLTEN Anketleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı :24, S.11-131. Pau, F. L.(2002) The Communications and İnformation Economy: issues, tarrifs and economics research areas. Journal of Economic Dynamics& Control, 26:1651-1675. Sabuncuoğlu, A., Vural, B. A.(2008). Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri ve Ütopyan Bakış Açısı. Selçuk Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, Cilt:5, Sayı: 3, 5-19, Temmuz. Şahin, L., Çetin, B. I., Yıldırım, K. (2010). Bilişim Teknolojilerindeki Gelişmelerin İşletmelerin Strateji ve Maliyetleri Üzerine Etkileri. www.iudergi.com/tr/index.php/sosyalsiyaset/article/view/98. Toffler A.(1970), Future Shock, A Bantom Book, United States America. Yeloğlu, H. O.(2004). Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Değişkenleri: Türkiye ve OECD Karşılaştırmaları, 3. Ulusal Bilgi, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Kariyeri, Eskişehir. www. tuik. gov.tr. (18.08.2010), Haber Bülten, Sayı : 148 http://www.tuik.gov.tr/VeriBilgi.do?tb_id=25&ust_id=8: 26.04.2012 http://www.wrc.org.uk/includes/documents/cm_docs/2011/s/1_statistics_about_women_in_th e_uk_2009_25_5_10_latest_nn_sr1.doc.:26.04.2012. unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/.../unpan023829.pdf. 26.04.2012. Walter W. Powell and Kaisa Snellman (2004) “The knowledge economy”, Annu. Rev. Sociol. 30:199–220 John Houghton and Peter Sheehan (2000). “A Primer on the Knowledge Economy” Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University Economic Costs And Benefits Of The Eu Enlargement: The Impact On The Eu And Seec’s Kurtagić Haris, Nuroglu Elif International University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, B&H E-mails: kurtagic.h@hotmail.com,enuroglu@ius.edu.ba Abstract The South-eastern enlargement of the European Union will be the sixth enlargement since establishing the European Community in 1957. The research uses the Gravity model, and measures the factors that have an influence on trade. The Gravity model involves coefficients 186 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo that explain the pattern of trade with GDP, geographical distance, population, and several dummy variables. Trade that is explained by Gravity model includes two regions, EU-15 (inclusive Bulgaria and Romania) and SEEC’s. The reason why Bulgaria and Romania are included, even if they are part of the SEEC’s, is to acquire as accurate pattern of trade as possible. Comparing the data from 2010, the gravity model describes trade flows between 23 countries. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze trade flows between two regions. Taking into consideration the costs of enlargement, this research examines the effects of the trade, its significance on the development of SEEC’s after enlargement, well-being of countries that are not part of the EU, as well as it offers a solution for the South-east European countries. Therefore, the solution that this research proposes is a model based on creation of the Balkan Union. Keywords: EU-Enlargement, Gravity model, South-eastern Europe, European union, Trade flows. 1.INTRODUCTION The South-eastern enlargement of the European Union (EU) – the sixth since 1973 – is a huge test for the EU, as well as for the applicant countries. The European Union consists of 27 members. Besides incumbent members, there are candidates, as well as potential candidates. Inclusive candidates: Croatia, Macedonia (FYR), Montenegro, Iceland, Serbia and Turkey, the potential candidates will comprise the next enlargement of 9 countries. The potential candidates are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. This enlargement will increase the EU area by 25%, the number of population by 19%, and absolute GDP by 5%. Although, the exact time pattern of accession is not clear yet, the European Commission plans to start with a group of 3 states that consist of Croatia, Montenegro and Iceland. Turkey is not sure yet, whether to access the Union or not, because the country has strong economy, and many analytics think that joining the Union would hurt Turkish economy. On the other hand, the applicant countries of South-eastern Europe are relatively poor countries with a GDP per capita below the EU average. Hence, the average GDP per capita of nine countries is $10,490 that would be 3 times lower compared to EU-27 or 4 times lower compared to EU-15. Similar to the third EU enlargement, the next enlargement would be a new challenge for the EU countries, as the integration of poor with rich countries increases heterogeneity. The South-east European countries will enter the EU on the basis of the Treaty of Accession. Once they access the EU, the members are part of a union and a single market. One union of 27 countries with over 501 million consumers, which have access to a single market, is of huge importance for customers. Construction of a single market of the European Union has brought the new impact, and improved the emergence of a common EU policy such as competition policy. The EU constantly works on improvement of common policies, especially, on a common market. Those policies have gained great importance that increases over time. The policies are important, since they strengthen mutual trade, improve the quality of products and services, then they expand a single market, and the most important thing is that they reduce trade barriers and increase positive effects of the common market. As a result, the EU policies preserve the good functioning of market, and the European Commission prevents or corrects 187 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the non-competitive behaviour of companies. When it comes to South-east European countries (SEEC’s), the fact is that its consumers enjoy a freedom of choice that is diversified by almost the same prices, lower quality and a fewer innovations comparing to the EU standards. The competition is present between SEEC’s, but they are not competitive to the EU single market. Those companies cannot achieve scale of economies or competitive advantages as the EU countries do. Thus, this research shows economic costs and benefits that the EU enlargement brings to SEEC’s. It presents gains from trade for both, the European Union and South-east European Countries. This paper looks at the economic costs and benefits of the enlargement of the EU, as well as the impact that the enlargement would bring to the Southeast European countries. 2.MAASTRICHT TREATY, EUROPEAN UNION, SINGLE MARKET, AND SINGLE CURRENCY – EURO In order to improve trade, six countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) have adopted first four regulations for a common market in agriculture, finance and regulation of governing competition. On 1 January 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the EU. Greece became the 10th member of the EU in 1981 and Spain and Portugal join Union five years later. The situation was stable until the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, so the European Economic Community (EEC) member states were negotiating over a new treaty at Maastricht in December 1991. However, it included intergovernmental cooperation in foreign policy and internal security that resulted in the Maastricht Treaty, which created European Union on 1 November 1993. The collapse of communism throughout Central and Eastern Europe has connected Europeans. As a result of that, in 1993 the Single Market was completed with freedom of movement of goods, services, people and money. Three new members came in 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden. The euro, Europe’s single currency replaced the old currencies on 1 January 2002, when 12 EU Member States adopted it as their official currency, creating the euro zone. The euro zone makes life easier for business, consumers and travellers. On 1 May 2004, 10 countries got memberships in the EU: the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia, while Bulgaria and Romania on 1 January 2007. Today, the EU has 27 member states. Enlargement to 27 was one of the most important steps in the history of European integration. 12 new countries in the EU, not only have expanded geographical size and population, but they have created an end for splitting the continent into two since 1945. As the idea of the EU says, democratic freedom was settled in 12 new member states. The creation of the single market gave European Union countries a strong incentive to liberalize previously protected monopolistic markets. Within the Union, Member States have removed all tariffs on trade, while having unified tariffs on imports from outside the EU. It means that no matter which country is the importer, the tariff paid on products is the same, and once customs procedures are completed, goods can be shipped throughout the EU without additional duties. In accordance to rules and regulations of the European Union, member of the Union should be guaranteed: 188 Price stability, Stability of currency, Limitations of public debt, 60% of GDP, Economic balance with limited deficit of national budget, Investment stability, in sense of level of long-run interest rates, and �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo - 3% of GDP. The European Union is formed on the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law, principles that are common to the Member States. The EU has a motto, ‘United in diversity’, and May 9 is commemorated each year as Europe Day. By singing the Treaty of Rome in 1957, the EU members promised to abolish barriers to trade freely across the European continent. In Tupy (2003), the benefits of free movement of goods are seen as major benefits of consumers. Generally, the European Union has integrated the market, and established common rules. Those rules are implemented through technical standards of consumer protection, environmental standards, competition policy, and fairness in the workplace (Tupy, 2003, p. 6). Thus, for the SEEC’s the common market could be a place for integration of every aspect of the state. Once the boarders are opened to flow of goods and capital, people would look at historic events less, and they will go for personal interest. 3.EUROPEAN UNION TODAY Today, European Union exists as a union that aims to increase economic and political circumstances. The logic behind that is to deliver a peace, stability, and prosperity, to help improve living standards, promote a single currency that will build a single market, where people, goods, services and capital could move within the European Union. It is not a government or state or international organization, but a novel entity which respects human rights. Many countries, a huge single market, and single currency provide many benefits, but for whom? As a single market, the EU is a major world trading power. The single market aims at putting down barriers and simplifying rules to enable everyone in the EU to take advantage of the opportunities given to them by having access to 27 countries and 501 million people. Looking from economics perspective, small countries from Europe cannot achieve growth and prosperity without the EU. Therefore, in order to compete on the world stage and achieve economies of scale, the European countries need a broader base, and the European single market provides it. The single market is one of the European Union’s greatest achievements. Restrictions on trade and free competition between member countries have gradually been eliminated; therefore, the whole system helps standards of living to rise. Within the EU, all border controls on goods have been eliminated, together with customs controls on people, but the police still conduct random checks as part of the fight against crime and drugs. When it comes to tax barriers, then tax barriers have been reduced by partially aligning national Value Added Tax rates, which must be agreed by the EU member states. There is also the EU’s competition policy that tries to ensure that within the European single market competition is not only free but also fair. Therefore, in the EU single market there is no cartel, or unfair monopoly. The European Union was created to succeed in political objectives, through achieving economic cooperation. In modern terms, people call it as an “area of freedom, security and justice”, where every citizen has an equal justice and protection by the law. The European Commission represents the EU in international negotiations at the World Trade Organizations (WTO). Right now, the EU would like to put more emphasis on quality of food, precautionary principle (“better safe than sorry”) and animal welfare. 189 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The EU has regional policy stating that European Funds should be used to improve development in regions that are lagging behind, to increase standard of living in areas that are in decline, to help young people and the long-term unemployed find work. One important and interesting thing is that European Funds are also allocating funds to farming and to lessfavoured rural areas. In order to fund its policies, the European Union has an annual budget that in 2010 amounted to more than € 140 billion. The budget is financed from the EU’s own resources that cannot exceed 1.23 % of the total gross national income of all the member states (Fontaine, 2010, p. 35). The resources are mainly collected from: - Customs duties on products imported into the EU, A percentage of the value added tax (VAT) levied on goods and services throughout the EU, and Contributions from the member states, reflecting the wealth of each country. The European Union has more influence on the world stage when it speaks with a single voice in international affairs such as trade negotiations. 4.European Enlargement On January 1, 2007, the EU recorded the fifth enlargement. Bulgaria and Romania became new members of the EU. Before that, on May 1, 2004 the EU enlarged from 15 to 25 member countries. In the period from 1990 to 1999, the EU invested more than $85 billion to support the new Member States during the accession process (Delegation of the European Union to the United States of America, 2011, p. 21). Every new enlargement of the European Union is seen as a historic step toward long-term objectives of the union. Thus, any country that respects liberty, democracy, human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law is qualified to apply for EU membership. Applying for the EU membership is the start of a long and rigorous process. Once a country submits an application to the Council of the EU, it activates a sequence of EU procedures that may, or may not, result in the country being invited to become a member. After applying for membership, the process starts with accomplishing the Copenhagen Criteria. There are not many criteria, but, in essence, every country has to work on it, since the criteria are detailed. Fontaine (2010) mentions these criteria as follows: - Institutions that provides high democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. Strong market economy and the ability to cope with threats and pressure within the Union. Ability to take on the obligations of membership, accomplishing the aims of the Union (Fontaine, 2010, p. 16). Once the Council unanimously agrees to begin accession negotiations, discussions may be formally opened. The negotiation has got 35 separate policy areas that are called “chapters”, and each candidate country proceeds separately from one stage of the process to next. Each stage must satisfy all conditions, and then the candidate country could move on. Thank to this process, the prospect of accession acts as a powerful incentive for reform, providing simultaneously benefits to the EU and to its acceding members. 190 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A candidate country is one whose EU membership application has been accepted by all relevant EU institutions, allowing it to begin accession negotiations. Once negotiations are concluded to the desired level for both sides, a comprehensive Draft Accession Treaty is submitted for approval by the Council of the EU, the European Commission, and the European Parliament. After the treaty is approved, it is signed by the candidate country and the representatives of all EU Member States. Afterward, all Member States and the candidate get the treaty for ratification. Once the ratification process is done, the treaty enters into force on its scheduled date, and the candidate country becomes an EU Member State. 5.Enlargement of the South-eastern Europe The next enlargement in the EU is related to Western Balkan region. The structure and procedures to be applied on the Western Balkan region are the same as it was for the former candidates. A first significant step in this process is the establishment of European partnership with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia. It would be a very important factor that assists the Western Balkan states in preparing for membership within rational framework and in developing action plans with timetables of reforms. “The main instrument that created by the European Union for Balkan integration is the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP), launched in 2000, that was established as a long process in order to establish development of the Western Balkans both in terms of political effort and financial and human resources” (Montanari, 2005, p. 59). The aim of the SAP is to create conditions that alike to the EU. Thus, the candidates work on preparation for future EU standards. When it comes to SEEC’s enlargement, conflicts can arise between European Union members as a result from its redistribution effects. EU members observe SEEC’s as a geographical area for expanding single market that can import more goods and services from the current EU members. Once the union is enlarged, there is a new distribution of income that can create lower income for some of the EU 27. That is not the only threat for EU 27, high unemployment is another one. Taking this fact into consideration, when more immigration happens, the neighbouring countries of the SEEC’s might be affected more. First targets are Slovenia and Hungary as very close countries to candidate of the EU. Previous five enlargements are observed if they were Pareto efficient for all member states and the candidate states, and evidence suggests that enlargements were not Pareto efficient in every enlargement round (Schneider T. P., 2007, p. 570). Thus, as Schneider (2007) states, the next enlargement is going to be very complicated from aspects of EU redistribution and from the free movement of labour. Thus, “the EU Eastern enlargement will adversely affect labourintensive and low-tech sectors in the EU member countries but will stimulate growth of skillintensive service industries and some capital-intensive and high-tech industries in Western Europe” (Schneider T. P., 2007, p. 572). Table 1 Basic Socioeconomic Indicators for South-eastern Europe (2010) Population (millions) 191 Per capita GDP (current US$) Unemployment 2009 (percent of labour force) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Kosovo Macedonia Montenegro Romania Serbia 3.20 3.76 7.54 4.42 1.82 2.06 0.63 21.44 7.29 3,678 4,409 6,325 13,754 3,059 4,460 6,510 7,538 5,269 6.8 9.1 45.4 32.2 19.1 6.9 16.6 Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicator. Monstat, Department of statistics of labour market, life conditions, social services and household consumption. As a result, the candidate countries would have an incentive to export workers, rather than to attract them. Table 1 shows the unemployment rate, population and GDP per capita for SEEC’s from 2010. From the table it is obvious that for relatively slow countries the unemployment rate is high. Kosovo has unemployment of 45.4%, but the real unemployment rate is around 25%, since the country has a problem with a gray economics. The other countries have acceptable rates, but still high that is a threat for labour migration and labour inflows in the EU. Two biggest countries of the SEEC’s became the EU members, and remaining 7 will bring 23 million new customers to the single market. If we take into account GDP’s of SEEC’s than it is obvious that states have relatively low ones, comparing to the EU15 (4 time lower), and EU-27 (3 time lower). Some of the candidate countries are economically weak, with high unemployment rate and low wages, and they will be ready to adapt to the system of free movement of labour. However, the Union could apply the potential limitations on the free movement of workers of new member. There was a case when the United Kingdom joined the Union in 1973. The state had to accept the limitations on the free movement of its workers within Belgium, France, Germany, and Luxembourg (Schneider T. P., 2007, p. 574). This clause could be used when accepting SEEC’s to the Union, where Austria, Slovenia, and Hungary might ask for limitations of free movements of these three countries’ workers in order to sign accession treaty. Within the EU, the gains from the enlargement could be redistributed from the either relative winners of enlargement (members of the Union or the candidates) to the relative losers of enlargement that can also be state from these two groups. When it comes to trade flows in 2010, than from Table 2 we see that Croatia is a main exporter to the EU-15 (BG+RO). The total import for the EU-15 (BG+RO) is 32.42% of total of the SEEC’s. On the other hand, Croatia is the leader in imports, as well. The total export from the EU (BG+RO) to Croatia is 39.32 of total of the SEEC’s exports. From that fact, it is not surprising that the country is the first to access the union. After enlargement the imports will be higher for each country, the members of the EU will export to SEEC’s and try to import less. Croatia and Serbia to some extent manage their resources properly, but the rest have to increase an export that is almost 40% of overall exports to SEEC’s. 192 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 2 EU-15 + BG and RO trade with South-eastern Europe by Country (2010) EU-15+BG and RO Imports Percentage of Imports from Million US$ SEEC’s Croatia Serbia Macedonia Bosnia and Herzegovina Albania Montenegro EU-15+BG and RO Exports Percentage of Exports to Million US$ SEEC’s 4,149 3,867 1,738 32.42 30.22 13.59 9,069 6,414 2,081 39.32 27.81 9.03 1,732 1,157 152 13.53 9.04 1.19 2,557 2,442 500 11.09 10.59 2.17 6.Strategy The strategy of the EU for creating sustainable growth and jobs encourages innovation within businesses and investment in people that can design a knowledge-based society. Not only that, but the idea is to attract more people into employment, and keep them in work longer as life expectancy rises. Besides, the adaptability of workers and enterprises, provide better education and skills, globalization and mobility would increase the well-being of the society. By 2020, the EU aims to have accomplished the following targets: - 75 % of the population aged 20-64 should be employed, 3 % of the EU’s GDP should be invested in R&D, The “20/20/20” targets in terms of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy production, and energy efficiency should be met. The share of school dropouts should be under 10 % and at least 40 % of the population between the ages of 30 and 34 should have a degree of diploma. 20 million fewer people should be living below the poverty line (Delegation of the European Union to the United States of America, 2011, p. 38). In order to accomplish the objectives, the EU adopted a proposal to re-focus R&D and innovation policy on major challenges; enhance the quality and attractiveness of Europe’s higher education system; deliver sustainable economic and social benefits from a Digital Single Market; enable the EU’s industrial base to become more competitive, promote entrepreneurship, and develop new skills for workers; and ensure economic, social and territorial cohesion by helping the poor and socially excluded. 193 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 7.COSTS AND BENEFITS OF THE SOUTH-EASTERN ENLARGEMENT 7.1.The Overall Economic Impact of the Enlargement Taking into account the economic costs of enlargement, as well as the distribution of gain among incumbent Member States, we should consider the broader benefits and costs for the Union’s economy that would take place after the enlargement. The countries of the last EU enlargement were highly welcomed in the EU alliance because they belong to those of the developed countries in the EU, and, hence, did not only cost nothing, but contributed to the EU budget with significant amount. In a case of the Southeastern enlargement, the EU incumbents are firstly concerned about the costs, rather than the possible benefits. Typically, this enlargement would enable consumers and companies to arrange their businesses more efficiently, so that there would be higher output and income. Taking into consideration the costs of enlargement the question is how the distribution of gains is shared among the EU members. Those countries that have strong trade relations with the SEEC’s will benefit. The European enlargement process is by no means a win-win project, but relatively unpredictable condition that creates both winners and losers. Due to the huge wage-gap between East and West sides of Europe, there might be a migration wave from East to the West, as a result of full involvement of East side of Europe in the single market. On the other side, there are almost certain gains for some new members. Thus, the incumbent members prolong the acceptance of those candidates. One obvious case is Turkey. The country has applied for the European Union, and almost 17 years later in 2004, the EU finally decided to open accession negotiations. This news was a real shock for almost each member of the Union. That was in the period when Turkey was becoming stronger in its economy. The country was showing signals of real and healthy economy. Thus, many EU states appeared unwilling to accept Turkey to the European club. Immediately, some of them emphasized that the applicant would have to accept few exceptions from the common policies. Germany asked for permanent restrictions on the free movement of labour while France and other members of the EU called for refusing an allocation of agriculture subsidies to Turkish farmers (Schneider C. J., 2007, p. 85). Thus, from the case of Turkey, it is obvious that EU members are only looking for distribution of gains. Current members will question enlargement if a new state is to decrease the gains. In this context, economic integration with the European Union is a challenging issue. Official unemployment rates are very high, while “unofficial” estimates of unemployment that include the large gray economy could be lower for 20%. Thus, it is obvious that SEEC’s will benefit from the enlargement. They can export workers to neighbouring countries, even they can increase net trade, but the costs will be imposed on the current members of the EU. Table 3 EU-15 Countries’ Imports + BG and RO from South-eastern Europe (2010) Country 194 Million US$ Percentage of the EU total imports from the SEEC’s �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Italy Germany Austria Greece Romania Spain France Netherlands United Kingdom Bulgaria Belgium Sweden Denmark Portugal Finland Ireland Luxembourg Total 4,426 3,047 1,680 744 488 411 396 378 344 338 267 106 60 41 27 23 11 34.61 23.83 13.14 5.82 3.82 3.21 3.10 2.96 2.69 2.64 2.09 0.83 0.47 0.32 0.21 0.18 0.09 12,787 Source: IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics. When it comes to patterns of trade in the past few years, the EU trade with the South-eastern Europe has been in surplus; expressed in U.S. dollars. The largest trading partner of the SEEC’s is Italy, which absorbs 43 percent of EU imports from the region and accounts for 33 percent of the exports (Montanari, 2005, p. 7). This suggests that geographical distance plays a considerable role in determining trade patterns. Table 3 shows that in 2010 Italy accounts for 34.61% of total imports from SEEC’s to EU-15 (BG+RO). That is the main reason why SEEC’s trade mostly with their neighbouring partners. Behind Italy are Germany, Austria, Greece and Romania. It shows that distance between capitals plays considerable role in international trade. Countries that are away from the SEEC’s take account of around 10% of total imports. 7.2.The Costs of Enlargement When it comes to costs of the enlargement, then the most significant ones are: the costs for public finances, the costs of labour market disruption, and the costs of wage competition (Grabbe, 2001, p. 33). On the other hand, we have to take into account costs of the expansion of membership as well. It means that the EU bureaucratic machinery is likely to grow to be unmanageable. There is the added cost of preparing translations of all EU documents in language of member state. However, the cost of preparing is in second place, behind the reaching decisions. Reaching decisions on a unanimous or qualified-majority basis is likely to become more difficult (Richard E. Baldwin, 1997, p. 172). South-eastern countries have problems in reaching decisions in their parliaments, and accession to the EU would make things worse, since the new members would, very often, go for personal feelings, rather than for well-being of the society. Voting prolong, and not reaching decision on time, would increase the costs of bringing people to the parliament, and most important is the time spent while new regulations could have already taken place. 195 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nowadays, the situation of Croatia and its accession to the European Union is related to neighbouring countries. Many analysts of macroeconomic issues warn saying that if Croatia enters the EU; many mechanisms will change, especially for Bosnia and Herzegovina and its exports and imports, because the EU asks for high criteria of product quality. As a country with cheaper labour, Bosnia is going to be a place where Croatia produces licensed products that are expensive to be produced in the EU. There are Croatian media, who speak about negative consequences of accession to the EU. If Croatia joins the Union, it would become small, political and economical unessential province inside the European giant countries (R.I., 2012). The European Union is not a single country, but Union of different people and countries (big and small), where member states represent their own interests on European level better and more efficiently, then in a case they would, in today’s globalized world, without the Union. Table 4 EU-15 Countries’ Exports + BG and RO to South-eastern Europe (2010) Country Italy Germany Austria Bulgaria Greece Netherlands Romania France United Kingdom Belgium Spain Denmark Sweden Ireland Finland Portugal Luxembourg Total Million US$ Percentage of EU total exports from the SEEC’s 6,116 5,428 2,775 1389 1,344 1,332 1,120 904 785 568 548 254 191 149 109 32 15 26.52 23.54 12.03 6.02 5.83 5.78 4.86 3.92 3.40 2.46 2.38 1.10 0.83 0.65 0.47 0.14 0.07 23,059 Source: IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics. Table 4 shows almost the same results as Table 3. Italy, with 26% is a leader in exports from SEEC’s, where Germany, Austria, Bulgaria and Greece come after. One half of the countries from the table have a total of 15% of overall exports that explains again importance of distance between capitals. 7.3. The Economic Benefits of Enlargement After enlargement, benefits will accumulate, not only to the member states of the Union, but also to us, individual citizens. One of the principles on which the EU is based is that it will 196 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo improve the welfare of its member states and their citizens. This process does not have appeal to the government of the member state which have initiated the accession process; it is also expected to have an influence on the citizens and their readiness to assist integration process. The main economic benefits after enlargement are the classical ones generated by integration processes. Thus, those benefits can be generated from expansion of the Single Market, strengthening of the Union’s position in global markets and catching up with EU living standards. When SEEC’s join the Union they will be passing from a free trade area for manufactured products to a single market. The major benefit is free movement of workers, which is a highly sensitive issue. Enlargement will be good for the European economy. Enlargement will add over million consumers to the single market that will create many new jobs in both the applicant countries and the incumbent member states. Looking from perspective of European companies, they are looking forward to seeing more states on the EU single market that would possibly reduce the risk of doing business in the other half of the continent. In the long-run, the applicant countries will need help from the EU in order to increase private investment that will meet the EU environment and transport standards. The main economic benefit of EU membership is a potential improvement in the investment climate of the Southeast European countries. When the SEEC’s join the EU, participation in the single market should involve the end of contingent protection (anti-dumping and safeguards). In1999, the total number of antidumping investigations opened was 86 (Nello, 2002, p. 296). It is obvious that some countries will be better-off and some worse-off. Bosnia can increase the sale of its domestic tobacco company`s products if it proves that the Croatian tobacco company is dumping in Bosnia (this case was speculated in media in 2010). The EU imposes environmental regulations that take into account environmental quality protection, production processes, and products (Tupy, 2003, p. 9). One of the significant benefits will be quality in the countries of South-eastern Europe. It will affect local producers, and decrease their profits, but more importantly, the customers will be better-off. Besides, citizens will enjoy higher air quality, water protection, pollution controls, and all other things that create negative externality. For instance, people from Zenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) could have higher air quality, when Environmental Regulation Agency introduces pollution control to Metal company. 8.GRAVITY MODEL 8.1. Gravity Model of EU-15 (including Bulgaria and Romania) and SEEC’s The aim of this research is to analyze trade patterns between the EU and SEEC’s. Thus, the research devotes much time analyzing trade between the European Union and South-eastern Europe, and it uses one of the most popular models in International Economics – Gravity model. Therefore, it is attractive to evaluate whether there could be a potential for trade growth between the two groups. The answer to this question can be obtained by estimating a gravity model of trade. Such model as gravity is very often applied to research trade patterns between countries. The model that is used in this research is very similar to one that Montanari (2005) uses while explanating trade patterns. Gravity model describes bilateral trade patterns in accordance with socioeconomic and geographical characteristics of the 197 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo countries measured (Montanari, 2005, p. 60). The gravity model is used to measure bilateral trade flows between EU-15 and SEEC’s. The countries included in the analysis are divided into two groups. First group consists of the EU-15, while the other includes countries from the South-eastern Europe. Even if, Bulgaria and Romania are the members of the SEEC’s, the research uses them as the EU members, to get more precise results. EU-15 does not include Bulgaria and Romania, but EU-27 does, so we obtain a real potential of the SEEC’s only if we include two countries into the first group. Greece was a part of the EU-15, and, therefore, it counts in the first group of the model. This research uses the data as from 2010. Thus, there are separate indicators for Montenegro and Serbia. Due to lack of data, the analysis excludes Kosovo. The equation of the Gravity model is as follows: (1) : is the export flows from EU-15 countries (including Bulgaria and Romania) to SEEC’s. We take data for exports (2010) that are measured in current US Dollars, Millions. : represents the GDP of the exporting country expressed in current US Dollars, Millions. : is the GDP of the importer country expressed in current US Dollars, Millions. : is the distance between capitals of exporter and importer in kilometres. : is the dummy which has 1 if exporter and importer share a common border and 0 otherwise. : is the dummy variable which is 1 if exporter and importer countries use a common currency and 0 otherwise. : is a dummy variable which takes 1 for a specific importer and exporter country and is used to capture the effects of any political, historical or cultural event between two countries. : describes error term. Appendix A mentions data sources used in the model and explain the functions of the gravity model. The model says that trade increases if countries have the same border, or they use the same currency. In a case of signing a bilateral agreement, like CEFTA, the trade barriers decrease and countries trade more. 8.2.The Basic Gravity Model Table 5, which consists of 4 models, explains patterns of trade between the EU countries and SEEC’s. In the first model, GDP of exporter country seems to have a positive effect on trade flows and its coefficient of 1.06 shows that when GDP of exporter increases by 1%, its exports increases by 1.06%. Similar result is given for the importer, where the coefficient of 0.78 shows the increase in trade flows when GDP of importer increases by 1%. There is negative coefficient for the distance saying that when countries are further they trade less. In order to decrease the cost of transportation, those countries trade mostly with neighbouring 198 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo countries, and the model says that 1% increase in distance will decrease trade by 2.39%. Besides that, the model uses dummies such as common borders and currency. While common borders have a positive impact on trade with coefficient of 0.53, the common currency has a negative effect with -0.62. This negative dummy might be a result of not using Euro. Montenegro is the only one, who is a member of the Euro zone. The value of R2, 86%, shows that this model explains 86% of the variation in trade flows between the EU and SEEC’s. Table 5 Gravity Model: Regression Results Variable Model 1 lngdpexp 1.06 (0.07) 0.78 (0.11) -2.39 (0.18) 0.53 (0.35) -0.62 (0.30) lngdpimp lndist BOR CUR bilateral Model 2 Model 3 1.06 (0.07) 0.78 (0.11) -2.34 (0.20) 0.58 (0.36) -0.64 (0.30) 0.00 (0.00) expfix 1.06 (0.07) 0.89 (0.09) -2.52 (0.17) 1.06 (0.07) 0.76 (0.11) -2.33 (0.20) 0.58 (0.36) -0.74 (0.33) -0.01 (0.02) 0.04 (0.05) -11.54 3.36 0.86 0.81 252.13 273.05 101 cons -11.30 (3.28) -11.72 (3.35) 0.00 (0.02) -0.01 (0.05) -13.08 (3.07) R2 RMSE AIC BIC N 0.86 0.81 249.31 265.00 101 0.86 0.81 250.81 269.11 101 0.85 0.84 255.99 271.68 101 impfix Model 4 8.3.Bilateral Effects Model The equation used to estimate column 2 is: (2) where is a dummy variable which takes 1 for a specific importer and exporter country and is used to capture the effects of any political, historical or cultural event between two countries on their trade flows, and all other variables are the same as Equation 1. Second model has the same coefficient of GDP as the first one. Thus, if there is any increase in GDP of exporter and importer countries, the trade would also boost. In the second model, there is a slightly lower coefficient of distance, because the bilateral variable is included. The 199 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo coefficient of common borders says that trade increases if two countries share the same border. 8.4.Main Effects Model (Exporter and Importer Fixed Effects) The equation used to estimate Model 3 is: (3) where equals 1 whenever a country is exporting and 0 otherwise and equals 1 whenever a country is importing and 0 otherwise. These dummies might differ depending on the countries’ tendency to export and import. This model does not include dummies and bilateral effects variables, but it has exporter and importer fixed effects. In general, the model does not give a better picture; R2 is lower than the first and second models, and even, Akaike`s information criteria (AIC) are worse. 8.5.Main Effects Model with Dummies When we enlarge Model 3 with common border and common currency variables, the model becomes the following: (4) The model has a higher R2 with 86%. The distance has a negative coefficient as usual. The model says that neighbouring countries trade more with each other than other countries. The results show that trade increases with economic size, measured by GDP in our model while it decreases with distance between them. This kind of model could be very useful for analyzing international trade; it is seen in the straightforwardness of explanation of trade patterns that can be used to test the impact of new policy measures. 8.6.Results Measuring overall economic impact of EU-enlargement is almost impossible task given that there are problems of global economy, uncertainties, which could change the whole process. The main benefits of enlargement for incumbent countries are not economic, but rather they are related to stability and security. The economic benefits to the EU-27 will not be significant in the short-run, neither the costs. However, in the long-run the whole European economy will gain significantly from enlargement. Table 5 presents four different models, where each of them consists of various variables. Each model uses GDP of exporting and importing countries. By becoming a part of the single market, there would be increase in the outputs and the growth of imports and exports that lead to an increase in GDP. As a result, according to the results of our models, if SEEC’s access the union, GDP’s will become higher, trade will increase, and at the end export flows become larger. Therefore, households would benefit from the European enlargement and from the 200 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo removal of tariffs. Removal of tariffs would lead to reduction in import prices, and will affect the allocation of household income. The removal of trade barriers would have a clear impact on price setting. As a result, the scenario would be a reduction in prices. Conversely, the increased demand should be taken into account, together with the removal of trade tariffs, which at the end will provide a positive output. The European Union has to manage enlargement appropriately if it wants to gather all the potential benefits. Flourishing management depends on developing political strategy that is behaving in interest of enlargement as a way of gains for the public and for interest groups. Comparing previous enlargements and next ones, there are significant differences. For instance, Greece, Portugal and Spain became members of the EU before the single market and monetary union programs were implemented. Thus, they became members when the EU was a much less integrated and smaller market. Today, the EU economy is experienced and it has a faster growth trade than it was in time of accession period of Portugal and Spain. The main benefits of enlargement for the SEEC’s are not only economic, but they are more oriented to provide stability and security. The major risks are concerns of large migration flows, wage competition, and the costs to the EU’s budget. Results show that there is a room for trade to increase, especially, in neighbouring countries. SEEC’s would have to invest in new technology in order to be competitive for the EU single market. 9.POLICY SUGGESTIONS Yugoslavia was located in the South-eastern Europe, in the heart of the Balkan Peninsula. The heart connected two continents, Europe with Asia, and was the gate to the Black Sea. The country had resources and good geographical position to grow and become super power of Europe. Unfortunately, the country had not been unable to run resources properly. The economy of Yugoslavia was oriented toward agriculture, so the whole national prosperity depended on the development of agriculture. The character of Yugoslavia is seen in the fact that out of 24,849,425 hectares of the whole territory, 11,500,000 hectares, or 46 per cent, account for agriculture (Roucek, 1933, p. 414). The country produced hemp, cotton, hops, opium, tobacco, etc. All these, and many other products, were high quality. The important thing is that no single part of Yugoslavia produced all these products. The country consisted of 7 parts that are today independent countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Serbia). Hence, each part of Yugoslavia was famous for the production of a particular good. Exports went mainly to France, Germany, and Switzerland. The interesting thing is that each province of Yugoslavia has its own special kinds of fruits. Different fruits and variety of foods and beverages are produced in a way that is traditional for every region of the country. Besides that, there were plenty of mineral resources such as coal, iron, copper, etc. Yugoslavia could, by its richness of iron, take a place as one of the leading countries in Europe. The main importers of Yugoslavian products were Italy (28.31%), Austria (17.68%), Germany (11.66%), Hungary (7.18 per cent), Greece (6.05%), etc. (Roucek, 1933, p. 420). The main products of exports were wood, cement, cereals, and ores. The economic situation of Yugoslavia gave a real situation of the country, the country`s potential, and prosperity. Today, the former parts of Yugoslavia need a stabilization process 201 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo that would bring them to previous conditions. It is obvious that countries need capital and investment in infrastructure. Taking all of these facts into consideration, a solution for the SEEC’s, among the one of the European Union, might be the creation of the Balkan Union. The union would consist of 7 countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia). In that case, the members of the Union would be oriented towards a kind of closed economy. They would trade more between each other, and try to decrease imports from countries out of the Balkan Union. The construction of the Balkan Union would look like the European Union. There would be institutions to regulate the union, but mainly, ones for culture, education, and trade. If each member specializes in production of particular goods and services, and achieves comparative advantage with economies of scale, then that product would be easy to sell, or to exchange for something else, of course from one of the Union members. The Union would need to have a supervisor. Currently, the only state that has incentives and interest to regulate these countries is Turkey. If all countries agreed, Turkey would be the supervisor and manager of the Union. Even more, as a state with high FDI in South-eastern Europe, Turkey will be responsible for infrastructure, growth and development of the Union. Developing countries, as “members” of the Balkan Union, must diversify their productive structure and strengthen domestic demand. People should buy more domestic products, and stop buying the similar foreign products, thinking foreign is better. Still, there are many foreign products that are better, but at least beverages and foods have to be bought from domestic producers. Today, the countries not only depend on agriculture and manufacturing, but on tourism. Thus, economic policy for each country should be taking advantages of potential, which they have. There are countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro that should be oriented towards tourism, specifically winter and summer tourism. Recently, Minister of Turkey, Rifat Sait has called for establishing of Balkan Parliament, where, besides Turkey, there would be Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia (Bojadžić, 2011). With headquarters in Izmir, the initiative of Turkey and its leading party, AK party, would welcome academics, NGO, politicians, journalists, writers, representatives of private sector, etc. who could invest money in development of Balkans. The idea might seem unachievable, where some countries could reject supervision of Turkey, but it is the only country that does not look at historical problems that occurred on the Balkans, and it wants to establish regular connections with each state from the Balkans. 10.CONCLUSION This study discusses economic costs and benefits of South-eastern enlargement of the European Union. The idea of the united Europe is not a recent idea. Thus, the research starts with brief overview of the idea of the European Union and its objectives. The purpose was to maintain a peaceful and prosperous life throughout Europe. At the beginning of the fifties in the last century, the EU has signed many treaties and brought new policies that would ensure a zone for free capital movement. Besides that, the Union had five enlargements and introduced a common currency. Creation of a single market, which today consists of 501 million of consumers, is to provide a better life for every citizen. 202 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Next enlargement is of the South-east European countries. After accession of the SEEC’s, the European Union will have more than 30 members, with diverse cultures, histories and languages. Can such a diverse union of nations create a common political “union”? The EU was a trial to unify Europe, but it is obvious that it is difficult, since it is impossible to connect Germany or Sweden with, let say, Mediterranean, and there is no surprise for the failure of Greece and Italy. Can citizens of the EU establish a sense of being European while deeply belonging to their country? In essence, they can, if incumbent members follow the example of the first European Community. The moral legitimacy of the European Community is based on compromise, while consolidating the peace between former enemies. It stayed within the principle that all members, large and small, had equivalent rights and respected minorities. Therefore, the next enlargement should bring equivalence to small countries, and more important, stable market. EU member states account for almost 1/3 of the entire global economy, so in that sense the common market is the preferable mean to the global market. The research uses the Gravity model to test the trade relations between EU-15 (inclusive Bulgaria and Romania) and SEEC’s. After adding dummy variables such as common borders and currency to the model, the results show that there is a space for growth of trade between them. Trade is positively affected by GDP of exporters and importers. Larger GDP means higher production and increased ability for trade. However, distance has negative effect, and in this model it decreases trade if country is far away from partner. On the other hand, common borders positively affect trade, so by diminishing trade barriers, quotas, and taxes countries could stimulate trade to grow. Since Montenegro is the only one who uses Euro, the currency seems to affect trade negatively, and this shows that if any of SEEC’s adopts Euro it would stimulate trade. Current situation of the EU shows that high unemployment is present in many EU countries, so the EU has to be focused on achieving growth and creating jobs. In order to make its economies more dynamic and increase social cohesion, Europe must invest more in research and innovation, education and training. Thus, President of the European Commission presented a strategy for next 10 years, which is called the Europe 2020 strategy. REFERENCES Bojadžić, J. (2011, November 29). Dnevni avaz. Retrieved November 30, 2011, from http://www.dnevniavaz.ba/vijesti/teme/67662-sta-se-krije-iza-inicijative-poslanika-rifatasaita-iz-izmira-erdoganova-partija-predlaze-osnivanje-parlamenta-balkana.html Borchardt, K.-D. (2010). The ABC of the European Union law. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Delegation of the European Union to the United States of America. (2011). The European Union: A Guide for Americans. . Washington: Delegation of the European Union to the United States of America. Fontaine, P. (2010). Europe in 12 lessons. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Grabbe, H. (2001). Profiting from EU Enlargement. Centar for European Reform, 1-65. Montanari, M. (2005). EU Trade with the Balkans: Large Room for Growth? Eastern European Economics, 59-81. 203 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nello, S. S. (2002). Preparing for Enlargement in the European Union: The Tensions between Economic and. International Political Science Review, 291-317. R.I. (2012, January 4). Index. Retrieved January 9, 2012, http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/vesna-pusic-bez-cega-sve-ostajemo-kazemo-li-neeu/592030.aspx from Richard E. Baldwin, J. F. (1997). The Costs and Benefits of Eastern Enlargement: The Impact on the EU and Central Europe. Centre for Economic Policy Research, Center for Economic Studies, 125-176. Roucek, J. S. (1933). Resources of Yugoslavia. Economic Geography, 413-425. Schneider, C. J. (2007). Enlargement Processes and Distributional Conflicts: The Politics of Discriminatory. Public Choice, 85-102. Schneider, T. P. (2007). Discriminatory European Union Membership and the Redistribution of Enlargement Gains. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 568-587. Tupy, M. L. (2003). EU Enlargement: Costs, Benefits, and Strategies for Central and Eastern European Countries. Policy Analysis, 1-20. APPENDIX DATA AND VARIABLES USED FOR THE ESTIMATION OF THE GRAVITY MODEL The reporting countries that are used for the analysis are the members of the EU-15 (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom). Since the Belgium and Romania are not parts of the EU-15, they are not included in the South-east European countries, but they are attached to the first group, the EU-15. There are six partner countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. The data GDP and population were taken from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. First two figures are measured in current US Dollars, Millions. Bilateral trade flows, imports and exports, were taken from the IMF’s Direction of Trade Statistics, year 2010. Thus, the reference year for estimating potential trade between the EU-15 + (BG and RO) and the South-east Europe is 2010. Distances between capital cities of the countries were taken from www.viamichelin.co.uk. The most used routes for transportation of goods by trucks and by ship (in case of Italy and its partner countries) are taken for analysis. Dummy variable BOR takes a value of 1 if country of EU-15 and its partner share a common border, 0 otherwise. Dummy variable CURR takes a value of 1 if country of EU-15 and its partner uses a common currency, 0 otherwise. 204 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1325 Title A name given to the resource Economic Costs And Benefits Of The Eu Enlargement: The Impact On The Eu And Seec’s Author Author Kurtagić , Haris Abstract A summary of the resource. The South-eastern enlargement of the European Union will be the sixth enlargement since establishing the European Community in 1957. The research uses the Gravity model, and measures the factors that have an influence on trade. The Gravity model involves coefficients that explain the pattern of trade with GDP, geographical distance, population, and several dummy variables. Trade that is explained by Gravity model includes two regions, EU-15 (inclusive Bulgaria and Romania) and SEEC’s. The reason why Bulgaria and Romania are included, even if they are part of the SEEC’s, is to acquire as accurate pattern of trade as possible. Comparing the data from 2010, the gravity model describes trade flows between 23 countries. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze trade flows between two regions. Taking into consideration the costs of enlargement, this research examines the effects of the trade, its significance on the development of SEEC’s after enlargement, well-being of countries that are not part of the EU, as well as it offers a solution for the South-east European countries. Therefore, the solution that this research proposes is a model based on creation of the Balkan Union. Keywords: EU-Enlargement, Gravity model, South-eastern Europe, European union, Trade flows. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/420badc84095e83d23957322ebbf4162.pdf f0ddc75bfa35c7a190eeb4c650e4eccf PDF Text Text Zhu, Jiang, FeiXiong, DongzhenPiao, Yun Liu, Ying Zhang (2011). “Statistically Modeling the Effectiveness of Disaster Information in Social Media”, 2011 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, s. 431-436. Does predefined erp implementation methodology work for public companies in transitioning country? Classification of EEG signals for epileptic seizure prediction using ANN JasminKevric, AbdulhamitSubasi International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, FrancuskeRevolucije bb, Ilidža, Sarajevo, 71210, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mails:jkevric@ibu.edu.ba, asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract In this paper, we developed a model for classification of EEG signals. The aim of the study is to determine whether this model can be used for epileptic seizure prediction if “pre-ictal” stages were successfully detected. We analyzed long-term Freiburg EEG data. Each of 21 patients contains datasets called “ictal” (seizure) and “inter-ictal” (seizure-free). We extracted 4096-samples (or 16 seconds) long segments from both datasets of each patient. These segments were decomposed into time-frequency representations using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The statistical features from the DWT sub-bands of EEG segments were calculated and fed as inputs to Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) network classifiers using 10-fold cross validation. We also applied multiscale PCA (MSPCA) de-noising method to determine if it can further enhance the classifiers’ performance. MLP-based approach outperformed RBF classifier with or without MSPCA, which significantly improved the classification accuracy of both classifiers. The proposed MLP-approach with MSPCAachieved a classification accuracy of 95.09%. We showed that a high classification accuracy of EEG signals can be accomplished in cases when additional “pre-ictal” class is introduced. Therefore, the proposed approach may become an efficient tool to predict epileptic seizures from EEG recordings. Keywords: Electroencephalogram (EEG); Epileptic seizure; Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT); Multilayer Perceptron (MLP); Radial Basis Function (RBF) network; Multiscale PCA (MSPCA); Machine learning. 491 �1.INTRODUCTION Noninvasive electrodes on the scalp can record the brain's electrical activity called as electroencephalogram (EEG), produced by billions of neurons firing within the nervous system. The EEG signal is characterized by a nonstationarity in the waveforms and semistationary time-dependent states, and detection of these characteristics is a difficult task (Bigan, 1998). Over 50 million people in the world are affected by the epilepsy, the second mostcommon neurological disorder after stroke (D’Alessandro et al., 2003). Abnormal movements and seizures, resulting from the brain cells' excessive electrical discharge, are the signs of epilepsy. One of the most important causes of stress, morbidness and anxiety in epileptic patients is the inability of predicting seizure onset (Murray, 1993; Buck et al., 1997). Thereliable predictability of seizure onset would dramatically improve the safety and quality of life of these patients who cannot be treated successfully by common therapeutic options (Schachter, 1994). For example, patients would be able to prevent dangerous situations when being warned of upcoming seizure. Various automated intervention systems and measures could be implemented like applying electrical brain stimulations or delivering short-acting anticonvulsant drugs by using implanted devices (Stein et al., 2000;Elger, 2001). Additionally, the investigation of the pathophysiological mechanisms causing seizures could be improved by the accurate detection of states preceding seizures. Mormann et al., (2007) stated that seizure prediction is the long and winding road in their review article. D’Alessandro et al., (2003)used intelligent genetic search technique to classify preseizure and non-preseizure classes from four patients by a probabilistic neural network, reporting a sensitivity of 62.5% with 90.5% specificity. Costa et al., (2008)compared 6 types of neural network architectures which used 14 features extracted from EEG of two patients to classify brain states into four classes: inter-ictal, pre-ictal, ictal and pos-ictal. The accuracies of up to 99% were achieved. Mirowski et al., (2009)achieved 71% sensitivity and 0 false positives using convolutional networks combined with wavelet coherence. Chisci et al., (2010) used Autoregressive (AR) models to classify pre-ictal and inter-ictal classes from nine patients, reporting 100% sensitivities and average false positive rates of 0.174/h (on the interictal dataset). This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the EEG data, signal processing and feature extraction methods, and the artificial neural networks with a brief description of each one. In section 3, the performance of the proposed system is presented and discussed. Finally, section 4 presents concluding remarks and perspectives for future work. 492 �2.Materials and methods 2.1 Subjects and data recording We analyzed long-term EEG data recorded during invasive pre-surgical epilepsy monitoring at the Epilepsy Center of the University Hospital of Freiburg, Germany. The Neurofile NT digital video EEG system with 128 channels, 256 Hz sampling rate, and a 16 bit analogue-todigital converter was used to acquire the EEG data. Each of 21 patients, suffering from medically intractable focal epilepsy, contains datasets called “ictal” and “inter-ictal”. The “ictal“ dataset consists of files containing epileptic seizures, each having a seizure-free "preictal" period of at least 50 minutes. The “inter-ictal“ dataset consist of approximately one day of seizure-free EEG recordings for each patient. Each patient had between two and five seizures, with an average of 4.2 seizures per patient or a total number of 87 seizures(Maiwald et al., 2004).The onset and end times of each seizure were determined by visual examination of skilled epileptologists. 2.2 Multiscale Principal Component Analysis Multiscale Principal Component Analysis (MSPCA) combines the wavelet analysis with PCA. The MSPCA method incorporates the decomposition of each variable on a selected family of wavelets during which the wavelet coefficients are thresholded. After that, the PCA model is separately built for the coefficients at each scale. In order to yield one model for all scales together, the models at important scales, which show process disturbances or abnormal operation, are merged in an effective scale-recursive way(Bakshi 1998; Ganesan, Das, & Venkataraman, 2004).Because of its multiscale type, it is suitable to use MSPCA for modeling of data consisting of contributions from events which behavior changes over time and frequency. MSPCA is powerful tool for monitoring autocorrelated measurements without time-series modeling or matrix augmentation due to approximate decorrelation of wavelet coefficients. The MSPCA method not only selects and monitors the significant signal features but also conforms to the nature of the signal (Bakshi 1998). 2.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform Signals like EEG may contain transitory or non-stationary characteristics. That is why Fourier Transform, which can be applied to the stationary signals, is not an ideal method to be directly applied to signals like EEG. Therefore, time-frequency methods like Wavelet Transform should be used. The analysis based on Discrete Wavelet Transform is best explained in terms of filter banks. Multi-resolution decomposition of a signal is the procedure of using a group of filters to separate that signal into various spectral components. Every stage of this procedure consists of two digital filters and two down-samplers by 2. The first filter is the discrete mother wavelet, being high-pass in nature. The second filter is its mirror version, being low pass in 493 �nature. Outputs of the first high-pass and low-pass filters, once being down-sampled, provide the detail D1 and the approximation A1, respectively (Adeli, Zhou, & Dadmehr, 2003;Marchant, 2003; Semmlow, 2004). In DWT analysis it is very important to choose the appropriate number of decomposition levels and appropriate wavelet selection. The components of the dominant frequency of the signal are the main base for choosing the number of decomposition levels. Distribution of energy of the EEG signal in frequency and time is shown by a compact representation of the extracted wavelet coefficients. Using statistics over the wavelet coefficients sets helped in decreasing the dimensionality of the extracted feature vectors (Kandaswamy et al., 2004).Subasi (2007) and Subasi&Gursoy (2010) achieved high accuracies in classifying EEG signals using statistical feature vectors extracted from wavelet coefficients. 2.4 Multilayer Perceptron Multilayer feedforward networks is composed of a set of source nodes which serve as sensory units that form the input layer, one or more hidden layers and an output layer. Hidden layers and an output layer consist of computational nodes. The input signal is transmitted through the network in a forward direction, layer by layer. This type of neural networks, which represents a generalization of the single-layer perceptron, is generally known as multilayer perceptron (MLP). When trained in a supervised manner using highly popular and computationally efficienterror back-propagation algorithm, multilayer perceptrons can successfully solve complex and different problems, but certainly do not provide an optimal solution for all solvable problems. Essentially, error back-propagation learning consists of a forward pass and a backward pass. In the forward pass, the effect of an input vector, when being applied to the sensory nodes, propagates through the network. At the end, a set of outputs, as the real response of the network, is formed. The synaptic weights are all fixed during this stage. However, these synaptic weights are being tuned according to errorcorrection rule during the backward pass. Namely, an error signal is produced as the real response of the network is subtracted from a desired (target) response. This error signal is then propagated backward through the network during which the synaptic weights are tuned so that the difference between the real and the desired response of the network decreases.One or more layers of hidden neurons enhance network’s learning of difficult problems by extracting more significant features from the input vectors(Haykin 1999). 2.5 Radial Basis Function Network The design of a neural network can also be perceived as a curve-fitting (approximation) problem in a high-dimensional space,where learning is viewed as finding a surface which 494 �represents a best fit to the training data in a multidimensional space. This multidimensional surface is then used to interpolate the test data. The method of radial-basis functions is motivated by such a viewpoint. The early work on radial-basis functions is reviewed in Powell (1985).A radial-basis function (RBF) network basically consists of three layers having completely different tasks. The input layer connects the network to the environment via source nodes that serve as sensory units. A nonlinear transformation from the input space to the hidden space of high dimensionality is applied in the second layer as the only hidden layer in the network. The output layer, producing the response of the network to the input vector, is linear. The effect of applying nonlinear transformation prior to a linear transformation is explained by Cover (1965). As stated by him, there is a higher change of a pattern recognition problem to be linearly separable in a high-dimensional space. Therefore, the dimension of the hidden space in an RBF network is often made high. Moreover, the higher the dimension of the hidden space, the more accurate the approximation of smooth mapping is(Mhaskar, 1996; Niyogi and Girosi, 1996). 3. Experimental results and discussion 3.1 Experiment Classification of EEG signals consists of data acquisition and preparation, signal processing, feature extraction and classification. We propose a method based on MSPCA for denoising, DWT for feature extraction and ANNs for classification.We extracted 4096-samples-long segments from both datasets of each patient. Approximately two segments per hour were extracted from “inter-ictal” dataset, producing 1050 inter-ictal segments. We also extracted two types of segments from “ictal” dataset: ictal and pre-ictal. We used minimum number of 4096-samples-long segments to cover all 87 seizure activities, producing 652 ictal segments. We extracted five segments within a seizure-free "pre-ictal" period of 50-60 minutes, producing 435 pre-ictal segments. Only one out of six channels was used for extraction of EEG segments, although results from the different authors presented a poor performance of univariate measures (Mormann et al., 2005). We selected the number of decomposition levels for DWT to be 5 since EEG signals contain no useful frequency components above 30 Hz, and because of 256Hz sampling rate of Neurofile NT used to acquire the EEG data. Daubechies 4 (DB4) wavelet filter was used to reconstruct the detail and approximation records.All 2137 EEG segments, which belong to three different classes, were divided into sub-band frequencies A5 (0-4 Hz), D5 (4-8 Hz), D4 (8-16 Hz), D3 (16-32 Hz), D2 (32-64 Hz) and D1 (64-128 Hz). Sub-band frequencies A5 and D3-D5 almost perfectly correspond to δ (0-4 Hz), θ (4-8 Hz), α (8-12 Hz) and β (12-26 Hz) frequencies of EEG signals (Bylsma et al., 1994). A set of fifteen statistical features was then extracted from the wavelet coefficients representing these sub-band frequencies and fed as inputs to classifiers. A Multiscale PCA (MSPCA) de-noising method was also applied to determine if it can further enhance the 495 �classifiers’ performance. We implemented a classification system based on MLP and RBF network using wavelet statistical features as inputs and 10-fold cross validation method, to guarantee validity of the results. 3.2 Results We performed two types of experiment: with and without MSPCA de-noising method applied.In Table 1, we have seen that MSPCA drastically improved the classification accuracy of both classifiers, while MLP network achieved higher total classification accuracy than RBF network. The accuracies for each class are also presented in Table 1. Accuracy Accuracy Accuracy Total (Pre-ictal) (Inter-ictal) (Ictal) Accuracy MLP +DWT 2.76 % 89.43 % 60.58 % 62.99 % RBFN +DWT 7.13 % 90.57 % 54.45 % 62.56 % MLP + MSPCA+DWT 87.82 % 97.43 % 96.17 % 95.09 % RBFN + MSPCA+DWT 71.49 % 97.14 % 94.02 % 90.97 % Classifier Table 1. Accuracies of MLP and RBF network classifiers with and without MSPCA. MSPCA significantly improved the classification accuracy for ictal and pre-ictal samples, while accuracy performance for inter-ictal class was only slightly improved. Classifiers are totally useless for seizure prediction if MSPCA is not applied. 3.3 Discussion The experiment results show that MSPCA is an effective denoising method for improving the classification performance. Without MSPCA, our method classified many pre-ictal/ictal data samples as being inter-ictal.Aminghafari, Cheze, & Poggi, (2006) showed that de-noised signals by MSPCA magnify the spikes more clearly. Therefore, MSPCA enhanced our classifier's performance for about 50%. Our approach outperformed the one explained in D’Alessandro et al., (2003). Theyalso used data of only four patients to developfour different classifiers for each patient. Although Costa et al., (2008)introduced one more class (pos-ictal) and achieved accuracies of 99%, using data of only two patients from Freiburg database is insufficient to successfully train and develop a model. Mirowski et al., (2009) predicted all seizures without false positives for 15 patients, without mentioning how classifier performed on data belonging to six remaining patients 496 �from Freiburg database. Thus, sensitivity of 71% is reported, which is lower than classification accuracies for pre-ictal class of both of our classifiers. Chisci et al., (2010)used nine patients for which additional electro-corticographic recordings (grid–strip electrodes) were available and achieved 100% sensitivity with low false positive rates. However, they developed patient-specific system by training nine classifiers, where each classifier used train and test data of only one patient. Our proposed system is more general because only one classifier is developed for all patients and it is not bound to specific group of epileptic patients. 4. CONCLUSION We showed that a high classification accuracy of EEG signals can be accomplished in cases when additional “pre-ictal” class is introduced. Many research papers showed that DWT coefficients well represent the EEG signals and ensure a good differentiation between classes. However, we managed to achieve high accuracies only when MSPCA de-noising method was applied to Freiburg dataset. The accuracy may be further improved by applying dimension reduction or feature selection methods like ICA or LDA on the feature vectors. Measures that characterize the relations between two or more channels can be used to further enhance the performance. Using only inter-ictal and pre-ictal samples to train the classifier could be investigated since our aim is not seizure detection. Freiburg dataset can serve as a challenge for trying other feature extraction methods rather than DWT. The proposed approach may become an efficient tool to predict epileptic seizures from EEG recordings. REFERENCES Adeli, H., Zhou, Z., & Dadmehr, N. (2003). Analysis of EEG records in an epileptic patient using wavelet transform. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 123, 69-87. Aminghafari, M., Cheze, N., & Poggi, J.-M. (2006). Multivariate denoising using wavelets and principal component analysis. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 50, 2381-2398. Bakshi, B. R. (1998). Multiscale PCA with Application to Multivariate Statistical Process Monitoring. AlChE, 44(7), 1596-1610. Bigan, C. (1998). A recursive time-frequency processing method for neural networks recognition of EEG seizures. In E. C. Ifeachor, A. Sperduti, & A. Starita (Eds.), Neural Networks and Expert Systems in Medicine and Healthcare. Singapore: World Scientific. Buck, D., Baker, G. A., Jacoby, A., Smith, D. 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D'Alessandro, M., Esteller, R., Vachtsevanos, G., Hinson, A., Echauz, J., & Litt, B. (2003). Epileptic seizure prediction using hybrid feature selection over multiple intracranial EEG electrode contacts: a report of four patients. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 50 (5), 603-615. Elger, C. E. (2001). Future trends in epileptology. Current Opinion in Neurology, 14, 185186. Ganesan, R., Das, T. K., & Venkataraman, V. (2004). Wavelet-based multiscale statistical process monitoring: A literature review. IIE Transactions, 36(9), 787-806. Haykin, S. (1999). Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation (Second ed.). Prentice Hall. Kandaswamy, A., Kumar, C., Ramanathan, R., Jayaraman, S., & Malmurugan, N. (2004). Neural classification of lung sounds using wavelet coefficients. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 34(6), 523-537. Maiwald, T., Winterhalder, M., Aschenbrenner-Scheibe, R., Voss, H. U., Schulze-Bonhage, A., & Timmer, J. (2004). Comparison of three nonlinear seizure prediction methods by means of the seizure prediction characteristic. Physica D 194, 357-368. Marchant, B. P. (2003). Time–frequency analysis for biosystem engineering. Biosystems Engineering, 85(3), 261-281. Mhaskar, H. N. (1996). Neural networks for optimal approximation of smooth and analytic functions. Neural Computation, 8, 164-177. Mirowski, P., Madhavan, D., LeCun, Y., & Kuzniecky, R. (2009). Classification of patterns of EEG synchronization for seizure prediction. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(11), 19271940. Mormann, F., Andrzejak, R. G., Elger, C. E., & Lehnertz, K. (2007). Seizure prediction: the long and winding road. Brain, 130, 314-333. Murray, J. (1993). Coping with the uncertainty of uncontrolled epilepsy. 2, 167-178. 498 �Niyogi, P., & Girosi, F. (1996). On the relationship between generalization error, hypothesis complexity, and sample complexity for Radial Basis Functions. Neural Computation, 8, 819842. Powell, M. J. (1985). Radial basis functions for multivariable interpolation: a review. IMA Conference on Algorithms for the Approximation of Functions and Data. Shrivenham: RMCS. Schachter, S. C. (1994). The brainstorms companion: epilepsy in our view. New York: Raven Press. Semmlow, J. L. (2004). Biosignal and biomedical image processing: MATLAB-based applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Stein, A. G., Eder, H. G., Blum, D. E., Drachev, A., & Fischer, R. S. (2000). An automated drug delivery system for focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Res, 39, 103-114. Subasi, A. (2007). EEG signal classification using wavelet feature extraction and a mixture of expert model. Expert Systems with Applications 32, 1084-1093. Subasi, A., & Gürsoy, M. I. (2010). Comparison of PCA, ICA and LDA in EEG signal classification using DWT and SVM. Expert Systems with Applications 37, 8659-8666. Classification of Fetal State from the Cardiotocogram Recordings using ANN and Simple Logistic Hakan Sahin, Abdulhamit Subasi International Burch University, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail:hakanshah@hotmail.com , asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract In this study, we present a comparison of machine learning technics using antepartum cardiotocographs performed by SisPorto 2.0 in predicting newborn outcome. CTG is widely used in pregnancy as a technique of measuring fetal well-being, mainly in pregnancies with increased risk of complications. It is a non-invasive way for checking the fetal conditions in the antepartum period. CTG is a continuous electronic record of the baby’s heart rate acquired via an ultrasound transducer placed on the mother’s abdomen. The information 499 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1208 Title A name given to the resource Classification of EEG signals for epileptic seizure prediction using ANN Author Author Kevric, Jasmin Subasi, Abdulhamit Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper, we developed a model for classification of EEG signals. The aim of the study is to determine whether this model can be used for epileptic seizure prediction if “pre-ictal” stages were successfully detected. We analyzed long-term Freiburg EEG data. Each of 21 patients contains datasets called “ictal” (seizure) and “inter-ictal” (seizure-free). We extracted 4096-samples (or 16 seconds) long segments from both datasets of each patient. These segments were decomposed into time-frequency representations using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The statistical features from the DWT sub-bands of EEG segments were calculated and fed as inputs to Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) network classifiers using 10-fold cross validation. We also applied multiscale PCA (MSPCA) de-noising method to determine if it can further enhance the classifiers’ performance. MLP-based approach outperformed RBF classifier with or without MSPCA, which significantly improved the classification accuracy of both classifiers. The proposed MLP-approach with MSPCAachieved a classification accuracy of 95.09%. We showed that a high classification accuracy of EEG signals can be accomplished in cases when additional “pre-ictal” class is introduced. Therefore, the proposed approach may become an efficient tool to predict epileptic seizures from EEG recordings. Keywords: Electroencephalogram (EEG); Epileptic seizure; Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT); Multilayer Perceptron (MLP); Radial Basis Function (RBF) network; Multiscale PCA (MSPCA); Machine learning. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d69e7fef77014540d59a832dc2fc1424.pdf 8ba2147f93420fa7b9e2747d4569c4e8 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Report on : Students expenditure and the economic recession Kerim Hadziabdic Inetnatinal Burch University Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract All subjects were selected from International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), data was collected using questionnaire which is attached to the research paper. There are two types of data which is local student’s data and foreign student’s data. The findings from research are representing that foreign students as well as local students are affected by current economic recession. 1.INTRODUCTION THE ECONOMIC recession which had taken place on 2008-2009 had a global implication all around the world. Like any other economic recessions before, it had been triggered by a widespread contraction succeeding an economic bubble. As for the case of 2008-2009, the bubble that blew before the event was the increasing number of subprime mortgages and lending of individuals due to low interests. It had mainly originated from the United States, and when it had a dire critical economic meltdown, no other country in the world could escape the repercussions. Contingency ripple took place and country as far as Malaysia too were well effected by the economic recession. An economic recession is a phenomena of which it effects almost any if not every aspect of individuals who rely on money and the common market. Thus students, like any other individuals are part of this economic equation and are subject to impact to any economic circumstances. Malaysia has over 900,000 students currently enrolled in public and private higher education institutions (Ministry of Higher Education, 2009). This number includes foreign students who had become part and element of the Malaysian financial market. Both students wether local or foreign are well included in economic activities, either by saving money in banks, selling or buying things, or spending on services provided by the higher institutions. The great number of university students thus cannot be easily overlooked in the implications of the economic recession. The economic crisis has had an impact on their family’s finances and many have felt an effect on their own financial lives. The crisis also ultimately affected students’ confidence, behavior, trust in financial institutions and overall well-being. 2.SELECTION OF PROBLEM The economic recession may had happened almost two years ago, but no one could deny the economic repercussions still lingers today. Students engaged in many economic activities on a daily basis. Many like foreign students that recite at IIUM deal with money transactions that involve external as well local curacies. The global economic crisis 20082010 influences these transactions in many ways. Whilst Malaysians claim they were not badly affected by global economic crisis which originates mainly in US and Europe none the less on a longer time scale it would have altered the economic behavior of locals. The issue 299 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo here is how economic recession indirectly have an impact on the students pockets beat it the local students or foreign students of IIUM. Both types of students leave in a quiet similar and controlled environment and even consume common life style. What should differ on these students is their source of savings or money gotten of their parents whom would be more directly affected by the economic recession. Thus, the study aims to look into aspects of expenditure on a much localised scenario. It would be interesting to note how this particular phenomenon would have direct or indirect implication on student’s expenditure of various backgrounds. 2.1.Objective of study This paper tries to examine the two main components which are the type of student of IIUM and the level of changes on their expenditure habits after the global economic recession. These students which are between ages 18 to 30 are at their beginning of financial maturity and independence. Many of which decide their own economic decisions. However they still rely on a given source of income weather it is from their parents, scholarships or any other forms of financial assistance. By identifying the students of these various backgrounds it is possible for us to analyse the indirect impact of current economic recession on the students, furthermore they are also the factor of foreign and local students of IIUM who may act differently on the level of economic implications they meet with. This study also hopes to identify whether the economic behavior of students on the account of their expenditure are influenced by where they are from (foreign or local) in the event of an economic recession. The findings of this research would help in many ways of decision making of related authorities such as the university, or even at a personal financial management on a similar economic circumstances. 2.2.Research Questions Are student’s spending habits effected by an economic recession? Which type of student is more responsive towards the change in an economic recession, the locals or foreign? 3.Literature Review Malaysia had its bumpy road in facing the uncertainties of modern global economy. Global economic crisis of recession, inflation, bubble burst, and oil crisis are the examples of problem faced by Malaysia and without exception, most countries in the world. The global economic recession of 2008-2009 like any others before had effected considerably on all aspects of life of the public. What had actually caught my attention is that how many had undermined the role of young adults , typically students had anything at all to do with such global economic crisis. Many argue that students; whom may still heavily rely on parents or government in funding them, are best unaffected by the greater economic phenomenon. Students simply don't care, since they do not work or earn for money and oblivious to the hardship of their parents. Of course, these are generalization and a well attained myth of ungrateful sons and daughters who would plunder the money of their parents if not the tax payers money. The truth is that students are at a great stage of transitional period to financial 300 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and psychological maturity. They’ve begin to deal problems and issues identical to those faced by working adults and had become a more responsible individual part of a greater society. Issues of monetary crisis that may had happened on a greater international and state level definitely trickles down to the general public and to students with no exception. Malaysia has over 900,000 students currently enrolled to both private and public universities (a good 3% of the population of Malaysia as of 2010) and a number that much could not escape any of the country’s economic equation. The well known by-product of any economic recession is the increasing number of unemployment as well as prices of goods, followed by the mass withdrawal from ordinary expenditure. Replicating this at the very micro level, a student has as much to worry about it than any other regular working adult. The scarcity of jobs offered by the market and the constant struggle of fresh graduates with existing unemployed workforce had become a nightmare of students who yearns for a sense of approval from the society and parents. While enrollment was related directly to salaries and employment opportunities for college graduates, it was related inversely to wage and employment opportunities for non college graduates (Freeman 1975; Handa and Skolnik 1975; and Mattila 1982). Whilst many studies focuses on the financial troubles faced by students who intends to pursue their studies ( i.e unaffordable tuition fees ) and prospect of working after graduating, little attention had been laid on financial difficulties faced when they are still enroled to a particular university. A review of university choice studies examined the differences changes in student responses to five key components of university cost: tuition, room and board(hostels), travel, cost of foregone earnings, and financial aid ( Leslie and Brinkman 1987, pp 195-197 ). These variables are the focus of a students financial planning, and come what may an economic recession or financial abysmal that may had befallen them, this issues still holds a primary importance. However, on an account of an economic recession may well effect how students handle their money, on a fixed cost ( i.e. books, transport, food ) or for leisures. An assessment done by National Institute of Endowment for Financial education on how a recession impact cripples student’s finances, they've concluded that 93% of students have felt and effect on their own financial lives. The crisis also ultimately affected student’s confidence, behaviour, trust in financial institutions and overall well being. This data stems from the landmark study Arizona Pathways to Life Success in University Students (APLUS), funded by the National Endowment for Financial Education. At the height of the economic crisis (February 2009 to April 2009), researchers at the University of Arizona completed Wave 1.5 of a longitudinal study of how young adults develop financial attitudes and behaviors.* In addition to that, this study stresses on how the economic recession of 2008-2009 would have direct or indirect implication on student’s expenditure and it would have to be addressing to students enrolled to local Malaysian university. IIUM fits in this category and boasts to have almost 13,000 students studying there. By implicating the idea of students difficulties in their finances (which is more or less covered under their expenditure behaviour) I hope to define not just how a student’s pocket can relate to an economic 301 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo recession but also on what are the common patterns that drive a typical students expenditure on day to day basis. By principle, a student will face either shortage of financial funds from their parents (as parents too had to reshuffle their expenditure planning due to an economic recession ) or the scarcity of financial aids from the government ( loans, endowments PTPTNs). This will deliberately alter their lifestyle and expenditure (ie, going less outings, and reside on cheap hostel food). I have also noticed that under the administration of Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak, much emphasis had been focused on students financial aids and welfare. According to his speech in introducing the supplementary supply (2009) bill, he mentions that the Government is willing to provide various subsidies, incentives and assistance for fuel consumption, food security, scholarships and educational assistance as well as social welfare programs. The allocation for subsidies and other assistance in 2008 totaled RM 34.1 billion or 22% of total operating expenditure and RM6 billion is accounted for helping students (Najib, 2009; Supplementary Supply (2009) Bill ). Finally, the study sets to look at the differences of expenditure behaviour that exists between local and foreign students on similar economic condition. IIUM is well known to have a great number of foreign students which stays for the average period of 3 - 5 years to complete a course. Given the long tenure of these students in Malaysia, foreign students may endure similar economic activities just as the locals do. However, there are many more variables that may influence their behaviour of spending, for which this study is trying to analyse. In comparison to the local students, a foreign student is expected to be more responsive to an economic recession. Thus , I am determined to have a full study of behaviour of the students expenditure on a given economic climate, namely due to the economic recession of 2008-2009 and discuss how local and foreign students cope up with it. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - Change in currency 40,00 rates 10,0 Decrease of Economic0 expenditure Crisis 20, 00 Increase price of goods Parents 200 decrease 2 expenditure 50,0 on 20, 0 00 Increase in savings Foreign students Local students DI TXV 10 ,0 Decrease in Spending less time on outings 0 students income 0, 00 DI TİV Reluctance of using credit services (EXPENDITUR E) Area of interest This study’s theoretical framework is inspired in replicating the research done by Fig. 1.1 - A model of Students expenditure and the economic University of Arizona completing a longitudinal study of how young adults develop financial recession 302 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo attitudes and behaviors. However, due to limited sources and time frame given this study seeks to carry a vertical cross-section of a given number of students of IIUM in a single survey. It is, perhaps, easier to understand the nature and function of a theoretical framework if it is viewed as the answer to two basic questions: 1. What is the problem?  Why is this study’s approach a feasible solution? Starting with the sample, it should be noted that this study is conducted on a short semester period, and that the number of students enrolled for the semester is considerably much lower than of a normal long semester. Nonetheless, this study aims to produce a set of sample of students replicable to the population of students in IIUM. This study assumes that there shall be no expenditure differences between male and female students on a given economic circumstances, although these numbers should be well noted. In addition to that, variables such as student’s ethnicity, home of residence, and their GPAs are well accounted for analyzation. The data collection method preferred in the study is survey questionnaire, which respondents can complete in less then 10 minutes about their family financial environment, attitudes and behaviour on the recent economic crisis and etc. Figure 1.1 demonstrates how variables should relate to one another, forming the proposed research question; Would students spend less following an economic crisis, if so are foreign students more responsive in such circumstances? Taking the economic crisis of 2008-2009 as a starting point, it led to several foreseeable effect, namely decrease of expenditure in the public and the increase price of goods. As stated earlier, the sample is taken from within the student population of IIUM; the university is thus a controlled environment for which all students reside. All students are assumed to be financially dependent on their parents, at least on the term of student’s monthly additional income. Decrease in students income should indicate the following effect of parents decreasing the amount spent on their university enrolled child. I am therefore to generalize the spending habits of students narrowing them down to increase of savings, spending less time on outings, and or reluctance of using credit services all of which signifies student’s expenditure. Note 303 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo also there is an added variable to foreign students, for which involves in transnational financial transaction and should be responsive to the change of currency rates of their country to Malaysia. Data collection A questionnaire survey of 30 respondents had been carried out through a non probability sampling method. They had been approached at random, however, the research is conducted under quota sampling method. In order to match the real representation of the student population of IIUM, the study restricts the number of foreign students respondents to 7 out of 30 bringing the percentage to 23,3 % of the whole sample. This number reflect closely to the ratio of foreign student to local students in IIUM. Sample questionnaire is attached to Appendix. 304 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Data analysis Data analysis of respondents identity Figure 1.5 Student’s monthly income We can see that in figure 1.5, most students receive in an average monthly income of Rm300 to Rm600. However, for the top range of students monthly income of Rm700 and above is received by all foreign students. This importantly signifies that foreign students needs more money than local students. Figure 1.6 Occupation of Guardian It is important to also note the minimal background of students by knowing how their guardian is employed and financing them. 12 students out of 30 answered that their guardians are in private sector followed by 11 whom are self employed. This data signifies that average of students comes from a middle income families. Figure 1.7 Campus status As shown on figure 1.7, we can see that it correlates with figure 1.5, of students monthly income. The major 83% of students whom stays in-campus has the average income of 300-600rm. Many can rely on this minimal income because lifestyle is considerably cheaper by living in campus. Accommodation 305 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gathering the data, we could see on figure 1.2, that the respondents consists of more female than male. As stated earlier, there shall be no distinctions between the expenditure habit of male or female. In figure 1.3, the ratio is maintained to reflect the original student population of IIUM. The significance of year of intake tell us that there are more senior students compared to juniors. The fact is senior students would have much more financial awareness and experiences in managing their monthly income. Figure 1.2 Gender 306 Figure 1.3 Nationality Figure 1.4 Year of intake �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 1.8 Social outings However, it is interesting to note that despite most having only up to 600rm to spend on monthly basis, still there are many students (11 of them ) who enjoys a good social outings for 2 to 4 times a week. It just shows that , come what may, economic recession or not, socializing is still the main primary importance in a student’s life. Figure 1.9 Use of credit/debit card Most of the students does not use or own a credit or debit card. This number represents the number of local students whom rely mostly on cash based transactions whilst the rest (mostly foreign students) are dealing with credit/debit cards. Figure 2.0 Savings A lot of students find it unimportant to save if they have just enough cash for the monthly expenditure. However, there are students who would reserve not more than 25% of their monthly income for savings. If you could relate to figure 2.3 of students interest in part time employment, it goes to say that many are interested to have a minimal saving whilst increasing their monthly income. 307 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2.1 Students perception towards price of goods Figure 2.1 explains that the economic recession has a greater and prolonged effect. Up to 93% of students believe that prices of goods are getting much expensive than before. Figure 2.2 Financial Assistance According to the result of the survey, up to 60% of the sample still greatly rely on their parents for financial assistance and difficulties. They feel more comfortable by gaining monetary help from their parents because it has been their primary source of income anyway. This data is followed by an equal distribution of respondents who would rely on friends or simply wait till difficulties is overcome. Figure 2.3 Part time employment As said earlier, figure 2.3 in students perception of having a part time job whilst studying shows the correlation of student’s need for extra money to cope up with the rise of price of goods. More over, many students also believe that they are mature enough to offer services to the job market, a determination to be part of the bigger society. 80 % of the students also consider that part time job would not effect their studies immensely. 308 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The questionnaire also provides an open ended question, enquiring on how students feel the economic recession of 2008-2009 had effect on them. This question tries to sum up the overall feeling and perception towards such economic scenario where prices goes up and how it influences their monthly expenditure. Up to 70% of respondents have the impression that the economic recession has little or no impact on their lifestyle or expenditure. This leaves us the rest 30 % (which represents 9 respondents ) all of whom said that they are uneasy with the increase price of goods and thought that they ought to get more money to handle difficult situations up. 6 out of this 9 respondents are foreign students and 3 are locals. This shows that foreign students are more conscious to the changes brought by an economic recession and is determine to deal with it. The survey continues by providing questions specifically asked on foreign students. These questions are designed to ask about activities done by foreign students in handling their finances. Foreign students response 309 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Students’s response : “ Prices are much expensive and more pocket money is needed to maintain such current lifestyle.” Effected by economic recession “ Things are getting pricier than usual, there is less to spend. “ Figure 2.4 Frequency in dealing with international banking transaction Almost all of foreign students deal with international banking transaction. 43% of who deals on a monthly basis. International students whom still rely on their parents who are back home get their money through international banking. International banking is one of the sector most vunerable to economic crisis. Following this question, many students said that at the recent currency exchange, they had less to spend. 310 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Discussion Consistent with the research question proposed, the questionnaire conducted had intended to get as much data to prove of disapprove the argument. Reviewing back to the question, are students spending habits effected by an economic recession, it is undeniable that students do admit changes. Although, infinite factors does influence in giving such result, I am certain that economic crisis plays a big and important role in effecting the financial lives of not just working adults but students as well. There is indeed a link between students financial management and the bigger economic picture, and we can well discard the myth that students are unaware of economic crises. From that the study gathered how students generally feel about the economic recession. Most of the local students receive in average of Rm300-Rm600 monthly and comes from a middle income family status. I believe them having to live on around Rm 400 a month would be modest at best. Yet, with prices of good increasing either through gradual inflation or economic crisis, they managed to maintain with that amount and many feel that they are least effected by the economic crisis, though they acknowledge their ability to spend less. On the other hand, the foreign students has been projected to have more for their monthly income, some up to more than Rm 1500. Comparing this to the local, it shows that the locals have greater confidence in their financial securities than that of the foreign students. Local students are surrounded by elements familiar to them, whilst foreign student having to adapt to a foreign culture, may think they need more to spend. Take for example, Ali ; a Palestinian student may not be easily accustomed to normal day to day food like rice and sambal belacan, a cheap source of food for local student. He may have to reside if not occasionally to an Arab food restaurant which is considerably more expensive. This is a classic example involving just food, though many other factors may lead as to why foreign students need more monthly income. ( communication, room, etc.) Ironically, where both foreign and local students differ in their monthly income, they still think social outing should not be missed. Most of the respondents continues to go for social outings despite the increase prices of goods. This agrees with such longitudinal study carried out by a research that confirms how university students spend time, 16 hours for which is dedicated to socializing (National Survey of Student Engagement, 2006; Nonis, Philhours & Hudson, 2006). 311 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Coming to the second proposed research question, the result shows that there are no clear sign that economic recession is a direct factor to their expenditure behaviour. The study can only conclude that due to foreign students avid involvement in international banking transaction compared to local student, they are more responsive and vulnerable to global economic consequences. Foreign students also replied that due to the recent currency exchange rate, many felt that they have less to spend. This somewhat is aligned to the hypotheses proposed by this study that ultimately, foreign students are relatively more responsive to global economic conditions than local students. Conclusion In conclusion we can say that student’s expenditure is affected by current economic recession. Foreign students are affected more because of currency rates, increase of prices of basic needs, and it always more expensive to study abroad than to study at home. There are several limitations in this study. The findings, among other things may not represent wider population of both types of students due to limited number of respondents. However, the number of respondents in this study still provides the insight indeed. As findings presented, foreign students have more expenditures compare to local student and their pockets are affected by economic recession. Bibliography Freeman, Richard B. 1971. The Market for College. Trained Manpower. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Handa, M.L , and Skolnik, M.L 1975 “Unemployment, Expected Returns, and the Demand for University Education in Ontario: Some Empirical Results.” Higher Education 4: 27, 43. Hilgert, M. A., Hogarth, J. M., & Beverly, S. G. (2003). Household Financial Management: The Connection Between Knowledge and Behavior. Federal Reserve Bulletin July: 309- 322. Leslie, Larry I., and Brinkman, Paul T. 1987. “Student Price Response in Higher Education: The Student Demand Studies.” Journal of Higher Education 58(2): 181, 204. Najib Tun Abdul Razak, 2009. “In Introducing the Supplementary Supply (2009) Bill 2009.” Ministry 312 of Finance. 12. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nonis, S. A., Philhours, M. J. & Hudson, G. I. (2006). Where Does the Time Go? A Diary Approach to Business and Marketing Students’ Time Use. Journal of Marketing Education, 28, 121-134. Mattila, J. Peter, 1982 “Determinants of Male School Enrollments: A time Series Analysis.” Review of Economics and Statistics. 64, 242, 51. Ministry of Higher Education, 2009.( http://www.mohe.gov.my/educationmsia/index.php? article=mohe ) Green Economy-Green Sustainability-Green Ethics Nilgün Dolmaci, Nurdan Kuşat Süleyman Demirel Üniversity, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: nilgundolmaci@sdu.edu.tr, nurdankusat@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Although the concept ‘environment’ is perceived as a space where people live, it narrates an ecosystem in the broad sense. Ecosystem is described as a raw material store which fulfills the physical and biological needs. However, considering that the resources are scarce and the needs of people are limitless, it is clearly seen that the environmental resources are scarce as well. Within this content, efficient use of environmental resources has a great importance for sustainable development. Green economy approach brings a new perspective for the sustainable development. Since the degeneration in economic, cultural and historical environment led to development problems, green economy is an important instrument achieving sustainability in environmental values. In this study, green economy and green sustainability is handled from the point of decreasing the damage that environment and ecosystem are exposed. When it comes to solve the paradox between economic development and environment, the study touches on the green ethics perception which can be defined as getting and adopting the information, attitude and behavior that will preserve the living space and living quality of human beings both individually and globally. Keywords: Green Economy, Sustainable Development, Green Sustainability, Green Ethics 1. INTRODUCTION The words ‘green’ and ‘sustainability’ are usually used together. While the word ‘green’ represents the environment, ‘sustainability’ refers to convection of current resources to the next generation without any loss. Sustainable development, which is one of the most popular 313 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1338 Title A name given to the resource Report on : Students expenditure and the economic recession Author Author Kerim , Hadziabdic Abstract A summary of the resource. All subjects were selected from International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), data was collected using questionnaire which is attached to the research paper. There are two types of data which is local student’s data and foreign student’s data. The findings from research are representing that foreign students as well as local students are affected by current economic recession. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/45ac167ad3c579e598ac126fc5cf5ece.pdf b03ffda85c01921a6f426eedebf232ea PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Liu, S.S., Luo, X. and Shi, Y. (2003). Market oriented organizations in an emerging economy: A study of missing links. Journal of Business Research, 56(6), 481-491. Narver, J.C. and Slater, S.F. (1990). The effects of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 20-35. Reimann, F., Ehrgott, M., Kaufmann, L. and Carter, C.R. (2012). Local stakeholders and local legitimacy: MNEs; social strategies in emerging economies. Journal of International Management, 18(1), 1-17. Robinson, W.T. (1988), Marketing mix reactions to entry. Marketing Science, 7(4), 368-85. Sa de Abreu, M.C. (2011). Effects of environmental pressures on company sustainability strategies: An interview study among Brazalian manufacturing firms. International Journal of Management, 28(3), 909-925. Sheth, J.N (2011). Impact of emerging markets on marketing: Rethinking existing perspectives and practices. Journal of Marketing, 75(4), 166-182. Slater, S.F. and Narver, J.C. (1998). Customer-led and market-oriented: Let’s not confuse the two. Strategic Management Journal, 19(10), 1001-1006. Wackernagel, M. and Rees, W. (1997). Perceptual and structural barriers to investing in natural capital: Economics from an ecological footprint perspective. Ecological Economics, 20(1), 3-24. Menu Planning With Fuzzy 0-1 Integer Programming Kenan Oğuzhan Oruç1, Ibrahim Güngör2, Sezgin Irmak2, Semih Şenol1 1Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey 2Alanya Faculty of Business, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: kenanoruc@sdu.edu.tr, igungor@akdeniz.edu.tr,sezgin@akdeniz.edu.tr semihh_senol@hotmail.com Abstract For the sustainability of development, effective usage of sources and the determination of their optimal usage levels are very important. Healthiness, as one of the main components of sustainable development, is under influences of many factors one of which is nutrition, and the number of people who benefit from public nutrition services are increasing every day. 6 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The growth in the number of people necessitates that an effective menu planning must be done in order to keep the continuity of sustainable public nutrition systems. In this study, detailed plans of 20 days’ lunch menu lists are prepared for workers who are at the age of between 19 to 30 years old. Fuzzy 0-1 integer linear programming technique was used during the planning process with the consideration of data’s fuzziness. CarlssonKorhenon approach, which is offered for the situations when all parameters are fuzzy in the model configuration, is applied. Keywords: Menu Planning, Nutrition, Fuzzy, 0-1 Linear Programming. Jel Codes: C44, C61, Q01 1.INTRODUCTION Brundtland Report defines sustainable development as a development understanding which meets the needs of today’s generations without endangering the meeting ability of future generations (Çetin, 2006). Sustainable development involves environment, economy, sociodemographic and health elements (Çelik, 2006). Health, as one of the main components of sustainable development is under the influence of some factors such as nutrition, heredity, climate and environmental conditions. Among them, nutrition is the primal one (Baysal, 2009). Public food service system (PFSS) has become an important part of our lives as a result of recent changes such as technological developments, transition from agricultural society to industrial society and socio-economic and cultural changes of urban life. PFSS is defined as the system via which people, who are either at home or working outside of their home, can meet the food needs just as they wish to have it without going outside from their place. PFSS institutions are those kinds of establishments that can programme and manage nutritional needs and problems of specific groups from a single center. Places and institutions in which people usually exist publicly and eat together are hospitals, schools, universities, nursing homes, prisons, armies, hotels, offices, restaurants, institutions and factories (Atılan, 2008). In the past, it was thought that only 10 or 15 percent of the general population benefit from PFS. According to 2010 census data the rate of working people in Turkey reached up to % 50.5 (TÜİK, 2011). Therefore it can be inferred that the rate of people who benefit from PFS also increased (Atılan, 2008). The rapid growth in the world population increases the need for food and inadequacy of agricultural production rises food prices (Kaypak, 2011). If the rapid growth tendency in population, food production and consume of resources continue without any change, human being will reach development limits of the planet in the next century (Kaypak, 2011). In sustainable development the biggest target is to maximize the benefits and values of sources for society. It is necessary in terms of exhaustible sources to determine optimal usage levels of them (Çetin, 2006). With the increasing number of PFS people, an effective menu 7 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo planning should be made in PFSS in the context of providing the continuity of human health and efficient use of resources. Menu planning is a complicated process that many factors should be taken into consideration in planning such as cost, taste, variety, energy, need of nutrient etc. and mathematical models are used in the planning of the process (Şenol, 2011). It is possible to see many studies on menu planning in science literature some of which as follows: Anderson and Earle (1983), Colavita and D’orsi (1990), Soden and Fletcer (1992) Sklan and Dariel (1993) Kılınç (2007), Ediz and Yağdıran (2009), Şenol (2009), Mamat et al. (2011) and many other scholars. The data is quite important to perform an accurate mathematical modeling. However, it is not always possible to reach required exact/precise data for menu planning. Fuzzy modeling is performed on the bases of fuzzy set theory which is developed by Zadeh (1965) when a given date is inaccurate or fuzzy. In this study, sample lunch menu is planned to be served in three or four vessels as nonoptional menus for moderate activity job workers who are at the age of 19 to 30 years old. This plan is prepared for the companies that work 5 days a week and the schedule is thought monthly that means menus are for 20 days. Fuzzy 0-1 integer linear programming method is used during the planning process of the study and fuzziness were taken into account. In this model, 1280 decision variables and 752 constraints were used. Carlsson-Korhenon (1986) approach, which is offered for the situations when all parameters are fuzzy in the model configuration, is applied. GAMS 22.5 package program was used for all solutions. 2.Fuzzy Linear Programming Fuzzy linear programming models are constructed by adding the concept of fuzziness to linear programming models. These models are suggested for the solutions of problematic models that have fuzziness in their parameters and can be modeled by using linear functions. Especially it provides an opportunity to express the demands of decision maker flexibly (Bozdağ and Türe, 2007). There are many offered fuzzy linear programming models by scholars such as Zimmermann (1983), Werners (1987), Carlsson-Korhonen (1986). These models change according to their fuzziness in coefficients of the objective function, all parameters, objective function etc. or membership function of the fuzzy number. 0-1 integer linear programming model, which its’ all parameters are fuzzy and with a objective function that is based on minimization, can be expressed as follows: Objective Function: n ~ Zmin   cjx j j1 Constraints: 8 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo n ~ ~  a ij x j  b i i  1, 2,....,m x j  0 or 1 j  1, 2,....,n j1 According to fuzzy set theory each fuzzy number is a cluster. In the fuzzy sets each cluster members are included to set by taking a degree (µ) ranging from 0 to 1. If the cluster element takes a degree of 1, it is a full member of cluster, but if it takes a degree of 0, it cannot be a member of cluster (Abdel Kader and Dugdale, 2001:457). The function of membership can be defined in many ways depending on the situation of problem. The fuzzy number which has monotone increasing or decreasing membership function and upper and lower limit values are known can be defined as (Baykal, 2004):  X~ (x)     x  x L  x U  x L  ~x xU xL x Graphic 1.Monotone Increasing Membership Function  X~ (x) x L x U x  x U  x U  x L  ~x x Graphic 2.Monotone Decreasing Membership Function (x) values that are calculated according to (µ) refers to the degree of belonging to fuzzy set ( ) of (x). Carlsson-Korhonen (1986) suggest a linear model, which can be used in the cases when upper and lower limits of fuzzy numbers are known (namely , , ). The model can be applied to solve for different membership functions of the fuzzy number by valuing it from the applicable value (namely µ=1) into nonapplicable one (namely µ=0). For the application of the model, it is needed that membership functions of fuzzy numbers either should be increasing or decreasing. In the model, membership function of each fuzzy 9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo number is composed thus it is clarified from fuzziness. According to preferred (µ) value/values of decision maker, the model is solved. 3.Menu Planning in PFSS Nutrition is the use of nutrients to protect health and provide maintenance of life. The science of nutrition deals not only with composition of nutrients (energy and nutrient quantities) but also age, gender, working conditions etc. (Baysal, 2009). In this study the nutrient amounts and quantities of required energy list in a lunch is given in table 1 as menu planning which is prepared for those who are at the age of between 19 to 30 years old and work in medium activity jobs. Table 1. Average Amounts of Energy and Some Nutrition List Except Bread in a Lunch Energy - Nutrition Elements Symbols That Are Used For Parameter In The Study Values Energy (kkal) E 750 Protein (g) P 22,7 Vitamin A (μg) A 750 Thiamin (mg) T 0,38 Vitamin C (mg) CV 34 Source: Ediz and Yağdıran, 2009, 73. Non optional menu systems, which do not give permission to choose food, are generally used in the PFSS that serve working staff. The number of the food menus in the container is limited from 3 to 4 (Ediz and Yağdıran, 2009, Beyhan and Ciğerim, 1995). A skeleton of menu is created while creating non optional menus. During this process, food groups are taken as ground and later on sample food are taken from each group. Here are the main food groups as follows (Ediz and Yağdıran, 2009, Beyhan and Ciğerim, 1995): The First Group Meals: Meat food as large and small pieces, meatballs, fish, meat and vegetable ones, dolma and sarma (Special Turkish meals), food legumes with meat. The Second Group Meals: Soups, rice dishes, pasta, pastries, olive oil dishes. The Third Group Meals: Fruits, salads, desserts and others. In this study, menu plannings are prepared for in total 64 dishes groups, 22 of which are set as the first group and 18 for second group and 24 for third group. Food names and codes given for food in the study, values of energy and nutrition of a portion of food, and costs is given in the table 2. The model is established on basis of the standards below. (Note 1)  Food Costs (Ci): The cost of each meal is determined as portion. However, the term “a portion” is relative itself when the weight of it and the amount of the content in a portion 10 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo     are considered. The amount of water, meat, onion, potato etc. in a given portion to a worker is not going to be equal with another. In addition to this, prices of materials which are used in the preparation of a meal can also be relative; moreover it is possible to meet rotten materials in the meal too. But, it is not precisely possible to take all these variables into account in the calculation of costs. Thanks to this fact, the costs of portions are fuzzied from right and left with the percentage of 5. The feasibility of lowering the cost of a meal gets lower as the cost of meal goes down. In other words, the more the price of food increases, the more the degree of membership increase. For this reason, it is assumed as that the fuzzied number has membership function that monotonically increases. The Number of Meals: In each menu, 3 or 4 kinds of food are served by choosing from first and second groups one for each and in addition to these one or two from third group. [1-2-3] Variety of the Menu: To be able to provide the menu diversity during planned time; each food should be chosen from first and third groups meals maximum 1 time and minimum 1, maximum 3 times from second group. [4-5-6] Each food served any day should be given again 5 days later at the earliest.[7] Energy and Nutrient Values: Due to the fact that the term of a portion is relative, the amount of nutrients and energy in a portion will be different. Therefore, the energy and nutritional values of a portion is fuzzied with 5 percentage from left and right. The applicability of increasement in the energy and values of nutrient of food decreases as the values of energy and nutrient increase. In other words, as a meal’s energy and nutrient value increase, so as the degree of membership decreases. For this reason, the fuzzied number is assumed to have a membership function that linearly decreasing. Energy and Nutrient Element Needs: The values in the table 1 are average values and calculated without bread. But, energy and nutrient element needs change for each staff in real life according to gender, age, physical characteristics, occupation and so on. Moreover, because of the fact that the amount of bread that is eaten by each worker is different, the nutrient element and energy amount that are taken from eaten bread will also be different. That is why the value of energy and nutrient element needs are fuzzied with 5 percentages from right and left and then used in the model as functional membership that linearly increases. [8-9-10-11] Here are some rules to be taken into consideration while creating skeleton of meal groups. These rules can be listed as follows (Ediz and Yağdıran, 2009):             Meaty vegetable meats should not be served next to the olive oil vegetable meals. [12] Dolmas (a Turkish food) should not be served next to rice. [13] Rice based meals should be preferred next to meaty legume meals. [14] With rice, pasta and pastries, dessert should be served. [15] Salad should not be served next to olive oil vegetable dishes. [16] Salad should not be served next to meaty vegetable dishes. [17] Mutter milk should not be served next to soups. [18] Dishes include potatoes should not be served together. [19] Dishes include yoghurt should not be served together. [20] Dishes include rise should not be served at the same time. [21] Dishes include carrots should not be served together. [22] Dishes include beans and squash should not be served together. [23] 11 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Establishment of the Model Decision Variables: 1 FGij   0 if i. food is served on j. day 1 SGij   0 if i. food is served on j. day 1 TGij   0 if i. food is served on j. day if i. food is not served on j. day if i. food is not served on j. day if i. food is not served on j. day i  1, 2,...,22 j  1, 2,....,20 i  1, 2,....,18 j  1, 2,....,20 i  1, 2,....,24 j  1, 2,....,20 Objective Function: 20 22 ~ 20 18 ~ 20 24 ~ Zmin    Ci * FGij    Ci * SGij   Ci * TGij j1i 1 j1i 1 j1i 1 Constrains: 22  FGij  1 j  1, 2,....,20 …...……….[1] i 1 18 1   SGij  2 j  1, 2,....,20 ……...…....[2] i 1 24  TGij  1 j  1, 2,....,20 …...………[3] i 1 20  FGij  1 i  1, 2,....,22 …...………[4] j1 20 1   SGij  3 i  1, 2,....,20 ……...…....[5] j1 20  TGij  1 i  1, 2,....,22 …...………[6] j1 n 4  TGij  1 n  1,2,....,16 j n 22 ~ i  1, 2,....,22 …...………[7] 18 ~ 24 ~ ~  Ei * FGij   Ei * SGij   Ei * TGij  7 5 0 j  1, 2,....,20 …...……….[8] 22 ~  Pi i 1 j  1, 2,....,20 …………….[9] i 1 i 1 i 1 18 ~ 24 ~ ~ * FGij   Pi * SGij   Pi * TGij  22,7 i 1 i 1 12 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 22 ~  Ti i 1 18 ~ 24 ~ ~ * FGij   Ti * SGij   Ti * TGij  0, 3 8 i 1 i 1 22 ~ 18 ~ 24 ~ ~  CVi * FGij   CVi * SGij   CVi * TGij  3 4 i 1 i 1 i 1 22 6 i 13 i 1 20 13 i 19 i 12 22 6 18 i  21 i 1 i 14 18 4 i 12 i 1  FGij   SGij  1 j  1, 2,....,20 …………..[13]  FGij   SGij   SGij  1 j  1, 2,....,20 …………...[14]  SGij   TGij  1 8 i 1 i 5 22 8 i 13 i 5 j  1, 2,....,20 …………..[11] j  1, 2,....,20 ….……….[12]  FGij   SGij  1 6 j  1, 2,....,20 …….......…[10] j  1, 2,....,20 …………...[15]  SGij   TGij  1 j  1, 2,....,20 …………...[16]  FGij   TGij  1 j  1, 2,....,20 …………...[17] 11  SGij  TG22 j  1 j  1, 2,....,20 …………...[18] i 7 6  FGij  FG10 j  FG12 j  FG16 j  SG6 j  TG8 j  1 j  1, 2,....,20 …………..[19] FG15 j  FG20 j  SG5 j  SG8 j  TG22 j  TG23 j  1 j  1, 2,....,20 …………..[20] i 1 20 3 i 19 i 2 FG 4 j  FG 7 j  FG11j   FGij   SG ij  SG8 j  SG12 j  TG1j  1 9 FG3 j   FGij  SG6 j  1 j  1, 2,..,20 ………...…..[22] i 7 9 17 21 i 8 i 16 i  20 j  1, 2,..,20 …….[21]  FGij   FGij   FGij  SG4 j  1 j  1, 2,..,20 …………….[23] The membership function of energy need fuzzy data can be calculated as follows: E  787,5E~  712,5(1  E~ )  712,5  75E~ 13 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The constrains, of which right side constants are fuzzy, are written below as in the form of membership function. All other fuzzy data and membership functions are given in the table 3. 22 ~ 18 ~ 24 ~  Ei * FGij   Ei * SGij   Ei * TGij  712,5  75E~ j  1, 2,....,20 ………..……[8] 22 ~  Pi i 1 18 ~ 24 ~ * FGij   Pi * SGij   Pi * TGij  21,57  2,27~P j  1, 2,....,20 …..………....[9] 22 ~  Ti i 1 18 ~ 24 ~ * FGij   Ti * SGij   Ti * TGij  0,36  0,04T~ j  1, 2,....,20 ..…………..[10] i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 22 ~ 18 ~ 24 ~ ~  CVi * FGij   CVi * SGij   CVi * TGij  32,3  3,4C V i 1 i 1 i 1 j  1, 2,....,20 …………..[11] 4.CONCLUSIONS According to suggested model; menus that are obtained for the 3 different membership functions (0, 0,5 ve 1) are given at the table 4. Menus that are not possible to apply are shown in the column of µ=0 and certain applicable menus are shown at the µ=1. 20 days’ menu costs of each person for these membership degrees are found respectively as 27,34 TL, 28,34 TL and 32,38 TL. In other words, the costs of menus for each person can vary between 27,34 TL - 32,38 TL As it is clearly seen in this study, menu planning is such a complicated process that many different elements should be taken into consideration during the period. It is quite hard in a handmade menu planning to take all necessary conditions into consideration to obtain minimum costs. Because of this reason, making a menu planning via mathematical models not only helps to save time but also helps to eliminate possible mistakes. Additionally regarding the fuzziness of the data gains a flexibility for models. REFERENCES Abdel Kader, M.G. and Dugdale, D. (2001) Evaluating Investment in Advanced Manufacturing Technology: A Fuzzy Set Theory Approach, British Accounting Review, 33, 455-489. Anderson, A.M. and, Earle, M.D. (1983) Diet Planning in the Third World by Linear and Goal Programming, Journal of Reseach Society, 34, 9-16. Atılan, M. (2007) Adana’da Toplu Beslenme Yapılan Bazı Kurumların Menülerinin Değerlendirilmesi ve Tüketici Görüşlerinin Belirlenmesi, Master’s Thesis, Adana. Baykal, N. and BEYAN, T. (2004) Bulanık Mantık İlke ve Temelleri, Bıçaklar Publishing, No: 9, Ankara. Baysal, A. (2006) Beslenme, Hatipoğlu Publishing, 12. Ed., Ankara. 14 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Beyhan, Y., and Ciğerim, N. (1995) Toplu Beslenme Sistemlerinde Menü Yönetimi ve Denetimi, Kök Publishing, Ankara. Bozdağ, N. and Türe, H. (2007) Bulanık Doğrusal Programlama ve İMKB Üzerine Bir Uygulama, 8. Congress of Econometrics and Statistics, Malatya, Turkey. Colavita, C. and D’orsi, R. (1990) Linear Programming and Pediatric Dietetics, British Journal of Nutrition, 64, 307-317. Carlsson, C. Korhonen, P. (1986) A Parametric Approach to Fuzzy Linear Programming, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 20, 17-30. Çetin, M. (2006) Teori ve Uygulamada Bölgesel Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 7 (1), 1-20. Çelik, Y. (2006) Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Kavramı ve Sağlık, Hacettepe Journal of Health Administration, 9 (1), 19-37. Kaypak, Ş. (2011) Küreselleşme Sürecinde Sürdürülebilir Bir Kalkınma İçin Sürdürülebilir Bir Çevre, KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 13 (20), 19-33. Ediz, A. and Yağdıran, Y. (2009) Hedef Programlama Tekniği ile Menü Planlaması, Gazi Üniversitesi The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 11 (1), 45-74. Mamat, M., Rokhayati, Y., Noor, M. M. and Mohd İ. (2011) Optimizing Human Diet Problem with Fuzzy Price Using Fuzzy Linear Programming Approach, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10 (6), 594-598. Şenol, S. (2011) Menü Planlama Sorununa Karma Tamsayılı Programlama Modeli İle Çözüm Önerisi, Master’s Thesis, Isparta. Sklan, D. and Dariel, I. (1993) Diet Planning for Humans Using Mixed-Integer Linear Programming, British Journal of Nutrition, 70, 27-35. Soden, P.M. and Fletcer, L.R. (1992) Modifying Diets to Satisfy Nutritional Requirements Using Linear Programming, British Journal of Nutrition, 68, 565-572. Kılınç, E. (2007) Diyet Problemlerinin Optimizasyonu ve Bir Uygulama, Master’s Thesis, Isparta. TÜİK, (2011) Newsletter, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=8570. Werners, B. (1987) An Interactive Fuzzy Programming System, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 23, 131-147. Zadeh, L.A. (1965) Fuzzy Sets, Information and Control, 8, 338-353. Zimmermann, H.J. (1983) Fuzzy Mathematical Programming, Computers and Operations Research, 10 (4), 291-298 15 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Note 1: Numbers that are in the square brackets indicate constraint numbers in model. 16 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 2. The Information of the Meals Total Energy and Nutrient Values of a Portion Meals With Meat Vegetable Dishes The First Group Meals Meat Dishes Meal Kods The Name of Meals The Cost of Energy Protein Thiamin Vitamin The Meals (kcal) (gr) (mg) C (mg) (TL) Ei Pi Ti Ni FG1 Cold Cuts 339 19,6 0,1 12,4 1,227 FG2 Roast Meat 348 18,4 0,1 12,3 1,191 FG3 Boiled Veal 369,4 36,6 0,1 8,8 1,209 FG4 Kadınbudu Meatballs 417 16,2 0,2 15,2 0,985 FG5 Oven Meatballs 309 15,4 0,2 15,2 0,905 FG6 İzmir Meatballs 343 14,6 0,2 14,1 0,877 FG7 Rosted Lamb 416,6 43 0,2 0,3 1,708 FG8 Schnitzel Chicken 534,2 54,7 0,3 18,1 1,047 FG9 Grilled Chicken 337,6 47,8 0,2 18,4 0,978 FG10 Boiled Chicken 259 26,2 0,2 14,6 0,646 FG11 Chicken with soy sauce 315,1 39,9 0,1 0,1 0,795 FG12 Whitefish 489,6 52,3 0,3 33 0,916 FG13 Cabbage stew 190 10,3 0,1 65,8 0,662 FG14 Cauliflower 187 11,3 0,2 121,3 0,799 FG15 Spinach and rice with minced meat 276 15,6 0,2 77,8 0,853 FG16 Mixed vegetable pot 221 10,1 0,1 31,7 0,700 FG17 Green beans with meat 222 11,1 0,2 41,3 0,774 FG18 Stuffed Eggplant 270 9,6 0,1 22,8 0,845 FG19 Rice and minced meat stuffed bell peppers 226 11,2 0,1 84,2 0,908 FG20 Stuffed courgettes 247 11,1 0,1 21,7 0,862 FG21 Dry bean with meat 336 19,1 0,3 3,3 0,518 17 �With Olive Oil The Second Group Meals 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo FG22 Chick peas with meat 350 17,4 0,3 2,3 0,516 SG1 Imambayıldı 194 2,1 0,1 18,3 0,293 SG2 Stuffed green peppers with olive oil 265 4,6 0,1 88,8 0,444 SG3 Stuffed grape leaves with olive oil 268 4,7 0,1 42,1 0,327 SG4 Green runner beans 177 3,5 0,1 38 0,267 SG5 Horse bean with olive oil 266 11,3 0,5 46,5 0,362 SG6 Kidney bean with olive oil 328 13,3 0,2 10 0,274 Table 2. The Information of the Meals (Cont.) Total Energy and Nutrient Values of a Portion Meals The Thir d Gro up Dess Meal erts s Pies Pilafs and Pastas Soaps Meal Kods The Cost of The Name of Meals Energy Protein Thiamin Vitamin The Meals (kcal) (gr) (mg) C (mg) (TL) Ei Pi Ti Ni SG7 Tomato 161 3,4 0,1 1,3 0,094 SG8 Yoghurt 115 3,3 0,1 0,3 0,092 SG9 Lentil 183 7,9 0,2 2,2 0,063 SG10 Noodle 115 1,8 0 0,3 0,066 SG11 Flour 184 2,8 0,1 0 0,043 SG12 Rice Pilaf 336 4,7 0,1 0 0,129 SG13 Bulgur Pilaf 291 6,5 0,2 10,5 0,068 SG14 Macaroni timbale 505 19,4 0,2 0,4 0,433 SG15 Macaroni with cheese 354 10,7 0,1 0 0,208 SG16 Rolled pastry 421 15 0,3 3,3 0,610 SG17 Water heurek 293,1 9,4 0,1 6,7 0,237 SG18 Spinach Pie 368,5 11,1 0,1 22,4 0,326 TG1 Rice Pudding 347 8,4 0,1 2,2 0,372 18 �Others Fruits Salads 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TG2 Syrup-soaked pastry 512,3 4,3 0 0,2 0,218 TG3 Sekerpare 482,6 5 0 0,2 0,215 TG4 Revani 367,6 4,8 0 0,2 0,208 TG5 Mixed Salad 123 1,3 0,1 28,8 0,278 TG6 Curly Salad 84 0,9 0,1 10,6 0,241 TG7 Shepherd Salad 113 1,8 0,1 52,2 0,301 TG8 Potato Salad 184,9 3,8 0,2 63,5 0,261 TG9 Apple 101 0,5 0 10 0,281 TG10 Apricot 72 0,9 0 11 0,270 TG11 Banana 153,3 1,8 0 13,8 0,529 TG12 Cherry 63 1,6 0 14 0,413 TG13 Grape 108 0,9 0,1 4 0,300 TG14 Melon 77 1,4 0,1 80 0,233 TG15 Watermelon 73 1,3 0,1 15 0,175 TG16 Orange 69 1,1 0,1 83 0,186 TG17 Mandarin 70 1 0,1 46 0,238 TG18 Pearch 83 1,1 0 39 0,247 TG19 Pears 113 0,5 0 10 0,248 TG20 Strawberry 57 1,1 0 100 0,180 TG21 Plum 59 0,7 0 9 0,188 TG22 Buttermilk 45 2,6 0 0 0,250 TG23 Yogurt 194 10,56 0,2 3 0,330 TG24 Pickle 10 0,6 0 0,7 0,480 Source: Şenol 2011, 74-125. 19 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 3. Fuzzy Data and Membership Functions M. Kods Energy (kcal) EL EU M.Ship Funct. Protein (gr) PL PU M.Ship Funct. Thiamin (mg) TL TU M.Ship Funct. Vitamin C (mg) CVL CVU The Cost of The Meals M.Ship Funct. CL CU M.Ship Funct. FG1 322,05 355,95 355,95-33,9µ 18,62 20,58 20,58-1,96µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 11,78 13,02 13,02-1,24µ 1,17 1,29 1,17+0,12µ FG2 330,60 365,40 365,4-34,8µ 17,48 19,32 19,32-1,84µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 11,69 12,92 12,915-1,23µ 1,13 1,25 1,13+0,12µ FG3 350,93 387,87 387,87-36,94µ 34,77 38,43 38,43-3,66µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 8,36 9,24 9,24-0,88µ 1,15 1,27 1,15+0,12µ FG4 396,15 437,85 437,85-41,7µ 15,39 17,01 17,01-1,62µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 14,44 15,96 15,96-1,52µ 0,94 1,03 0,94+0,1µ FG5 293,55 324,45 324,45-30,9µ 14,63 16,17 16,17-1,54µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 14,44 15,96 15,96-1,52µ 0,86 0,95 0,86+0,09µ FG6 325,85 360,15 360,15-34,3µ 13,87 15,33 15,33-1,46µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 13,40 14,81 14,81-1,41µ 0,83 0,92 0,83+0,09µ FG7 395,77 437,43 437,43-41,66µ 40,85 45,15 45,15-4,3µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 0,29 0,32 0,312-0,03µ 1,62 1,79 1,62+0,17µ FG8 507,49 560,91 560,91-53,42µ 51,97 57,44 57,44-5,47µ 0,29 0,32 0,32-0,03µ 17,20 19,01 19,06-1,81µ 0,99 1,1 0,99+0,1µ FG9 320,72 354,48 354,48-33,76µ 45,41 50,19 50,19-4,78µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 17,48 19,32 19,32-1,84µ 0,93 1,03 0,93+0,1µ FG10 246,05 271,95 271,95-25,9µ 24,89 27,51 27,51-2,62µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 13,87 15,33 15,33-1,46µ 0,61 0,68 0,61+0,06µ FG11 299,35 330,86 330,86-31,51µ 37,91 41,90 41,9-3,99µ 0,10 0,11 0,105-0,01µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 0,76 0,83 0,76+0,08µ FG12 465,12 514,08 514,08-48,96µ 49,69 54,92 54,92-5,23µ 0,29 0,32 0,32-0,03µ 31,35 34,65 34,65-3,3µ 0,87 0,96 0,87+0,09µ FG13 180,50 199,50 9,79 10,82 10,82-1,03µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 62,51 69,09 0,7 0,63+0,07µ FG14 177,65 196,35 196,35-18,7µ 10,74 11,87 11,87-1,13µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 115,24 127,37 127,37-12,13µ 0,76 0,84 0,76+0,08µ FG15 262,20 289,80 289,8-27,6µ 14,82 16,38 16,38-1,56µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 0,81+0,09µ 199,5-19µ 20 73,91 81,69 69,09-6,58µ 0,63 81,69-7,78µ 0,81 0,9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 9,60 10,61 10,61-1,01µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 30,12 33,29 33,29-3,17µ 0,67 0,74 0,67+0,07µ 233,1-22,2µ 10,55 11,66 11,66-1,11µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 39,24 43,37 43,37-4,13µ 0,74 0,81 0,74+0,08µ 9,12 10,08 10,08-0,96µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 21,66 23,94 23,94-2,28µ 0,8 0,89 0,8+0,08µ 214,70 237,30 237,3-22,6µ 10,64 11,76 11,76-1,12µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 79,99 88,41 88,41-8,42µ 0,86 0,95 0,86+0,09µ FG20 234,65 259,35 259,35-24,7µ 10,55 11,66 11,655-1,11µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 20,62 22,79 22,79-2,17µ 0,82 0,91 0,82+0,09µ FG21 319,20 352,80 352,8-33,6µ 18,15 20,06 20,06-1,91µ 0,29 0,32 0,32-0,03µ 3,14 3,47 3,47-0,33µ 0,49 0,54 0,49+0,05µ FG22 332,50 367,50 367,5-35µ 16,53 18,27 18,27-1,74µ 0,29 0,32 0,32-0,03µ 2,19 2,42 2,42-0,23µ 0,49 0,54 0,49+0,05µ SG1 184,30 203,70 203,7-19,4µ 2,00 2,21 2,205-0,21µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 17,39 19,22 19,22-1,83µ 0,28 0,31 0,28+0,03µ SG2 251,75 278,25 278,25-26,5µ 4,37 4,83 4,83-0,46µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 84,36 93,24 93,24-8,88µ 0,42 0,47 0,42+0,04µ SG3 254,60 281,40 281,4-26,8µ 4,47 4,94 4,94-0,47µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 40,00 44,21 44,21-4,21µ 0,31 0,34 0,31+0,03µ SG4 168,15 185,85 185,85-17,7µ 3,33 3,68 3,68-0,35µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 36,10 39,90 39,9-3,8µ 0,25 0,28 0,25+0,03µ SG5 252,70 279,30 279,3-26,6µ 10,74 11,87 11,87-1,13µ 0,48 0,53 0,53-0,05µ 44,18 48,83 48,83-4,65µ 0,34 0,38 0,34+0,04µ SG6 311,60 344,40 344,4-32,8µ 12,64 13,97 13,97-1,33µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 9,50 10,50 10,5-1µ 0,26 0,29 0,26+0,03µ SG7 152,95 169,05 169,05-16,1µ 3,23 3,57 3,57-0,34µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 1,24 1,37 1,37-0,13µ 0,09 0,1 0,09+0,01µ SG8 109,25 120,75 120,75-11,5µ 3,14 3,47 3,47-0,33µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 0,29 0,32 0,32-0,03µ 0,09 0,1 0,09+0,01µ SG9 173,85 192,15 192,15-18,3µ 7,51 8,30 8,3-0,79µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 2,09 2,31 2,31-0,22µ 0,06 0,07 0,06+0,01µ SG10 109,25 120,75 120,75-11,5µ 1,71 1,89 1,89-0,18µ 0 0 0 0,29 0,32 0,32-0,03µ 0,06 0,07 0,06+0,01µ FG16 209,95 232,05 FG17 210,90 233,10 FG18 256,50 283,50 FG19 232,05-22,1µ 283,5-27µ 21 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 3. Fuzzy Data and Membership Functions (Cont.) M. Kods Energy (kcal) EL EU M.Ship Funct. Protein (gr) PL PU M.Ship Funct. Thiamin (mg) TL TU Vitamin C (mg) M.Ship Funct. CVL CVU The Cost of The Meals M.Ship Funct. CL CU M.Ship Funct. SG11 174,80 193,20 193,2-18,4µ 2,66 2,94 2,94-0,28µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 0 0 0 0,04 0,05 0,04+0µ SG12 319,20 352,80 352,8-33,6µ 4,47 4,94 4,94-0,47µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 0 0 0 0,12 0,14 0,12+0,01µ SG13 276,45 305,55 305,55-29,1µ 6,18 6,83 6,83-0,65µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 9,98 11,03 11,03-1,05µ 0,06 0,07 0,06+0,01µ SG14 479,75 530,25 530,25-50,5µ 18,43 20,37 20,37-1,94µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 0,38 0,42 0,42-0,04µ 0,41 0,45 0,41+0,04µ SG15 336,30 371,70 371,7-35,4µ 10,17 11,24 11,24-1,07µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 0 0 SG16 399,95 442,05 442,05-42,1µ 14,25 15,75 15,75-1,5µ 0,29 0,32 0,32-0,03µ 3,14 SG17 278,45 307,76 307,76-29,31µ 9,87 9,87-0,94µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ SG18 350,08 386,93 386,93-36,85µ 10,55 11,66 11,66-1,11µ 0,10 0,11 TG1 329,65 364,35 364,35-34,7µ 7,98 8,82 8,82-0,84µ 0,10 TG2 486,69 537,92 537,92-51,23µ 4,09 4,52 4,52-0,43µ TG3 458,47 506,73 506,73-48,26µ 4,75 5,25 TG4 349,22 385,98 385,98-36,76µ 4,56 TG5 116,85 129,15 129,15-12,3µ 88,20 107,35 118,65 TG6 TG7 79,80 0,2 0,22 0,2+0,02µ 3,47 3,47-0,33µ 0,58 0,64 0,58+0,06µ 6,37 7,04 7,04-0,67µ 0,23 0,25 0,23+0,02µ 0,11-0,01µ 21,28 23,52 23,52-2,24µ 0,31 0,34 0,31+0,03µ 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 2,09 2,31 2,31-0,22µ 0,35 0,39 0,35+0,04µ 0 0 0 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 0,21 0,23 0,21+0,02µ 5,25-0,5µ 0 0 0 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 0,2 0,23 0,2+0,02µ 5,04 5,04-0,48µ 0 0 0 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 0,2 0,22 0,2+0,02µ 1,24 1,37 1,365-0,13µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 27,36 30,24 30,24-2,88µ 0,26 0,29 0,26+0,03µ 88,2-8,4µ 0,86 0,95 0,95-0,09µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 10,07 11,13 11,13-1,06µ 0,23 0,25 0,23+0,02µ 118,65-11,3µ 1,71 1,89 1,89-0,18µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 49,59 54,81 54,81-5,22µ 0,29 0,32 0,29+0,03µ 8,93 22 0 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo TG8 3,61 3,99 3,99-0,38µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 60,33 66,68 66,68-6,35µ 0,25 0,27 0,25+0,03µ 106,05-10,1µ 0,48 0,53 0,53-0,05µ 0 0 0 9,5 10,5 10,5-1µ 0,27 0,3 0,27+0,03µ 75,6-7,2µ 0,86 0,95 0,95-0,09µ 0 0 0 10,45 11,55 11,55-1,1µ 0,26 0,28 0,26+0,03µ 145,64 160,97 160,97-15,33µ 1,71 1,89 1,89-0,18µ 0 0 0 13,11 14,49 175,66 194,15 194,15-18,49µ TG9 95,95 106,05 TG10 68,40 TG11 TG12 TG13 75,60 14,49-1,38µ 0,5 0,56 0,5+0,05µ 66,15 66,15-6,3µ 1,52 1,68 1,68-0,16µ 0 0 0 13,3 14,7 14,7-1,4µ 0,39 0,43 0,39+0,04µ 102,60 113,40 113,4-10,8µ 0,86 0,95 0,95-0,09µ 0,10 0,11 0,11-0,01µ 3,8 4,2 4,2-0,4µ 0,29 0,32 0,29+0,03µ 59,85 TG14 73,15 80,85 80,85-7,7µ 1,33 1,47 1,47-0,14µ 0,095 0,105 0,105-0,01µ 76 84 84-8µ 0,22 0,24 0,22+0,02µ TG15 69,35 76,65 76,65-7,3µ 1,24 1,37 1,37-0,13µ 0,095 0,105 0,105-0,01µ 14,25 15,75 15,75-1,5µ 0,17 0,18 0,17+0,02µ TG16 65,55 72,45 72,45-6,9µ 1,05 1,16 1,16-0,11µ 0,095 0,105 0,105-0,01µ 78,85 87,15 87,15-8,3µ 0,18 0,2 0,18+0,02µ TG17 66,50 73,50 73,5-7µ 0,95 1,05 1,05-0,1µ 0,095 0,105 0,105-0,01µ 43,7 48,3 48,3-4,6µ 0,23 0,25 0,23+0,02µ TG18 78,85 87,15 87,15-8,3µ 1,05 1,16 1,16-0,11µ 0 0 0-0µ 37,05 40,95 40,95-3,9µ 0,23 0,26 0,23+0,02µ 107,35 118,65 118,65-11,3µ 0,48 0,53 0,53-0,05µ 0 0 0-0µ 9,5 10,5 10,5-1µ 0,24 0,26 0,24+0,02µ 105-10µ 0,17 0,19 0,17+0,02µ TG19 TG20 54,15 59,85 59,85-5,7µ 1,05 1,16 1,16-0,11µ 0 0 0-0µ 95 105 TG21 56,05 61,95 61,95-5,9µ 0,67 0,74 0,74-0,07µ 0 0 0-0µ 8,55 9,45 TG22 42,75 47,25 47,25-4,5µ 2,47 2,73 2,73-0,26µ 0 0 0-0µ 0 203,7-19,4µ 10,03 11,09 11,09-1,06µ 0,19 0,21 0,21-0,02µ 0,63-0,06µ 0 0 0-0µ TG23 TG24 184,30 203,70 9,50 10,50 10,5-1µ 0,57 0,63 23 0,2 0,18+0,02µ 0 0 0,24 0,26 0,24+0,03µ 2,85 3,15 3,15-0,3µ 0,31 0,35 0,31+0,03µ 0,67 0,74 9,45-0,9µ 0,18 0,74-0,07µ 0,46 0,5 0,46+0,05µ �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4. Menus According to Membership Degrees Day µ=0 µ=0.5 µ=1 Yoghurt Soap Lentil Soap Roast Meat Cauliflower Mixed vegetable pot Horse bean with olive oil Macaroni with cheese Bulgur Pilaf Sekerpare Apricot Plum Lentil Soap Flour Soap Yoghurt Soap Rosted Lamb Stuffed courgettes Stuffed Eggplant Shepherd Salad Macaroni with cheese Rolled pastry Melon Cherry Flour Soap Noodle Soap Rosted Lamb Boiled Chicken Cabbage stew Bulgur Pilaf Stuffed grape leaves with olive oil Rolled pastry Potato Salad Grape Apricot Roast Meat Schnitzel Chicken Lentil Soap Horse bean with olive oil Stuffed green peppers with olive oil Dry bean with meat Revani Grape Rice Pilaf 1 2 3 4 Strawberry 5 Soya Soslu Tavuk (Rice Pilaf G.) Yoghurt Soap Soya Soslu Tavuk (Rice Pilaf G.) Kidney bean with olive oil Stuffed Eggplant Kidney bean with olive oil Melon Spinach Pie Tomato Soap Mandarin Orange Grilled Chicken Kadınbudu Meatballs Rice Pilaf Stuffed grape leaves with olive oil Yoghurt Soap 6 Mixed vegetable pot 24 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Macaroni timbale Potato Salad Apple Flour Soap Melon Lentil Soap Flour Soap İzmir Meatballs Cabbage stew Cauliflower Green runner beans Rice Pilaf Water heurek Noodle Soap Plum Pears Yogurt Flour Soap Lentil Soap Yoghurt Soap Green runner beans İmambayıldı Boiled Veal Oven Meatballs Roast Meat Bulgur Pilaf Sekerpare Watermelon Mixed Salad Dry bean with meat Noodle Soap Lentil Soap Bulgur Pilaf Stuffed grape leaves with olive oil Cabbage stew Sekerpare Boiled Chicken Rolled pastry Yoğurt Plum Whitefish Kadınbudu Meatballs Tomato Soap Spinach Pie Maccaroni with cheese Spinach and rice with minced meat Buttermilk Mixed Salad Spinach Pie 7 8 9 10 Watermelon Table 4. Menus According to Membership Degrees (Cont.) İzmir Meatballs Boiled Veal Flour Soap Water heurek Horse bean with olive oil İmambayıldı Curly Salad Revani Grilled Chicken 11 Rice Pudding 12 25 Noodle Soap Soya Soslu Tavuk (Rice Pilaf G.) Noodle Soap Schnitzel Chicken Kidney bean with olive oil Cauliflower �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Potato Salad 13 Bulgur Pilaf Macaroni timbale Orange Grape Stuffed courgettes Lentil Soap Schnitzel Chicken Rolled pastry Spinach and rice with minced meat Stuffed green peppers with olive oil Mandarin Sekerpare Mandarin Kadınbudu Meatballs Flour Soap Cold cuts Bulgur Pilaf Cold cuts Horse bean with olive oil Mixed Salad Spinach Pie Revani 14 Curly Salad Lentil Soap Whitefish Tomato Soap Green beans with meat Rice Pilaf Chick peas with meat Syrup-soaked pastry Apple Rice Pilaf 15 Pearch 16 Spinach and rice with minced meat Tomato Soap Lentil Soap Macaroni timbale Stuffed grape leaves with olive oil Oven Meatballs Pearch İzmir Meatballs Water heurek Syrup-soaked pastry Shepherd Salad Cold cuts Green beans with meat Flour Soap İmambayıldı Macaroni timbale Mixed vegetable pot Yoğurt Buttermilk Rolled pastry 17 Apple 18 26 Flour Soap Noodle Soap Boiled Chicken Stuffed green peppers with olive oil Dry bean with meat Green runner beans �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Boiled Veal Bulgur Pilaf Bulgur Pilaf Orange Strawberry Pears Grilled Chicken Oven Meatballs Yoghurt Soap Bulgur Pilaf Green runner beans Green beans with meat Pears Rice Pudding Macaroni timbale 19 Apricot Tomato Soap Chick peas with meat Whitefish Stuffed Eggplant Rice Pilaf Maccaroni with cheese Maccaroni with cheese Pearch Curly Salad 20 Watermelon Awareness-rasing Sustainable Business and Corporate Social Responsibility Among Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Huseyin Onlem Ersoz1,Ramazan Kilic2 1Adnan Menderes University, Karacasu Memnune Inci Vocational School, Aydin, Turkey 2Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Aydin, Turkey E-mails: hoersoz@adu.edu.tr, rkilic@adu.edu.tr Abstract Sustainable business and corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have been raising in Turkey since 2001 Economic Crisis. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), is an approach developed with the concept of sustainable development. CSR is a kind of self-regulation management and organization model. CSR means that a company's business model should be socially responsible and environmentally sustainable. It refers to responsible corporate action beyond legal requirements; CSR manifests itself throughout the value chain, in a company’s treatment of its employees and in its dealings with the relevant stakeholders. Especially, most large-sized companies in Turkey at least have played some roles on sustainable development with their projects, activities or reports. Most of them have relations with the world business environment. That’s why they could find chance and had to use sustainable strategic management methods to prevent their stakeholders. But many small and 27 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1095 Title A name given to the resource Menu Planning With Fuzzy 0-1 Integer Programming Author Author Kenan, Oğuzhan Oruç Ibrahim, Güngör Sezgin, Irmak Semih, Şenol Abstract A summary of the resource. For the sustainability of development, effective usage of sources and the determination of their optimal usage levels are very important. Healthiness, as one of the main components of sustainable development, is under influences of many factors one of which is nutrition, and the number of people who benefit from public nutrition services are increasing every day.The growth in the number of people necessitates that an effective menu planning must be done in order to keep the continuity of sustainable public nutrition systems. In this study, detailed plans of 20 days’ lunch menu lists are prepared for workers who are at the age of between 19 to 30 years old. Fuzzy 0-1 integer linear programming technique was used during the planning process with the consideration of data’s fuzziness. Carlsson- Korhenon approach, which is offered for the situations when all parameters are fuzzy in the model configuration, is applied. Keywords: Menu Planning, Nutrition, Fuzzy, 0-1 Linear Programming. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HF Commerce https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8f6acb07f42253e9d92cdf547d2e78d4.pdf 20319426275d286f511ae95d59bac5ff PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Burdur’un Sesi Newspaper, 27 February 1960, S.1459, p.1 ANOTHER REFERENCE 1.Keleş, R.(1992), Yerinden Yönetim ve Siyaset, İstanbul: Cem Yayınları, 2.Koçak, C(2007), “Siyasi Tarih 1923-1950”, Türkiye Tarihi 4, Çağdaş Türkiye 19081980,Yayın Yönetmeni Sina Akşin, İstanbul: Cem Yayınları. 3.http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_T%C3%BCrkiye_genel_se%C3%A7im leri 4.http://www.msxlabs.org/forum/soru-cevap/319505-yetki-merkezi-yonetim-yerel-yonetimnedir.html#ixzz1pf2hRDvL. . An Empirical Research On Relation Between Learning Organization And Visionary Leadership In Kutahya, Turkey Kemal Demirci1, Nuray Mercan1, Yaşar Aksanyar1, Bayram Alamur2, Ayşenur Altinay3 1Dumlupinar University Institute of Social Sciences, Kutahya, Turkey 2Balikesir University Havran Vocational School Of Higher Education, 3Usak University Vocational School Of Higher Education, Kutahya, Turkey E-mails: mkdemirci26@hotmail.com, snmmercan@yahoo.com, ayyasari@gmail.com, alamur_bayram@hotmail.com, aysenuraltinay@hotmail.com Abstract EINSTEIN, has seen the future dream and information power, then performed his genius by dreaming. To dream the aimed future and to focus on, to endeavour on targets, to build a ''vision'' are the powers which a leader has to have. Visionary leadership is persuading the communities and formuizing the targets. Enterprises today, can not brand , grown and carry on without having a vision. In the organizations which aim continious development and continious learning, it will be easier to carry the enterprise to the future and to show visionary leadership qualifications if they achieve to become open to changes and should be in interaction with the others and if they should be a living organization. At the end of the study, by making a multiple regression analysis, a positive relationship has been found between learning organisation dimensions; (continious learning, dialog and research, learning as a team, sharing systems, empowered employees,connection between systems and supporting 192 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo leadership) and visionary leadership dimensions(planning, visionary organizational leadership, visionary creative leadership) Keywords: Learning organizations, Vision, Visionary Leadership, Living Organism, Future. 1.INTRODUCTION Peter Senge argues that learning organizations require a new view of leadership. He sees the traditional view of leaders (as special people who set the direction, make key decisions and energize the troops as deriving from a deeply individualistic and non-systemic worldview (1990: 340). At its centre the traditional view of leadership, ‘is based on assumptions of people’s powerlessness, their lack of personal vision and inability to master the forces of change, deficits which can be remedied only by a few great leaders’ (op. cit.). Against this traditional view he sets a ‘new’ view of leadership that centres on ‘subtler and more important tasks’. In a learning organization, leaders are designers, stewards and teachers. They are responsible for building organizations were people continually expand their capabilities to understand complexity, clarify vision, and improve shared mental models – that is they are responsible for learning…. Learning organizations will remain a ‘good idea’… until people take a stand for building such organizations. Taking this stand is the first leadership act, the start of inspiring (literally ‘to breathe life into’) the vision of the learning organization. “Leader as teacher” is not about “teaching” people how to achieve their vision. It is about fostering learning, for everyone. Such leaders help people throughout the organization develop systemic understandings. Accepting this responsibility is the antidote to one of the most common downfalls of otherwise gifted teachers – losing their commitment to the truth. Learning organizations demand a new view of leadership, leader as designer (Senge 1990: 356). Culture begins with leadership, but because culture is the result of a group’s accumulated learning the culture itself will later define the wanted leadership (Schein,2004). To be a LO has no value in itself, it must always serve the broader aims of the organization (Jensen,2005). A Learning Organization has a design and a culture which takes into account the needs of the individuals in the organization (Kline and Saunders,1993) and in a LO members know why. In other organizations they know how (Jensen,2005). 2. Conceptual Analysis Of Learning Organizations According to Peter Senge (1990: 3) learning organizations are: …organizations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to see the whole together. Organizations learn. Just like individual people, organizations sense circumstances within their environment and they respond. They observe the results of their responses and 193 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo remember the results, along with information gathered from other sources, for reference in designing future responses. This process of sensing, responding, and observing/remembering goes largely unnoticed by the individuals working within the organization due to the complexity of the "anatomy" of organizations. But consciously or not, effectively or not, all organizations are doing these activities over and over. In studying the concept of learning organizations we seek the tools and methodologies that will help an organization learn consciously and proactively in pursuit of its goals. In a learning organization, our purpose for dialogue is to let the meaning of our words permeate through the group, or, to develop fully shared, even synergistic understanding of important information, experiences, goals, etc. among all the people involved (Agarval, 1999). 3. Conceptual Analysis Of Visionary Leadership Visionary leadership refers to the capacity to create and communicate a view of a desired state of affairs that clarifies the current situation and induces commitment to an even better future. A visionary leader as one who “established goals and objectives for individual and group action, which define not what we are but rather what we seek to be or do” (Colton:1985). The visionary leader inspires, challenges, guides, and empowers. This articulated link between dreams and action, between vision and leadership, is well documented in the literature. Bennis and Nanus (1985) claimed that a compelling vision is key to effective leadership in excellent organizations. The visionary leader is not a mystical person somehow connected to intelligences or powers beyond what others know. The visionary leader is one who can clearly articulate what is and what ought to be. But the person who can only articulate a set of descriptors of what ought to be is like the person who accurately predicts rain but cannot envision the need to build an ark. The visionary leader in action has the necessary skills and knowledge to build a new reality (Brown, Anfara, 2003). 4.Method And Sampling The data were collected through a questionnaire based on literature. It was conducted totally 124 officers who work in different departments of Altıntaş District Governership. Learning Organisation Dimensions' Questionnaire was developed by AnketiWatkins ve Marsick (1997) and the reliability of the questionnaire was tested. Seven dimensions of the Learning Organisation Dimensions Questionnaire are continious learning, dialog and research, learning as a team, sharing systems, empowered employees,connection between systems and supporting leadership. (Basım ve Şeşen, 2007; Basım vd., 2007). In Visionary Leadership Questionnaire, the phd thesis of Garry Forrest (2001), named “Investigation of the Relationship Among Leaders’ Responses on Four Leadership Inventories” was used by adapting into Turkish. (Öztürk, 2009). Dimensions, planning, motive of succeeding, 194 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo leadership of organizational, risk management, utilizing the opportunities, creative leadership and motivation. 4.1. Hypotheses Of The Research 4.1.1.The hypotheses of the research are as the following; H1: There is a statistically significant relationship between the participants’ (officers) viewpoints about ''planning in visionary leadership'' and some learning organisation's dimensions; ''dialog and research'', ''learning as a team'', ''sharing systems'', ''empowered employees'','' connections between systems'' and ''supporting leadership'' . H2: There is a statistically significant relationship between the participants’ (officers) viewpoints about visionary organizational leadership'' and some learning organization’s dimensions; ''dialog and research'', ''learning as a team'', ''sharing systems'', ''empowered employees'','' connections between systems'' and ''supporting leadership'' H3: There is a statistically significant relationship between the participants’ (officers) viewpoints about visionary creative leadership'' and some learning organisation's dimensions; ''dialog and research'', ''learning as a team'', ''sharing systems'', ''empowered employees'','' connections between systems'' and ''supporting leadership'' 5. Sampling & Data Collection Tools The sampling was composed of 124 officers(sivil servants) employed at different departments of Altıntaş District Governership. 5.1. Reliability of the Questionnaire In order to test reliability of the questionnaire, a pre-study was conducted. As a result of the analysis conducted to test consistency and reliability of 43 questions about Learning oarganisation, (N of items= 43), the Likert type questionnaire data was found to have Cronbach Alpha value of 0,95, which is very close to 1.00. This showed that the questions about Learning Organisation were reliable and could be used in the research. As a result of the analysis conducted to test consistency and reliability of 28 questions about Visionary Leadership (N of items= 28), the Likert type questionnaire data was found to have Cronbach 195 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Alpha value of 0,80, which is very close to 1.00. This showed that the questions about Visionary Leadership were reliable and could be used in the research. 5.2. Demographical Characteristics of the Subjects Shows demographic features of the subjects: Age Distribution: 20-25 Yaş %14,5; 25-30 age %36,5 ;30-35 age %16,5; 35-40 age %14,5 ; 40-45 age %8,9 ; Over 45 %13,7 Marital Status Distribution Married 92 - % 74,2 ; Single 32 - %25,8 Distribution According To Position Officer 47 - %37,9 , Office Boy 2 - %1,6 ;Teacher 50 - %40,3;Policeman 2 - %1,6; Sağlıkçı 5 - % 4 ;Health Worker 18 - %14,5. Distribution Accoding To Departments Land Registry 5 %4; Education 67 - %54; Governorship 15 - %14,1 ; Health 1 - %13,7; Forestry 13 %10,5; Treasury 7 - %5,6. Working Time Distribution 1-5 Years 77 %62,1 ; 5-10 Years 25 %20,2 ; 10-15 Years 10 %8,1 ; 15-20 Years 1 %8 ; Over 20 Years 11 %8,9 Distribution Of Education Level High School 24 - %19,4 ; University 99 - %79,8 ; Masters Degree 1 %0,8 1. Multiple Regression Analysis between ''Planning In Visionary Leadership'' and ''Learning Organisation's Dimensions'' 2 R = 41 2 Adjusted R =38 F=13,558 P Value=,000 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES  Parameter t Value P Value DIALOG AND RESEARCH ,026 ,234 ,815 LEARNING AS A TEAM 1,128 1,104 ,272 SHARING SYSTEMS ,-200 -1,770 1,079 EMPOWERED EMPLOYEES ,-087 ,759 1,450 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SYSTEMS ,500 3,713 ,000 SUPPORTING LEADERSHIP ,274 2,446 ,016 The sub-dimensions of Learning Organisation; dialog and research, learning as a team, sharing systems, empowered employees, connection between systems and supporting leadership , can explain %38 of the total variance of the viewpoints about ''Planning in Visionary Leadership''. 2. Multiple Regression Analysis between Visionary Organisational Leadership'' and ''Learning Organisation's Dimensions'' 2 R = 79,3 Adjusted F=33,037 P Value =,000  Parameter t DIALOG AND RESEARCH ,-033 ,-371 ,711 LEARNING AS A TEAM ,072 ,778 ,438 SHARING SYSTEMS ,014 ,154 ,878 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES 196 2 R =61 t Value P Value �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo EMPOWERED EMPLOYEES ,058 ,637 ,526 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SYSTEMS ,373 3,496 ,001 SUPPORTING LEADERSHIP ,388 4,359 ,000 The sub-dimensions of Learning Organisation; dialog and research, learning as a team, sharing systems, empowered employees, connection between systems and supporting leadership , can explain %61 of the total variance of the viewpoints about '' Visionary Organisational Leadership'' 3. Multiple Regression Analysis between ''Visionary Creative Leadership'' and ''Learning Organisation's Dimensions'' 2 R = 48,6 2 Adjusted R =46 F=18,459 P Value=,000  Parameter t Value P Value DIALOG AND RESEARCH ,-010 ,-093 ,926 LEARNING AS A TEAM ,-117 1,079 ,283 SHARING SYSTEMS ,010 ,099 ,922 EMPOWERED EMPLOYEES ,019 ,177 ,860 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SYSTEMS ,207 1,645 ,103 SUPPORTING LEADERSHIP ,433 4,135 ,000 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES The sub-dimensions of Learning Organisation; dialog and research, learning as a team, sharing systems, empowered employees, connection between systems and supporting leadership , can explain 46 % of the total variance of the viewpoints about '' Visionary Creative Leadership'' 6.CONCLUSION After making a multiple regression analysis, there is a statisticallay significant relationship between visionary leadership and learning organisation's dimensions. In the future, the most successful people and the institutions will be the one, which learn easily and fast learn. Today, they have knowledge and experience, but it wll not be enough in the future. Information and technology are developing and the only way to gain speed is to identify the learning needs and then, try to achieve effective learning. (Braham, 1998: 13-14). Developing learning structure and capacity, and to keep up with fast imrovements and innovations will be the main qualifications of the successful organisations. An executive, who has visionary and innovative approach must have a qualification in reading different developments and cases different from the others. In learning organisations which have this 197 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo qualifications, it will be easier to show vision development and visionary leadership qualifications. REFERENCES Agarwal A. (1999) “Learning Organization” www.hrfolks.com Bennis, W. And Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper & Row. Braham, Barbara J. (1998), A Learning Organizations Creative, Rota Press, İstanbul. Brown K. M. and Anfara V. A. (2003) “Paving the Way for Change: Visionary Leadership in Action at the Middle Level” Jr. NASSP Bulletin ,Vol. 87 No. 635 June ,p. 16-34. Colton, D. L. (1985) “Vision” National Forum, 65(2), 33–35. Davenport T.H. and Prusak L. (1998) Working Knowledge. Harvard Business School Press Boston. Jensen P.E.(2005) “A Contextual Theory of Learning and the Learning Organization” Knowledge and Process Management”, Vol.12, No.1, 53-64. Kline P. And Saunders B. (1993) Ten steps to a learning organization. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 1993, ISBN: 0-915556-24-3. Oztürk E. (2009) “Visionary Leadership Characteristics Of School Administrators” Academic dissertation, Çanakkale. Senge P.M. (1990) The Fifth Discipline The Art & Practice of The Learning Organization. Currence Doubleday, 1990, ISBN: 0-385-26095-4 Schein E.H. (2004) Organizational culture and Leadership. (3rd edition) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004, ISBN: 0-7879-6845-5. Schultz, J. R. (1999) “Peter Senge: Master of Change” Executive Update Online, http://www.gwsae.org/ExecutiveUpdate/1999/June_July/CoverStory2.htm 198 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1112 Title A name given to the resource An Empirical Research On Relation Between Learning Organization And Visionary Leadership In Kutahya, Turkey Author Author Kemal, Demirci Abstract A summary of the resource. EINSTEIN, has seen the future dream and information power, then performed his genius by dreaming. To dream the aimed future and to focus on, to endeavour on targets, to build a ''vision'' are the powers which a leader has to have. Visionary leadership is persuading the communities and formuizing the targets. Enterprises today, can not brand , grown and carry on without having a vision. In the organizations which aim continious development and continious learning, it will be easier to carry the enterprise to the future and to show visionary leadership qualifications if they achieve to become open to changes and should be in interaction with the others and if they should be a living organization. At the end of the study, by making a multiple regression analysis, a positive relationship has been found between learning organisation dimensions; (continious learning, dialog and research, learning as a team, sharing systems, empowered employees,connection between systems and supporting leadership) and visionary leadership dimensions(planning, visionary organizational leadership, visionary creative leadership) Keywords: Learning organizations, Vision, Visionary Leadership, Living Organism, Future. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/557a01d95dfab9ce26616e0e07c7014a.pdf e304bdfe06c06eb41b2549572016f466 PDF Text Text An Empirical On Knowledge Sharing In Learning Organizations In Kutahya, Turkey Kemal Demirci1, Nuray Mercan1, Yaşar Aksanyar1, Bayram Alamur2, Vasfi Kahya3 1Dumlupınar University Instıtute of Social Sciences, Kütahya, Turkey, 2Balikesir University Havran Vocational School Of Higher Education, 3Dumlupinar University Instıtute of Social Sciences, Kütahya, Turkey E –mails: mkdemirci26@hotmail.com, snmmercan@yahoo.com, ayyasari@gmail.com, alamur_bayram@hotmail.com, vasfikahya@hotmail.com Abstract Comunities today and in the future have to process, evaluate and internalize the information more than past. Comunities and enterprises, which don't understand the environment, and are unconscious about changes, and which don't read the world, are obliged to deteriorate, even to die. Fiber speed and continious changes of present world, makes compulsory to learn continiously and to educe information. Enterprises have to be open to continiously learning to carry on their growth and development and they have to gain capability to share knowledge.This paper undertakes to contribute to this search by addressing some fundamental questions about the nature, domain, conceptual foundations, and practical challenges of knowledge management and organizational learning. A positive relationship has been found between continiously learning which are learner dimensions of organization, dialog and research, team learning, sharing systems, empowered workers, connection between the systems, sharing information of supportive leadership and openness of in-house cognitive canals through the correlation and multiple regression analysis done in the result of the research. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Knowledge Share, learning organization. 1.INTRODUCTION The term organizational learning may refer to individual learning within the organization, the entire organization learning as a collective body, oranywhere in between these extremes. However, most organizational learning refers to team ororganizational level learning. Of 404 �course, individual learning, or learning in small or large groupsor as an entire organization may be needed for the firm to possess the requisite knowledge totake effective action. From a knowledge management perspective, all levels of learning areimportant and all must be nurtured and made a natural part of culture. To date, most of the knowledge management emphasis has been put on locating, creating and sharing knowledge. For this reason, we consider or ganizational learning to refer to the capacity of the organization to acquire the knowledge necessary to survive and compete in its environment. (Bennet and Bennet, 2006: 1-3). Knowledge sharing in an organization is an important issue. Because knowledge is considered as being the source of organizational competitive and a kind of strategic capital in an information economy, the more the knowledge is expanded in an organization, the more the capacity of competition is (Yaghi Et Al, 2011:20). Knowledge sharing can be defined as transferring knowledge from one place or one person to another (Sharrat and Usoro, 2003:4-5). It is possible to define knowledge sharing basically as making knowledge useable for the individuals in an organization. In other words, knowledge sharing is a process of bartering knowledge with other individuals so that they can understand, claim and use it (Ipe, 2003:341); knowledge sharing is that employees share their knowledge, thoughts, suggestions and experience in their organization with others (Bartol and Srivastava, 2002:65). The first section of the paper considers conseptual analysis of knowledge sharing.In the second section, we will try to explain conceptual analysis of learning organization. In the third section, the results and the findings of the study will be evaluate, in the conclusion section, the importance of knowledge sharing in learning organizations will be evaluate by using the findings. 2.Conseptual analysis of knowledge sharing Knowledge sharing is a social mutual interactive culture and involves knowledge, skill and experience exchange of employees in an organization. For an organization, knowledge sharing is capturing knowledge based on experience, organizing it, making it reusable and transferring it; it depends on making knowledge available for others in an organization or a business. Many studies have shown that knowledge sharing is compulsory because it allows organizations to increase their innovation performance and to decrease unnecessary learning efforts (Lin, 2007:315-316). 405 �Knowledge is about knowledge exchange between two individuals. It can also be expressed as “willingness of individuals in an organization to share their knowledge with others” (Mc Neish and Mann, 2010:19-20). Sharing knowledge also allows administrators and employees keep what they know and to practice it (Yang, 2007:84). The aim of sharing knowledge is either to create new knowledge out of existing knowledge or to improve it (Christensen, 2007:37). Knowledge sharing is thought as a social behaviour and many physical, technological, psychological, cultural and personal factors have effective roles in not only supporting but also limiting knowledge sharing. Despite many advantages of knowledge sharing, researchers and implementers often argue that in many cases, in fact, individuals abstain from sharing their knowledge with others (Davenport, 2007); moreover, they say that act of sharing knowledge is unnatural and there are many reasons for people to abstain from sharing their knowledge with others. Some of what obstruct sharing knowledge between colleagues are the following factors: the relations between the source of knowledge and the receiver of the knowledge aren’t extensive, according to Smith and McKeen (2003) rewards and motivation aren’t enough for sharing, according to Ikhsan and Ronald (2004) time is insufficient, and knowledge sharing culture is lacking. Furthermore, inadequacy in understanding what to share with whom, limited appreciation of sharing knowledge and fear of acquiring false knowledge may also hinder knowledge sharing acts (Cited in Majid and Wey, 2009:22). 2.1. Conseptual analysis of learning organizations Organizational learning can be said to occur when there is a change in the content,conditionality, or degree of belief of the beliefs shared by individuals who jointly act on those beliefs within an organization knowledge can be articulated and codifiedto create organizational knowledge assets. Knowledge can be disseminated (using information technologies)in the formof documents, drawings, best practicemodels, etc.Learning processes can be designed toremedy knowledge deficienciesthrough structured, managed, scientific processes (Sanchez, 2005: 3). Organizational learning requires a sharing of language, meaning, objectives and standards that are significantly different from individual learning. When the organization learns, it generates a social synergy that creates knowledge, adding value to the firm’s knowledge workersand to its overall performance. When such a capability becomes embedded within theorganization’s culture, the organization may have what is called a core competency. These areusually unique to each organization and can rarely be replicated by other firms. The 406 �knowledge behind a core competency is built up over time through experiences and successes and rests morein the relationships and spirit among the knowledge workers that is the sum of each workers knowledge (Bennet and Bennet, 2006: 1-3). 3.Research Method and Sample The “Questionnaire of Learning Organizations’ Dimensions” which we referred to was devbeloped by Watkins and Marsick (1997). The reliability and the validity of the questionnare, learning continuum, dialog and research, learning as a team, sharing system, connections between systems, empowered employees, supporting leadership. The data were collected through a questionnaire based on literature. Surveys of Chow, Deng and Ho (2000) were utilized in evaluating the employees' knowledge sharing. There were 24 questions by Chow, Deng and Ho (2000) in the questionnaire: 5 about the perspectives of the employees about knowledge, 5 about the cases requiring knowledge sharing, 9 about the cases obstructing knowledge sharing and 5 about the elements of knowledge sharing that is the basic variable of intellectual capital. This research was conducted by questionnaire method to totally 124 people who work in different segments of Altintas District Governorship. 3.1. Demographical Characteristics of the Subjects Shows demographic features of the subjects: Age Distribution: 20-25 Yaş %14,5; 25-30 age %36,5 ;30-35 age %16,5; 35-40 age %14,5 ; 40-45 age %8,9 ; Over 45 %13,7 Marital Status Distribution Married 92 - % 74,2 ; Single 32 - %25,8 Distribution According To Position Officer 47 - %37,9 , Office Boy 2 - %1,6 ;Teacher 50 - %40,3;Policeman 2 - %1,6; Sağlıkçı 5 - % 4 ;Health Worker 18 - %14,5. Distribution Accoding To Departments Land Registry 5 %4; Education 67 - %54; Governorship 15 - %14,1 ; Health 1 - %13,7; Forestry 13 %10,5; Treasury 7 - %5,6. Working Time Distribution 1-5 Years 77 %62,1 ; 5-10 Years 25 %20,2 ; 10-15 Years 10 %8,1 ; 15-20 Years 1 %8 ; Over 20 Years 11 %8,9 Distribution Of Education Level High School 24 - %19,4 ; University 99 - %79,8 ; Masters Degree 1 %0,8 4.Research Hyphothesis The hypothesis can be said like this; H1:There is a statistically significant correlation between the participants’ (officers’) viewpoints about sub-dimension of learning organization; knowledge management, dialog 407 �and research, learning as a team, sharing systems,empowered employees, connections between systems and supporter leadership. H2:There is a statistically significant correlation between the participants’ (officers’) viewpoints about openness of the internal channel and learning organizations, dialog and research, learning as a team, sharing systems, empowered employees, connections between systems and supporter leadership. 4.1.Findings and analysis 4.1.1. Reliability of the Questionnaire In order to testthe reliability of questionnaire after analyzing the findings the Likert type data of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s Alpha value was found as 0,95. Some 28 questions which take part in the questionnaire were analysed to test reliability and Cronbach’s Alpha value of Likert type questionnaire findings was found as 0,80. 1. Analysis of correlations between sub-dimensions of sharing information and learning organizations SITUATIONS Pearson Correlatio n DIALOG TEAM SHARING ,536** ,424** ,387** ,000 ,000 ,459** ,000 EMPOWERING SYSTEM SUPPORT ,388** ,405** ,360** 000 000 000 000 ,442** ,374** ,407** ,428** ,349** ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 REQUIRING THE SHARING INFO OPENNESS of IN-HOUSE COGNITIVE CANALS Sig. (2tailed) Pearson Correlatio n Sig. (2tailed **İlişki 0,01 düzeyinde anlamlıdır (çift yönlü) Relationship is significant at the 0,01 level. (two ways) 408 �In the result of correlation analysis, at the 0,01 significance level situations requaring the sharing info and relationship in a positive way have been observed between dialog and research team learning, sharing systems, empowered workers, connection between the systems, sharing information of supportive leadership and openness of in-house cognitive canals which are dimensions of sharing information. 2. Multiple regression analysis between learner dimensions of organization and sharing information 2 R = 30,1 ADJUSTED 2 R =25,9 F=7,150 INDEPENDENT VARIABLES P VALUE =,000  P VALUE t VALUE PARAMETER -,038 -,377 ,707 DIALOG ,458 3,523 ,001 TEAM ,044 ,333 ,739 -,030 -,244 ,808 EMPOWERING ,018 ,144 ,886 SYSTEM ,087 ,589 ,557 SUPPORT ,049 ,400 ,690 CONTINUOUSNESS SHARING . Continiously learning which are learner dimensions of organization, dialog and research, team learning, sharing systems, empowered workers, connection between the systems and sharing information of supportive leadership explains 25,9 % part of total variance of sharing info perceptions. 3. Multiple regression analysis between learner dimensions of organization and openness of inhouse cognitive canals 2 R = 27,1 ADJUSTED INDEPENDENT VARIABLES 2 R =22,1 F=6,167  P VALUE =,000 t VALUE P VALUE PARAMETER -,127 -1,233 ,220 TEAM ,284 2,140 ,034 SHARING ,211 1,564 ,120 -,043 -,342 ,733 SYSTEM ,049 ,386 ,700 SUPPORT ,176 1,165 ,246 DIALOG EMPOWERING 409 �Dialog and research which are learner dimensions of organization, team learning, sharing systems, empowered workers, connection between the systems and sharing information of supportive leadership explains 22,1 % part of total variance of openness of in-house cognitive canals of perceptions. 5. CONCLUSION Named as a knowledge era and since 1990 and onwards which are the beginning of the new era it has been observed that many academic studies on knowledge management and knowledge sharing and also it is thought that this interest will become more dense in the following years. At the end of the study, a positive relationship has been found in the correlation analysis and regression analysis between learner organization and sharing information. Knowledge management has been influential both reaching the individual aims and organizational aims and targets by catalyzing.Today, knowledge society has become an economical system with new occupational structures, new production relationships and social structures in which knowledge is produced densely. In the knowledge society, the main motivation factor which leads the individuals and entrepreneurs to produce knowledge is to desire self realization. The race to success, as a success competition, it makes feel not only in local level but also in global level. Knowledge management- in learner organizations- is to provide a common language which will reflect the organization’s own identity for reaching the aims of organizations, adopting sharing vision which is desired to be composed, and abolishing the resistance against wanting to apply to administrative approaches. (Karahan and Yılmaz,2010). REFERENCES Bennet A. and Bennet D. (2003) The partnership between organizational learning and knowledge management. In Handbook on Knowledge Management (HOSAPPLE CW, Ed), Vol. 1, pp 439–455, Springer, New York. Ipe M. (2003). ‘Knowledge Sharing On Organizations: A Conceptual Framework’, Human Resource Development Review. Thousand Oaks: Dec. Vol:2, Iss.4. Bartol M. K. And Srıvastava A. (2002) “Motivation and Barriers to Participation in Virtual Knowledge-Sharing Comminities of Practice”, Journal of Leadership and Organization Studies, Vol.9, No.1, pp.64-75. 410 �Chow C.W. Deng F. J. Ho J.L. (2000) “The Openness of Knowledge Sharing Within Organizations: A Comparative Study in The United States And The People's Republic Of China”, Journal of Management Accounting Research; Vol.12, pp.65-95. Chrıstensen H. P. (2007) “Knowledge Sharing: moving away from the obsession with best practices”, Journal of Management, Vol.11, No.1. pp.36-47. Karahan A.and Yılmaz H. (2010) “Learning Organizations and Knowledge Management” Osmangazi University Instıtute of Social Sciences Review, Nisan 2010, 5(1), s.147-174 Lin H.F. (2007) Knowledge Sharing and Firm Innovation Capability: An Emprical Study, International Journal of Manpower, Vol.28, No:3/4, pp. 315-332. Majid S. and Wey S. M. (2009) Perceptions And Knowledge Sharing Practices Of Graduate Students In Singapore, International Journal of Knowledge Management, 5(2),pp. 21-32. Mc Neısh J. and Inder J. S. M. (2010) “Knowledge Sharing and Trust in Organizations”, The 20 IUP Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. VIII, Nos. 1 & 2, pp.18-38. Sanchez R. (2005) “ Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning: Fundamental Concepts for Theory and Practice” Lund Institute of Economic Research Working Paper Series Sharrat M. and Usoro A. (2003), ‘Understanding Knowledge-Sharing in Online Communities of Practice’, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol: 1, Issue: 2, Dec., pp. 4-5. Yaghi B. And Alfawaer S. N. (2011) Knowledge-sharing degree among the undergraduate students: A case study at applied science private university - Middle East University for graduate studies, Amman (JORDAN) Yang J.T. (2007) The Impact of Knowledge Sharing on Organizational learning and Effectiveness, Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol.11, No:2, pp.83-90. 411 �Watkıns K. And Marsick V. (1997) Dimensions of The Learning Organization Questionnaire [survey] (Warwick, RI: Partners for the Learning Organization) Civil Law Notaries in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Actors in Preventive Justice Bakšić Šukrija1, Oruč Esad2 1University of Zenica, Faculty of Law, Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E –mails: sukrijabaksic@gmail.com,eoruc@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Civil law notaries are professional lawyers and public officials appointed by the State to confer authenticity on legal deeds and contracts contained in documents drafted by them and to advise persons who call upon their services. Institution of the notary was introduced for the first time in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007. Introduction of the office of notary was one of the steps taken to ensure independent and impartial judiciary and to adapt legal system with European Union law. Before its introducing there was no institution or legal profession which acted impartially on behalf of all parties to a contract or transaction. Notarial services are very wide and complex. It encompasses all judicial activities in noncontentious matters, ensure legal certainty to clients, thus averting disputes and litigation. As a guarantor of legal certainty, notary is one of the most important actors of preventive justice which include all means of reducing resort to the courts for the settlement of controversies. In this study we analyzed contribution of notary office to preventive justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Keywords: civil law notary, preventive justice, legal certainty, realising justice, avoiding disputes 412 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1196 Title A name given to the resource An Empirical On Knowledge Sharing In Learning Organizations In Kutahya, Turkey Author Author Kemal, Demirci Abstract A summary of the resource. Comunities today and in the future have to process, evaluate and internalize the information more than past. Comunities and enterprises, which don't understand the environment, and are unconscious about changes, and which don't read the world, are obliged to deteriorate, even to die. Fiber speed and continious changes of present world, makes compulsory to learn continiously and to educe information. Enterprises have to be open to continiously learning to carry on their growth and development and they have to gain capability to share knowledge.This paper undertakes to contribute to this search by addressing some fundamental questions about the nature, domain, conceptual foundations, and practical challenges of knowledge management and organizational learning. A positive relationship has been found between continiously learning which are learner dimensions of organization, dialog and research, team learning, sharing systems, empowered workers, connection between the systems, sharing information of supportive leadership and openness of in-house cognitive canals through the correlation and multiple regression analysis done in the result of the research. Keywords: Knowledge Management, Knowledge Share, learning organization. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General)