132 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4f48d6e9c234d8d5b151cf8d628517ff.pdf e26c1a59380b2ece86ada14cc5a1a8dd PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Seokjin, K. & Behnam, N., 2008. The Dynamics of Quality Costs in Continuous Improvement. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, pp. 842-859. Sipahi, B. & Yıldırım, H., 2004. Kalite Maliyetleri Muhasebesi ve İstatistiksel Analizi. İstanbul: Türkmen Kitapevi. Şimşek, M., 2001. Toplam Kalite Yönetimi. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. Tsai, W. -. H., 1998. Quality Cost Measurement Under Activity-Based Costing. International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, pp. 719-752. Vahevanidis, N. M., Petropouolos, G., Avakumovic, J. & Mourlas, A., 2009. Cost Of Quality Models And Their Implementation In Manufacturing Firms. International Journal for Quality Research, pp. 27-36. Evaluation of Financial Performance of Banking Sector: Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia Nađa Dreca International University of Sarajevo,Faculty of Business and Administration 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: nadja.dreca@students.ius.edu.ba, nadja_n88@hotmail.com Abstract The objective of this study is to compare the financial performance of the banking sector in some ex- Yu countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia for period from 2005 to 2010. Banking sector of Yugoslavia was strong but because of the weakness and the collapse all these characteristics disappeared. The financial performance of banks is study on the basis of some selected financial variables and ratios, such as return on asset, return on equity, capital adequacy ratio, share of non-performing loans in total loans, participation of deposits, assets and loans in Gross Domestic Product of the country. All of the indicators improved in period until the beginning of the global crisis, but with the first signs of crisis the conditions in entire economy worsen as well as the situation in the banking sector. Data show that banking system of these countries suffers from problems largely influenced by its huge debt to IMF, political situation, financial crisis, internal situation and other political factors. The authorities of banking system in selected countries took some measures in order to improve financial position and to slowdown the negative consequences of the global crisis. Keywords: Banks, ROA, ROE, Non-performing loans, Reforms, Crisis 1. INTRODUCTION The banking sector is considered to be an important source of financing for most businesses. Increase in the financial performance leads to more improved functions and activities of any 68 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo organization. It has effect on total economy of the country, because banks are the sources of finance for better job opportunities; develop of new ideas; research and overall prosperity. The factors that influence performance of banks are: bank size measured by its assets, profitability measured by returns on assets and equity, size of deposits and loans, as well as the percentage of non- performing loans in the total loans. 2. BANKING SYSTEM The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was very important in each field, in economic and political. It had great impact on its member republics. All banks were nationalized. The system had social characteristics, introduced two-tier banking system in 60s when it left the Soviet style mono-banking system, and in 80s Yugoslavia was the most developed and the largest country in the region. The strong Yugoslavia represented a great base for development of the strong and healthy banking system. The system had social characteristics, introduced two-tier banking system in 60s when it left the Soviet style monobanking system, and in 80s Yugoslavia was the most developed and the largest country in the region. In 1980s the Yugoslavia experienced crisis that were caused by a high exchange rate, a high fiscal deficit, and low performance in trade that were the consequences of the big recession and international crisis. During that period, national currency, Dinar, highly depreciated and it leads to the difficulties in repaying foreign loans that in previous century were taken. The government started to promote the Markovic anti-inflation program to make faster economic stabilization. The plan allowed the establishment of private and mixed firms. These new reforms were interrupted by the weakness and collapse of the SFRY. (Simon 2012) The reforms of the banking system started in 1990s. Those reforms happened after the breaking the SFRY and separation of its republics. Separation started first in year 1991 with small military conflict in Slovenia, then Croatia (1991-1992) and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995). The military conflicts, hyperinflation, high unemployment rates and other reasons influence the flow of the political and the economic reforms. These negatively influence the position of all former republics and took away all advantages they had before as the part of the SFRY. ( Radzic and Yuce 2008) Reforms in each country are made in order to make transformation of the socialist banking system into a new organizational form. The privatization of the banks was the most important element in the rehabilitation of the banking sector. Privatization was caused by the entrance of the foreign banks and increase in the capital shares. It was made to bring new capital and to help bank reconstruction. The foreign banks brought new way of business and new banking products on this market. The main changes in banking system that reforms brought are: The privatization of state owned banks and the closure of insolvent institutions The writing- off of non-performing loans The entry of foreign banks either by establishing an autonomous presence or by taking over local banks The adoption of regulations according to international standards and practices The implementation of tighter and more effective supervision exercised by the central banks and currency boards. (Stubos 2005) 69 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Whole economic situation in the country has impact on the banking sector. The period of crisis is marked by the worse condition in the economy. As the Table 1 presents each country experienced the decrease in these indicators in period of crisis. Table 1: Key Economic Figures Source: National Sources, Raiffeisen RESEARCH Number of the banks in the selected countries changed over the time. The number of banks in each country, in 2010 compared to 2005 decline mostly because many banks merge with each other or by some regulations some banks are closed. Foreign banks entrance was done either by acquisition of local banks or establishment of their own subsidiaries or branches. Foreign banks brought more confidence and safety in the banking sector, so that assets and deposits increased. (Ilgun and Coskun 2009) Table 2: Number of Banks Source: CBBH, CNB, NBS, BSI As it is shown in Table 3 deposits of all countries grew, except in 2008 when it decreased due to first impact of financial crisis. Deposits of other three countries continue to grow after the crisis, but only Slovenia recorded negative deposit growth. Due to return of confidence in banks and increase in savings also the deposits of banks increased in last year. Deposits from households represent the key factor in the banking service. In period of crisis because of the large risk, citizens mostly did withdrawal from their accounts or they tried to do diversification of the risk, so they left some portion of their deposits on the accounts and part withdraw. The year 2008 is the year in which the citizens mostly lost the confidence in their banks and remove their deposits. Second part of Table 3 represents the share of the deposits of households in GDP. In 2009 the deposits increased due to reconstruction of confidence in banks, new policy of the banks to attract again back the depositors. Increase in deposits from households was creates opportunities for the increase in the supplied loans and brings stimulants in the lending activity. Table 3: Total Deposits in % of GDP and Deposits from Households in % of GDP Source: CBBH, NBS,CNB,BSI, Raiffeisen RESERCH, Author 70 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Clients for the needs of financial activities use the banking services as dominant source of finance. Table 4: Total Loans, Loans to Households and Loans to private enterprises in % of GDP Source: CBBH, NBS,CNB,BSI, Raiffeisen RESERCH, Author Table above shows that loans have positive growth over the time.Banks started to implement more restrictive politics and it slowdown loans growth. The most significant factor that influence the limitation of the credit growth is the crisis that had impact on the entire economy and worse the condition in the real sector, then decrease in citizen`s spending, and more restrictive and prudent lending policies of banks. Due to the global economic crisis, consumption was reduced, as well as the volume of activities of domestic firms, which led to decline on demand for new loans. At the same time, credit conditions worsened and interest rate rose. Irregularity of debt servicing by clients increased and the banks put more attention to the credit risk exposure. Economic crisis influenced the demand for the loans. In the years when most people lost their jobs or salary decreased, their creditworthiness decrease and the banks impose more restrictive policy that leads to decrease in the growth of the loans. Growth rate in the loans to households is not high as it was before due to existence of risk on the financial markets, depreciation of currency and other factors that influence the decline in the growth rate of loans. Even if there was increase in this ratio, it is not caused by the new loans but taking loans to refinance existing one. The growth in credit provided to private enterprises was caused by the rise of the costs of performing business, increase in input prices and some other restrictive measures that crisis brought with itself. Increase in the loans to enterprises was mostly due to the needs of financing the working capital and refinance of the existing loans. Banks brought some measures in order to stimulate banking activities, lending and accumulation of deposits, change reserve requirements, make some exception on calculation of ratios, policy about currency ,they fund these changes partly from the internal sources as well as lending from external sources etc. Table 5 illustrated for the listed countries the total assets of the banking sector as percentage of GDP in the period of 2005 to 2010. Slowing lending activities of the commercial banks resulted in a decline of assets on 2009. The banks` asset quality deteriorated considerably as a result of weakening creditworthiness of borrowers. The banking sector had a growth trend over the past years, but it was stopped due to economic crisis. The increase in balance sheet was partly due to bank recapitalization, the inflow of funds from stand-by arrangement, and requalification of bad loans. In 2010 assets again decreases because of high participation of non-performing loans and banks` loss. Table 5: Total Assets in % of GDP Source: CBBH, NBS,CNB,BSI, Raiffeisen RESERCH, Author 71 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The sign of growth of ROA and ROE is changing over the time. Figure 3: ROA, ROE, and NPL (% in Total Loans) in B&H, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia Source: CBBH, CNB, NBS, BSI, IMF The banking sector was influenced by the economic crisis and recession, and one of the main characteristics of this sector in 2010 was a decrease in profitability of banks. The assets quality has the greatest impact on the profitability of banks. Decrease in ratio of NPL to total loans can be explained by the increase in loans especially because most loans are long term and also it influence the assets quality can be visible more in the long run. Increase in NPL had greatest impact on profitability of banks. The reason for decrease in profitability was increase in loan loss provision, increase in loan delinquency, delay payments and downfall in interest and similar income. The profitability improvement is the result of reform and implementation of the adjustment of non-performing loans, introduction of modern banking techniques and increasing the rate of credit expansion. The percentage of NPL in the total loans in the mentioned countries increases over the time. The global financial crisis has large impact on this indicator.During the financial crisis there was downfall of asset quality and increase of non-payable claims, produced by difficulties in loan repayments. In 2010 banks did reclassification of the loans, and significant amount was moved from B to nonperforming, that results in the increase of the loan losses and had negative impact on financial performance. Due to poor performing receivables trend in delay in collecting the past due loan receivables from customers, there were activated some guarantees in a number of delinquent loans that had this type of insurance, so the burden of the loan repayment fall on the guarantors. Capital adequacy ratio is significant indicator of financial soundness. Figure 3 shows Capital Adequacy ratio. As it is visible the ratio, all countries fluctuate over the time. Decrease in the capital adequacy ratio is caused by high participation of the risky asserts. It is always higher than minimum prescribed by law (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia 12%, Croatia 10% and Slovenia 8%) and it represents satisfactory capitalization of the entire system and very strong basis and foundation to preserve its safety and stability. The restructure of state owned banks and the injection of capital by governments improved capitalization significantly. Decrease in CAR was due mainly to the increase in risk-weighted assets and increase of credit risk of them. Figure 3: Capital Adequacy Ratio Source: CBBH, CNB, NBS, BSI, IMF 72 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSION This study provides analysis of banking sector performance measured by several indicators in the three countries that were part of ex – Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia. Indicators show that banking sector is influenced by the global financial crisis. The performance of the banking sector in last years was under the strong impact of the global economic crisis and recession. This crisis produces many bad consequences and the adverse effects in banking sector of those countries, such as stagnation of sector, decline in profitability, increase of the non-performing assets and loans, past due receivables, loan loss provision and deterioration of other key indicators of banks` performance. In 2010 banking sector recorded the first signs of slight recovery but still there is no satisfactory condition to grow faster, so the recovery will be slow and lengthy. Each country records decrease in profitability ratios, merely due to decrease in profits, loss of provision, and increase in nonperforming loans, slowing credit activity and worsening market conditions. In order to make financial situation countries took support from other sources, but in most cases it just increased debt level and makes conditions worse. In order to improve the situation in banking system better, banks should increase interest on deposits, decrease interest on loans especially for the less risky clients, to provide better banking products that help everyone in market, such as more credit cards with deferred payments on the markets; it helps everyone in way that everyone is better off, client pays without interest, it is on time payment, and bank tied client to the bank with issuing this product. More credits to small business should be provide, at the lower interest rate and economy should encourage investments domestic producers should be encouraged by more favorable conditions of borrowing also it will solve many economic problems, decline in unemployment rate by creating job opportunities, less domestic products, so it will decrease trade deficit, provide more income for domestic governments and decrease budget deficit, and country would be in better position to return the debt to IMF. REFERENCES Bank of Slovenia, Annual Reports, various issues www.bsi.si Bonin, J.P. (2001) Financial Intermediation in South East Europe: Banking On the Balkans, Working Paper 006, The WIW Balkan Observatory,URL http: balkan observatory.net/wp/2001%2010%20wiiw%20bo%20wp%20006.pdf Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Annual Reports, various issues www.cbbh.ba Croatian National Bank, Annual Reports, Various issues www.hnb.hr Coskun, A. and Ilgun,E. (2009) Reconstruction and Development in the Banking Sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 2009, Sarajevo,pp.52-63, URL http://www.alicoskun.net/Publications/Coskun-Ilgun-ISSD2009.pdf International Monetary Fund , Financial access Survey (FAS), Financial Soundness Indicators (FSIs) www.imf.org National Bank of Serbia, Annual Reports, various issues www.nbs.rs Radzic, J. and Yuce, A. (2008) Banking Development In The Former Yugoslavian Republics, International Business and Economic Research Journal, Vol 7. No.9 pp.35-48 73 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Raiffeisen Researh CEE Banking Sector Report http://www.rbinternational.com/eBusiness/services/resources/media/677012584775275435677012584775275436_677251119927032833-772104317120223179-1-9-DE.pdf Simon Jr, G. (2012) An Economic History of Socialist Yugoslvaia, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, New York, Available at : http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1983907 Stubos, G. and Tsikripis, I.(2004) Banking Sector Developments in South –Eastern Europe, Working Paper No.44, ELIAMEP, WP4,Regional Cooperation, ELIAMEP, Athens, Available at: http://balkan-observatory.net/archive/stubos.pdf Stubos, G. and Tsikripis, I.(2005) Regional Integration Challenges in South East Europe: Banking Sector Trends , Working Paper, Bank of Greece Available at: http://www.bankofgreece.gr/BogEkdoseis/Paper200524.pdf Basel II – Policy Implications and Implementation Challenges for Bosnia and Herzegovina Aida Bulbul, Ugur Ergun International Burch University, Faculty of Economics 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: bulbul.aida@gmail.com, uergun@ibu.edu.ba Abstract The financial sector and international banking environment in particular has changed dramatically over the past years. In order to reach and maintain stability and sustainability in the global banking system, decrease risk of insolvency, and to cover unexpected losses, countries (EU in particular) have started implementing the new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) following the worldwide consensus among G-10 central bank Governors by which banks’ capital levels should be regulated to enhance global financial stability. Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is still in the beginning of its path towards Basel II legislation and implementation, using detailed literature review and an in-depth analysis this study conducts a comparative analysis on the implementation of Basel II in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Croatia, and Serbia, with regard to both the qualitative and quantitative implementation details and issues which include the implementation stages, progress, and timetables and particular challenges faced by the countries. Moreover, study reveals Bosnia and Herzegovina’s unique situation, challenges and obstacles on the path towards full implementation of Basel II standards and puts an emphasis on how implementation and adoption will affect its banking and economic stability, future and conditions. 74 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1280 Title A name given to the resource Evaluation of Financial Performance of Banking Sector: Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia Author Author Nađa , Dreca Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this study is to compare the financial performance of the banking sector in some ex- Yu countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Serbia for period from 2005 to 2010. Banking sector of Yugoslavia was strong but because of the weakness and the collapse all these characteristics disappeared. The financial performance of banks is study on the basis of some selected financial variables and ratios, such as return on asset, return on equity, capital adequacy ratio, share of non-performing loans in total loans, participation of deposits, assets and loans in Gross Domestic Product of the country. All of the indicators improved in period until the beginning of the global crisis, but with the first signs of crisis the conditions in entire economy worsen as well as the situation in the banking sector. Data show that banking system of these countries suffers from problems largely influenced by its huge debt to IMF, political situation, financial crisis, internal situation and other political factors. The authorities of banking system in selected countries took some measures in order to improve financial position and to slowdown the negative consequences of the global crisis. Keywords: Banks, ROA, ROE, Non-performing loans, Reforms, Crisis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/189594e51d50b181348a1e10bde8cb39.pdf 8c259664892b5f7d6f53d5a5ace596bc PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Pamukçu, T. and Yeldan, E. (2005) “Country Profile: Turkey, Macroeconomic Policy and Recent Economic Performance” Report prepared for Economic Research Forum, http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~yeldane/FEMISE_Macro2005.pdf. Spilimbergo, A., Symansky, S., Blanchard, O. and Cottarelli, C. (2008) “Fiscal Policy for the Crisis” IMF Research Department Position Note, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2008/spn0801.pdf, Date Accessed: 10.04.2010. Şenses, F. and Taymaz, E. (2003) “Unutulan Bir Toplumsal Amaç: Sanayileşme Ne oluyor? Ne olmalı?”, in İktisat Üzerine Yazılar II, İktisadi Kalkınma, Kriz ve İstikrar, Oktar Türel’e Armağan, (ed. A.H.Köse, F.Şenses and E. Yeldan), İletişim Publishing, İstanbul, 429-461. Türel, O. (2007) “Türkiye’de Sanayileşme ve Kalkınma Planları Dönemsel Uygulamalar” TMMOB Industry Congress, Ankara. Consequences of financial crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina Fiscal and Monetary Policy Nađa Dreca International University of Sarajevo,Faculty of Business and Administration 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: nadja.dreca@students.ius.edu.ba, nadja_n88@hotmail.com Abstract Aim of this paper is to analyze effects did global financial crisis have on BiH’s economy and society in general. After examination of effects, it will be researched what are the policies that government has implemented in order to decrease negative effects. Both, fiscal and monetary policies will be examined, with special emphasize will on the stand by arrangement with IMF because it was often debated whether this arrangement was good or wrong movement of the government. Moreover, this paper will provide information about have did these measures affect society and especially certain interest groups, such as demobilized military. Finally when all of these above mentioned are analyzed and discussed, conclusions about efficiency of implemented policies will be made and proposals of what could be done will be developed. Keywords: global crisis, Monetary policy, Fiscal Policy, Central Bank 1. INTRODUCTION Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina introduced some measures aimed in cutting public administration costs and urge state-owned enterprise to devise saving plans. Bosnian government encourages public spending, new capital investments, building roads, open new projects. To conclude, BiH was doing pretty well until 2008, registering decent levels of 391 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo economic growth. As the crisis hit Europe, economic growth substantially slowed down, huge public deficit took place and the only solution to prevent absolute collapse was to get the loan from the International Monetary Fund. All of the fiscal policies had some effect, but they created social problems. On the other side, since Central Bank has only limited tools and thus, monetary policy could not do much. 2. EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL CRISIS ON BIH ECONOMY Previous to the 2008 and global financial crisis, BiH was considered as the most stable economy in the Western Balkans. Of the great importance for macroeconomic stability at that time was that the currency has been pegged to the euro, which ultimately protected it form the fluctuations and created stability. Furthermore, economy was performing better and country was experiencing slow but continuous growth in GDP. Since BiH is approaching EU integration, much faster economic growth with higher GDP increase is required in order to catch up with EU member countries. However, when crisis hit BiH this ambition for caching up complicated further because GDP growth has immediately slowed down, due to the reduced exports, remittances and credit. Finally, in 2010 some signals of slow recovery have shown. When talking about this crisis, inflation is usually perceived as one of the greatest problems. Year % change in CPI 2007 2008 2009 2010 1.5 7.4 -0.4 2.1 Table 1. Inflation From the table above it can be concluded that crisis created high inflation, especially in the 2008 when retail prices increased by 7.4%. This big increase of price level was caused by extraordinary rise in energy and food prices on world markets in the first months of 2008. Regarding financial inflows before the crisis, the highest percentage of these inflows were in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI). In 2007 FDI grow but in the following years it started decreasing and currently FDI represents approximately around 1% of GDP. It is important to emphasize that beside the financial crisis, the second highest problem why FDI has drastically decreased is complex political situation and insecurity. Since the war ended unemployment is constantly high. Business cycle is very slow, not many jobs are being created, so the unemployment persists to be one of the leading problems. Existing economic crisis, as previously mentioned, had slowed business cycle further, production decreased and consequently unemployment rose. Regarding sectors that were first to feel the effects of global financial crisis, these are the strongest export sectors, metal industry and also building and industry of construction. Some of the most successful companies in the metal industry, such as Arcelor Mittal Zenica and ASA Prevent have already in 2008 decreased their production by 20-50%. In some Cantors there is need for approximately million KM per month to cover only the basic contribution for the new unemployed persons. So, number of unemployed is continuously increasing, while government is trying to implement austerity measures of cutting social expenditures. Increasing demand for social benefits and reduction in government spending created atmosphere of general dissatisfaction, strikes and social unrest. 392 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The movements of public revenues and expenditures indicates that significant further worsening of the country’s fiscal position occurred and that fisical deficite increased further. It is evident that revenues were gradually decreasing and this was mainly due to the decrease in colection from taxes and lower collection came as a result of decreased consumption. On the other side austerity measueres that were enforced as an effect had decrease in government expenditures Further more, economic shocks have also caused an increase in the grey economy which represented significant problem even before the economic crisis. In the research about crisis and grey economy in the BiH, PhD Rajko Tomas showed that actual portion of grey economy in 2008 was approximately 60%. It can be argued that this percentage has increased even more in past two years because of the crisis and because of introduction of fiscal cash machine . Introduction of fiscal cash machine hurt small business the most and caused high percentage of these to exit from the market. 3. MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY As the negative impacts of the global crisis make their way across Bosnia and Herzegovina, governments are employing different mechanism to improve their competitiveness and encourage economic activities. As a first step, improving competitiveness can come through currency depreciation, but in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina it cannot be adopted because Bosnian currency is pegged to the euro through a Currency Board. Beyond currency depreciation, the Bosnia could employ other monetary and fiscal policy instruments to ease adjustment and encourage economic activity, including financial spending programs o encourage aggregate demand or loosening of lending controls to increase liquidity in the banking system. Central Banks in the region of Bosnia cut their policy rates, but for Bosnia and Herzegovina the only available macroeconomic policy was reduction of minimum reserve requirements and requirements for funds borrowed from abroad. Also Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina exempted funds in foreign currency from reserve requirements. In 2008, it cut reserve ratio for all deposits from 18% to 14% by increasing the liquidity and free credit potential, is aimed at stimulating banks to keep the growth rate of the lending activity which was considerably slowed down. The tendency of slow-down of growth of bank lending to private sector started. As the tendency of decrease of activities in the local credit market continued, the Governing Board of the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina in November 2008, passed a decision according to which all the new credit lines withdrawn by commercial banks from foreign countries should be excluded from the base for required reserve calculation. This measure was aimed at stimulating the inflow of capital from foreign countries in the local banking sector and providing additional incentives to the credit activity of commercial banks. In December 2008, the Governing Board also passed a decision on introducing a differentiated rate of required reserve on commercial bank deposits. The purpose of this decision is to release additional liquid funds from the required reserve for commercial banks, in order to stimulate larger credit activity in attempts to make a positive influence on the level of economic activity in the country. Also new decision about deposit insurance limit is brought, new amount increased from 7.500 to 20.000 KM, and Deposit Insurance Agency provides insurance of deposits in commercial banks in the amount of 35.000KM per person. 393 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The influence of the financial crisis in 2008 was indirectly felt in BH economy as well, particularly in its financial sector. Slowing of capital inflows from abroad and withdrawal of deposits from domestic commercial banks, which partly contributed to the negative balance of sales and purchases of KM, as well as a reduced pace of growth of credit activities of banks resulted in a considerably slower growth of money supply relative to previous years. In 2009, the banking sector in BH, despite strong effects of the world economic crisis, managed to maintain stability and responds successfully to clients’ demands, which served to safeguard the confidence in the banking system. In order to mitigate negative effects of the global financial crisis, around the middle of the year the banking agencies adopted the Decision on Temporary Measures for Reprogramming of Credit Liabilities of Physical Persons in Banks, which allowed banks to reprogram all obligations of a debtor’s at his request. The slow-down of capital inflows from foreign countries and the withdrawal of deposits from the local commercial banks, which partly contributed to the negative balance of KM sale and purchase, and also the decline of the growth rate of bank lending activities resulted in a significantly slower growth of money supply. 3.1 Fiscal Policy Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina introduced some measures aimed in cutting public administration costs and urge state-owned enterprise to devise saving plans. Bosnian government encourages public spending, new capital investments, building roads, open new projects. Letter of Intent In early May 2009, members of the Fiscal Council of BH and delegation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) harmonized a Letter of Intent that was forwarded to the Governing and Executive Board of IMF, in which a three-year Stand by arrangement was agreed for Bosnia and Herzegovina in the amount of EUR 1.2 billion with annual installments of EUR 400 million each In the Letter of Intent they proposed many policies in order to decrease budget deficit. One of them was end 2009, we intend to: (i) eliminate special unemployment benefits granted to demobilized soldiers by allowing the sunset clause to expire; (ii) introduce a maximum income threshold for eligibility for civilian and veterans benefits; (iii) reduce all civilian and veterans’ benefits by 10 percent and eliminate indexation; and (iv) reform war veterans’ pensions. These reforms will entail the revision of existing legislation, including: (i) Decree on eligibility for pension under more favorable conditions of the military insurees of the Army of FBiH; (ii) Decree on eligibility for age pension under more favorable conditions of the military insurees of the Army of FBiH; and (iii) Decree on eligibility for age pension under more favorable conditions of the members of the former Army of FBiH and civil servants and employees of the former Ministry of Defense of FBiH. IMF Stand-By Arrangement Faced with increasing financing pressures in early 2009, the authorities put together a comprehensive program supported by an IMF Stand-By Arrangement. The program was designed to safeguard the currency board and cushion the effects of the deteriorating external environment, while adopting policies to correct fiscal imbalances and strengthen the financial sector. The authorities’ approach included: (i) gradual fiscal consolidation accompanied by 394 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo structural fiscal reforms to bring public finances on a sustainable path; (ii) steps to strengthen the resilience of the financial sector alongside commitments by foreign parent banks to maintain their external exposures to BiH and keep their subsidiaries capitalized; and (iii) substantial financing from the Fund along with funds from the World Bank and the EU. The program helped mitigate the impact of the crisis on the economy. Private investment and spending on consumer durables collapsed, while private current consumption softened to a lesser extent, on the back of moderate growth of wages and social benefits. The drop in domestic demand appears to be leveling off, aided by stabilizing credit conditions. Private investment, however, continues to lose ground as a result of weak FDI inflows. Results of Stand – By Arrangement The program helped mitigate the impact of the crisis on the economy. Inflation has decelerated. The Federation government approved with a delay the pension reform strategy in June 2010, and parliament adopted the public wage legislation in July 2010 (both end-March structural benchmarks). Eligibility audits of war benefit recipients started only in July and are yet to produce any tangible results (continuous benchmark from start of year). The end-March structural benchmark on the reform of privileged pensions, which was missed by the Federation, was also redesigned .In Republika of Srpska, all end-March 2010 benchmarks related to eligibility audits, the reform of privileged pensions, and the pension reform have been met. By the end of the Stand by Arrangements, the level of Fund credit outstanding is projected to reach 8.5 percent of GDP, and Fund repurchases and charges would peak at 63 percent of total debt service in 2014. The country’s excellent record of meeting Fund financial obligations, the expectation that the program would lay the foundations for the return to a sustainable medium-term growth path, and a strong political commitment to the program provide assurances that B&H should be able to meet its financial obligations at defined time. Fiscal coordination was improved. Since its establishment in 2008, the role of the Fiscal Council in coordinating fiscal policy across the country has been limited. It is important that the authorities take steps to improve the Council’s operational framework and involve it in the design of medium-term fiscal policy and fiscal targets. The establishment of the Fiscal Council in 2008 represents an important step in advancing national fiscal policy coordination. Recently, there have been increases of excises to align tax rates with EU levels, but discretionary revenue gains were partly offset by declining customs collections owing to EU accession. Direct taxes were lowered and exemptions re-defined. Tax administration has also improved and, contrary to the experience in many countries, collection does not seem to have suffered during the recent crisis. On the expenditure side, progressive increases in wages and social benefits have occurred since 2006 in a pro-cyclical fashion, dampening the effect of the automatic stabilizers. Unemployment benefits, which generally act as a counter-cyclical force on the expenditure side, have increased during good times with the rights awarded to demobilized soldiers in the Federation. During the period of crisis Bosnian government propose some discretionary revenue measures. In 2008 Association Agreement with EU (lowered import tariffs on EU goods) was made. In 2009 Increase in the road fee (+0.10 KM/l), excises on coffee and progressive increase in excises on tobacco. 395 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo With monetary policy assigned to maintain the currency board arrangement, fiscal policy was the only available instrument to soften the economic downturn. However, given the starting unsustainable fiscal position, a discretionary fiscal stimulus was not a policy option. During these period in Bosnia and Herzegovina some reforms were adopted, such as Rightsbased benefits reform. Much of the spending pressure affecting the fiscal accounts over the past few years stems from poorly targeted and inefficient rights-based benefits. There was agreement on the need to press ahead with the implementation of the reform of the system of rights-based benefits according to the action plan prepared in consultation with the World Bank. Faced with increasing demographic pressures, the authorities have initiated reforms of the pension systems. The Federation approved a pension reform strategy, which still needs to be fleshed out in greater detail and to incorporate an overhaul of privileged pensions. In the RS, with the pension reform strategy already approved by parliament, the authorities need to follow through with the preparation and adoption of pertinent legislation. Reforms to rein in the wage bill was also implemented. BiH’s government payroll has grown substantially in recent years and is very high compared with other countries. There is still a need for deeper reform of public administration. 4. CONCLUSION AND PROPOSALS OF MEASURES To conclude, BiH was doing pretty well until 2008, registering decent levels of economic growth. As the crisis hit Europe, economic growth substantially slowed down, huge public deficit took place and the only solution to prevent absolute collapse was to get the loan from the International Monetary Fund. All of the fiscal policies had some effect, but they created social problems. On the other side, since Central Bank has only limited tools and thus, monetary policy could not do much. In the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina the best way to correct consequences of crisis is to change policy of public finance, to decrease the budget deficit and decrease of public deficit. Main problem and weakness for Bosnian financial system is so high level of the benefits provided to special groups of citizens and thus it is absolutely necessary to make reforms regarding spending on these benefits. Further more, it would be good if more flexible mechanism of the use of required reserves of the Central Bank through use of the securities would be introduced and if Central Banks would get the right to set the interest rate of the commercial banks. Of especially help would be establishment of domestic bank which would than help development and support new investments and development of the Bosnian financial sector. Government should provide help to the domestic companies in order to keep their status on the market, to keep stable unemployment rate and increase their competitiveness. One of the measures that could be is the increase in the level of the public sector works that will create jobs. Sector of economy that should be supported the most heavily is agricultural sector, to encourage the production of the agricultural goods that are currently being imported and increase consumption of domestically produced goods. These will lead also to the increase in GDP of the country and help export expansion. Finally, introduction of progressive taxation could create some positive results, but detailed cost-benefit analysis should be done in order to evaluate whether this type of taxation would increase government revenues. 396 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Agency of Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina www.bhas.ba “Bosnia and Herzegovina: Letter of Intent and Technical Memorandum of Understanding“, Published:June 16, 2009, Available at IMF officaila page www.imf.org, “Bosnia and Herzegovina: Letter of Intent and Technical Memorandum of Understanding“, Published:June 16, 2009, Available at IMF offical page www.imf.org Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Various Issues, www.cbbh.ba Consequences of the global financial crisis on BiH economy“, Source: FENA, Published: December 30, 2008., http://www.emportal.rs/en/news/region/74519.html International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2010/pr10111.htm , . http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2010/cr10348.pdf “The Western Balkans: Between the Economic Crisis and the European Perspective”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, September 2010, page.52 http://www.iris-bg.org/files/The%20Western%20Balkans.pdf, 2008 Global Crisis, The Case Struggle Turkey “You are the Privileged, give us lessons”* Bulut Şahin1, Göçer İsmet1, Dam M. Metin1, Mercan Mehmet2 Martin Wolf, Financal Times' chief economic commentator. 1Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Aydin, Turkey 2Lec. Hakkari University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Aydin, Turkey E-mails: sbulut@adu.edu.tr, igocer@adu.edu.tr, mdam@adu.edu.tr, sbulut@adu.edu.tr Abstract In this survey, how Turkey overcame the 2008 crisis was studied using 2002:1-2011:12 period data through co-integration test. Within the scope of Empiric analysis, the influence of 397 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1347 Title A name given to the resource Consequences of financial crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina Fiscal and Monetary Policy Author Author Nađa , Dreca Abstract A summary of the resource. Aim of this paper is to analyze effects did global financial crisis have on BiH’s economy and society in general. After examination of effects, it will be researched what are the policies that government has implemented in order to decrease negative effects. Both, fiscal and monetary policies will be examined, with special emphasize will on the stand by arrangement with IMF because it was often debated whether this arrangement was good or wrong movement of the government. Moreover, this paper will provide information about have did these measures affect society and especially certain interest groups, such as demobilized military. Finally when all of these above mentioned are analyzed and discussed, conclusions about efficiency of implemented policies will be made and proposals of what could be done will be developed. Keywords: global crisis, Monetary policy, Fiscal Policy, Central Bank Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3fe4f39264082195cfc49b41e0eca0c2.pdf d4040953bd6f49af03e9ff94881ca872 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo concentration of anesthesia increases, the time of transition to induction stage shortens (Ross et al, 2008). Induction times of the fish vary depending on the dose of clove oil and, normally, as the dose increases, recovery time increases. REFERENCES Çetinkaya, O., Şahin A.( 2005) Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri. (Ed) Mehmet Karataş, Balıklarda Anestezi Uygulamaları ve Başlıca Anestesikler, 237-270. ISBN.975-591-757-8. Cookea, S. J., Suskib, C. D. Ostranda , K. G, Tuftsb, B. L., Wahl, D. H.(2004) Behavioral and physiological assessment of low concentrations of clove oil anaesthetic for handling and transporting largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), Aquaculture 239, 509–529. Padilla, D. K., Williams, S. L.(2004) Beyond ballast water: aquarium and ornamental trades as sources of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 2004, 2(3): 131–138. Ross, L., Ross, B.(2008) Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic animals, 240. Seol, D., Lee J., Im, S., Park, I. (2007) Clove oil as an anaesthetic for common octopus (Octopus minor, Sasaki). Aquaculture Research, 38, 45-49. Tolon, T., Hekimoğlu, M.A.( 2011) Türkiye´de Süs Balığının Pazar Durumu. XVI. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu 25-27 Ekim 2011 Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya. Ucar, A., Atamanalp, M. (2010) The Effects of Natural (Clove Oil) and Synthetical (2phenoxyethanol) Anesthesia Substances on Hematology Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario), Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9(14): 1925-1933. Whittington, M., Pereira, M. A. M., Gonçalves, M., and Costa, A.(2000) An Investigation of the Ornamental Fish Trade in Mozambique. URL http://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/1834/889/1/2000.11en.pdf Yıldırım, Y.B., Genc, E., Turan, F., Cek, S., Yanar, M.(2010) The Anaesthetic Effects of Quinaldine Sulphate, Muscle Relaxant Diazepam and Their Combination on Convict Cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Günther, 1867) Juvenies, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,9(3), 547-550. Sustainable Development in Aviation Industry and the case of Turkish Airlines Mustafa Kavacık1, Saadet Zafer2, Ali Yıldız3, Davut Karaman 1Akdeniz University Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey, 2Muğla University Dalaman Vocational School, Dalaman, Muğla, Turkey, 3Akdeniz University Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry Vocational School, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: mkavacik@akdeniz.edu.tr, saadetzafer@akdeniz.edu.tr, aliyildiz@mu.edu.tr,davutkaraman@akdeniz.edu.tr 157 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Abstract Within changing world, sustainable development globally has become an important strategic goal for all sectors. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. The significance level of these related goals and sources is very high. Threats and hazards such as limited resources around the globe, overly population increase, global warming, damaging of ozone layer, decreasing of live species and environmental pollution dramatically reveal the importance of sustainable development. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol which was signed in 1997 came into force in 2005. In this context, aviation industry is a good sample for sustainability. Fuels used in consist of non-renewable resources so contribute to climate change negatively. But, at the same time, that industry makes very valuable and unique contributions to the sustainable development aimed by global society. These contributions are realized social, economical and environmental dimensions. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. Economically, aviation industry encourages economic development by facilitating access of regional and global markets, involving with these markets and increasing market share. At the same time, aviation industry leading to the development of trade, travel and tourism sector provides improving of income distribution by creating employment around the globe. This industry pioneers to the electronic transportation. Highly savings got at ticketing and other documentation transactions by adopting to the electronic system. Decrease in the level of aircraft noise-footprint at a 20 db in recent years, an increase in fuel efficiency of 70 percent in last 40 years – today’s newest aircraft technology often matchs the energy consumption of modern cars and in some cases (depending on speed and distance)-, coming down Carbon emission ratios dramatically, alternative fuel systems as biofuels and less service required space area compared to other transportation types can be taken as outstanding environmental effects of this industry. Turkish Airlines (THY) showed an outstanding performance both economically and socially for the last years. Now, being a member of Star Alliance Group, it has a wide flight network around the globe with generated fleet. Furthermore, the company works to make contributions to the sustainable future. Keywords: Sustainable Development in Aviation İndustry; Sustainable Aviation; Carbon Emission; Turkish Airlines Case; 1. INTRODUCTION 158 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Today, world deals with not only the countries’ GDP values or other economic data’s but environmental issues and social benefits also. Climatic changes threat the future at a significant degree higher than ever. Nowadays, world consumes its resources rashly, but could future generations reach these resources easily is a problem the world faced. Similar issues appear to be problem the world faces in this century. Aviation industry plays essential role both in economic, social and environmental respect. As air transportation developed, trade volume will increase, good transportation volume will continue to be positive, cultures will socialize as a result of increased tourism traffic and time will be used more efficiently. By performing all of them, using resources less and effectively, being environmentally sensitive creates the critic points of this industry. To survive in this industry depends on “Sustainability” and companies should change and design strategies towards to the “green coloured” strategies. At this stage, instutions as IACO, IATA, UN, EU help companies by creating and regulating rules, standards and systems as KYOTO or European Union Emission Trading Scheme ETS. In this sense, this paper examines the importance of sustainable development for aviation industry. However, we examine Turkish Airlines as a case study in the context of how it has become an international effective player in recent years, strategic alliances that have made and contributions to the sustainability efforts. 2. Environmental Issues Associated with Aviation Civil aviation, like most other economic activities, gives rise to environmental problems of various kinds. In 1999, the ICAO (Interational Civil Aviation Organization) Secretariat compiled an inventory of environmental problems what may be associated with civil aviation, to assist the ICAO Council in identifying future priorities in the environmental. It was assumed that "the environment" means all those natural and man-made surroundings which may be adversely affected by the presence of civil aviation, but which are not directly involved in the aviation itself10. Issues include: 2.1. Aircraft noise Historically, noise has been the external impact of aviation with the highest profile. There have been substantial reductions in the noise generated by new aircraft and in the overall noise at many airports. However, at most airports, the frequency and total number of movements is expected to increase in the future. For some people near airports, aircraft noise is a significant nuisance affecting their quality of life. There is considerable variation in individual reactions. Aircraft noise can also have impacts on sleep.11 Significant progress has been achieved in reducing the noise impact around many airports, arising from reductions in both engine and airframe noise as well as improvements in 10 http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd9_bp9.pdf 11 http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviation/S ustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf 159 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo operational procedures. Today's aircraft are typically 75% quieter than jets in the 1960.12 Research initiatives target a further 50% reduction by 2020. The number of people exposed to aircraft noise worldwide has gone down – by about 35% between 1998 and 2004. IATA (The Air Transportation Association) has developed a policy on night flights. According to this policy, Night time operational restrictions are increasing, especially in Europe. At some airports, night flights are completely banned. These restrictions can have a serious impact on the economy, next-day delivery services, home-based charters, freight services and intercontinental flights. They can also increase daytime congestion.13 According to Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) data, The South African horn made infamous at 2010 World Cup, the vuvuzela, at blast is rated at 127 decibels. An A380 on the other hand takes off with a relative whisper at 82 db.14 This shows us the latest improvements in aircraft engine technologies. 2.2. Carbon Emissions & Fresh Air Air pollution arising from airline and airport operations has a variety of sources, including aircraft engines, apron vehicles, ground transportation, refueling and power generation equipment. These can pose a problem at a local scale, where increasingly stringent environmental quality standards are being imposed, and at a global level, where increasing concern is being expressed about the significance of the contribution of aircraft engine emissions to the problem of global warming.15 With regard to climate change, IPCC Report16 estimates that aircraft contribute about 3.5 per cent of the total radiative forcing by all human activities and that this proportion is likely to increase. The emissions from aircraft of relevance for climate change include carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides and soot. In the context of environment, technological advancements, operational measures, and air traffic management can all improve emissions and fuel efficiency. Acc. to IATA data, new aircrafts are 70% more fuel efficient than 40 years ago and 20% better than 10 years ago. Airlines are aiming for a further 25% fuel efficiency improvement by 2020. By 2050, net aviation carbon emission is aimed to be half of what it was in 2005. Modern aircraft achieve fuel efficiencies of 3.5 liters per 100 passenger km. The A380 and B787 are aiming for 3 liters per 100 passenger km – better than a compact car! Aircraft engine emissions are directly related to fuel burn. Each kilogram of fuel saved reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 3.16 kg. So the key for airlines to minimize their environmental impact is to use fuel more efficiently. IATA airlines improved their fuel efficiency by 3.1% in 2006 and 2007. IATA 12 http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviation/S ustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf 13 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 14 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 15 Upham P. Maughan J. Raper D. And Thomas C. (2003) Towards Sustainable Development , Earthscan Publications, 115 16 http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/index.php?idp=22 160 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo airlines have adopted a voluntary fuel efficiency goal. This is to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions (per revenue tonne kilometer) by at least 25% by 2020, compared to 2005 levels.17 ICAO projections states that the commercial aircraft fleet is expected to increase to about 47,500 by 2036, of which more than 44,000 (94 %) aircraft will be new generation technology.18 Acc. to ATAG, today, global aviation industry produces around 2 % of all human-induced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Aviation is responsible for 12 % of CO2 emissions from all transport sources, compared to 74 % from road transport. And around 80 % of aviation CO2 emissions are emitted from flights over 1,500 kilometers, for which there is no practical alternative mode of transport19. The Figure below indicates passenger air traffic fuel consumption per 100 km. It shows that fuel consumption will decrease in subsequent years due to increasing technology and new generated engines and aircrafts. Figure 1: Air Traffic fuel efficiency trend and today’s aircraft (source: ICCAIA)20 2.3. Alternative Fuels Because of both economic and environmental issues, aviation industry should seek ways for diversification of current fuels and should produce alternative fuels. The International Air Transportation Association (IATA) is dedicated to support its members and the industry to reduce the emission of CO2. Alternative fuels, particularly sustainable biofuels, have been identified as one of the key elements in helping achieve this goal. Biofuels derived from sustainable oil crops such as jatropha, camelina and algae or from wood and waste biomass can reduce the overall carbon footprint by around 80% over their full lifecycle. Biofuels test flights carried out by seven airlines have proven biofuels work and can be mixed with existing jet fuel. The industry is now working on finalizing technical certification so biofuels can be 17 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/fuel_efficiency.aspx 18 http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf 19 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 20 http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf 161 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo used for passenger flights.21 If the industry were to get 6 % of its fuel supply from alternative fuels by 2020, this would reduce current carbon footprint by 5 %.22 Objectives are as follows: building a long-term sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost competitive aviation industry. 3. Social and Economic Factors Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. However, developments at aircraft Technologies and at fuels affect the social life directly. People lives near airports expose high noise than to other people, so night sleep can be a torture for them. But recent developments decreased the noise problem at a significant level about 35 % between 1998 to 2004.23 And also, low carbon emission will affect social life in a positive manner too. There is a general acceptance that there is a positive, mutually supportive relationship between aviation and economy.24 Aviation supports some 56.6 million jobs around the world or it carries 35% of the world’s cargo by value. According to ATAG report 201025; Airlines transport over 2.6 billion passengers annually with revenue passenger kilometers (RPK) totaling nearly 5 trillion in 2010. The USA followed by China and then the UK were the top three countries in terms of RPK. Aviation is indispensable for tourism, which is a major engine of economic growth, particularly in developing economies. Globally, 51% of international tourists travel by air. Connectivity contributes to improved productivity by encouraging investment and innovation; improving business operations and efficiency; and allowing companies to attract high quality employees. Aviation’s global economic impact (direct, indirect, induced and tourism catalytic) is estimated at $2.2 trillion, equivalent to 3.5% of world gross domestic product (GDP). It provides 8.4 million direct jobs: airlines, air navigation service providers and airports directly employ 7.6 million people and the civil aerospace industry (manufacture of aircraft systems, frames and engines) employs 0.8 million people. There are 9.3 million indirect jobs generated through purchases of goods and services from companies in its supply chain. Industry employees support 4.4 million induced jobs through spending. Aviation-enabled tourism generates around 34.5 million jobs globally. The world’s airlines carry over 2.6 billion passengers a year and 48 million tonnes of freight in 2010. Providing these services generates 8.4 million direct jobs within the air transport 21 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/alternative-fuels.aspx 22 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 23 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 24 Upham P. Maughan J. Raper D. And Thomas C. (2003) Towards Sustainable Development , Earthscan Publications, 39 25 http://www.aviationbenefitsbeyondborders.org/download-abbb-report 162 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo industry and contributes $539 billion to global GDP. Compared with the GDP contribution of other sectors, the global air transport industry is larger than the pharmaceuticals ($445 billion), the textiles ($236 billion) or the automotive industries ($484 billion) and around half as big as the global chemicals ($977 billion) and food and beverage ($1,162 billion) sectors. In fact, if air transport were a country, its GDP would rank it 19th in the world, roughly equal to that of Switzerland or Poland. In 2030, forecasts suggest that there will be nearly 6 billion passengers and aviation will support nearly 82 million jobs and $6.9 trillion in economic activity. 4. Turkish Airlines Turkish Airlines Incorporation that was established in 1933 and named shortly THY was called The State Airlines Administration when first established. It has taken action as incorporation that it is called today. At first it started to fly by using 5 aircrafts. The first international voyage Atina was flown in 1947. Turkish Airlines offered about 50% of shares to the public in 2006 and they were traded at Istanbul Stock Exchange. In addition, it had 50% of partnership in Sun Express centered in Antalya by making an agreement with German airline Lufthansa in 1989 and invested in Sarajevo airline Bosnia and Herzegovina Airlines by purchasing 49% of shares. Company established AnadoluJet centered in Ankara to serve all people in Turkey in 2008. It joined oldest airlines alliance of world, Star Alliance, by making an agreement in Istanbul in 2008. On the other hand, Turkish Airlines was named Turkish Airlines Cargo has taken action its cargo service in 1936 and changed its name to TURKISH CARGO in 2000. Turkish Airlines that owned 6 cargo aircrafts had totally 179 aircrafts. Company grows by purchasing new aircrafts continuously and also develops its cargo services. At the end of 2011 it reached of totally 189 cities including 40 cities for domestic and 149 cities for international. Simultaneously it has 2 technical maintenance centers in Istanbul. Turkish Airlines Technical Incorporation that is one of these centers was established in Atatürk Airport in 2006 and has become an important technical maintenance point in air transportation. Other center, Aviation Maintenance Repair and Modification Center Incorporation (HABOM), was founded in Sabiha Gökçen Airport in 201126. After World War II with global economy, aviation industry also developed rapidly. With increasing population and income level, there were changes in travel expenditures and behaviours. As a results of these developments, new infrastructure, routes, airfares and offers was served up in aviation industry. The importance of social, economical and environmental purposes and preservation, improvement and balancement of resources were understood. For these purposes, Turkish Airlines shows improvements in terms of sustainable development that global community aims. When mentioned about sustainable development, firstly, development without effecting environment adversely might be mentioned. World is under threat of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and ozone. In this sense, Turkish Airlines tries to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide caused by aircrafts and other activities. Because of Fuel-Saving Project implemented in 2008, Turkish Airlines saved jet fuels about 78.371.439 $ and decreased carbon dioxide emission about 201.700 tons. 26 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/tarihce 163 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Aviation industry was joined to the Carbon Emission Trading System that was valid from 1 January 2012. In this context, Turkish Airlines has to comply with regulations of European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) as other airlines operating flights to Europe27. Temel Kotil, General Manager of Turkish Airlines, said that they were working with International Air Transport Association about fuel-saving. So, less fuel usage at flights, 30 million $ fuel-saving per year and significantly decreasing amount of carbon dioxide emission was aimed28. Activities about decreasing of damages to the environment and human health that derives from airport facilities were initiated by Directorate General of Civil Aviation. In 2010, for luggage transportation, vehicles with electricity started to be used instead of vehicles with fuel at airports with heavy traffic. If airport facilities met certain conditions in the context of this project, airports are taken to the category of “Green Airport” and facilities that met conditions provide discounts in the service recipe29. Aviation industry in Turkey has grown substantially for last decade. There were liberalization steps in the industry that was closed to the open competition and under the monopoly of Turkish Airlines until 200230. Between 2002-2010, average annual growth was 16% for air traffic and 25,5% for passenger traffic31. In 2009, while the aviation industry in the world downsized, Turkish Airlines continued to develop and increased by 11%. Turkish Airlines carried 10,4 million passengers in 2003, raised the number of passengers to 22,5 million in 2008, 25,1 million in 2009, 29,1 million in 2010 and 32,6 million in 201132. In 2011, among the member airlines of Association of European Airlines, it ranged fourth with 8,7% market share in terms of number of passengers and fifth with 7,3% market share in terms of seat kilometers offered. While total number of passengers of member airlines increased by 4,2%, Turkish Airlines raised by 15,6%. In addition, Turkish Airlines is market leader in air cargo transportation in Turkey. It increased its market share by 64% in 201133. Turkish Airlines implements efficiency-oriented employment program. Its total number of personnel was 10.239 people in 2003 and raised by 15.491 people in 2011. To become the best airline in the world, the best cabin crew is required as a return of differentiation in the service concept. From this point, Turkish Airlines applied “Service Quality and Increasing Passenger Satisfaction Programme” since August, 201034. 27 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 28 http://hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/15229951.asp 29 http://shgm.gov.tr/greenairport.pdf 30 http://invest.gov.tr/tr-TR/infocenter/publications/Documents/TURIZM.SEKTORU.pdf 31 http://shgm.gov.tr/doc4/2010fr.pdf 32 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/yolcu-sayisi 33 http://thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_aralik_2011.pdf 34 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/is-gucu 164 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Company also gives promotion tickets, companion tickets and opportunity to upgrade to the members with Miles&Smiles Programme. At the same time, call center which is one of the most important marketing and sales channel were included in the service as of 200935. Turkish Airlines achieved significant successes in context of brand invesments. Sponsorship of Euroleague, FC Barcelona and Manchester United has provided a great advantage in the European market. There were other sports sponsorships. On the other hand, Kevin Costner, Caroline Wozniacki, Kobe Bryant and Novak Djokovic were brand face of Turkish Airlines with the slogan of “Globally Yours” and company has increased brand awareness. In the sense of financial discipline, one of the most important keys of sustainable development, Turkish Airlines applies long-term value-based growth programme and effective cost management. Aviation Week Magazine, leading broadcasting organizations of aviation industry, identified Turkish Airlines as the best airline from the point of financial situation in 2010. It has given “The Best Airline of Europe”, “The Best Airline of South Europe” and “The Best Premium Economy Seat” by “Skytrax World Airline Awards” organization, known as the Oscars of aviation industry. Turkish Do&Co catering company, joint of Turkish Airlines, was awarded as the best of world with the catering service in economy class. Furthermore, it achieves “The Best Market Leader” of 2010 in the context of Air Transport World Airline Industry Achievement Awards, accepted one of the most prestigious awards of aviation industry36. Turkish Airlines also sustains activities about culture, art and social responsibility. It has supported Istanbul, 2010 European Capital of Culture, as “Capital Sponsorship”. According to the contract with Turkish Red Crescent, company contributes victims of natural catastrophes. Moreover, by planting 5.000 saplings it made up “THY Technical Commemorative Forest” in Kurtköy and Kemerburgaz37. 5.CONCLUSION This paper has attempted to show how sustainable development in aviation industry is important for global world. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient transport type. Industry meets the society’s air transport needs by establishing relationship with employees, local communities, customers and industry partners. A competitive and commercial viable aviation industry makes a positive contribution to the world economy. Aviation industry generates $2.2 trillion in 2010 and it equals to 3.5% per cent of global GDP. Around the world industry supports 56.6 million jobs. Emission is a huge problem standing that the future generations will face tragically. New aircrafts are 70 % more fuel efficient than 40 years ago and 20 % better than 10 years ago. In 2050, industry aims to decrease carbon emission to be half of what it was 2005. The importance of social, economical and environmental purposes and preservation, improvement and balancement of resources were understood. For these purposes, Turkish 35 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 36 http://thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_aralik_2011.pdf 37 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 165 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Airlines shows improvements in terms of sustainable development that global community aims. With its new generation aircrafts, Turkish Airlines tries to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide caused by aircrafts and other activities and fuel consumption. Hence, it has taken important steps about the sustainability by being a member of European Emission Trading Scheme. In the sense of financial discipline, one of the most important keys of sustainable development, Turkish Airlines has got remarkable performance by performing the economic aspects of sustainable development. Company has to fulfil conditions what the sustainability requires so it may survive in the market and become number one in avaition industry around the world. REFERENCES ATAG, Aviation Benefits Beyond Borders, Last Accessed on 04 21, 2012, from http://www.aviationbenefitsbeyondborders.org/download-abbb-report ATAG, Facts And Figures, Last Accessed on 04 22, 2012, from http://www.atag.org/factsand-figures.html Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Green Airport Project, Last Accessed on 4 28, 2012, from www.shgm.gov.tr/greenairport.pdf. 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ICAO, Environmental Report, 2010, Last Accessed on 04 21, 2012, from http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf IATA, Aircraft Noise, Last Accessed on 04 21, http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 2012, from IATA, Fuel Efficiency, Last Accessed on 04 20, http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/fuel_efficiency.aspx 2012, from IATA, Alternative Fuels, Last Accessed on 04 20, http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/alternative-fuels.aspx 2012, from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, 1999 at ICAO’s request by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Last Accessed on 04 21, 2012, from http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/index.php?idp=22 Republic of Turkey Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communication Directorate General of Civil Aviation, 2010 Annual Activity Report, Last Accessed on 4 24, 2012, http://web.shgm.gov.tr/doc4/2010fr.pdf. Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Investment Support and Promotion Agency, (Ocak, 2010) Turkey’s Tourism Industry Report, Last Accessed on 4 25, 2012, from http://www.invest.gov.tr/tr-TR/infocenter/publications/Documents/TURIZM.SEKTORU.pdf. Turkey, Last Accessed on http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/15229951.asp Turkey, Last Accessed tr/kurumsal/tarihce on 4 20, 2012, 4 from 29, 2012, http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr- Turkish Airlines, Carbon Emission, Last Accessed on 4 27, 2012, http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/duyurular/2967/karbon-emisyonu.aspx. 166 from from �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Turkish Airlines, Labor, Last Accessed on 4 30, http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/is-gucu. 2012, from Turkish Airlines, Turkish Airlines’ 2010 Annual Report, Last Accessed on 4 27, 2012, from www.turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf Turkish Airlines, The Activity Report of The Board of Directors For the Period 1 January to 31 December 2011, Last Accessed on 4 28, 2012, from http://wwwdownload.thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_ar alik_2011.pdf. Turkish Airlines, The Number of Passengers, Last Accessed on 4 28, 2012, from http://www.turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/yolcu-sayisi. UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, Sustainable Aviation, Last Accessed on 04 20, 2012, from http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviat ion/Sustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf UN Development of Economic and Social Affairs, Aviation and Sustainable Development, Last Accessed on 04 25, 2012, from http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd9_bp9.pdf Upham, P., Maughan, J., Raper, D. And Thomas, C., (2003). Towards Sustainable Development, Earthscan Publications, 39, 115. Forecasting Carbon Emission For Turkey: Time Series Analysis Mehmet Mercan1, Etem Karakaya2 1Hakkari University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science 2Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science E-mail: mmercan48@gmail.com; mehmetmercan@hakkari.edu.tr, ekarakaya@gmail.com Abstract Within the context of sustainable development objectives, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that cause climate change was first discussed and officially negotiated at the 1992 Rio Conference, which particularly emphasised developed countries to take serious measures. Then, it was followed by the Kyoto Protocol, which specified national ghg emission reduction targets for developed countries. With Kyoto Protocol, it was decided for these countries to reduce global emissions by 5% below 1990 levels compared to 2008-2012 emission levels. Turkey became a party to the Kyoto Protocol in 2009, yet due to their special circumstances they did not take any emission reduction commitments.. Negotiations on Post-2012 emission reduction obligations are still in progress under the UNFCCC umbrella and it is expected to have emission reduction targets not only by developed countries but also by developing ones. In this regard, it is important for Turkey to estimate its future ghg emissions, if they have to take a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) for their strategy. There are various ghg emission estimations for 2020 and the results indicate different emission levels. 167 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1240 Title A name given to the resource Usage Of Clove Oil In Aquarium Fish (Pangasius Pangasius Hamilton, 1822) Author Author Müge , Aliye Hekimoğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. The aquarium fish occupies an important place in hobby industry. When to increase the profit margin in trading, despite of filling a small amount of oxygen and water into plastic packages, they put into a large number of aquarium fish were identified from wholesalers. This leads to stress on the fish. The quality of water inside the package deteriorates for reasons such as rapid breathing and metabolic intensity. During transport or after, this situation can lead a portion of fish to death. This is resulted being pecuniary and interest loss from this hobby. Anesthetic agent is added to prevent this situation from carrying packages. Most of these chemicals are not organic. Clove oil, containing the active ingredient eugenol, has been determined to be an inexpensive and effective fish anaesthetic. It is known to be used safely in aquaculture. In Aquaculture practical studies have been used such as tags, transportation, shipping, vaccine etc. It is known that Clove oil is not harm to the environment. For the users it is in a safe substance. This study is determining the lowest dose of clove oil of transport or handling of some aquarium fishes for reduces their stress. Keywords: clove oil, eugenol, anaesthesia, sedative, aquarium fish, ornamental fish Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/289eecb8932df0e3cf34439af002651a.pdf 19ae5c91e223a240f0d4292d91efcc47 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo World bank database 2012 Economic Growth And Financial Indicators Connection Mustafa Öztürk, Osman Kadi, Filiz Kadi Fatih Üniversitesi, Fatih Üniversitesi 34500 Büyükçekmece/İstanbul E-mails: mozturk@fatih.edu.tr,oskadi@fatih.edu.tr,fkadi@fatih.edu.tr Abstract Real macro economic factors have always been accepted as main determinants of nations’ economies’. However, the development of financial markets and the rise of financial activities in globalizing world economies have led financial actors to affect nations’ economies’ more and more everyday. With the rise of liberalization process after 1980, the influences of financial developments rised in Turkey, too. In today’s world, the effects of financial factors on Turkish economy is more evident than any time. In this study, with the aim of detecting the effects of financial factors on Turkish economy, the relations between financial data as Exchange rates, interest rates and IMKB 100 index and economic growth has been analysed. Keywords: financial data, exchange rates, interest rates, economic growth, Vector Auto Regression Model (V.A.R). 1.INTRODUCTION The relation between financial developments and economic growth has been frequently debated subject lately. These debates mostly focus on the case that financial developments affect economic growth or economic growth affects financial developments. In today’s economies in which financial markets gradually enlarge and financial instruments gradually increase, it is observed that financial improvements influence economic growth. Assets’ prices are formed and change under the influence of financial developments; financial developments determine consumption and investment expenses in a significant amount. In this study, financial macroeconomic data and economic growth relation has been analysed by dividing the onservations between 1998-2010 into quarters. After a literature review of the subject, causality relation between financial data and economic growth has been analysed by granger causality test. After that, vector auto regression (VAR) model has been applied. Lastly, effect-reaction functions have been deducted by the help of correctness tests. 422 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2. Empirical Studies Harvey (1998) studied the relation between interest rates and maturity form and consumption expense. Estrella ve Hardouvelis (1991) analysed the one between bond yields and growth. Cozier ve Tkacz studied the amount of impact that interest rates in Canada have on GSYİH. Mishkin (1995) and Bernanke and Gertler (1995) asserted that the causality from interest rates to real production is dubious. Kamin and Rogers (2000) studied the relation between national income and exchange rate. Çetintaş and Barışık (2003) analysed the relation between banks, capital market and economic growth. 3. Data Set and Method In today’s Turkey which has adopted liberal politics, it has occurred as a subject of debate that the nation has left open to foreign shocks after the elimination of restraints beyond foreign capital. Besides, it is asserted that a nation having savings gap needs foreign capital for financing its expenses, mainly investment expenses and otherwise a crisis may occur. With this aim, the years between 1998 and 2009 have been analysed in three-month segments and macro economic data has been analysed with capital movements towards Turkey. After detecting the crisis level that is caused by corruption of macro data, whether capital movements are influential on these corruptions or not and which macro economic data at which amount is influenced by capital movements have been searched for. Analyses eviews 5.0 packet programmes and VAR model were used for that. Table. 3. 1 Macro Economic Variables Used in the Model Variables Code of Variable Type Definition Growth Rate (GSYİH) GROWTH1 Endogenous Seasonal Adjusted Stagnant Real Foreign Exchange Rate EXCHANGELOG1 Endogenous Seasonal Adjusted Stagnant Foreign Exchange Interest INTEREST1 Endogenous No seasonal impact observed Deposit Banks Loans LOANSA1 Endogenous Seasonal Adjusted Stagnant IMKB 100 Index IMKBLOG1SA Endogenous Seasonal Adjusted Stagnant The series in the model have been selected as quarter periods from TCMB electronic data distribution (EVDS) and they include the periods between the first quarter of 1998(1998Q11) and the fourth quarter of 2009(2009Q4). All series that are subject to analyse have been composed of precise periodic values. Numerical values that the the series are composed of have been added to calculation as TL. In the first step, it was analysed if the series contains unit root or not by the help of Augmented Dickey Fuller and Dickey Puntola tests. The unit roots ones are bowdlerized of root. After that, by rate to moving average method it was deseasonelized. In the third phase, optimal delay values for the model have been determined with information criteria. In the fourth step, relations between series and their directions were detected by Granger causality test. In the fifth phase, VAR (Vector Auto Regressive) model was formed for the forecast of 423 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo relations of foreign capital flow and reel macro economic data. In the sixth phase, relations between variables were analysed by establishing cause and effect functions. 4. Model Determination and Analyses 4.1. VAR (Vector Auto Regressive) Model Description and analyses of engagements between macro economical variables, forecasting the future is significant. However, engagements are mostly mixed and multi dimensional. The direction of the relation between variables, detection of dependent and independent variables may be difficult. For this reason, simultaneous equation systems are required. VAR Model (Vector Auto Regressive) is a model in which many variables are included in the analyses with their past values and each equation is settled out by the method of least-square method (Gujarati 2009:747). They have been developed for analyses of simultaneous equation system. In this type of models, there are no boundries of in-out division. This model puts all variables under operation at the same time and analyses in integrity. Variables can be used even if they are not stabile at the same level. It is a cause of choice in time series analyses for the reason that there are no restraints and it allows analyses of dynamic relations. The fact that delayed values of dependant variables are included in the model paves the way to strong anticipations of the future. With two variables, VAR Model can be formulated as this: p p i 1 i 1 p p i 1 i 1 yt  a1   b1i yt 1   b2i xt 1   1t xt  c1   d1i yt 1   d 2i xt 1   1t In the model, a1 is constant term, p is delay length, v is error term. In VAR model the average of error terms is zero. Kovarians with delayed values is zero. Variances are constant. They are in normal distribution and rassal quality. It is assumed that there is no relation between errors and their delayed values but this doesn’t mean a restraint to the model. Otocorelation problem may be eliminated by increasing delay length of variables. However, in the condition of errors’ being in relation to each other (the correlation between them is different from zero), change in one of the errors affects the other in a certain amount of time. There is no relation between error terms and variables on the right of the model. On the right handside of the model, there are delayed values of inner varibles and there isn’t the problem of simultaneouty. This allows the equations in the model to be settled out with least squares method. 4.2. Stagnancy Stagnancy is a variable’s avarage, variance and otocovariance’s being stable in time.  E (Yt )  E (Yt )    Var ( yt )  E ( yt   ) 2   2   k  E[ yt   )( yt k )   )] 424 Average Variance Covariance �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Serie’s stagnancy is important in time series which follows a stocastic period. In stagnant series, possible shocks will be temporary. The impact of shock will decrease gradually and serie will be back to long term avarage level. In instagnant series, there will be no long term avarage that the serie can go back after the shock. Series’ stagnancy is determined by unit root test. Expanded Dickey Fuller (ADF) tests are used for this. X t  a  X t 1   i 1 X t i  et (1) X t  a  bt  X t 1   i 1 X t i  et (2) m m Equations numbered (1) and (2) are the regression equations which are used for Dickey Fuller test. Number (1) is an equation with a steadiness but without a trend, and number (2) is an equation with both a steadiness and a trend. In number (1) equation H0: α =0 hypothesis and in number (2) equation H0: b =0 hypothesis is tested for unit root test. If H0 is rejected, Xt serie is stagnant, if not rejected it is not stagnant. Acoording to the results of ADF unit root test, series are analysed to see if they have unit root on peg and this is done looking at %1, %5 and %10 significance levels. Once the unit root is found, difference is taken and evaluated out of the unit root (Bozkurt 2007:27–45). Dickey Fuller Test was tested on %5 significance level with variables subjected to analysis. While the test was being carried out, it was tested automatically using Schwarz Info Criterion option since it was unknown if the error term was with autocorrelation. First differences of not-stationary ones were differed from the unit root by taking I(1). Table. 5.2. Steady State of Variables Code of variable Without trend With trend τ %1 %5 %10 τ %1 %5 %10 Growth rate (GSYİH) -5,78 -3,59 -2,93 -2,60 -5,48 -4,2 -3,53 -3,20 Real Foreign Exchange Rate -7,85 -3,58 -2,93 -2,60 -7,77 -4,17 -3,51 -3,19 Foreign Exchange Interest -4,59 -3,58 -2,93 -2,60 -4,54 -4,18 -3,52 -3,19 Deposit Banks Loans -1,49 -3,61 -2,49 -2,60 4,17 -3,51 -3,19 IMKB 100 Index -5,07 -3,58 -2,93 -2,60 -4,17 -3,51 -3,19 -6,63 -5,03 Number 1 in codes of variable shows that the first level difference of that serie is taken. * symbolizes level of the serie as %1 and ** as %5 4.3. Delay Level for VAR Analysis Delay lengths for VAR analysis were specified being dependent on LR, FPE, AIC, HQ, SC criteria in table 6.31 and via autocorrelation LM, heteroscedasticity White and normal distribution Jargue-Bera tests. The smallest delay level, where there is no autocorrelation (as 425 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo LM probability values more than 0,05), no heteroscedasticity (as White test Joint probability value more than 0,05) and there is normal distribution (as normality probability values more than 0,05), is 2 according to LR critical value. Table. 5.3. Capital Movements and Delay Length for Real Data VAR Lag Order Selection Criteria Endogenous variables: GROWTH1 EXCHANGELOG1 INTEREST1 LOANSA1 IMKBLOG1SA Exogenous variables: C Date: 05/23/12 Time: 22:58 Sample: 1998Q1 2009Q4 Included observations: 40 Lag LogL LR FPE AIC SC HQ 0 320.4919 NA 9.70e-14 -15.77460 -15.56349* -15.69827 1 363.3976 72.93965* 4.01e-14* -16.66988* -15.40322 -16.21190* 2 383.6763 29.40417 5.40e-14 -16.43382 -14.11161 -15.59418 3 411.3330 33.18796 5.57e-14 -16.56665 -13.18889 -15.34536 * indicates lag order selected by the criterion LR: sequential modified LR test statistic (each test at 5% level) FPE: Final prediction error AIC: Akaike information criterion SC: Schwarz information criterion HQ: Hannan-Quinn information criterion 4.4. Causation Analysis While the relations between variables are studied, two things are aimed at: one is whether there is a connection between variables and if yes, in which direction; two is on which length of delay the connection might be taking place. Granger (1969) causation test is a test done for this purpose. n n i 1 i 1 y t  a 0    i x t i   a i y t i  u i 426 (3) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo n n i 1 i 1 xt   0   a i y t i    i xt i  u i (4) Through the causation test symbolised with the equations numbered (3) and (4), how the variables x and y affect each other is found. With the components of x added to the model, it gets clearer if x causes changes on the future values of variabley. The same is applied for y with a parallel reason. It is necessary that the variables x and y are stagnant or to be made stagnant to conduct the Granger causation test. If the variables are not stagnant, a false causation will be observed. The causation which appears as a result of fake regression is a sign of simultaneous correlation. Granger Causation Test was conducted for the reasons such as testing the correlation between capital movements and real data, and identifying which variables affected each other in what direction. Table. 4.2. Economic Growth and Causation Test for Financial Indicators Pairwise Granger Causality Tests Date: 05/23/12 Time: 23:00 Sample: 1998Q1 2009Q4 Lags: 1 Null Hypothesis: Obs F-Statistic Probability 42 7.90027 0.00769 GROWTH1 does not Granger Cause EXCHANGELOG1 0.17014 0.68225 INTEREST1 does not Granger Cause GROWTH1 4.54812 0.03931 4.85088 0.03361 5.06493 0.03013 1.65679 0.20562 12.5469 0.00105 0.49030 0.48795 46 8.32617 0.00609 EXCHANGELOG1 does not Granger Cause INTEREST1 6.53786 0.01417 EXCHANGELOG1 does not Granger Cause GROWTH1 42 GROWTH1 does not Granger Cause INTEREST1 LOANSA1 does not Granger Cause GROWTH1 42 GROWTH1 does not Granger Cause LOANSA1 IMKBLOG1SA does not Granger Cause GROWTH1 42 GROWTH1 does not Granger Cause IMKBLOG1SA INTEREST1 does not Granger Cause EXCHANGELOG1 427 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo LOANSA1 does not Granger Cause EXCHANGELOG1 46 EXCHANGELOG1 does not Granger Cause LOANSA1 IMKBLOG1SA does not Granger Cause EXCHANGELOG1 46 EXCHANGELOG1 does not Granger Cause IMKBLOG1SA LOANSA1 does not Granger Cause INTEREST1 46 INTEREST1 does not Granger Cause LOANSA1 IMKBLOG1SA does not Granger Cause INTEREST1 46 INTEREST1 does not Granger Cause IMKBLOG1SA IMKBLOG1SA does not Granger Cause LOANSA1 LOANSA1 does not Granger Cause IMKBLOG1SA 46 0.25459 0.61644 5.22721 0.02722 0.27700 0.60138 1.60341 0.21224 1.15539 0.28842 7.51754 0.00887 0.43663 0.51228 0.09848 0.75518 0.79231 0.37835 1.39905 0.24338 Portfolio investments, which constitute one part of capital movements, have a one-way influnce on the followings; other investments, export/import ratio and capacity utilization rate. Other investments also have a one-way influence on economic growth. Furthermore, export/import ratio, capacity utilization rate, industrial production index and unemployment rate unilaterally affect other investments. Foreign investments unilaterally affect industrial production index. 4.5. Rating of Variables Rating the variables used in VAR method is applied for impulse-response functions which are used to specify the reactions of the variables to shocks. Rating should be from exogenous to endogenous. Assigning the correlation between exogenous and endogenous is done in connection with the reactions that variables give to temporary shocks. Whereas the most exogenous doesn’t react against the shocks stemmimg from other variables, the most endogenous reacts against shocks both from others and the ones coming from itself. Rating the variables is mostly decided through Granger Causation Analysis (Çiçek 2005:82–105). In Cholesky decomposition, impulse-response functions may change when the variables are rated differently (Güloğlu 2010:3). A correct rating must take place if the aim is a successful analysis of the reactions of variables to shocks. In this study, variables are rated from exogenous to endogenous using Granger Causation Test. 428 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Rating of real variables is as follows; direct investments, industrial production index, rate of capacity utilisation, growth, export/import ratio, unemployment rate ve other investments. Rating of variables is as follows; real exchange rate, foreign currency interest rate, 100 IMKB indexes. 4.6. Impulse-Response Functions Impulse-Response functions show how effective a standard deviation shock seen in one of the random error terms of VAR model findings might be both in the present and future values of endogenous variables. This decides whether the most effective variable could be used as a political tool or not. Cholesky decomposition is one of the common methods used in defining impulse-response coefficients, verticalising errors and diagonalising the acquired variancecovariance matrix. Moving average method is one of the useful ways to analyse the mutual interactions between xt and yt series. i coefficients are used to generalize the impacts of shocks in xt and yt on the series of xt and yt. Four elements of jk (0) matris are influence values.    xt   xt   11(i) 12 (i )          yt   y  i  0 21(i) 22 (i)    xt  i     yt  i  For instance, 12 (0) shows the impact of a unit shock in yt on xt serie. Again, it shows, respectively of 11 (1) ve 12 (1), the impact of a unit shock in xt-1 ve yt-1 on xt serie (Bozkurt 2007:94-98). Cumulative actions of xt and/or yt term are acquired through impulse-response functions’ sum of coefficients that their indexes match. For instance, it should be known that the item 12 (n) is the result of the impact of yt variation on xt+n after an n term. Therefore, the total n 12 (i) of cumulative actions of the term yt on xt serie after an n term is i  0 . Long term influence value is acquired when n stretches into infinity. Since the series xt and yt are n  i 0 2 jk (i ) accepted static, the sum of for all j ank k conditions is finite. Impulse-response function is the name given to 11 (i), 12 (i), 21 (i) and 22 (i) coefficients. (Bilgili vd. 2007:142-143). Whether capital movements have an impact on financial data was analysed through causation test in previous part. In this section, on the other hand, disposability of capital movements as a political tool was tried to test using the impulse-response analysis. Vector Moving Average (VMA) display format was used in order to show the possible reactions of real data to a standard deviation shock which may take place in capital movements through impulse-response analysis. Results were shown in figures 6.23, 6.24 and 6.25. In the graphics of impulse-response analysis, centerline shows point estimates and bottom and over lines show confidence interval of a standard error. 429 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 4.1. Impulse-Response Function Response to Cholesky One S.D. Innovations ± 2 S.E. Response of GROWTH1 to EXCHANGELOG1 Response of GROWTH1 to INTEREST1 .03 .03 .02 .02 .01 .01 .00 .00 -.01 -.01 -.02 -.02 -.03 -.03 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Response of GROWTH1 to LOANSA1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Response of GROWTH1 to IMKBLOG1SA .03 .03 .02 .02 .01 .01 .00 .00 -.01 -.01 -.02 -.02 -.03 -.03 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 In figure 4.1, reaction shown by economic growth to a shock of standard deviation in real dutch disease, foreign currency interest and IMKB 100 indexes is shown. Reactions given could be outlined as follows; Real dutch diseases positively affected the economic growth until the end of the second term. However, after the second term it couldn’t put a recognizable impact. Foreign currency interest rate negatively affected the economic growth until the third term. No significant connection between deposit bank loan and growth rate could be identified. The impact of IMKB 100 index on economic growth was positive until the end of the second term. However, after the third term this influnce disappeared. 430 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.7. Stagnancy Test of VAR Model Stagnancy should be tested after the model is set up. Stagnancy of the model depends on eigenvalues of coefficient matrix. System gets stagnant once all eigenvalues of coefficient matrix exist within unit circle. When the eigenvalues of coefficient matrix exist outside the unit circle, then the system is not stagnant. This means that it is because of the facts that since all the eigenvalues of coefficient matrix are in the circle unit that the model is stagnant. Figure 4.2 Stagnancy Test for VAR Model Inverse Roots of AR Characteristic Polynomial 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 4.8. Autocorrelation Test of VAR Model In order to testify whether VAR model involved a problem in structural meaning, Autocorrelation Test – LM was conducted. The test, which was applied to specify whether the error terms found in VAR model were connected, reveals that there is no autocorrelation for 12 lags. Table. 4.3. Capital Movements and Autocorrelation-Lm Test for Real Data VAR Residual Serial Correlation LM Tests H0: no serial correlation at lag order h Date: 05/23/12 Time: 23:03 Sample: 1998Q1 2009Q4 Included observations: 42 Lags LM-Stat Prob 1 33.16078 0.1271 2 17.08283 0.8788 431 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3 18.71859 0.8104 4 31.84992 0.1624 5 23.28707 0.5608 6 25.88333 0.4138 7 25.45298 0.4372 8 15.74284 0.9223 9 30.50397 0.2060 10 23.30021 0.5600 11 31.83537 0.1628 12 25.43800 0.4381 Probs from chi-square with 25 df. 4.9. Heteroscedasticity Test Chi-Square value shows there is no heteroscedasticity problem in the model predicted. In other words, it reveals the fact that error term variance is the same for all observations. It can be seen that there is no heteroscedasticity according to the results of white heteroscedasticity test. Table. 4.4. Capital Movements and White Test for Real Data Joint test: Chi-sq df Prob. 160.3245 150 0.2672 4.10. Stability Tests Conducting CUSUM and CUSUM squere tests, it was attempted to study whether there was a structural break in the model and no break was identified. 432 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 4.2 Stability Tests 20 1.6 15 1.2 10 5 0.8 0 0.4 -5 -10 0.0 -15 -20 -0.4 00 01 02 03 04 CUSUM of Squares 05 06 07 5% Significance 08 00 01 02 03 CUSUM 04 05 06 07 08 5% Significance 5.CONCLUSION Economical activities in modern-day economies are under the influence of both real and financial data. In this analysis, it is observed that interest rates, exchange rates and stock market data influence economic growth. In a condition where bank loans are quite efficent in economical activities, changes in interest rates will influnce those activities. Real economical activities are really rapid in economies which are integrated into international system. Exchange rates, on the oher hand, have a decisive impact in this situation. Just as securities exchanges are affected by economic developments, economic life is also affected by the developments taking place in stock market. Economies which plan to achieve a steady and constant growth should also realize healthy and sustainable finacial data besides their real macro economic data. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bernanke, Ben S., ve Mark Gertler. (1995). “Inside the Black Box: The Credit Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cilt.9, No.4. s. 27-48 Bozkurt, H. (2007). Zaman Serileri Analizi, İstanbul: Ekin Kitabevi Cozier, B. ve Tkacz, G., (1994), “The Term Structure and Real Activity”. Working Paper 94103, Bank of Canada. Çetintaş, H. Barışık, S. Türkiye’de Bankalar, Sermaye Piyasası ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Koentegrasyon ve Nedensellik Analizi (1989-2000), İMKB Dergisi Cilt 7 Sayı 25-26 http://www.imkb.gov.tr/Libraries/imkbdergi/IMKB_Dergisi_Turkce25_26.sflb.ashx Çiçek, M. (2005). “Türkiye’de Parasal Aktarım Mekanizması: VAR (Vektör Otoregresyon) Yaklaşımıyla Bir Analiz”. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, Sayı. 233. 433 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gujarati D. N. (2009). Temel Ekonometri, İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık. David K. Backus. Kehoe, Patrick J. Kydland, Finn E (1992). International Real Business Cycles, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 4. s. 745-775, http://www.fperri.net/TEACHING/macrotheory08/bkk.pdf (16.05.2010) Estrella, A., ve Hardouvelis, G. A., (1991), “The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity”, Journal of Finance, 46, 555–576. Güloğlu, B. Vektör Otoregresif Modellerin Etki Tepki Fonksiyonlarının Güven Aralıklarının Güvenirliliği, http://www.ekonometridernegi.org/bildiriler/o15s1.pdf s.3 (18.08.2010) Harvey, C. R., (1988), “The Real Term Structure and Consumption Growth”, Journal of Financial Economics, 22, 305–333. Kamin S., Rogers J., 2000, The Asymmetric Effexts of Exchange Rate Fluctutations: Theory and Evidence From Developing Countries, IMF Working Paper, WP/00/184 Mishkin, Frederic S. (1995). “Symposium on the Monetary Transmission Mechanism”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cilt. 9, No. 4, s. 3-10. Yentürk, N. (1997). “Finansal Serbestlik ve Makroekonomik Dengeler Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Cilt 8, Sayı 27, , s.139–141 http://yaklasim.iibf.gazi.edu.tr/ciltler/8/27/8.pdf Analysis of Turkey’s Sustainable Development Performance at Last Decade by Applying Green Economy Indicators Yusuf Akan, İlyas Okumuş University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey E-mails:iokumus@gantep.edu.tr, yusufakan@gantep.edu.tr Abstract In recent years, sustainable development has become a worldwide discourse, driven by international treaties global environmental organizations and bodies such as European Union, OECD. Sustainable development is a concept to be analyzed aspects of economic, social, environmental and institutional. With the advents of sustainable development, green economic development has become one of the most important economic issues. Countries which target economic, social and institutional development should not neglect environmental development. Development of green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. Developing countries neglect the protection of the natural environment in the process of rapid industrialization. As a result of this situation, natural resources rapidly run out and environmental quality begins to deteriorate. These negative results return a significant cost to society. In this study, Turkey economy which has averagely 5.5% economic growth in the last 10 years will be analyzed in terms of green economy indicators. Turkey is a highly suitable ecological condition for crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry activities because of its geographical position. The basic components of ecological conditions are climate, highly variable the shape of the earth, 434 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1350 Title A name given to the resource Economic Growth And Financial Indicators Connection Author Author Mustafa , Öztürk Abstract A summary of the resource. Real macro economic factors have always been accepted as main determinants of nations’ economies’. However, the development of financial markets and the rise of financial activities in globalizing world economies have led financial actors to affect nations’ economies’ more and more everyday. With the rise of liberalization process after 1980, the influences of financial developments rised in Turkey, too. In today’s world, the effects of financial factors on Turkish economy is more evident than any time. In this study, with the aim of detecting the effects of financial factors on Turkish economy, the relations between financial data as Exchange rates, interest rates and IMKB 100 index and economic growth has been analysed. Keywords: financial data, exchange rates, interest rates, economic growth, Vector Auto Regression Model (V.A.R). Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5568abb3ad1a146bc3c723f47134f4ba.pdf a75833d633ecec0f59551d1643490c6f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo An Evaluation Of Regional Development Agencies’ Roles In Regard To Social Sustainability: A Disscussion Of Turkish Development Agencies’ Experience Mustafa Ökmen1, Buğra Özer1, Vedat Bal2 1Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of 2Celal Bayar University, School of Applied Sciences, Department of International Trade, , Manisa, Turkey Abstract This study focuses on the nexus between social sustainability and regional and local development. In handling the issue in question, the work proposes to focus on the role played by regional development agencies in facilitating social sustainability. The study will facilitate the discussion by reviewing the Turkish experience in regional development by reviewing Turkish regional development agencies’ legacy that came on the Turkish regional development discussions in the mid of the very first decade of 2000s. The attempt will be to demonstrate that Turkish RDAs cannot handle mechanisms to deal with problems that appear at social and environmental levels of the notion of social sustainable development. 1. INTRODUCTION This study shall dwell on the nexus between social sustainability and regional and local development. In dealing with the issue in question, the work proposes to focus on the role played by regional development agencies in facilitating social sustainability. The study will facilitate the discussion by reviewing the Turkish experience in regional development by reviewing Turkish regional development agencies’ legacy that came on the Turkish regional development discussions in the mid of the very first decade of 2000s. Given the prospect of full membership of Turkey to the European Union and related never ending accession talks and negotiations with the Union(Öniş, 2000, Öniş 2003), regional development agencies assumed to bring a wide array of remedies to the ongoing important problems in regard to the regional economic and social disparities embedded in the Turkish politico-economic setting (Reeves,2005). In such respect, the scale of regional disparities between the different parts of Turkey has posed itself as a significant problematization in a wider dimension than that of the scale of regional disparities in the EU (Sungar,2005). Given the challenge, regional development agencies have been primary actors to deal with the disparities mostly emerging in economic dimension while Turkey in terms of geographical size encompasses an area bigger than that of Germany, Italy and Portugal combined, with an approximating population of seventy-five million (LoewendahlErtugal,2005). Despite the fact that most regional development related institutions and programs came to be inextricably linked to the economic development disparities first and foremost, not adequate attention has been paid to the social sustainability dimension of problems (Gibbs,2010). In this respect, the proposed study will problematize respectively: 111 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo On theoretical terms the link between regional development and the notion of social sustainability how the economic, social and economic dimensions of economic development may be integrated in a single approach of regional development. What the Turkish regional development agencies’ experiences have been on the way to create a national regional development policy while maintaining ties to the EU accession talks, thereby setting linkages to the Union’s regional development policies. How the Turkish Regional development agencies have devised mechanisms to integrate social sustainability schemes to the regional development policies. Following the juxtaposition of research problematizations, the intended study aims to fill in some gaps. Although there exists a bulk of literature on regional and local development in the context of the EU; the lack of research on the link of regional development agencies to social sustainability schemes in the case of Turkey is striking. In such regard, one other effort of the paper is to contribute towards filling the gap in research literature on regional development in relation to social sustainability in Turkey. 2. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES (RDAs) AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT NOTIONS IN GENERAL PESPECTIVE 2.1.Rationales for RDAs and Regional Policies In an era of major restructuring and retrenchment of government internationally, RDAs assume to play essentially important roles in facilitating and promoting economic development (Halkier and Danson, 1997). As understood from the dimension, the economic role of RDAs has been the pillar characteristic of the raison d’être of the organizations (Danson et al., 2005, Pike et al., 2006). A standard academic definition shall also interlink the role of RDAs to the notion of public policy by stating that RDA is “a regionally based, publicly financed institution outside the mainstream of central and local government administration designed to promote indigenous economic development through an integrated use of predominantly ‘soft’ policy instruments.” (Halkier and Danson, 1997). Then the basic components of such definition will emphasize the semiautonomous characteristic of RDAs functioning in a multifunctional and integrated manner. (Halkier, 2011, Halkier etal 1998) Accordingly, RDAs are given the task of supporting economic development through soft policy means. The soft policy means may stand on a wide array of alternatives ranging from the provision of advice to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to inducing networking and learning(Halkier et al., 1998) Lagendijk etal emphasize that such a softpolicy-means perspective implies a strategic point view that RDAs shall “bridge the gap between regional economic policy and other fields of policy that impact upon regional development, building on their capacity to collectivize local interests” (Lagendijk,2009). The importance of RDAs comes from three factors. First and foremost, RDAs develop a platform for public policy that will have proximate links to the private enterprise along with a sound distance that will avoid the abuse that might possibly come from the individual enterprises and local political interests (Benneworth,2001). Secondly, RDAs are alternative bureaucratic bodies more closely related to private enterprises in terms of facilitation of 112 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo regional development, offering a shelter from day to day political pressures and providing a more strategic approach to the issue of regional development in the long run. These two factors bring forth a third repercussion that RDAs become more suitable actors involved in regional policy under the EU Jurisdiction, namely, European Structural Funds. As Halkier notes, “and as the importance of the European level in regional development has increased significantly since the late 1980s, the growing role of RDAs in and beyond the current borders of the EU undoubtedly owes a lot to the adoption of a long-term programming approach within the Structural Funds.” (Halkier, 2011) In terms of regional policy paradigms, the pre-1990s regional policies were designed in a topdown style, that is to say , the basic rationale of regional policy was to “to promote equality between regions by redistributing economic activity to problem areas by means of a system of ‘carrots’ and ‘sticks’, primarily relying on ‘hard’ policy instruments such as infrastructure and financial subsidies in order to boost economic hardware in the designated regions through increased investment” (Halkier, 2011). In terms of organization, the developmental era emphasized the need to nationally designate programs via different bureaucratic departments (Danson et al, 2005). The top-down design of regional policy signified the redistribution of growth, thereby increasing economic hardware through ‘hard’ resources by policy instruments which were non-selective and reactive in terms of their nature (Halkier,2011). In the post-1990s setting, the making of regional policies has significantly changed. First and foremost, RDAs were designates as semi-autonomous bodies which contributed to the juxtaposition of regional based targets (Halkier,2011). Individual regions became the basic unit of analyses rather than nationally-designated units. The rationale behind top-bottom regional policy has not changed in its essential sense and rather remained economic as the approach principally aimed to deal with competitiveness of individual firms of localities. The basic means for public policy became ‘soft’ policy instruments such as advice, networks. In such regard, RDAs became training units which added up to improving economically relevant knowledge (software) and knowledge exchange (orgware).Moreover, within the bottom-up approach responsibility became selective and proactive (Halkier,2011). 2.2.Sustainable Development and RDAs Despite the economic-centric definition of RDAs and regional policy, there is an increasing awareness of sustainable development notion at the policy level. By 2000s, sustainable development notions have been more and more incorporated into the concerns of spatial scales in terms of mediation of objectives and economic development and other concerns of sustainable development (Shearlock etal,2000). A bulk of literature exists on sustainable development, defining the term as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” (Shearlock etal,2000)Therefore the term has a long-term vision for society along with the short term horizons which add up to long-term objectives. Sustainable development as a term integrates various dimensions of human action starting from the local level to the global level. In such regard sustainable development has a different set of objectives inclusive of the improvement of the quality of life of both current and future generations, while safeguarding the earth’s capacity to support life in all its diversity; promotion of high levels of employment in an economy whose strength is based on 113 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo education, innovation, social and territorial cohesion and the protection of human health and the environment and Notion of its grounds and emphasis on democracy, the rule of law and respect for fundamental rights including freedom, equal opportunities and cultural diversity (Gibson,2010). Economic, social and environmental dimensions are the basic pillars of sustainable development. It is rather a process that facilitates “improvement of the range of opportunities facilitating individual human beings and communities to meet their needs, as well as to achieve their aspirations and full potential over a sustained period of time, while maintaining the resilience of economic, social and environmental systems ” (Shearlock etal,2000). There exist distinct driving forces and objectives for each domain As the economy domain strives to improve human welfare, primarily through increases in the consumption of goods and services, the main focus of the environmental domain is on protection of the integrity and resilience of ecological systems (Gibson,2010). The social domains underline the need for the enrichment of human relationships and achievement of individual and group aspirations. Sustainable development becomes the basic object of programs with continuous improvements in the present quality of life at a lower intensity of resource use, thereby leaving behind for future generations an undiminished stock of productive assets (i.e., manufactured, natural and social capital) that will enhance opportunities for improving their quality of life (Gibson,2010; Shearlock,2000). Given the basic perspective drawn above, regional policy schemes have not been able to take general approaches that shall integrate the social and environmental domains of sustainable development. Most regional policies devised RDAs in a novel way that would embrace bottom to up approaches; however RDAs lacked means to integrate social and environmental domains. Most environmental policies devised by RDAs globally suffered from the same set of problems. In spite of European and global recognition of Sustainable Development throughout the 1980s, many concrete projects were far away from dealing with the problem that emerged at social and environmental levels. As Straaten et al (1999)observe in his discussion of environmental policies throughout the EU, “the principle of sustainable development does not alter this situation. On the contrary, all polluting industries accept the principle of sustainable development as a starting point for the national economy. However, as soon as the pollution in their sector is discussed, they use strong arguments based on traditional economic theories. The government is then always in the difficult position of having to demonstrate that the implementation of strict environmental standards will benefit the economy. In many cases they are not able to do this. The situation is also complicated in the case of transboundary pollution. The traditional interests of the polluting industries in some countries may be contrasted with the interests of countries suffering from pollution” (Straaten et al,1999). Indeed, the RDAs as alternative bodies that could spread the word of sustainable development could not penetrate through mechanisms that would supposedly produce solutions at environmental level and social levels. Here one should note that problems of social domain of sustainable devlopment can not become substantial concerns fror RDAs. In particular, cultural integration and social participation, as two important problems in the EU integration region did not constitute as significant problems that required immediate remedies. 114 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. Turkish RDAs in Perspective By mid 2000s Turkey entered a new phase in which the country witnessed the making of a great of number of RDAs thanks to the Europeanization of regional governance policies. In such respect Turkish RDAs nurtured in a setting of European Union and central government funding (Kayasü etal 2003, Sungar,2005, Loewendahl-Ertugal2005). By 2012, Turkey established 26 ‘statistical regions’ at the NUTS-II level, which group together Turkey’s 81 provinces. In this context RDAs are supposed to play a critical role in mobilizing support and funding for regional development projects. As Lagendjik (2011) observes, RDAs are potentially apt to become strategically important organizations strengthening regional forms of governance and regional socio-economic development. In the Turkish case, RDAs become centers for consultancies for the European funding. In such regard Turkish RDAs become highly absorbed in a tension of, as Lagendjik observes at the European level, “ ‘high politics’ and the necessity to embed themselves in a particular local institutional and business setting” (Lagendjik, 2009). While facing ‘top-down’ political-strategic and bureaucratic obligations, Turkish RDAs are obliged to respond to local demands in terms of governance (partnering, strategy development), economic intelligence, and business needs in a state of institutionally and politically conditioned and circumscribed priorities (Reeves,2005). In terms of integrating the social sustainability dimension, Turkish RDAs have a long way to cover. The main objectives of RDAs still stay at a level of economic domain of sustainable development notion. It should also be noted that given the short life spans of Turkish RDAs, it may be too early to carry out an assessment. However, given the path of development of Turkish RDAs, these institutions should find ways to integrate social sustainable development notions into their developmental projects. The economic-centered emphasis in Turkish RDAs , thus, remains an important concern to which more attention should be paid. 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS In light of short life span of Turkish RDAs, social and environmental concerns are not important references for regional governance policies. It can definitely be argued that the sustainable development can be used as a policy-making principle for the Turkish RDAs. Until now, the notion of sustainable development has not been well operationally defined due to the difficulties arising in RDAs’ insistence in shortcomings of economic-centered definition of regional governance policies. Although Turkish RDAs mention about the term ‘sustainable development’, there is not much materialized in terms of concrete policies pursued by these institutions. Therefore sustainable development should be the basic reference point in particular for the social and environmental concerns. Most of these concerns ‘objectives are to be realized in the long-run. In such regard, it is required that Turkish RDAs become more and more absorbed in the formation of a coherent environmental and social policy with the European regional policies. 115 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Benneworth, P. (2001) ‘Regional Development Agencies. The Early Years’. Regional Studies Association: Seaford. Bilen, G. (2005) Novel Regional Policy of Turkey in Line with EU Standards. Development Bank of Turkey: Ankara. Danson, M.W. and Whittam, G. (1999) RegionalGovernance, Institutions and Development,’ inS. Loveridge (ed.) The Web Book of Regional Science. Morgantown: Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University. De Bruijn, P. and Lagendijk, A. (2005) ‘Regional Innovation Systems in the Lisbon Strategy’, European Planning Studies 13: 1153–72. Gibbs, D. (2010) “ Regional development agencies andsustainable development” Regional Studies, Vol. 32.4, pp. 365-381 Danson, M., Helinska-Hughes, E. & Hughes, M. (2005) 'RDAs and Benchmarking: Learning from Good Practice when the Model has Broken', Public Policy and Administration, 20, 4-22 Halkier, Henrik, (2011) Regional Development Agencies: European Trends and Experiences. /.In: The proceedings of 1st international conference on regional development. ed. / Coskun Can Aktan. Malatya, Turkey : Firat Development Agency, 2011. p. 1-10. Halkier, H. & Danson, M. (1997) 'Regional Development Agencies in Europe: A Survey of Key Characteristics and Trends', European Urban and Regional Studies, 4, 243-56. Halkier, H., Danson, M. & Damborg, C. (Eds.) (1998) Regional Development Agencies in Europe, London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Kayasü, S., Pınarcıoğlu, M., Yaşar, S. S. and Dere, S. (2003) “Local/Regional Economic Development and Competitive Capacity: Regional Development Agencies”, İstanbulChamber of Commerce, Publication No: 2003-8. Keating, M., (1998) “The New Regionalism in Western Europe”, Northampton,MA:Edward Elgar. Köhn, J. Gowdy, J. Hinterberger, F. van der Straaten, J. 1999. Sustainability in Question Northampton,MA:Edward Elgar. Lagendijk, A. (2005) ‘Regionalisation in Europe. Stories, Institutions and Boundaries’, in H. VanHoutum,O. Kramsch and W. Zierhofer (eds), Bordering Space, pp. 77–92. London: Routledge. Lagendijk, A. Etal (2009) “The Role of Regional Development Agencies in Turkey from Implementing EU Directives to Supporting Bussiness Communities” European Urban and Regional Studies, 16(4): 383–396 Loewendahl-Ertugal, Ebru, (2005) “Europeanisation of Regional Policyand Regional Governance:The Case of Turkey” European Political Economy Review Vol. 3, No. 1 (Spring 2005), pp. 18-53 116 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Öniş, Z. (2000), “Luxembourg. Helsinki and Beyond: Towards an Interpretation of RecentTurkey-EU Relations”, Government and Opposition, 35 (4), pp. 463-483. Öniş, Z.. (2003), “Domestic Politics, International Norms and Challenges to theState: Turkey-EU Relations in the post-Helsinki era”, Turkish Studies, 4 (1), pp.9-35. Pike, A., Rodriguez-Pose, A. & Tomaney, J. (2006) Local and Regional Development, Abingdon, Routledge. Reeves, T., (2005) “Turkey’s Regional Policy on the Road to the EU”, Turkish PolicyQuarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall 2005). Shearlock, James, Phillip James and Jo Phillips (2000) Regional Sustainable Development: Are the new Regional Devlopment Agencies arned with the Information that they require? Sustainable Development8, 79–88 (2000) Sungar, M., (2005) “Turkish-EU Negotiations:Prospective Effects on Public Administration and Regional Development”, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall2005). Comparison Study of Approaches to Measuring Poverty Implementing Fuzzy Set and Classic Set Using The Household Data of Turkey Alparslan Abdurrahman Basaran1, Murat Alper Basaran2 1Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance, 06800, Ankara, Turkey 2Akdeniz University, Faculty of Engineering, Management Engineering Department, 07425,Alanya, Turkey E-mails: aab@hacettepe.edu.tr, muratalper@yahoo.com Abstract Poverty is one of the issues several industrialized and developing countries encounter in the world. No country is exempt from this problem and its consequences. The top list item of the agendas of both countries and international agencies is related to diminishing poverty. Before taking action against it, countries and agencies need to measure poverty based on collected data. It is a sophisticated issue having several dimensions. So far measuring it with available data has resulted with indicators which show some deficiencies. When poverty is considered, it is a linguistic term and has a vague concept as mentioned in the theory of fuzzy set. Therefore, a new approach is proposed in the literature to examine it in order to overcome those deficiencies mentioned when classic tools are employed. On the other hand, fuzzy set 117 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1159 Title A name given to the resource An Evaluation Of Regional Development Agencies’ Roles In Regard To Social Sustainability: A Disscussion Of Turkish Development Agencies’ Experience Author Author Mustafa , Ökmen Abstract A summary of the resource. This study focuses on the nexus between social sustainability and regional and local development. In handling the issue in question, the work proposes to focus on the role played by regional development agencies in facilitating social sustainability. The study will facilitate the discussion by reviewing the Turkish experience in regional development by reviewing Turkish regional development agencies’ legacy that came on the Turkish regional development discussions in the mid of the very first decade of 2000s. The attempt will be to demonstrate that Turkish RDAs cannot handle mechanisms to deal with problems that appear at social and environmental levels of the notion of social sustainable development. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7aea8557f0fab7c171ad6e2ebfc4eb7a.pdf 4a22917824cc29700b8e139223bee813 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo concentration of anesthesia increases, the time of transition to induction stage shortens (Ross et al, 2008). Induction times of the fish vary depending on the dose of clove oil and, normally, as the dose increases, recovery time increases. REFERENCES Çetinkaya, O., Şahin A.( 2005) Balık Biyolojisi Araştırma Yöntemleri. (Ed) Mehmet Karataş, Balıklarda Anestezi Uygulamaları ve Başlıca Anestesikler, 237-270. ISBN.975-591-757-8. Cookea, S. J., Suskib, C. D. Ostranda , K. G, Tuftsb, B. L., Wahl, D. H.(2004) Behavioral and physiological assessment of low concentrations of clove oil anaesthetic for handling and transporting largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), Aquaculture 239, 509–529. Padilla, D. K., Williams, S. L.(2004) Beyond ballast water: aquarium and ornamental trades as sources of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. Front Ecol Environ 2004, 2(3): 131–138. Ross, L., Ross, B.(2008) Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic animals, 240. Seol, D., Lee J., Im, S., Park, I. (2007) Clove oil as an anaesthetic for common octopus (Octopus minor, Sasaki). Aquaculture Research, 38, 45-49. Tolon, T., Hekimoğlu, M.A.( 2011) Türkiye´de Süs Balığının Pazar Durumu. XVI. Ulusal Su Ürünleri Sempozyumu 25-27 Ekim 2011 Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya. Ucar, A., Atamanalp, M. (2010) The Effects of Natural (Clove Oil) and Synthetical (2phenoxyethanol) Anesthesia Substances on Hematology Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario), Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9(14): 1925-1933. Whittington, M., Pereira, M. A. M., Gonçalves, M., and Costa, A.(2000) An Investigation of the Ornamental Fish Trade in Mozambique. URL http://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/1834/889/1/2000.11en.pdf Yıldırım, Y.B., Genc, E., Turan, F., Cek, S., Yanar, M.(2010) The Anaesthetic Effects of Quinaldine Sulphate, Muscle Relaxant Diazepam and Their Combination on Convict Cichlid, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (Günther, 1867) Juvenies, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances,9(3), 547-550. Sustainable Development in Aviation Industry and the case of Turkish Airlines Mustafa Kavacık1, Saadet Zafer2, Ali Yıldız3, Davut Karaman 1Akdeniz University Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey, 2Muğla University Dalaman Vocational School, Dalaman, Muğla, Turkey, 3Akdeniz University Alanya Chamber of Commerce and Industry Vocational School, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: mkavacik@akdeniz.edu.tr, saadetzafer@akdeniz.edu.tr, aliyildiz@mu.edu.tr,davutkaraman@akdeniz.edu.tr 157 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Abstract Within changing world, sustainable development globally has become an important strategic goal for all sectors. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. The significance level of these related goals and sources is very high. Threats and hazards such as limited resources around the globe, overly population increase, global warming, damaging of ozone layer, decreasing of live species and environmental pollution dramatically reveal the importance of sustainable development. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol which was signed in 1997 came into force in 2005. In this context, aviation industry is a good sample for sustainability. Fuels used in consist of non-renewable resources so contribute to climate change negatively. But, at the same time, that industry makes very valuable and unique contributions to the sustainable development aimed by global society. These contributions are realized social, economical and environmental dimensions. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. Economically, aviation industry encourages economic development by facilitating access of regional and global markets, involving with these markets and increasing market share. At the same time, aviation industry leading to the development of trade, travel and tourism sector provides improving of income distribution by creating employment around the globe. This industry pioneers to the electronic transportation. Highly savings got at ticketing and other documentation transactions by adopting to the electronic system. Decrease in the level of aircraft noise-footprint at a 20 db in recent years, an increase in fuel efficiency of 70 percent in last 40 years – today’s newest aircraft technology often matchs the energy consumption of modern cars and in some cases (depending on speed and distance)-, coming down Carbon emission ratios dramatically, alternative fuel systems as biofuels and less service required space area compared to other transportation types can be taken as outstanding environmental effects of this industry. Turkish Airlines (THY) showed an outstanding performance both economically and socially for the last years. Now, being a member of Star Alliance Group, it has a wide flight network around the globe with generated fleet. Furthermore, the company works to make contributions to the sustainable future. Keywords: Sustainable Development in Aviation İndustry; Sustainable Aviation; Carbon Emission; Turkish Airlines Case; 1. INTRODUCTION 158 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Today, world deals with not only the countries’ GDP values or other economic data’s but environmental issues and social benefits also. Climatic changes threat the future at a significant degree higher than ever. Nowadays, world consumes its resources rashly, but could future generations reach these resources easily is a problem the world faced. Similar issues appear to be problem the world faces in this century. Aviation industry plays essential role both in economic, social and environmental respect. As air transportation developed, trade volume will increase, good transportation volume will continue to be positive, cultures will socialize as a result of increased tourism traffic and time will be used more efficiently. By performing all of them, using resources less and effectively, being environmentally sensitive creates the critic points of this industry. To survive in this industry depends on “Sustainability” and companies should change and design strategies towards to the “green coloured” strategies. At this stage, instutions as IACO, IATA, UN, EU help companies by creating and regulating rules, standards and systems as KYOTO or European Union Emission Trading Scheme ETS. In this sense, this paper examines the importance of sustainable development for aviation industry. However, we examine Turkish Airlines as a case study in the context of how it has become an international effective player in recent years, strategic alliances that have made and contributions to the sustainability efforts. 2. Environmental Issues Associated with Aviation Civil aviation, like most other economic activities, gives rise to environmental problems of various kinds. In 1999, the ICAO (Interational Civil Aviation Organization) Secretariat compiled an inventory of environmental problems what may be associated with civil aviation, to assist the ICAO Council in identifying future priorities in the environmental. It was assumed that "the environment" means all those natural and man-made surroundings which may be adversely affected by the presence of civil aviation, but which are not directly involved in the aviation itself10. Issues include: 2.1. Aircraft noise Historically, noise has been the external impact of aviation with the highest profile. There have been substantial reductions in the noise generated by new aircraft and in the overall noise at many airports. However, at most airports, the frequency and total number of movements is expected to increase in the future. For some people near airports, aircraft noise is a significant nuisance affecting their quality of life. There is considerable variation in individual reactions. Aircraft noise can also have impacts on sleep.11 Significant progress has been achieved in reducing the noise impact around many airports, arising from reductions in both engine and airframe noise as well as improvements in 10 http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/csd/csd9_bp9.pdf 11 http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviation/S ustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf 159 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo operational procedures. Today's aircraft are typically 75% quieter than jets in the 1960.12 Research initiatives target a further 50% reduction by 2020. The number of people exposed to aircraft noise worldwide has gone down – by about 35% between 1998 and 2004. IATA (The Air Transportation Association) has developed a policy on night flights. According to this policy, Night time operational restrictions are increasing, especially in Europe. At some airports, night flights are completely banned. These restrictions can have a serious impact on the economy, next-day delivery services, home-based charters, freight services and intercontinental flights. They can also increase daytime congestion.13 According to Air Transport Action Group (ATAG) data, The South African horn made infamous at 2010 World Cup, the vuvuzela, at blast is rated at 127 decibels. An A380 on the other hand takes off with a relative whisper at 82 db.14 This shows us the latest improvements in aircraft engine technologies. 2.2. Carbon Emissions & Fresh Air Air pollution arising from airline and airport operations has a variety of sources, including aircraft engines, apron vehicles, ground transportation, refueling and power generation equipment. These can pose a problem at a local scale, where increasingly stringent environmental quality standards are being imposed, and at a global level, where increasing concern is being expressed about the significance of the contribution of aircraft engine emissions to the problem of global warming.15 With regard to climate change, IPCC Report16 estimates that aircraft contribute about 3.5 per cent of the total radiative forcing by all human activities and that this proportion is likely to increase. The emissions from aircraft of relevance for climate change include carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapour nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides and soot. In the context of environment, technological advancements, operational measures, and air traffic management can all improve emissions and fuel efficiency. Acc. to IATA data, new aircrafts are 70% more fuel efficient than 40 years ago and 20% better than 10 years ago. Airlines are aiming for a further 25% fuel efficiency improvement by 2020. By 2050, net aviation carbon emission is aimed to be half of what it was in 2005. Modern aircraft achieve fuel efficiencies of 3.5 liters per 100 passenger km. The A380 and B787 are aiming for 3 liters per 100 passenger km – better than a compact car! Aircraft engine emissions are directly related to fuel burn. Each kilogram of fuel saved reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 3.16 kg. So the key for airlines to minimize their environmental impact is to use fuel more efficiently. IATA airlines improved their fuel efficiency by 3.1% in 2006 and 2007. IATA 12 http://www.desd.org.uk/UserFiles/File/new_articles/pro_body_participation/sustainable_aviation/S ustainable-Aviation-full-document.pdf 13 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 14 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 15 Upham P. Maughan J. Raper D. And Thomas C. (2003) Towards Sustainable Development , Earthscan Publications, 115 16 http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/index.php?idp=22 160 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo airlines have adopted a voluntary fuel efficiency goal. This is to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions (per revenue tonne kilometer) by at least 25% by 2020, compared to 2005 levels.17 ICAO projections states that the commercial aircraft fleet is expected to increase to about 47,500 by 2036, of which more than 44,000 (94 %) aircraft will be new generation technology.18 Acc. to ATAG, today, global aviation industry produces around 2 % of all human-induced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Aviation is responsible for 12 % of CO2 emissions from all transport sources, compared to 74 % from road transport. And around 80 % of aviation CO2 emissions are emitted from flights over 1,500 kilometers, for which there is no practical alternative mode of transport19. The Figure below indicates passenger air traffic fuel consumption per 100 km. It shows that fuel consumption will decrease in subsequent years due to increasing technology and new generated engines and aircrafts. Figure 1: Air Traffic fuel efficiency trend and today’s aircraft (source: ICCAIA)20 2.3. Alternative Fuels Because of both economic and environmental issues, aviation industry should seek ways for diversification of current fuels and should produce alternative fuels. The International Air Transportation Association (IATA) is dedicated to support its members and the industry to reduce the emission of CO2. Alternative fuels, particularly sustainable biofuels, have been identified as one of the key elements in helping achieve this goal. Biofuels derived from sustainable oil crops such as jatropha, camelina and algae or from wood and waste biomass can reduce the overall carbon footprint by around 80% over their full lifecycle. Biofuels test flights carried out by seven airlines have proven biofuels work and can be mixed with existing jet fuel. The industry is now working on finalizing technical certification so biofuels can be 17 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/fuel_efficiency.aspx 18 http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf 19 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 20 http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/env2010/Pubs/EnvReport2010/ICAO_EnvReport10-Ch2_en.pdf 161 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo used for passenger flights.21 If the industry were to get 6 % of its fuel supply from alternative fuels by 2020, this would reduce current carbon footprint by 5 %.22 Objectives are as follows: building a long-term sustainable, environmentally friendly and cost competitive aviation industry. 3. Social and Economic Factors Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. However, developments at aircraft Technologies and at fuels affect the social life directly. People lives near airports expose high noise than to other people, so night sleep can be a torture for them. But recent developments decreased the noise problem at a significant level about 35 % between 1998 to 2004.23 And also, low carbon emission will affect social life in a positive manner too. There is a general acceptance that there is a positive, mutually supportive relationship between aviation and economy.24 Aviation supports some 56.6 million jobs around the world or it carries 35% of the world’s cargo by value. According to ATAG report 201025; Airlines transport over 2.6 billion passengers annually with revenue passenger kilometers (RPK) totaling nearly 5 trillion in 2010. The USA followed by China and then the UK were the top three countries in terms of RPK. Aviation is indispensable for tourism, which is a major engine of economic growth, particularly in developing economies. Globally, 51% of international tourists travel by air. Connectivity contributes to improved productivity by encouraging investment and innovation; improving business operations and efficiency; and allowing companies to attract high quality employees. Aviation’s global economic impact (direct, indirect, induced and tourism catalytic) is estimated at $2.2 trillion, equivalent to 3.5% of world gross domestic product (GDP). It provides 8.4 million direct jobs: airlines, air navigation service providers and airports directly employ 7.6 million people and the civil aerospace industry (manufacture of aircraft systems, frames and engines) employs 0.8 million people. There are 9.3 million indirect jobs generated through purchases of goods and services from companies in its supply chain. Industry employees support 4.4 million induced jobs through spending. Aviation-enabled tourism generates around 34.5 million jobs globally. The world’s airlines carry over 2.6 billion passengers a year and 48 million tonnes of freight in 2010. Providing these services generates 8.4 million direct jobs within the air transport 21 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/Pages/alternative-fuels.aspx 22 http://www.atag.org/facts-and-figures.html 23 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/pages/aircraft_noise.aspx 24 Upham P. Maughan J. Raper D. And Thomas C. (2003) Towards Sustainable Development , Earthscan Publications, 39 25 http://www.aviationbenefitsbeyondborders.org/download-abbb-report 162 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo industry and contributes $539 billion to global GDP. Compared with the GDP contribution of other sectors, the global air transport industry is larger than the pharmaceuticals ($445 billion), the textiles ($236 billion) or the automotive industries ($484 billion) and around half as big as the global chemicals ($977 billion) and food and beverage ($1,162 billion) sectors. In fact, if air transport were a country, its GDP would rank it 19th in the world, roughly equal to that of Switzerland or Poland. In 2030, forecasts suggest that there will be nearly 6 billion passengers and aviation will support nearly 82 million jobs and $6.9 trillion in economic activity. 4. Turkish Airlines Turkish Airlines Incorporation that was established in 1933 and named shortly THY was called The State Airlines Administration when first established. It has taken action as incorporation that it is called today. At first it started to fly by using 5 aircrafts. The first international voyage Atina was flown in 1947. Turkish Airlines offered about 50% of shares to the public in 2006 and they were traded at Istanbul Stock Exchange. In addition, it had 50% of partnership in Sun Express centered in Antalya by making an agreement with German airline Lufthansa in 1989 and invested in Sarajevo airline Bosnia and Herzegovina Airlines by purchasing 49% of shares. Company established AnadoluJet centered in Ankara to serve all people in Turkey in 2008. It joined oldest airlines alliance of world, Star Alliance, by making an agreement in Istanbul in 2008. On the other hand, Turkish Airlines was named Turkish Airlines Cargo has taken action its cargo service in 1936 and changed its name to TURKISH CARGO in 2000. Turkish Airlines that owned 6 cargo aircrafts had totally 179 aircrafts. Company grows by purchasing new aircrafts continuously and also develops its cargo services. At the end of 2011 it reached of totally 189 cities including 40 cities for domestic and 149 cities for international. Simultaneously it has 2 technical maintenance centers in Istanbul. Turkish Airlines Technical Incorporation that is one of these centers was established in Atatürk Airport in 2006 and has become an important technical maintenance point in air transportation. Other center, Aviation Maintenance Repair and Modification Center Incorporation (HABOM), was founded in Sabiha Gökçen Airport in 201126. After World War II with global economy, aviation industry also developed rapidly. With increasing population and income level, there were changes in travel expenditures and behaviours. As a results of these developments, new infrastructure, routes, airfares and offers was served up in aviation industry. The importance of social, economical and environmental purposes and preservation, improvement and balancement of resources were understood. For these purposes, Turkish Airlines shows improvements in terms of sustainable development that global community aims. When mentioned about sustainable development, firstly, development without effecting environment adversely might be mentioned. World is under threat of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and ozone. In this sense, Turkish Airlines tries to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide caused by aircrafts and other activities. Because of Fuel-Saving Project implemented in 2008, Turkish Airlines saved jet fuels about 78.371.439 $ and decreased carbon dioxide emission about 201.700 tons. 26 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/tarihce 163 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Aviation industry was joined to the Carbon Emission Trading System that was valid from 1 January 2012. In this context, Turkish Airlines has to comply with regulations of European Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) as other airlines operating flights to Europe27. Temel Kotil, General Manager of Turkish Airlines, said that they were working with International Air Transport Association about fuel-saving. So, less fuel usage at flights, 30 million $ fuel-saving per year and significantly decreasing amount of carbon dioxide emission was aimed28. Activities about decreasing of damages to the environment and human health that derives from airport facilities were initiated by Directorate General of Civil Aviation. In 2010, for luggage transportation, vehicles with electricity started to be used instead of vehicles with fuel at airports with heavy traffic. If airport facilities met certain conditions in the context of this project, airports are taken to the category of “Green Airport” and facilities that met conditions provide discounts in the service recipe29. Aviation industry in Turkey has grown substantially for last decade. There were liberalization steps in the industry that was closed to the open competition and under the monopoly of Turkish Airlines until 200230. Between 2002-2010, average annual growth was 16% for air traffic and 25,5% for passenger traffic31. In 2009, while the aviation industry in the world downsized, Turkish Airlines continued to develop and increased by 11%. Turkish Airlines carried 10,4 million passengers in 2003, raised the number of passengers to 22,5 million in 2008, 25,1 million in 2009, 29,1 million in 2010 and 32,6 million in 201132. In 2011, among the member airlines of Association of European Airlines, it ranged fourth with 8,7% market share in terms of number of passengers and fifth with 7,3% market share in terms of seat kilometers offered. While total number of passengers of member airlines increased by 4,2%, Turkish Airlines raised by 15,6%. In addition, Turkish Airlines is market leader in air cargo transportation in Turkey. It increased its market share by 64% in 201133. Turkish Airlines implements efficiency-oriented employment program. Its total number of personnel was 10.239 people in 2003 and raised by 15.491 people in 2011. To become the best airline in the world, the best cabin crew is required as a return of differentiation in the service concept. From this point, Turkish Airlines applied “Service Quality and Increasing Passenger Satisfaction Programme” since August, 201034. 27 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 28 http://hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/15229951.asp 29 http://shgm.gov.tr/greenairport.pdf 30 http://invest.gov.tr/tr-TR/infocenter/publications/Documents/TURIZM.SEKTORU.pdf 31 http://shgm.gov.tr/doc4/2010fr.pdf 32 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/yolcu-sayisi 33 http://thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_aralik_2011.pdf 34 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-tr/kurumsal/basin-odasi/THY/is-gucu 164 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Company also gives promotion tickets, companion tickets and opportunity to upgrade to the members with Miles&Smiles Programme. At the same time, call center which is one of the most important marketing and sales channel were included in the service as of 200935. Turkish Airlines achieved significant successes in context of brand invesments. Sponsorship of Euroleague, FC Barcelona and Manchester United has provided a great advantage in the European market. There were other sports sponsorships. On the other hand, Kevin Costner, Caroline Wozniacki, Kobe Bryant and Novak Djokovic were brand face of Turkish Airlines with the slogan of “Globally Yours” and company has increased brand awareness. In the sense of financial discipline, one of the most important keys of sustainable development, Turkish Airlines applies long-term value-based growth programme and effective cost management. Aviation Week Magazine, leading broadcasting organizations of aviation industry, identified Turkish Airlines as the best airline from the point of financial situation in 2010. It has given “The Best Airline of Europe”, “The Best Airline of South Europe” and “The Best Premium Economy Seat” by “Skytrax World Airline Awards” organization, known as the Oscars of aviation industry. Turkish Do&Co catering company, joint of Turkish Airlines, was awarded as the best of world with the catering service in economy class. Furthermore, it achieves “The Best Market Leader” of 2010 in the context of Air Transport World Airline Industry Achievement Awards, accepted one of the most prestigious awards of aviation industry36. Turkish Airlines also sustains activities about culture, art and social responsibility. It has supported Istanbul, 2010 European Capital of Culture, as “Capital Sponsorship”. According to the contract with Turkish Red Crescent, company contributes victims of natural catastrophes. Moreover, by planting 5.000 saplings it made up “THY Technical Commemorative Forest” in Kurtköy and Kemerburgaz37. 5.CONCLUSION This paper has attempted to show how sustainable development in aviation industry is important for global world. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient transport type. Industry meets the society’s air transport needs by establishing relationship with employees, local communities, customers and industry partners. A competitive and commercial viable aviation industry makes a positive contribution to the world economy. Aviation industry generates $2.2 trillion in 2010 and it equals to 3.5% per cent of global GDP. Around the world industry supports 56.6 million jobs. Emission is a huge problem standing that the future generations will face tragically. New aircrafts are 70 % more fuel efficient than 40 years ago and 20 % better than 10 years ago. In 2050, industry aims to decrease carbon emission to be half of what it was 2005. The importance of social, economical and environmental purposes and preservation, improvement and balancement of resources were understood. For these purposes, Turkish 35 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 36 http://thy.com/download/investor_relations/annual_reports/faaliyet_raporu_aralik_2011.pdf 37 http://turkishairlines.com/tr-TR/faaliyet-raporu/2010/pdf/tr-thy2010.pdf 165 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Airlines shows improvements in terms of sustainable development that global community aims. With its new generation aircrafts, Turkish Airlines tries to decrease the amount of carbon dioxide caused by aircrafts and other activities and fuel consumption. Hence, it has taken important steps about the sustainability by being a member of European Emission Trading Scheme. In the sense of financial discipline, one of the most important keys of sustainable development, Turkish Airlines has got remarkable performance by performing the economic aspects of sustainable development. Company has to fulfil conditions what the sustainability requires so it may survive in the market and become number one in avaition industry around the world. REFERENCES ATAG, Aviation Benefits Beyond Borders, Last Accessed on 04 21, 2012, from http://www.aviationbenefitsbeyondborders.org/download-abbb-report ATAG, Facts And Figures, Last Accessed on 04 22, 2012, from http://www.atag.org/factsand-figures.html Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Green Airport Project, Last Accessed on 4 28, 2012, from www.shgm.gov.tr/greenairport.pdf. 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Forecasting Carbon Emission For Turkey: Time Series Analysis Mehmet Mercan1, Etem Karakaya2 1Hakkari University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science 2Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science E-mail: mmercan48@gmail.com; mehmetmercan@hakkari.edu.tr, ekarakaya@gmail.com Abstract Within the context of sustainable development objectives, reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that cause climate change was first discussed and officially negotiated at the 1992 Rio Conference, which particularly emphasised developed countries to take serious measures. Then, it was followed by the Kyoto Protocol, which specified national ghg emission reduction targets for developed countries. With Kyoto Protocol, it was decided for these countries to reduce global emissions by 5% below 1990 levels compared to 2008-2012 emission levels. Turkey became a party to the Kyoto Protocol in 2009, yet due to their special circumstances they did not take any emission reduction commitments.. Negotiations on Post-2012 emission reduction obligations are still in progress under the UNFCCC umbrella and it is expected to have emission reduction targets not only by developed countries but also by developing ones. In this regard, it is important for Turkey to estimate its future ghg emissions, if they have to take a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) for their strategy. There are various ghg emission estimations for 2020 and the results indicate different emission levels. 167 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1241 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Development in Aviation Industry and the case of Turkish Airlines Author Author Mustafa , Kavacık Saadet , Zafer Ali , Yıldız Davut , Karaman Abstract A summary of the resource. Within changing world, sustainable development globally has become an important strategic goal for all sectors. Sustainable development seeks to protect, develop and balance social, economic and environmental goals and resources in order to secure comfort and welfare of present and future generations. The significance level of these related goals and sources is very high. Threats and hazards such as limited resources around the globe, overly population increase, global warming, damaging of ozone layer, decreasing of live species and environmental pollution dramatically reveal the importance of sustainable development. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol which was signed in 1997 came into force in 2005. In this context, aviation industry is a good sample for sustainability. Fuels used in consist of non-renewable resources so contribute to climate change negatively. But, at the same time, that industry makes very valuable and unique contributions to the sustainable development aimed by global society. These contributions are realized social, economical and environmental dimensions. Aviation industry is the safest and most efficient type in public transportation. Over long distances and beyond geographical barriers, no alternative one exist so. It offers affordable transportation services to the nations, regions and individuals with wide transportation network. Furthermore, by promoting cultural and social ties, it facilitates exchange of educational experiences. Economically, aviation industry encourages economic development by facilitating access of regional and global markets, involving with these markets and increasing market share. At the same time, aviation industry leading to the development of trade, travel and tourism sector provides improving of income distribution by creating employment around the globe. This industry pioneers to the electronic transportation. Highly savings got at ticketing and other documentation transactions by adopting to the electronic system. Decrease in the level of aircraft noise-footprint at a 20 db in recent years, an increase in fuel efficiency of 70 percent in last 40 years – today’s newest aircraft technology often matchs the energy consumption of modern cars and in some cases (depending on speed and distance)-, coming down Carbon emission ratios dramatically, alternative fuel systems as biofuels and less service required space area compared to other transportation types can be taken as outstanding environmental effects of this industry. Turkish Airlines (THY) showed an outstanding performance both economically and socially for the last years. Now, being a member of Star Alliance Group, it has a wide flight network around the globe with generated fleet. Furthermore, the company works to make contributions to the sustainable future. Keywords: Sustainable Development in Aviation İndustry; Sustainable Aviation; Carbon Emission; Turkish Airlines Case; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/604e22f88a78daf6226a53f6e8af6ef9.pdf 063f437985f7a4be5282fde087d5f47c PDF Text Text A Suggestion for Forestry: Assigning Idle Public Lands to Private Sector by Projecting and Provisioning Mustafa Durman,Murat Fatih Köymen F.E.&A.S. of DPÜ E –mails: durman007@hotmail.com,siffah@gmail.com Abstract Land is a widespread natural resource and commonly used by humans. It is commonly used distributed for agriculture, forestry, urbanization, resting, transportation and settling. Land is not a renewable resource and is under the threat of erosion, polluting and salinization because of agricultural irrigations. In consequence of increasing population and industrialization wetlands, agricultural lands and forests are used for settlement and industrial areas. Maximizing utility of resources is an essential issue for environmental economics. Thus maximizing utility of land uses is an essential issue for land using strategies. When viewed from this aspect it is obvious that land areas of a country are shared by public (state) and private sectors. In public areas forest areas have an important share.There are enormous amount of areas which are owned by state but they are waiting idle. In this paper after analyzing present administrations we will make a suggestion. We will focus on assigning these idle areas to private sector for forestry use. It is hoped that this assignment will contribute the problems of unemployment, income, cleaning the atmosphere, preventing erosion and input for industrial production. Despite the subsidies, private foresting is inadequate. We will suggest publicizing investors by projecting the proper lands, subsidizing and presenting economic potentials of these areas. 1.INTRODUCTION Forests create distinctive climates on large land masses. Organisms forming forests are trees lives on significant altitudes, soil and density, bushes, alga, fern, mushrooms, underground and surface microorganisms, insects and animals (Ayanoğlu 1999). The 6831 numbered forest law defines as “Trees growing naturally or by planting and woods are ranked as forests with their land areas. But…” Then the law defines exceptions. Forests occupy an important place in human life. They are one of the most important renewable raw materials and energy resources. Forests clean the weather and protect the moisture balance of atmosphere. Because they oxygenate for carbon dioxide balance forests 398 �are essential. Forests decrease the negative effects of drought, frost, high temperature, spankings and protect earth against erosion. They help protecting plant and animal diversity. Forests as a natural resource which are subject to distribution between generations should be protected for future generations while providing today’s human needs (Aras, Çalışkan 2004). Forests are natural resources which affect water and earth regimes, economy, the need of recreation, climate and health positively (Korkmaz 2010). While reviewing contributions of forests economically it is possible to divide these like pecuniary and non pecuniary contributions. Timber based first order forest products, non timber based second order products, decreasing effect on difference between regional development levels, contribution to other sectors and positive effect on balance of payments can be examples to their pecuniary contributions. On the other hand their help on climate, water and soil can be examples to their non pecuniary contributions (Ormanlarımızın Faydaları OGM). 2.Material and Method Literature review on forestry and private forestry is made and works on this field are tried to be presented. Share of private forests on world and Turkey will be revealed by percentage. Subsidies for private forestry in Turkey, the expectations of private afforestators, sum of private afforestation in last years will be revealed and will be tried to analyze the disruptions. Then with a review, a suggestion will be enhanced. 2.1.Findings Forests are not homogenous on natural diversity and property basis. Forests grow without human effort is called natural forests and forests planted by humans are called artificial forests. They can be described in three ways. Forests which help the protection of water, earth and climate are defined as conservation forests. These cannot be operated. Forests which help tourism, help recreation need, embody natural beauties and serves science and art are defined as national parks. Operating these parks is tied to strict rules. Forests which are used for harvesting forest products are defined as operation forests (Korkmaz 2010). All world attach importance to forests and there are researches for utilizing from them more efficiently. The idea ‘private forestry increases efficiency of producing, management and protection’ spreads. Some countries extend private forestry with respect to this idea. The proportions of private forests in the continental basis are: Africa 2%, Asia 5%, South America 17%, Oceania 24%, North and Central America 30% (Yeşildağ 2009). “Percentage of forests in total land area for countries: Germany 31.5%, Austria 47%, Spain 51.3%, Sweden 68.1%, Finland 77.8%, and the world average is 40.9%” (Korkmaz 2010). Countries appreciate both forests and private forestry. Thanks to this appreciation and subsidies 399 �percentage of private and public corporationforests in total forest areas in Germany 42%, Spain 61%, Sweden 71%, Finland 71%. But in Turkey it is only about 1% (Korkmaz 2010). According to Orman Genel Müdürlüğü (General Directorate of Forestry) the view of afforestation efforts in world and Turkey are like this: 24% of world forests are private forests. This percentage reaches to 61% in EU (VII. Five Year Development Plan). In Turkey 99.5% of forests are belong to state. The percentage of registered private forests is only 0.05% (URL2). Turkey’s location on world is very proper for afforestation. 75% of Anatolian lands were forests ten thousands years ago but unfortunately today it is 26%. Sufficient productive forests are only 14% of Anatolian area. A country can be counted as a rich forest country she should have 33% forest of total lands. Therefore Turkey’s forests are not enough with this statistics (Seval Aras, meb, 182). If we look at Turkey’s forests 27% of forests are marsh forests (19% non yielding, 8% yielding), 73% woods (31% non yielding, 42 yielding) (Ormanlarımızın Faydaları, OGM). Ağaçlandırma Genel Müdürlüğü (General Directory of Forestation) defines private forestation like this: “Properties protected and utilized by owner; non yielding forest lands, idle forest lands, treasury lands, properties of individuals and corporations; which are projected and approved by Ministry of Environment and Forestry are “private forestation”” (URL2). Figures which can afforest are: Village Corporations, Municipalities, Public Institutions and Corporations, Agricultural Development co-ops, Village Serving Units, Chambers, Clubs, Foundations, Commercial Corporations and Individuals. There is no difference between private forestation as an individual or corporation in Turkey. Subsidies given to private forestation by General Directory of Forestry: In purpose of private forestation grants given to village corporations and loans given to individuals or other corporations. Groups can get grants or loans are; -Land clearing (clearance of undesirable ground cover of area and plowing), -Sowing and planting costs, -Seedling (grafted or ungrafted) and seed costs, -Barbed tape, fence, surrounding wall costs, -3 year maintenance costs, -Projecting costs, -Pruning costs, -Grafting costs, Grants or loans are assigned by General Directory according to General Directory of Forestation and Erosion Control’s constant prices with regard to projected work’s amount. After project is done interim payments are given. Therefore projectors should sign an 400 �obligation or estate mortgage. For obligation there should be two respected and solidary bailsmen and public notary approval. Bailsmen should be registered to Commercial or Industrial Chambers or Craftsman’s Associations. (URL3). Loans given for trees like pine, cedar and fir will be paid after the end of 30th year as only capital. Loans given for trees like walnut, chestnut and pistachio will be paid after the end 15th year with an interest rate which equals 1/7 of T.C. Ziraat Bank’s agricultural loan interest rate for small business stock (URL3). Despite these subsidies private forestators have some demands: -To be informed by experts about buying seedlings, planting and maintaining, -Faster bureaucratic transactions for subsidies, -Increase in loan unit prices or increase in number of components -After reaching a point of land area permission to build a wooden shelter for tools, -Disengage village headmen and abolish the need of their permission, -Grants or loans should be given by a unique institution, -Permission to graft for olive groves, -Permission to second order plants and their loaning (Özkurt, A., Yeşilkaynak, B) The results of private forestation efforts in last 10 years in Turkey are given below. Year State Forests Treasury (decare) (decare) 2002 17,110 4,851 29 21,990 2003 43,177 6,228 25 49,430 2004 77,683 6,344 2,213 86,240 2005 90,535 10,178 4,317 105,030 2006 69,611 37,241 3,168 110,020 2007 55,663 22,987 3,250 81,900 401 Areas Private (decare) Areas Total (decare) �2008 77,759 11,217 1,364 90,340 2009 71,858 18,337 5,155 95,350 2010 145,581 16,116 11,363 173,060 2011 70,785 7,909 6,966 85,660 Total 719,762 141,408 37,850 899,020 Table 1: The Results Of Private Forestation Efforts In Last 10 Years In Turkey Source:URL3 Despite the subsidies private forestations are not even 100.000ha/year in last ten years. There are 3,715,642 real estates registered to Turkish Treasury with an areas 211,151 km2. This area is 25.92% of Turkey’s total land surface. Only 651,585 of these areas are allocated. These areas are 13.39% of Turkey’s total land surface. Therefore Turkey’s lands’ 12.53% is waiting idle or utilized illegally (URL4). 3. Review and Conclusion Pecuniary and non pecuniary benefits of forests and forestation are indicated above. Plus these benefits while a country has a serious problem of unemployment and low income problem laying aside these areas idle doesn’t seem rational. If the present administrative applications are not enough then disruptions and inabilities should be determined, problems should be asked to investors. And then the precautions believed to solve the problem should be taken. In this paper we found that despite all these subsidies, idle treasury and state owned lands and the unemployment rate above 10% there is no enough private forestation. Cause of this situation is not the scarce of labor, capital or natural resources. Most important reason here is inadequacy of information flows. Lots of investors are unaware about this investment option. We suggest that: Opportunities in this investment field should be announced clearly and may be the most importantly this investment options should be projected properly and be reported to individuals. This work is agriculture focused. And people who interest in agriculture might give up because of the technical difficulties as projecting. 402 �REFERENCES Aras,S., Çalışkan, V., Türkiye’nin Beşeri Ve Ekonomik Coğrafyası, Meb Basımevi, İstanbul, 2004 Ayanoğlu, S. Anayasa Hükümleri Karşısında Orman Mevzuatımız, Ormancılık Hukuku, Türkiye Çevre Vakfı Yayını, Ankara 1999. Korkmaz, Y., Özel Ormanlar ve Mülkiyet Açısından Değerlendirilmesi, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C.XIV, 2010 Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, http://www.agm.gov.tr/AGM/AnaSayfa/faliyetler/ozelagaclandrma.aspx?sflang=tr URL2, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, URL3, http://www.agm.gov.tr/AGM/Files/faaliyetler/ozel_agaclandirma/sorularla_ozel_agaclandirm a.pdf Ormanlarımızın Faydaları, OGM, http://web.ogm.gov.tr/Resimler/sanalkutuphane/ormanin_faydalari.pdf URL1, Özkurt, A.,Yeşilkaynak, B., Özel Ağaçlandırma Çalışmalarının Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Boyutu - Mersin Örneği-, Iı. Ormancılıkta Sosyo-Ekonomik Sorunlar Kongresi, Isparta, 2009 URL3, http://www2.tbmm.gov.tr/d24/7/7-3270sgc.pdf URL4, http://www.milliemlak.gov.tr/istatistiksel-bilgiler Tarih:07.03.1 Yeşildağ, G., Dünyada Bazı Ülkelerde Özel Orman Mülkiyetinin Gelişimi, Ormancılıkta Sosyo-Ekonomik Sorunlar Kongresi, Isparta, 2009 403 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1195 Title A name given to the resource A Suggestion for Forestry: Assigning Idle Public Lands to Private Sector by Projecting and Provisioning Author Author Mustafa , Durman Abstract A summary of the resource. Land is a widespread natural resource and commonly used by humans. It is commonly used distributed for agriculture, forestry, urbanization, resting, transportation and settling. Land is not a renewable resource and is under the threat of erosion, polluting and salinization because of agricultural irrigations. In consequence of increasing population and industrialization wetlands, agricultural lands and forests are used for settlement and industrial areas. Maximizing utility of resources is an essential issue for environmental economics. Thus maximizing utility of land uses is an essential issue for land using strategies. When viewed from this aspect it is obvious that land areas of a country are shared by public (state) and private sectors. In public areas forest areas have an important share.There are enormous amount of areas which are owned by state but they are waiting idle. In this paper after analyzing present administrations we will make a suggestion. We will focus on assigning these idle areas to private sector for forestry use. It is hoped that this assignment will contribute the problems of unemployment, income, cleaning the atmosphere, preventing erosion and input for industrial production. Despite the subsidies, private foresting is inadequate. We will suggest publicizing investors by projecting the proper lands, subsidizing and presenting economic potentials of these areas. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1a64de4528f6bceffe4870ada30816d6.pdf 5da449a5bb35ab6a2adee3cd9d100c3b PDF Text Text Narayan, P.K., Narayan, S., Smyth, R., 2008b. Are oil shocks permanent or temporary? Panel data evidence from crude oil and NGL production in 60 countries. Energy Economics 30, 919-936. Narayan, P.K., Smyth, R., 2007. Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? Evidence from 182 countries. Energy Policy 35, 333-341. Özturk, İ., Feridun, M., Kalyoncu, H., 2008. Do Oil Prices Effect the USD/YTL Exchange Rate: Evidence from Turkey. 18, 48-61. Papapetrou, E., 2001. Oil price shocks, stock market, economic activity and employment in Greece. Energy Economics 23, 511-532. Park, J., Ratti, R.A., 2008. Oil price shocks and stock markets in the U.S. and 13 European countries. Energy Economics 30, 2587-2608. Perron, P., 1989. The Great Crash, the Oil Shock and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica 57, 1361–1402. Rafiq, S., Salim, R., Bloch, H., 2009. Impact of crude oil price volatility on economic activities: An empirical investigation in the Thai economy. Resources Policy 34, 121-132. Sadorsky, P., 1999. Oil price shocks and stock market activity. Energy Economics 21, 449469. Schmidt, P., Phillips, P.C.B., 1992. LM Tests for a Unit Root in the Presence of Deterministic Trends. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 54, 257-287. Zhang, Q., 2011. The Impact of International Oil Price Fluctuation on China's Economy. Energy Procedia 5, 1360-1364. New Approaches To Marine Aquarium Systems Mustafa Alparslan, Hasan Barış Ozalp Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Fishery Faculty, Department of Hydrobiology, Izmir/Turkey Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Fishery Faculty, Department of Hydrobiology, Çanakkale/Turkey E-mails: m_alparslan@hotmail.com, jacenzo@yahoo.com Abstract Marine aquarium systems are limited environments that include many marine plants and animals. This habitat also has very interesting marine species, living rocks, wrecks and the other objects. The chemical indicators of water quality such as salinity, specific gravity, Ph, ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate, Alkalinity, Copper, Calcium, and Magnesium are vital for the marine organisms. Further, the essential components are an aquarium made from acrylic, special heating systems , the consideration of overall lighting, metal halide, higher output fluorescent, standard fluorescent, incandescent, natural sunlight, filtration and live rocks. 241 �Marine aquarium systems can range in volume from less than 80 liters (approximately 20 US gallons) to over 1.300 liters (400 gallons). The biggest marine aquariums in the world are; Georgia Aquarium (6.3 million gallons), Okinowa churaumi Aquarium (1.98 million gallons), L‘oceanografic (1.85 million gallons), Turkuazzo (1.32 million gallons), Monterey Bay Aquarium (1.2 million gallons), uShaka Marine World (1 million gallons), Shaghai Ocean Aquarium (approxiamately 1 million gallons), and Shanghai Ocean Aquarium (approx. 1 million gallons), and Aquarium of Genova (approx. 1 million gallons). Turkuazoo Marine Aquarium which is the first biggest aquarium of Turkey was opened in 2009 in İstanbul. It is located in Bayrampasa region. This marine aquarium is one of Europe‘s largest aquariums and includes many shopping malls as well. Marinescope Sea Tube is 90 meters in length and this makes it one of the World‗s longest underwater tunnels, offering visitors an outstanding marine life. The water in the Turkuazoo comes from the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea and the Aegean Seas. Istanbul Marine Aquarium, located around Florya region, was opened on 25th.June, 2011 in Istanbul. This marine aquarium has a capacity of 6.8 million liters of seawater, and includes a variety of living organisms from East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Middle Atlantic, Panama Channel, Pacific Ocean, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, the Aegean Sea, the Marmara Sea, the Bosporus, the Dardanelles and also from one rain forest. Beyond these, the main aim is to set up marine aquariums to be able to explore the underwater life. In addition, protecting marine organisms such as sea plants and sea animals is our priority which will also reinforce tourism activities, education and economy. Finally, marine aquarium systems can also be used as a therapeutical tool for the patients with psychological disorders as this aquatic world creates a very positive and relaxing mood. 1.INTRODUCTION According to research conducted recently, many people who are fond of marine creatures tank hobby are the ones who are single in developing countries. This implies that people use this activity as a means of overcoming boredom and loneliness. If these people do not keep fish as a hobby, they would probably have a pet instead.A method of escaping from monotony of life. Marine Aquariums are said to be an ideal way to relax and this is the reason why the term ―Marine Animals and Plants‖ are coined. This is a reality, though. Looking at this flora and fauna strutting wares in the fish tank will completely give us great relaxation. The small and big fish like Sparus Aurata will move in unison form one place to another and you would love to see them in a feeding system.Marine Aquarium brings out the creativity in our world. Many people love this hobby and can breed these creatures for making money and the others for fun. These living organisms can be collected from the natural environment or purchased from other places. At the same time , these systems have functions in the fields of education and tourism, beside its economic benefits.1 2.New Aquarium Planning Put the stand into an ideal place and level it, make sure that you leave clearance for electrical systems of connections and equipment. Clean the tank with freshwater and a soft sterile cloth or sponge. Place the tank on the stand, using an under-pad for cushioning underneath if needed, and check to see that the tank is level. 242 �Install power strip/light timer. 3.Filtration / Aquarium Filters Aquarium filtration is very important for anoptimum aquarium. Biological filtration is the term used to describe beneficial bacteria, which are established during the initial cycling of the aquarium. Protein skimmer and biological filtration are vital in Marine Aquarium systems. Chemical filtration is for dissolved wastes (amino acids, proteins, phenols, creasols, terpenoid, fats, plant hormonos, vitamins, carotenoids, glycolic and citric..). Mechanical aquarium filtration is for solid particles within the water tank. This helps to remove floating waste materials.3This type of filtering actually is a way of removing free-floating waste beforehand. Protein skimmer essentially removes the biological waste. This filtration type is suitable for reef tanks. A sponge filter has a tube with a sponge like material inside. These sponges also serve as a mechanical filter, removing larger particles from the water. The ideal sponge filter system use two sponges, making it easier to preserve bacteria by checking sponges. 4.Heating systems A quality aquarium water heater is necessary for ideal aquarium systems. A thermometer and a temperature controller are very necessary to prevent the stress of marine organisms in the tanks. Large marine tanks need more than one heater system. 5.Overall lightening System For photosynthetic plants, living rocks, algae and animals in water deeper than 24"/60cm, metal halides may be necessary. For larger marine aquaria systems that are long but shallow, modern efficient fluorescentlighting will work as optimal like T 5 technology. T5 lighting is a relatively new light system in the United States that was originally developed as a light source in combination with specialized reflectors for marine aquarium lighting. Traditional fluorescent T8 & T12 bulbs are simply not powerful enough to light an area more than 8-10" below the bulb. However, with the recent introduction of T5 technology, researchers can now reap many benefits of using Fluorescent Grow Lighting. A typical 54 Watt T5 HO (High Output) bulb produces 5000 lumens which is equivalent to 92.6 lumens per watt. 6.Acrylic Glass System Most marine aquarium systems are made of either glass or acrylic. Both glass and acrylic tanks have their benefits and drawbacks. Colours are not quite true, position is not quite accurate, size can be distorted slightly in glass system. Acrylic has nearly the same index of refraction as seawater, size and colour are true. Glass tanks are less expensive than acrylic tanks. Tempered glass can not be drilled, but acrylic tank can be drilled to accommodate an overflow system.7 Home aquarium tank is generally 29 or 30 gallon, however some people have constructed aquariums of many thousands of gallons. Public aquariums are naturally larger than any of the home aquariums.There are many huge marine aquariums in different countries:10 Aquarium of Western Australia (0,8 million gallons), AUSTRALIA 243 �This marine aquarium is Australia‘s largest aquarium tank. The main tank is approximately 40 meters (130 ft) long and 20 meters (66 ft) wide and holds 3,000,000 liters (793,000 gallons) of seawater. It has a 98 meter (322 ft) underwater tunnel. There are 400 different species in this marine aquarium. Aquarium of Genoa (< 1 million gallons) ,ITALY This aquarium which was built for Expo 92 is one of the largest aquariums in Europe. The aquarium‘s 70 tanks reproduce marine and terrestrial habitats from throughout different places and provide a home for more than 6000 animals. Some tanks reproduce natural environments from different areas as the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The sharks, the dolphins and the seals are very important animals for this marine. Shanghai Ocean Aquarium (< 1 million gallons) ,CHINA The Shanghai Ocean Aquarium is one of the largest aquariums in Asia. It is composed of 9 exhibition zones all over the world, including the China Zone, the Antarctic Zone and the Australia Zone. The China Zone is home to several endangered Chinese aquatic species, including rare and precious species from the Yangtze River. The biggest attraction of the aquarium is the underwater tunnel. It is the longest underwater tunnel in the world ( 155 meter (509 ft) . uShaka Marine World (< 1 million gallons) ,SOUTH AFRICA The uShaka Marine World is an International aquapark and it is located in Urban, South Africa. It contains the largest aquarium in Africa boasting 32 tanks. The sea creatures found in the aquarium range from small sea horses to sharks and dolphins. The Aquarium is built to look like an old wreck and contains a number of restaurants and cafes. The most interesting of these restaurants is ―The Cargo Hold‖ restaurant which contains a full wall sized aquarium containing a number of sharks which are visible from most of the dining area. Monterey Bay Aquarium (1,2 million gallons) ,USA This marine aquarium is located in Monterey, California. Among the aquarium‘s numerous marine creatures are two gigantic tanks. The centerpiece of the Ocean‘s Edge Wing is a 10 meter (33 foot) high 1,3 million liter (0,33 million gallon) tank for viewing California coastal marine life. The part one is a 4,5 million liter (1,2 million gallon) tank in the Outer Bay Wing which features one of the world‘s largest single-paned windows. Sealife on exhibit includes stingrays, jellyfish, sea otters, and numerous other native marine species, which can be viewed above and below the waterline Turkuazoo (1,32 million gallons) ,TURKEY This marine aquarium opened in 2009, and Turkuazoo is Turkey‘s first giant aquarium which consistsof a rainforest, flooded forest and tropical seas zones. The aquarium is located inside the Forum Istanbul Shopping Mall and contains approximately 80 meter long underwater tunnel. This aquarium holds about 10,000 sea creatures including tiger sharks, giant stingrays and piranhas in 29 different exhibits where the largest holds 5 million liters (1,32 million gallons) of water. Istanbul Aquarium, (1.79 million gallons)TURKEY The Istanbul aquarium opened its doors in Istanbul on the 25th of June, 2011.There is a lot of confusion at the moment about Istanbul‘s aquariums. The simple reason for this is that Istanbul is the proud owner of two massive aquariums. The first one is located in Forum Istanbul, which has been around for a few years and where sharks are the main attraction. Istanbul Aquarium Florya, which is a member of World Association of Zoos (WAZA), is a 244 �two story building of no less than 22.000 m². There are 64 tanks with 6.800 m³ water, displaying 15.000 land and sea creatures of over 1.500 species. The samples are from: Black Sea Istanbul Strait The Dardanelles Aegean Sea Suez Canal Red Sea Global Warming Mediterranean Straits of Gibraltar East Atlantic (Liberty, the sunken ship) Mid-Atlantic Western Atlantic Panama Canal Pacific Ocean Nautilus (Submarine) Rain Forest 9 L'Oceanogràfic (1,85 million gallons) ,SPAIN L‘Oceanogràfic is a marine world where different marine habitats are represented. It is integrated inside a complex known as the City of Arts and Sciences inside Valencia,Spain. The Oceanogràfic features the largest aquarium tank in Europe and houses more than 45,000 marine creatures. They have nine under water towers, structured on two levels that represent several marine ecosystems. Two underwater towers are joined by a 35 meter underwater tunnel and essentially sharks, rays living in 7 million liters (1,85 million gallon) of seawater. Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium (1,98 million gallons) JAPAN The Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium located within the Ocean Expo Park in Japan opened in 2002. The main tank of the aquarium, called the Kuroshio Sea, the largest panel in the world on its opening, holds 7,5 million liters (1,981,000 gallons) of water and features an acrylic glass panel measuring 8.2 by 22.5 meters (27 by 74 feet) with a thickness of 60 centimeters (24 inches) Whale sharks and manta rays are kept alongside many other fish species in Kuroshio Sea. As of July 2010, four manta rays were born in the aquarium. Dubai Mall Aquarium (2,64 million gallons), Dubai, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, The Dubai Mall, one of the world‘s largest shopping malls in the world, is a part of the 20-billiondollar Burj Dubai complex . The centerpiece of the mall is the gigantic aquarium tank, with a capacity of 10 million liters (2,64 million gallons) of water. The aquarium has more than 33,000 living animals including over 400 sharks and rays. Acrylic Panel measures 8.3 by 32.88 meter (27 by 108 feet) and is 75 centimeters (30 inches) . Georgia Aquarium (6,3 million gallons) Atlanta ,USA 245 �This aquarium system is the largest aquarium in the world housing more than 100,000 sea creatures. The aquarium was opened in November 2005. The Georgia Aquarium is the only institution outside of Asia to house whale sharks. The sharks are kept in a gigantic 24 million liter (6.3 million gallon) tank in the Ocean Voyager exhibition. There has been controversy on the decision of the Georgia Aquarium to house whale sharks. Sealife Aquarium, Helsinki, FINLAND This aquapark has a nearly 33 foot long (10m) R-Cast™ acrylic tunnel that visitors walk through a 66,000 gallon (250,000 liter) ocean tank where they can view sharks and other marine life that live in tropical and reef environments. SeaLife Helsinki will journey from tropical seas to the depths of the Baltic, encountering hundreds of astonishing creatures along the way. Among these: 10 different shark species, colourful fish of coral reefs, rays, jelly fish, sea horses and many others.Even students of elementary school study with applied education in this aquarium system .Microorganisms in terms of phyto and zooplakton are exhibited with tables.12 The National Aquarium ,Baltimor,MD,USA The National Aquarium is a non-profit aquatic education and conservation organization with two locations and one mission: to inspire conservation of the world‘s aquatic treasures. In 2003, separate aquariums in Baltimore, MD, and Washington, DC, joined as one ―National Aquarium.‖ The National Aquarium venues together hold living collections that include more than 16,000 animals from more than 660 species of fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals living in award-winning, naturalistic habitats. Educators reach thousands of students each year with activities in schools and in the field; conservation crews and volunteers restore habitats and preserve species around the Chesapeake Bay and around the world; and the National Aquarium venues continue to boost the econoym in the city of Baltimore and as a unique tourist attraction in Washington, DC. Through all of its work, the National Aquarium maintains its long-time commitment to serving the communities around.Children and visitors can easily touch to some marine organisms like horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus).11 7.CONCLUSION The first public aquarium was opened in London Zoo in May 1853,green house as it came to be known, Barnum's American Museum was the first marine aquarium in the USA, which was located in Broadway, New York before it burned down in 1856. ThenHYPERLINK \l "cite_note-Brunner-1"a number of aquariums opened in Europe, such asThe Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris and the Viennese Aquarium Salon (both founded in 1860),the Marine Aquarium Temple as part of the Zoological Garden in Hamburg (1864),as well as aquariums in Berlin (1864) and Brighton (1872)6. A marine aquarium is an aquarium that keeps marine plants and animals in a contained environment. Marine fishkeeping is different from its freshwater counterpart because of the fundamental differences in the constitution of saltwater and the resulting differences in the adaptation of its inhabitants. A stable marine aquarium requires more equipment than freshwater systems, and generally requires more stringent water quality monitoring. The inhabitants of a marine aquarium are often difficult to acquire and are usually more expensive than freshwater aquarium inhabitants. However, the inhabitants of saltwater aquariums are usually much more spectacular than freshwater aquarium fish. 246 �Marine aquarium components: The major and important components are an aquarium, usually made from acrylic or glass, filtration equipment, lighting, and an aquarium heater. Marine aquariums can range in volume from less than 80 liters (< 20 US gal) to over 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small volumes are more difficult to maintain due to the more rapid changes in water chemistry. The majority of saltwater aquariums are between 160 and 400 litres (40 and 100 US gal). Most common size for a home aquarium tank is probably 29 or 30 gallon, though some aquarists have constructed aquariums of many thousands of gallons. Public aquariums can be larger than any of the home aquariums. Only a few are big enough to make it to the list of largest aquariums in the world. The kind of aquarium that can keep whale sharks and manta rays. It takes a very large tank to hold these kind of marine creatures. These marine aquariums are :the Aquarium of Western Australia, the Aquarium od Genoa, The uShaka Marine World, The Monterey Bay Aquarium, Turkuazoo, Istanbul Aquarium, L‘Oceanografic, The Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, The Dubai Mall Aquarium, The Georgia Aquarium. Marine aquarium and aquapark systems are very interesting and exciting for disabled children and adult. In this connection ,positive discrimination can be shown for disabled , poor people and students in the meaning of admission prices and suitable paths which are inside the marine aquariums.International Disability Action Plan can be aimed at improving the quality of life of disabled people in each ages. Generally marine aquarium and freshwater aquarium systems can efficiently be evaluated in every phase of education and scientific area including medical marine biology in terms of neurological problems, cancer and aizheimer.These marine aquariums are very important segment of modern life and they aretotally education centers. REFERENCES 1.Borneman,E.H. (2004) Aquarium History.p.211,T.F.H. Publications. Corals: Selection,Husbandary,and Natural 2.Brunner, Bernd (2003). The Ocean at Home. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 99. ISBN 1-56898-502-9 3..Calfo,A. and Fenner,R.(2003) compatibilit.p.400,T.F.H. Publications. An essential.Guide to selection,care,and 4.Fenner,M.R.(2008)The Conscientious Marine Aquarist.p. 400 T.F.H. Publications. 5.Hemdal,J.F.(2006) Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques.p.352,TFY Publications. 6.Sprung,J. (2002) Invertebrates. A quick Guide Reference.p.240.T.F.H. Publications. 7.http://www.thereeftank.com/forums/f45/acrylic-vs-glass-13750.html 8.http://wwwfishchannel.com.com/articles 9.http://www.wittistanbul.com/magazine/istanbul-aquarium-a-spectacular-tourist-attraction/ 10.http://www.touropia.com/largest-aquariums-in-the-world/ 11.http://www.aqua.org/ 12.http://www.visitsealife.com/Helsinki/ 247 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1251 Title A name given to the resource New Approaches To Marine Aquarium Systems Author Author Mustafa , Alparslan Abstract A summary of the resource. Marine aquarium systems are limited environments that include many marine plants and animals. This habitat also has very interesting marine species, living rocks, wrecks and the other objects. The chemical indicators of water quality such as salinity, specific gravity, Ph, ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate, Alkalinity, Copper, Calcium, and Magnesium are vital for the marine organisms. Further, the essential components are an aquarium made from acrylic, special heating systems , the consideration of overall lighting, metal halide, higher output fluorescent, standard fluorescent, incandescent, natural sunlight, filtration and live rocks. Marine aquarium systems can range in volume from less than 80 liters (approximately 20 US gallons) to over 1.300 liters (400 gallons). The biggest marine aquariums in the world are; Georgia Aquarium (6.3 million gallons), Okinowa churaumi Aquarium (1.98 million gallons), L‘oceanografic (1.85 million gallons), Turkuazzo (1.32 million gallons), Monterey Bay Aquarium (1.2 million gallons), uShaka Marine World (1 million gallons), Shaghai Ocean Aquarium (approxiamately 1 million gallons), and Shanghai Ocean Aquarium (approx. 1 million gallons), and Aquarium of Genova (approx. 1 million gallons). Turkuazoo Marine Aquarium which is the first biggest aquarium of Turkey was opened in 2009 in İstanbul. It is located in Bayrampasa region. This marine aquarium is one of Europe‘s largest aquariums and includes many shopping malls as well. Marinescope Sea Tube is 90 meters in length and this makes it one of the World‗s longest underwater tunnels, offering visitors an outstanding marine life. The water in the Turkuazoo comes from the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea and the Aegean Seas. Istanbul Marine Aquarium, located around Florya region, was opened on 25th.June, 2011 in Istanbul. This marine aquarium has a capacity of 6.8 million liters of seawater, and includes a variety of living organisms from East Atlantic, West Atlantic, Middle Atlantic, Panama Channel, Pacific Ocean, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, the Aegean Sea, the Marmara Sea, the Bosporus, the Dardanelles and also from one rain forest. Beyond these, the main aim is to set up marine aquariums to be able to explore the underwater life. In addition, protecting marine organisms such as sea plants and sea animals is our priority which will also reinforce tourism activities, education and economy. Finally, marine aquarium systems can also be used as a therapeutical tool for the patients with psychological disorders as this aquatic world creates a very positive and relaxing mood. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c520719c6b1da90cae5914d7835384d0.pdf 41ebf851b1a8dc55251f2368ccf44cfd PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Green Marketing Activities Of Green Star Hotels In Concept Of Sustainable Tourism Mustafa Gulmez1, Ismail Karayun2 ,Selcuk Burak Hasiloglu3 1Akdeniz University, Faculty of Tourism, 07058, Konyaalti, Antalya 2Akdeniz University, Ayse Sak School of Applied Sciences, 07192, Yesilbayir, Antalya 3.Pamukkale University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 20070, Kınık, Denizli E-mails: mgulmez@akdeniz.edu.tr, ismailkarayun@akdeniz.edu.tr, hasiloglu@pau.edu.t Abstract Due to increasing of global warming, the activities and studies about environmental consciousness and environmentally awareness are adopted by green star hotels and concept of sustainable tourism is becoming increasingly important in this context. Environmentally-friendly hotels or green star hotels have social responsibility consciousness to protect the environment by creating and developing economical solutions by hotel management for water and energy storing and reducing the solid wastes. Nowadays, both hotel managers and visitors pleasure in doing works environmentally responsible. While the hotel managers are adopting environmentallyfriendly construction, visitors (tourists) are behaving more environmentally-friendly about holiday plans and shopping. It is indicated that, the number of tourists who consider green star criteria while selecting the hotels are increasing and at last decades, environmentally-friendly tourism have enormously increased. The aim of this study is to expose green marketing activities of green star hotels in Turkey. In this context, the activities of green star hotels have been examined and viewpoints of the visitors about green marketing have been retained. In this research, both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used together. Deep - interviews were done with hotel managers also the questionnaires were used to get information about the awareness of visitors about green star hotels and green marketing activities. Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable Tourism, Green Star Hotel, Green Marketing, Green Consumer 1.INTRODUCTION Hotel company managers increasingly have to take environmental issues into account. A major number of typical vacation touristic events are directly dependent on the natural resources at a destination. Some planning consequences attempt to achieve higher levels of environmental sustainability at the destination. Tourism planning is to try to attract consumers who are intrinsically interested in protecting the environment and consequently behave in a way that leads 92 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to a smaller ecological footprint. Several authors have suggested this alternative approach and recommended that it may be suitable to reduce the ecological footprint of tourism at destinations. (Dolnicar and Leisch 2008) 2.GREEN STAR CONCEPT DEFINITION Today in tourism we find different eco-labels. In fact, obtainment of the eco-label exhibits the commitment of tourism suppliers towards sustainable development and environment improvements. There are several eco-labels in hotel sector, such as The Green Key. Similarly, The Green Star is one of the them. Hotel eco-labels create image of caring and friendly tourism organizations and, at the same time, inform tourists about sustainable orientation of tourism product and promote them. Suppliers can also develop guidelines for social responsible development. Green star hotel awards are an environmentally friendly program. A lot of hotel companies can improve their image by being environmentally friendly. They can improve neutral image about social responsibility into a positive one by helping to improve environment. Green star hotel companies might invest in environmentally friendly energy systems. A great number hotels can plant trees to improve the environment. (Rudez 2009). Eco-innovation and green star hotel practices are the new weapons for the progressive companies in tourism. Environmental improvements can enhance marketability and represent a potent source of innovation. Muntean and Stremtan (2008) tried to underline how important is for a hotel to develop sustainable eco-marketing strategy, called green star hotel practices. According to them Romanian hotels should ensure that eco-innovative efforts are communicated in all corporate environmental as well as responses to questionnaires from customers and socially responsible investors. The companies should make a public commitment to develop more eco-innovative products, and should ensure that commitments emanate from the highest level of the company. (Muntean and Stremtan 2008). Rudez (2009) focused on loyalty programs in the hotel management and, further applies corporate social responsibility into loyalty programs. According to Rudez (2009) that joint donation, environmentally friendly practices and programs of care for people are proposed as social responsible loyalty. On the other hand many companies that sell tourism products are environmental unfriendly. Tribe (2005, Rudez 2009) classifies negative impacts of tourism. Environmental impacts are impacts on natural resources, pollution, physical impacts. Song et al. (2012) introduced three environmentally related constructs. These are environmental concerns, perceived customer effectiveness, and environmentally friendly tourism behaviors. They examined the effect of environmentally friendly perceptions on the behavioral intention of visitors at a festival in South Korea. Environmentally friendly consumption behaviors are usually related to people’s belief that their environmentally friendly actions to solving ecological problems. Therefore perceived customer effectiveness is a useful construct to understand 93 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo customer’s environmentally conscious behaviors (Roberts, 1996). Namely, Straughan and Roberts (1999) stated that customers can be effective in resolving environmental problems tend to engage in more intense environmentally friendly behaviors with a high level of concern. (Song et al. 2012) Manaktola and Jauhari (2007) have researched in India where the two examined attitudes and behavior towards green star hotel practices. They’ve used a number of research methodologies. Manaktola and Jauhari (2007) have also used correlation and factor analysis. They’ve found that consumers were not only conscious of green star hotel practices. There were two main symptoms. The first symptom was the consumers’ reluctance to sacrifice quality of service to stay at a green hotel, while the second was a refusal to pay more to stay at hotels which have adopted green star hotel practices. They brought to an end that a hotel could derive a competitive advantage from green practices however the hotel would have to take a longterm vision concerning any financial gains. Manaktola and Jauhari (2007) also suggested that the government should institute rewards for and tax benefits to advance the entrenchment of green practices in the hotel sector in India. In addition, Kasim (2004) conducted a study in Penang Island, Malaysia. The purpose of this research was to examine tourists’ attitudes towards business socio-environmental responsibility. The findings of the research were mixed, similar to Manaktola and Jauhari (2007). Kasim found that tourists practiced more business socio-environmental responsibility activities at home than while on vacation. It’s also, the findings suggested that the tourists were not willing to make their hotel choice based on the business socio-environmental responsibility criteria’s, nor were they willing to pay extra for the same. In each case the researcher found that the subjects had the knowledge and may have even cared about green star hotel practices. (Moreo 2008). 3.GREEN STAR APPLICATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN THE WORLD In the world, green star applications are implemented generally and it is mentioned under the concept of eco-friendly hotels. They are giving names to the hotels which protect the environment and respect to natural environment as “green hotels” or “eco-friendly” hotels. There are some organizations and councils about green hotels in the world. Especially about sustainable tourism, there is an organization and it is named as Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC). GSTC is a global initiative dedicated to promoting sustainable tourism practices around the world. Momentum around this movement is growing. The GSTC is currently active in all World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) regions, including Africa, The Americas, East Asia and the Pacific, South Asia, Europe and Middle East (http://new.gstcouncil.org/about/learnabout-the-gstc). They have some criteria’s to assess the hotels and tour operators. First criteria’s were published in 2008 and three years later, in 2011, revised criteria’s were published. GSTC has 37 criteria’s, based on environment management system, water management, energy management, waste management, guest information, kitchen (food and beverages), housekeeping, garden and beach area, interior and exterior appearance, organized around four main themes as effective sustainability planning, maximizing social and economic benefits for 94 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the local community, enhancing cultural heritage and reducing negative impacts to the environment. The criteria’s which are offered by another organizations which inspect hotels about sustainable environment, use these criteria’s to create their own check lists. Besides GSTC, another organizations and programs about sustainable environment and tourism are United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), International Union for Nature (IUCN), International Tourism Partnership (ITP), World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), Rainforest Alliance, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), European Environment Agency (EEA), Network Evolution for Sustainable Tourism (NEST), United Nations Foundation, DestiNet and Travelife. Travelife using 99 criteria’s to assess the environmental operations in hotels and offering bronze, silver or gold awards depend on success of a hotel. There is an association about green hotels and named as “Green Hotels Association” in USA established in 1993. They have more than 50 member hotels all around the world but most of them locate in USA. This association aims to control waste management, protection of the natural environment and energy and water saving activities in hotels and consult them in these fields. There are over 800 different green certifications (http://www.greenhotels.com). Green Hotels Association is not offering “green star hotel certificate” to the hotels, instead of this, they are offering a guideline includes rules about how to protect the environment and the other subjects such as water, energy, waste management and air quality. The hotels have this guideline can have an opportunity to check all subjects mentioned above on-their-own and reduce management costs easily in these fields. There is a program named as “GreenHotelsGlobal” can provide metric-based information for the hotels. Hotels that use the Green Hotels Global program can accurately report to existing and prospective clients the carbon footprint; energy consumption; water usage and waste generation associated with room-night usage and event bookings. Green Hotels Global provides tracking of ongoing environmental progress in a standardized format, thereby establishing consistency, transparency and reportable metrics (http://greenhotelsglobal.com/about.aspx). With this program, hotels can assess the environmental subjects mentioned above and create reports includes the recent results regularly. With these reports, hotels can periodically benchmark them with each other and see the inefficient fields they have. 4.GREEN STAR HOTEL APPLICATIONS IN TURKEY In Turkey, green star hotel applications are operated and inspected by The Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The Ministry have 122 criteria’s based on; “General Management”, “Environmentally Training”, “Arrangements in Rooms”, “Compliance with Environment”, “Energy Management”, “Water Management”, “Sanitizers, Hazardous Chemicals Management”, “Waste Management” and “Other Services” All criteria’s have special score board. If a hotel is being inspected have adequate total score, regarding the type of the hotel (3-star, 4 –star, 5-star), there is a certificate named as “The Certification of Environmentally Friendly Accommodation Establishment” is offered by Ministry since 2008 and it is renewed every two years. About adequate score, if a hotel is a 5-star holiday village, it should have minimum 330 points; or if it is 5-star hotel, it should have minimum 300 points to get this certificate. These total scores necessary for the certificate depend on the type of hotels. The Ministry aims to encourage the hotels to get this certificate. That’s why they have special score table is divided into two groups as Resort Hotels and City Hotels. All hotels from 1-star to 5-star can apply for this certificate to 95 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the Ministry. After getting Environmentally-Friendly Certificate, the color of the stars on the hotel-plate changes to green. That’s why in Turkey, “Green Hotel” concept converts to “Green Star Hotel” concept. If a hotel is a member of the Ministry, to get this certificate they are not obligated to pay. There is no organization/association for Green Star Hotels in Turkey. Now, only the Ministry of Culture and Tourism is responsible for green star applications formally but the hotels can have certificates about environment or other subjects from other institutions if they have sufficient facilities inspected by them such as Travelife. 5.EVALUATION OF GREEN STAR HOTELS IN TURKEY 5.1The Aim and The Scope of Research The aim of this study is to determine the total amount of green star hotels in Turkey and to see green star hotel applications particularly in Antalya. Only 11 green star hotels locate in Antalya are taken into consideration in these research. Selecting Hotels and Data Collection To evaluate the environmental activities of green star hotels, special questionnaire was prepared by regarding GSTC’s, The Ministry of Culture and Tourism’s and other organizations’ assessment criteria’s and had face-to-face interviews with hotel managers. Approximately 2 hours were spent at each hotel to get answers for questions and to take photos for some important environmental points. 5.2.Analyzing of Collected Data’s All data’s collected from 11 green star hotels in Antalya were classified as energy management, water management, waste management and recycling; based on lobbies and opened areas, rooms, offices, kitchen and laundry areas and hotel operations. Besides that, environmentally training, certificates related to environment were analyzed. On another hand, questionnaires were prepared for visitors and tried to get answers for their knowledge about green star applications, why they chose the hotel they lodged and whether green star is affective on their decisions or not, the visuals show environmental activities by the hotel enough for the visitors or not, if they would like to participate to these activities or not etc. were analyzed. 6.FINDINGS 6.1.The Total Number of Green Star Hotels In Turkey, with regarding the fact sheet of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, “Calista Luxury Resort Hotel” is the first Green Star Hotel in Turkey and now there are 23 green star hotels have environmentally-friendly certificate (See Table 1). 96 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1. Dispersion of all Green Star Hotels in Turkey No Hotels n % 11 48 5 22 2 9 Antakya 1 4 Konya 1 4 21 Tuğcan Hotel Gaziantep 1 4 22 DoubleTree by Hilton Avanos Kapadokya Nevşehir 1 4 23 Dedeman Hotel Sanliurfa Şanlıurfa 1 4 TOTAL 23 100 1 Amara Dolce Vita Antalya 2 Calista Luxury Resort Otel Antalya 3 Club Hotel Rixos Tekirova Antalya 4 Concorde De Luxe Resort Antalya 5 Xanadu Resort Hotel Antalya 6 Otium Eco Club Side Antalya 7 Crystal Palace Resort Kemer Otel Antalya 8 Crystal Hotels Flora Beach Antalya 9 Crystal Sunrise Queen Luxury Resort & Spa Antalya 10 Crystal Palace Family Resort Antalya 11 Crystal Paraiso Verde Resort & Spa Antalya 12 Crowne Plaza Istanbul Asia Istanbul 13 Four Seasons Hotel Istanbul 14 The President Hotel Istanbul 15 The Sofa Otel Istanbul 16 Holiday Inn Istanbul City Istanbul 17 Ersan Tatil Koyu Bodrum Muğla 18 Hilton Dalaman Golf Resort & Spa Muğla 19 Antakya Ottoman Palace Thermal Resort 20 Dedeman Hotel Konya 97 City �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo There are 11 green star hotels, %48 of total number of green star hotels in Turkey, locate Antalya as you see on the table above. These hotels are intensively locate in Belek, Beldibi, Tekirova, Lara, Side and Kemer. Belek is the most intensive region for green star hotels as %36 of total hotels in Antalya. Because in Belek, hotels have large green area and also most of these hotels are suitable for golf sports. 6.2.Range the Trends in Green Star Hotels Hotels have being inspected since 2008 by the Ministry. In 2008, no hotels got the certificate because it was the first year of constitution. Since 2009, the total numbers of hotels have being increased (See Figure 1) Figure 1. Range the Trends in Green Star Hotels In 2009 there are 2 hotels applied for green star and in 2010; it increased and 10 hotels applied. In 2011, 12 hotels applied for green star and got the certificate. In 2012, one hotel have got the environmentally friendly certificate but it was not included on the graph. Because of data’s for 2012 are limit to April so if we put on the graph, people can understand that in 2012 trend is going down which is not correct. 6.3.Energy Management Activities in Green Star Hotels Within the scope of 11 green star hotels, all of them are using energy-saving lighting system in their lobbies, rooms, opened areas, offices, kitchens and laundry areas. %45 of them benefit from the sunlight in restaurants and lobbies and they have an opportunity to reduce the lighting expenditures at comparatively crowded these areas. %73 of the hotels are using motion sensor lamps in general toilets. %91 of the hotels have posters about energy savings in rooms and all of them have automatic heating and cooling systems, energy saving refrigerators and other electronically devices and machines in rooms, kitchens and laundry areas. Most of them have 98 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo double-glass windows system in whole hotel and this allow hotel management to control heat abduction. All of them are using integrated office equipments such as printer, scanner, copy and fax, all in one, devices so they do not consume energy separately. 6.4.Water Management Activities in Green Star Hotels All hotels are using water-saving device named as aerator at their taps and showers. Aerator does not allow to much consuming and certain rate of water is being used. Also in all hotels, west-bins are being used also they have small posters for visitors about put the garbage to the west-bin. %9 of hotels are using waterless urinals and the rest of them have photocell urinals in general toilets. Photocell taps are being used in all hotels in general toilets but in rooms, none of them has. Reusable things have highly importance in green star applications. At %45 of examined hotels, there are some small cards on the towels and “will be used again” written on them. So they do not use disposable towels in rooms and after using by the visitor, they are cleaned with high-tech washing technologies and used again for another visitors. If visitors request to change their towels and bed sheets, they should put them on the floor and there is a card explains what visitors should do. Unless they do, nobody can change them and still have to use. This is an important activity in green star hotels to avoid unnecessary water utilization. %64 of the hotels have photocell tap systems also in kitchens. Because kitchens are really important consuming points about water utilization so they could control water using rate easily with this system. In some countries, especially always rainy countries in Europe, hotels are collecting rain waters by special system and using this water for garden. %18 of green star hotels in Antalya is using this system and they are using the collected rain water especially for gardens. The rate is so low because it is normal that Antalya does not get rain so much if you compare with Europe. 6.5.Increasing the Air Quality in Hotels About examined green star hotels in Antalya, the entrance of the hotels are designed specially to leave dusts and other things outside. In some hotels, armchairs, beds and carpets are being cleaned by expert cleaning companies periodically to clean mites and allergens. %64 of the hotels are using environmentally-friendly paints and wallpapers in their rooms and lobbies. Especially about the paints, water-based paints are highly important to protect the environment. Another important subject is to determine smoking areas and rooms certainly. Also in most of the hotels, smoking is not allowed to personnel within the work hours. All of the hotels examined have special applications about smoking such as only at private areas in disco or balconies. In %73 of hotels, “High Efficiency Particulate Absolute System” (HEPA System) is implemented so they can control the air circulation efficiently. Personnel are trained about controlled use of printers in offices. Because the micro particles are unhealthy for human life so it should not be breathed so printers have to be used carefully. 99 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6.6.Waste Management and Recycling About waste management and recycling subject, in all hotels recycling-bins place in opened areas and visitors can reach them easily. Also it has different colors such as for glasses; blue, for paper; yellow and for plastic; green colors are used in one recycle-bin so people can understand easily which is more appropriate for their garbage. But %37 of all hotels have recycle-bin also in rooms and %55 of them have at offices. Reducing paper usage is one of the most important subject in waste management. %73 of all hotels let visitor to do their check-in and check-out transactions via on-line so they are managing the low rate paper using successfully at the same times. Also identity cards and passports of visitors are being scanned and they don’t have any paper copy to keep at registration. Soaps and foams are being kept in boxes on the wall in general toilets. When they are finished, they can be filled again and boxes reused easily. But in rooms, all hotels are using disposable small bottles for shampoo and soaps. When they are finished, in some of the hotels, they are filled again and reused but most of the hotels, they are not used again. In all hotels, cotton or bamboo curtains, bed sheets and towels are being used also there are small posters on the wall in rooms and lobbies to inform visitors about waste management and reducing the wastes. Also in all hotels, using environmentally-friendly cleaners, big size detergents and other cleaners, using the reusable table clothes, to request authorized companies by municipality to take waste oil for producing bio-diesel are the most important subjects in waste management and all of them are expending energy on these subjects. Housekeeping personnel in all green star hotels is collecting the garbage from the rooms and other areas, regarding the type of items. They have some special equipment to collect the wastes and also have different colors bags regarding to type of garbage. The most important point at waste management is %73 of hotels grant old but working machines, reusable towels and bed-sheets, personnel clothes and uniforms to the charity, municipalities, hospitals, mosques and other places. Also some hotels have their own zoo’s and cat houses within the hotel area and the appropriate waste foods are given to the animals. Hazardous chemicals and radioactive materials are being collected and stored in special depots outside the hotel building to avoid damaging people’s health. 6.7.Environmental Training Programs for Hotel Personnel All 11 green star hotels in Antalya have opportunity for their own personnel to train them about environment with in-house training modules. Especially personnel are being trained about appropriate techniques for waste management, fire and job security management, environmentconscious trainings, collecting and storing waste oils for bio-diesel, information security, perceiving customer expectations effectively, ISO 14001 Environment Management System, good and successful environmental activities etc. 100 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6.8.Environmental Committee and Certificates All hotels have their own environmental committee within the hotels. Regarding the rules determined by the Ministry, to get environmentally-friendly certificate also hotels should recruit at least one environmental engineer who is responsible for whole green star applications process within the hotel. %82 of hotels have environmental committee with 1-5 people. %9 of hotels have 6-10 people and the rest of; %9 have 11-15 people. Environmental committee is always organizing meeting with the others about activities and green star applications in their hotels and report them annually. These annual reports are taken into account by the Ministry every 2 years for certificate renewal. %91 of hotels have ISO 22000 Food Safety Management System Certificate, %73 of them have ISO 9001 Quality Management System Cert, again %73 of them have ISO 10002 Customer Satisfaction Management Certificate, %64 of hotels have ISO 14001 Environment Management System Certificate, , %36 of them have OHSAS ISO 18001 Occupational Health And Safety Management System Certificate. 6.9.Environment Policy and Visuals Attracting Visitors The 11 hotels interviewed in Antalya have their own “Environment Policy” and %73 of them put the policy in lobby and other areas to attract visitors. Also %64 of the hotels inform the visitors about green star applications they organized and operated with using environment board, environment tree or photos in lobbies, opened areas or in rooms. %73 of hotels are getting comments and suggestions from visitors about green star applications and hotel environment. On the other hand, %64 of hotels request visitors to join them for environmental activities such as replanting, collecting garbage etc. Also some hotels instruct special areas to cultivate organic vegetables, fruits and to protect endemic plants with visitors. 7.THE AWARENESS OF VISITORS ABOUT GREEN STAR APPLICATIONS We prepared another questionnaire for visitors not for hotel management to measure the awareness of visitors about green star applications and environmental activities operated by hotels. Firstly the visitors were classified as gender, nationality, age, education and occupation (See Table 3). Table 3. Demographic Features of Visitors 101 Gender n % Nationality n % Male 37 69 Turkish Rep. 17 32 Female 17 31 UK 16 30 Total 54 100 Germany 11 20 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Occupation n % North Europe 4 7 Independent 22 41 Middle Europe 4 7 Not Written 8 15 Russia 2 4 Retired 6 11 Total 54 100 Teacher 3 6 Age Accountant 3 6 18-25 2 4 Manager 3 6 26-33 5 9 Student 2 4 34-41 11 20 Sales 2 4 42-49 12 22 IT 2 4 50-57 9 17 Bank Empl. 1 2 58 and over 15 28 PC Progr. 1 2 Total 54 100 Secretary 1 2 Education n % Total 54 100 Prim.School 9 17 High School 16 30 Graduated 25 46 Post-Graduated 4 7 Total 54 100 n % Totally 54 visitors answered this questionnaire within 4 green star hotels in Antalya. %59 of all visitors do not have any idea about green star hotels. Related to this, %76 of them did not select the hotel which they are lodging because it has green star. About green star applications in hotels, %69 of them told that green star applications are enough and %67 of them think that visual about green star application are enough within the hotels. %24 of them indicated that Blue Flag is the most important criteria while selecting the hotel. %19 of them equally said green star and other things are important. %74 of the visitors in four green star hotels think that the posters about energy saving, waste management and recycling in lobbies, rooms and open areas are enough and they attract them about protecting the environment. The same rate, %74, of visitors also think that the institutional environmental policy is so clear and they can see easily in lobbies, rooms and open areas. About the participating to environmentally activities by hotel management such as collecting garbage, replanting etc., %56 of visitors would like to participate to these activities. 102 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo %72 of visitors answers our question positively about getting their suggestions and recommendations about environment by hotel management. It is very high rate and %96 of them recommend the green star hotel which they are lodging to anyone but %48 of them indicated that they did not see any differences between other 5-star hotels (which are not green star) and this green star hotel they are lodging. The visitors who thought there was a difference between them, indicated that in green star hotel some applications are being operated more carefully such as there is a environment board which shows endemic plants and wild animals etc., more effective waste management, more service quality, to more respect for endemic plants and animals, to give more importance on cleaning, usage of plastic and paper glasses and to have a card in rooms about towels and bed sheets to put on the floor if visitors request to change. 8.CONCLUSION Green star applications and processes are a bit different from eco-friendly hotel arrangements. Because eco-friendly hotels, only about some subjects important and assessed to protect the environment but not so much care about the hotel building, instruction necessities and some technical fields. Now, in the world the numbers of green hotels are enormously increasing because the fast global warming. All hotels have decided to be more careful about the environment, energy saving, water saving, waste management, recycling and personnel training about environment. Hotels are investing in technology and personnel training more than before and protecting the environment also began to be a strong criterion between hotels about competition circumstances. Green star hotel applications are really important in Turkey especially in Antalya. With these applications, besides the hotels, also people started to be more environment-conscious also individually. In Turkey, the number of green star hotels are increasing and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism is working to encourage all types of hotels to get the environmentally-friendly certificate. Now, there are 23 green star hotels in Turkey and the most of them, %48, locate in Antalya because Antalya is the best known city about tourism by foreign visitors even in Turkey. Green star hotel concept will be important about the Scandinavian and developed countries’ preferences for destinations. Now, blue flag is more affective on decisions for hotel selecting and in the future green star will be more affective instead of blue flag. REFERENCES Dolnicar, S. and Leisch, F. (2008). Selective marketing for environmentally sustainable tourism. Tourism Management (29), 672–680. Green Hotels Association. Last Accessed on 4 29, 2012, from http://www.greenhotels.com Green Hotels Global. Last Accessed on 4 29, 2012, from http://greenhotelsglobal.com/about.aspx 103 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo GSTC Global Sustainable Tourism Council. Last Accessed on 4 29, 2012, from http://new.gstcouncil.org/about/learn-about-the-gstc Kasim, A. (2004). Socio-environmentally responsible hotel business: Do tourists to Penang Island, Malaysia care? Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 11(4), 5-28. Manaktola, K. and Jauhari, V. (2007). Exploring consumer attitude and behaviour towards green practices in the lodging industry in India. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 19(5), 364-377. Moreo, A. (2008) Green Consumption in the Hotel Industry: An Examination of Consumer Attitudes, Master Thesis in Hospitality Information Management, University of Delaware, UMI: 1457177, Newark, USA: ProQuest. Muntean, A. and Stremtan, F. (2008). Green-marketing: a new challenge for romanian organizations. Tourism Management, 14(2), 343-348. Roberts, J.A. (1996). Green consumers in the 1990s: profile and implications for advertising. Journal of Business Research, 36(3), 217-231. Rudez, H.N. (2010). Integration of corporate social responsibility into loyalty programs in the tourism industry. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 16(1), 101-108. Song, H.J., Lee, C., Kang, S.K. and Boo, S. (2012). The effect of environmentally friendly perceptions on festival visitors’ decision-making process using an extended model of goaldirected behavior. Tourism Management, 2012(1-12). Straughan, R.D., and Roberts, J.A. (1999). Environmental segmentation alternatives: a look at green consumer behavior in the new millennium. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(6), 558575. Tribe, J. (2005) The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism. Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier. 104 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1368 Title A name given to the resource Green Marketing Activities Of Green Star Hotels In Concept Of Sustainable Tourism Author Author Mustafa, Gulmez Abstract A summary of the resource. Due to increasing of global warming, the activities and studies about environmental consciousness and environmentally awareness are adopted by green star hotels and concept of sustainable tourism is becoming increasingly important in this context. Environmentally-friendly hotels or green star hotels have social responsibility consciousness to protect the environment by creating and developing economical solutions by hotel management for water and energy storing and reducing the solid wastes. Nowadays, both hotel managers and visitors pleasure in doing works environmentally responsible. While the hotel managers are adopting environmentallyfriendly construction, visitors (tourists) are behaving more environmentally-friendly about holiday plans and shopping. It is indicated that, the number of tourists who consider green star criteria while selecting the hotels are increasing and at last decades, environmentally-friendly tourism have enormously increased. The aim of this study is to expose green marketing activities of green star hotels in Turkey. In this context, the activities of green star hotels have been examined and viewpoints of the visitors about green marketing have been retained. In this research, both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used together. Deep - interviews were done with hotel managers also the questionnaires were used to get information about the awareness of visitors about green star hotels and green marketing activities. Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable Tourism, Green Star Hotel, Green Marketing, Green Consumer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e799d733bc26b586b4beee2c27f91160.pdf d30e68d118b00816d4ee8330130a621f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ECER, H. Ferhat (2004) Yüksek Lisans Tezi “Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Değeri Üzerindeki Etkisi ve Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. HATİBOĞLU, Z. (1986) “İşletmelerde Stratejik Yönetim” İstanbul: İrfan Yayıncılık. KÖSE & AKGÜN (2004) “Süleyman Demirel University’s 10. Year Gift”. Isparta. Süleyman Demirel University's Strategic Plan (2011). Isparta. TUIK (2011) Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Veri Tabanı. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987) “Our common future” Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. Institutionalization In Hotel Management And An Applied Study On Cappadocia’s 4 And 5 Star Hotels Mustafa Caliskan, Hayrullah Cetin Nevsehir University, Nevsehir, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION In the simplest terms, institutionalization means that the specific rules are to be valid in all the relevant issues. In other words, certain rules are dominated in all of the social processes such as from the one’s individual life to the family life and to the institutions and organizations, societies, and inter-communal relations. Institutionalization is not just a question of top management. A general management philosophy covering the entire of the enterprise is a corporate culture.The decision or personal behavior of salesman working at the endpoint of organization is an indication of the level of institutionalization of the company. Recently, it is seen that many enterprises enter into the process of institutionalization so that they have more stable and more planned growth path. The most important element of the tourism sector is the hotel enterprise. Revealing that hotel enterprises give importance to which points to institutionalization and determining the viewpoint of them on the institutionalization constitute the basic question of the study. In the study, primarily by considering the institutional framework; institutionalization term, principles, the importance of institutionalization in terms of hotel enterprises and the concept 141 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of institutionalization in terms of employees are discussed. Then, a survey for the hotels the Cappadocia has been practiced. Keywords: Institutionalization, Institutionalization in Tourism. Purpose Of The Study, the purpose of this study is to determine the level of institutionalization of the hotel enterprises operating in the tourism sector - one of the main sectors of the economy- and to make an assessment of perception about institutionalization of those working in the hotel enterprise. Due to that, the study aims to show the emphasis on the issue of institutionalization of the hotel enterprise offering accommodation services in tourism sector, it can be defined as setting out the current situation (descriptive). Overview Of The Research, the overview of the research consists of 4 and 5 stars hotel enterprises in Cappadocia. For the study, fourteen hotels have been reached. Three hotels haven’t participated in the study. A questionnaire consisting of 375 questions were distributed eleven hotels participating in the study. 175 questionnaires have been taken back within 10 days. 141 of them have been evaluated. 34 questionnaires haven’t been suitable for further evaluation. 1.1. Literature Rewiev 1.2.The Notion Importance and Principles of Institutionalization Institutionalization is a process of composing literal norms and currencies for the aim of accruing of generally wanted to be reached targets, being carried out the system of coordination and control, making an organization attuned to internal and external environment. (Baran, 2000: 6-7)In other words, it is something that definite rules dominate in all of the social processes from individual life of a person to his/her domesticity, agency and institute, communities and inter-societal relations. (Fındıkcı,2005:82) In the simplest term, it means that definite rules relating to every kind of issue are valid. Expressing it as a process, institutionalization can be defined as a series of a complement of activities that have a work environment composed which is accepted by everybody and based on the rules derived from the involvement of staff members working both at the top and at the bottom level for firms’ reaching their pre-determined aims. (Ak, 2010: 37) Institutionalization emerges by starting to be implemented similarly by the followers of actions which are became a pattern by various actors. As long as the actions became a pattern show similarity, a corporate identity is formed. (Berger and Luckmann, 1976,72). Institutionalization of a firm reflects the resistance against this firm’s illiberality culture. (Selznick, 1996: 271) 142 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In Turkey, institutionalization is perceived as administrative efforts aimed at turning into organizations which are estranged from selfhood while determining the responsibilities, conducting the business and prioritize persistence. (Yildirim, 2011:190). Chief aim of institutionalization is that the firms become independent of individuals (boss, administrator, core personnel, etc.) and their fulfilment method depending on their own talents. Institutionalization means that a firm is able to become a system. Corporate Governance is a system where firms are controlled, leaded in an economical and social system, and firms’ administration and organizational structure are arranged. (Korkmaz and others, 2012:5) Corporate Governance could be carried out when a corporation management is subjected to a set of principles determined in accordance with legislations and market laws after moving exactly away current conflicts of interest. That is, carrying out corporate governance is possible by acting according to these principles. In Turkey, Capital Markets Board of Turkey determined the framework of institution management through the criteria specified by OECD. According to Corporate Governance Association, main principles of corporate governance having universal acceptance and validity are fairness, accountability, transparency and liability. (www.tkyd.org/tr) 2.Importance of Institutionalization in Hotel Management Institutionalization capability of private sector enterprises operating in an area plays a fundamental role in effectuation of development objective of the area. So long as enterprises are institutionalizing, they develop a certain character and distinctive capabilities. Institutionalization of enterprises increases their capacity, makes them grown and lived long standing. Institutionalization is essential for fulfilment of enterprise objective systematically, creating an original identity, developing stable administration policies, and especially legitimating of enterprise asset. Enterprises should review, harmonize their structuring persistently according to requirement of the present and, if it needs, start the right changing. Apart from the changing, enterprise creating its own identity lies behind being able to success the institutionalization. Institutionalized enterprises providing with the economic value to their areas is increasing. In addition to supplying with principally the accommodation requirement of their clients, hotel operations are facilities involving in auxiliary and supplementary units for catering and entertainment, etc. requirements. The importance of institutionalization activity in hotels is increasing gradually because of the reasons such as customer expectations, conditions of competitions, development of technology and the obligation of hardening between customer orientation and cost-orientation. Even though the economy of Cappadocia Region is predominantly based on agricultural sector, the agricultural sector is a subject of national economy from the point of the region. Cappadocia is known as a tourism region in international community. Cappadocia is in line for growing in tourism with its uncommon geographical features. The institutionalization level of the hotels, especially four and fivestar, operating in this region will raise their contributions to regional economy. 143 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.1.Institutionalization From The View Of Labour Force Of Enterprise Nowadays in work life qualities of serving or property that is understood as institution policy, are concepts like quality in workers’ manufacture who work in enterprise and quality in their relation (professionalism) and generally making investment in society for people, for customer and reputation. Corporate mentality, institutional action, motivation, communication, determining method of management and relation between management and workers are very important indicators of institutionalization. These assets are heightening the importance of corporate governance and institutional constituent on workers more and more. (www.isletmeportali.com). In an institutional constitute development and sustainability is being possible with the action of constituted work, not with the format of work. Also efficiency of institutionalization is important for enterprise from the view of human resource, which is very important capital for enterprise. In this regard institutional administrative mentality and action have an important and efficient result on workers. Managers should try to ascertain their company’s priorities together with workers’ participate and they should try to be understood and accepted all these priorities by all workers. Otherwise the workers’ aim and association’s aim will be differed. So, desired output and desired participation cannot be achieved. (Korkmaz and others, 2012:5). It is certain that institutionalized company is preferred by the workers qualified and with high performance. Workers’ education and expressing their ideas freely can be possible in institutionalized governance enterprise. An administrative mentality in which workers are able to defence their idea freely can make workers take part in decision making process more active. One of the important factor in workers’ motivation, more important than money, is the environment that they can improve themselves. So, enterprises which can apply the institutional management in the proper sense can have more qualified human resource. 3.Problem statement The research attemps to make an assessment as to what extent have institutionalization and the attached importance reached in hotel enterprises providing service in the field of tourism, one of the main sectors of economy. Purpose Of The Study, the purpose of this study is to determine the level of institutionalization of the hotel enterprises operating in the tourism sector - one of the main sectors of the economy- and to make an assessment of perception about institutionalization of those working in the hotel enterprise. Due to that, the study aims to show the emphasis on the issue of institutionalization of the hotel enterprise offering accommodation services in tourism sector, it can be defined as a description, setting out the current situation. 144 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.Research Methodology Firstly, domestic and foreign literature related to the institutionalization has been inquired. After examining the literature, a questionnaire has been prepared to gather information in the light of the information obtained. In this way, a questionnaire has been prepared for those working in hotel enterprises. With the aim to learning what those working hotel enterprises think about the institutionalization and determining the effects of institutionalization in the hotel enterprises on the workers, such a questionnaire has been prepared. The questionnaire prepared for the hotel enterprises consists of two chapters. The first chapter consists of six closed-ended questions in order to determine of the demographic characteristics of people working in hotel enterprise and reveal a relationship with the hotel enterprise. The second chapter consists of twenty questions in order to determine the level of institutionalization approach in the enterprise of those working in the hotel enterprise and the behavior of entrepreneurs in the process of institutionalization. Those working in the hotel enterprise have been kindly asked to answer as “yes” or “no” with the twenty questions in the second chapter. 4.1.Findings The reliability test of the study has been made and it is concluded that reliability of the survey is 85%. In the evaluation of questionnaires, status determination has been made using SPSS 17 statistical package program. When we beware of the briefs to the analysis of questionnaire; According to the survey results, in the first question it is seen that the opinions of the employees weren’t asked. In the second question, employees expressed that there is an enterprise constitution. In the third question, in-hotel permissions were seen as arranged without conforming to the rules. When it is evaluated with the second question, a contradiction emerges. It is understood that enterprise constitution doesn’t run in practice. According to the results,in the forth question the enterprises get consulting service from outside. In the fifth question, employees are aware of the conflict between the family members. When we evaluate this question with the working hours, it is viewed that the more working hours increase, the more employees become aware of the conflict between the family members. In the sixth question, employees expressed that decisions are taken by only one of the family members. In the seventh question, in terms of the findings, it is understood that the founder of the hotel made an effort for development of employees. In the eightth question, 75 percent of the employees stated that they know the person who will take the place of the founder of the hotel in the event of quitting of him. In the ninth question, 84.4 percent of the employees know the in charge in the hotel. 145 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In the tenth question, It is seen that the employees solve their problem by getting information from just one person. In the eleventh question, according to 74.5 percent of the employees, anyone doesn’t interfere in scope of authority and responsibility of each other. In the twelveth quesiton, according to 75 percent of the employees, it was expressed that the administrators who are not family members bear so called responsibility and authority. In the thirteenth question, in as much as the results, 79.4 percent of the employees expressed that suggestions and opinions are discussed by conducted a meeting in their working sections. In the fourteenth question, most of the employees find the quality of provided service high. In the fifteenth question, 71.2 percent of the employees know that sales volume of the hotel accrued in proportion to the previous year. In the sixteenth question, 76.6 percent of them know the new service project of the hotel. In the seventeenth question, 83 percent of the employees expressed that they are in accordance with the environment of the hotel that they work. In the nineteenth question, most of the employees said that the hotel that they work took part in a social responsibility project. In the last question, 75.2 percent of them stated that the result related to the hotel was shared by everybody. 4.1.1.Summary of Findings 4 Stars hotels in Cappadocia Region are more institutionalized than 5 stars hotel in that region. It is understood that, when 5 stars hotels got the fifth star, they gave up institutionalization process. 4 stars hotels are keeping on institutionalization process. The Most Important Limitation Of The Study is that the study cannot do with managers and business owners. Because, they rejected to do it. So, it became difficult to collect owner and manager opinions to our research. 5.CONCLUSION Tourism sector consists of many components. But the most important component is hotel management. Hotel managements should give up traditional management styles. In every respect, hotel managements should implement modern management styles for tourism sector and economic system. This will lead to better results. One of this management styles is intuitionalism. Intuitionalism is very important concept as without it or by neglecting it, managements may lose their rivalry position. Hotels participated to the questionnaire though believe in intuitionalism, it is observed that they still have deficiencies. During questionnaire period, hotel founder and managers didn’t 146 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo accept our invitations to take the survey so this indicated that hotel managements should implement severe institutionalization practices (precautions). In this respect, managers and owners should attend the conferences and should observe the successful applications in other institutions. Employees should constantly be involved in in-service programs, so it helps to the employees, attending decision period, finally they can easily make some decisons. In conclusion owners, managers and employees should cooperate and should be in communication all the time. This is an important step towards intuitionalism. Criteria about distribution of work, authority and responsibilities, employing procedures, appointment, and promotion should be by the institution rules and be independent of individual factors. REFERENCES AK G. B. (2010). Aile İşletmelerinde Kurumsallaşmanın İşletme Başarısına Olan Etkileri: Aydın İlinde Faaliyet Gösteren Aile İşletmeleri Örneği, Adnan Menderes University, Social Sciences Institute, Phd Thesis, Aydın. BARAN. Y, (2000).“Kurumsallaşma İle Örgüt Kültürü Arasındaki İlişki”, İ.Ü. Social Sciences Institute, Management Faculty. BERGER, P. L. ve LUCKMANN, T. (1976). The Social Construction of Reality A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, Penguin Books Ltd., Middlesex. FINDIKCI, I. (2005), Aile Şirketleri, İstanbul: Alfa Books. KORKMAZ M, SAVAS, K. ve YAHYAOGLU, G. (2012) Kurumsal Aile İşletmelerinde Stratejik Yönetimin Çalışanlar Üzerinde Etkisi Üzerine Bir Çalışma, Academic Wiev Magazine, V: 28, Kirgyzistan. SELZNICK, P. (1196). Institutionalizm, Old & New, Administrative Science Quartely, Volume 41, Number 2 , June. YARAR, O. (2008), Kurumsallaşma Ve Markalaşma, İstanbul İlindeki Özel Hastaneler Üzerinde Bir Araştırma, İstanbul University, Social Sciences Institute Phd Thesis, İstanbul. YILDIRIM, S. (2011). Kurumsallaşamayan Aile Şirketlerinde Pazarlama Sorunları Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma, Kocaeli University, Social Sciences Institute Magazine, V: 2 N:185-202 http://www.isletmeportali.com/konular/yonetim-ve-organizasyon/kurumsallasma-4.html (10 April 2012 http://www.tkyd.org/files/downloads/basin_odasi/tkyd_makaleleri/murat_dogu_23 ( 10 April 2012) 147 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1108 Title A name given to the resource Institutionalization In Hotel Management And An Applied Study On Cappadocia’s 4 And 5 Star Hotels Author Author Mustafa, Caliskan Abstract A summary of the resource. In the simplest terms, institutionalization means that the specific rules are to be valid in all the relevant issues. In other words, certain rules are dominated in all of the social processes such as from the one’s individual life to the family life and to the institutions and organizations, societies, and inter-communal relations. Institutionalization is not just a question of top management. A general management philosophy covering the entire of the enterprise is a corporate culture.The decision or personal behavior of salesman working at the endpoint of organization is an indication of the level of institutionalization of the company. Recently, it is seen that many enterprises enter into the process of institutionalization so that they have more stable and more planned growth path. The most important element of the tourism sector is the hotel enterprise. Revealing that hotel enterprises give importance to which points to institutionalization and determining the viewpoint of them on the institutionalization constitute the basic question of the study. In the study, primarily by considering the institutional framework; institutionalization term, principles, the importance of institutionalization in terms of hotel enterprises and the concept of institutionalization in terms of employees are discussed. Then, a survey for the hotels the Cappadocia has been practiced. Keywords: Institutionalization, Institutionalization in Tourism. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)