131 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60c01fdf5bf1103960081b6b67084fc1.pdf da5f72a22b600d8854a74d46d01eb3c8 PDF Text Text [11] Mohammad Hossein Morowvat, Sara Rasoul-Amini, Younes Ghasemi. Chlamydomonas as a ‗‗new‖ organism for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 2059– 2062. The Development of the Clean Technology Industry: A Conceptual Framework Nir Kshetri The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Abstract The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations. Many analysts consider the clean technology (CT)industry as a game changer for businesses‘ and nations‘ competitiveness in the 21st century.From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many idiosyncraticfeatures, which affect the natures of entrepreneurial opportunities and roles in this industry. The issues of the evolution of the clean technology industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry area critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the entrepreneurship in the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industry and assesses some major economies in terms of the major dimensions in the framework. We also present a case study of entrepreneurship in the Chinese CT industry. Keywords: Clean technology, disruptive innovations, solar cells, China, venture capital, externality mechanisms 1. INTRODUCTION The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations (Utterback 1996). The rapidly evolving clean technology(CT) industry is toutedasapotential source to bring changes in businesses strategic orientation as well as significant changesintheglobaleconomic and political power structures. Despite their current small size, some CT sectors such as solar and wind energy are the fastest growing forms of electric power (Kennard 2008). Facing the trend toward CT, some companies have developed new competences and capabilities that have the potential of being clean and sustainable. To take an example, DuPont has shifted its portfolio away from its traditional core competencies and is developing new internal competences and capabilities compatible with therecent global greenmovement(Hart 2005). 217 �One can present convincingargumentsto show that the current universal drive toward CT1 is likely to be a long-term trendratherthan a fad or hype2. Reflective pieces from the popular press as well as academic articles have illustrated influential arguments regarding the CT industry‘s likely powerful impacts. Many observers in the U.S., for instance, think that despite the Silicon Valley‘s leadership in technology, it is doubtful that it will be a CT leader (Wadhwa 2010). Additionally, part of the fascinating character of CT is that compared to other industries, innovation per se is likely to make a smaller, independent contributionto success in this industry. For one thing, the CT industry inherently requires the whole new systems instead of merely developing individual technologies (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). For instance, while Japan has been a global epicenter for the advanced CT innovations, analysts have forcefully argued that the innovations alone may not be sufficient to develop the CT industry (Dickie 2010). The all-encompassingnature of the CT industry has created new opportunities as well as threats for organizations in diverse industries and settings.Managersmaybenefit from ensuring that they redefine their actionstobetter reflect the global trends towards the CT industry. Hart (2005) argues that being more innovative in the long-term requires companies to develop internal capabilities and resources to address the trend toward CT and eco-effectiveness. There are several indications that policymakershavebeen persuaded by the economic, environmental, and national security arguments. Governments worldwide are competing to develop CT industries. French finance minister, Christine Lagarde noted: ―[CT] is a race and whoever wins that race will dominate economic development. The emerging markets are well-placed‖ (Bennhold 2010). In April 2009, U.S. President Obama warned: ―The nation that leads the world in 21st-century clean energy will be the nation that leads in the 21st-century global economy‖. In February 2010, he further noted: "Countries like China are moving even faster. . . . I'm not going to settle for a situation where the United States comes in second place or third place or fourth place in what will be the most important economic engine in the future" (cf. Mufson and Pomfret 2010). From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many unusual and idiosyncraticfeatures.The issues of the evolution of entrepreneurship in the CT industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry are a critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. Gibbs (2009) notes: ―…the concept of a sustainable entrepreneur may remain as much of a ‗black box‘ as sustainable development itself‖ (p. 65). We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industryandassesses the world‘s major economies in terms of the important elements in the framework. We also present a case study of the Chinese CT industry. In the remainder of the paper, we first provide a review of the CT industry. Then, we discuss our proposed model to examine the development of the CT industry. Next, we classify major economies in the world in terms of the framework. The final section provides discussion and implications. 1In the U.S., CT was the only sector that received more VC in 2009 compared to 2008, which experienced a 52% increase to $2.7 billion (Zaborowski2009). 2 While the CT market has been growing since the 1970s (solar panels and wind energy have had a small but loyal consumer), investment in this sector is taking off in recent years (Gangemi2007). 218 �2. A note on the CT industry One of the most striking features of the CT industry is its all-encompassingnature, which touches diverse industries and settings. CT requires re-engineering an economy that has run on fossil fuels since the Industrial Age. The transportation infrastructure, for example, encompasses comprehensive network of energy production and distribution that have been shaped by a century of investment and innovation in oil drills, pipelines, tankers, refineries and gas stations (Harris 2010; Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). Parker and Youngman (2009) haverightly pointed out: ―[C]leantech is not a sector in the traditional sense (like IT or biotech), more a theme‖. Most innovations developed by biotechnology ventures are typically disruptive in nature (ThomassinandCloutier 2001). Despite initial inferior performance, disruptive innovations tend to be ―cheaper, simpler, smaller, and more convenient to use ―(Christensen, Raynor and Anthony 2003). They either create new markets by targeting non-consumers or compete in the low end of an established market. While some innovations in the CT industry might have disruption potential (Parker and Youngman 2009), they might not be so in the same way as in other industries. As noted above, most disruptive innovations tend to be cheaper (Christensen, Raynor and Anthony 2003).To the contrary, while the costs of solar and wind energy have reduced significantly, they remain more expensive than coal-generated electricity (Walet 2010). The CT industry is thus unlikely to follow Moore's Law3 of cost-improvement curve (Karlgaard 2010). Instead of focusing on a particular economic sector, CT entails the development, manufacturing, deployment, and sustainment of technologies that help improve the economic productivity and environmental performance of many sectors of the economy and improves national security (Ernst & Young2007; Parker and Youngman 2009). The development of the CT industries depends upon reducing the costs of products based on existing technologies instead of creating new low-cost products. CT‘s development depends upon emotionalratherthan rational behaviors of consumers and businesses. CT industry‘s success thus requires a fundamental shift in behaviors of consumers and businesses. Likewise, companies‘ responses to the global trends toward CT are also functions of factors such as contribution to international/ nationalsecurityandenvironmental protection in addition toprofit maximization. Some CT leaders, for instance, are likely to be consumer companies that are ―de-materializing‖ and are seeking to improve resource efficiency (Parker and Youngman 2009). Green capitalism is not likely to work in the same manner as in traditional industries. Wallis (2010, p. 33) notes: ―At a conceptual level, it is clear that ―green capitalism‖ seeks to bind together two antagonistic notions. To be green means to prioritize the health of the ecosphere, with all that this entails in terms of curbing greenhouse gases and preserving biodiversity. To promote capitalism, by contrast, is to foster growth and accumulation, treating both the 3 The well-known Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months, driving exponential growth rate of computing power. Over the past 40 years, Moore's Law has been found to be remarkably accurate. For instance, the number of transistors on a single chip increased from 2,300 on the 4004 chip developed in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium IV processor developed in 2000 (Hamilton, 2001). Moore (2001) was confident that his law 'will be true for another 20 years'. A corollary of Moore's Law is that the cost of computing declines by about 35% every year (Palem 2001). 219 �workforce and the natural environment as mere inputs‖. Acorollaryoftheabove observation is that the traditional venture capital (VC) model that worked for IT may not work for theCT industry. A BusinessWeek article quotes a VC attorney, a CT specialist: " The scale and the risks are much greater". For this reason, some advocates of CT industry maintain that the government needs to act as a source of patient capital. 3. A proposed framework to examine the development of the CT industry The development of the CT industry in an economy can be understood in terms of three main building blocks (Figure 1)4. In this section, we briefly discuss the elements of the building blocks. Figure 1 about here 3.1.Impacts ofCT Impacts ofCT reflect the national welfare created by the CT industry and are the ultimate objectives that policy makers want toaccomplish (Ahmad and Hoffmann 2008). The reason perhaps most often cited for policymakers‘ preference for CT development concerns the shift towards a new form of ―capitalist development‖ that can address concerns related to negative environmental impacts such as global warming and climate change (Gibbs 2009). In addition, CT may also contribute to the economic and national security. In the U.S., for instance, in addition to climate change related concerns, factors such as increasing oil prices, growth of emerging markets and perceived national security implications of energy dependence on foreign countries have been major drivers of the CT industry (Ernst & Young2007). 3.2.Performance of the CT industry Performance indicators are CT related actions that are instrumental in delivering the desired impacts.Put differently, target indicators used in measuring CT performance tellthe progress towards achieving the ultimate objectives. Various indicators related to the development of the CT industrycan be used to measure the performance.Businesses‘ and consumers‘ CT awareness, attitude and preferences are tightly linked to the CT industry‘s performance. It is argued that companies in Japan have a ―non-political, long-term view‖ of energy (San Miguel 2010). In some countries, consumer perceptions are often the biggest roadblock for the development of the CT industry. For instance, due to efficiency and cost-effectiveness of conventional energy in the U.S., consumers have failed to see the benefits of CT (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009; Wadhwa 2010). Production of CT and CT adoption levels of businesses and consumers are also important performance indicators. The width of CT adoption or the number of different uses of CT, and the depth of CT adoption or the amount of usage of a particular CT can also be used to assess a country‘s CT performance. Other indicators include entrepreneurship and emergence of competitive local firms in the CT sector, export of CT related products and CT related innovations. 3.3.Determinants of CT development 4 This framework draws upon Ahmad and Hoffmann (2008). 220 �Determinants of CT development arethe factors that affect CT performance. The left box in Figure 1 presents interdependent and mutually reinforcing elements that determine the development of the CT industry. Government incentives, supports and strategic regulations that favor the local CT industry As is the case of any industry, the development of the CT industry is a function of the level of priority and focus of national industrial and technological policies on fostering and strengthening the industry (National Academy of Science 1985). Trade policy and other strategic regulations also affect the CT industry‘s growth (Tilton 1971). Strategicregulations provide frameworks and processes required for CT related actions that may lead to the planned and targeted results (Medley 1994). Some argue that the market mechanisms do not work perfectly and are associated with various imperfections and impurities. Prior research indicates that the government can take various measures to overcome businesses‘ myopia, greed, and economic power (Hart 1998). Governmentintervention isthus necessary to correct the failure of the market forces (Dahlman 1979). Indeed, some go even further to argue that governmentinterventionmay be desirable (Hvistendahl 2009). Different theoretical contributions and various empirical studies have led to the accepted view that the government can attack barriers to the development of an industry such as those related to skills, information, market and infrastructures by legal and non-legal influences. Scholars examining the development of information and communications technology (ICT) industry have identified these influences in the form of new laws, investment incentives, foreign technology transfer, and other supply-push and demand-pull forces (King et al. 1994; Montealegre 1999). For instance, Singapore has developed itself as an ICT hub of Asia by providing attractive infrastructure, skilled workers and a stable labor environment which attracted a large number of ICT firms to locate there (Kraemer et al. 1992; Wong 1998). Similarly, strong university-industry linkages and a large pool of highly trained scientists and engineers have driven the development of ICT industries in Israel (Porter and Stern 2001). In most cases, CT products such as solar power tend to be more expensive than conventional alternatives (Galbraith 2009). CT startups often need to make huge investments in R&D and wait for a long time to develop a business plan. Developing expensive production facilities and scaling them up may prove to be a challenge of another magnitude (Wadhwa 2010). A consultant noted that a CT company could take up to nine years to become profitable (Gangemi2007). Moreover, some CT sectors such as solar panel manufacturers are facing dropping profits. During 2007-2009, the price of solar panels reduced by more than half (Asiamoney 2009). The CTindustry thus facesnon-price barriers. One way to overcome such barriers would be to increase public sector investments and provide substantial subsidies or other incentives, which is likely to play a key role in stimulating entrepreneurship in such technologies. In sum, government incentives are more important for CT industry compared to other industries. 3.4.R&D and innovation profile An observation is that deployment rather than scientific breakthroughs is critical in the development of the CT industry (LaMonica 2010). However, there may be equally compellingarguments regarding the importance of innovations in the CT industry. Innovation undoubtedly contributes to national competitiveness in CT (NSF 2010). Innovation is especially important in the high-endsegments of the CT industry. For instance, consider 221 �China‘s showcase of high-tech renewable energy in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia. Due to a lack of local high quality photovoltaic installations manufacturers, China is importing photovoltaic panels from U.S.-based First Solar for a 2,000-megawatt power plant in Ordos (Mufson and Pomfret 2010). 3.5.Adverse environmental and health impacts of conventional energy sources Relative advantage is perceived benefits of a technology over previous technologies and the extent to which it is better than the idea it supersedes(Rogers 1962 1983 1995). In this regard, adverse environmental and health impacts of conventional energy sources would lead to a perception of higher relative advantage of CT and encourage its adoption. 3.6.Forward and backward linkages Of special interest is the development of related and supporting industries (Porter 1990). Efficient channels for forward and backward linkages, labor mobilityandstimulation of knowledge and technology transfer affect the development of the CT industry (Markusen and Venables 1999). 3.7.Market size and economies of scale Market size and economies of scaleaffect an industry‘s growth (Tilton 1971). Economies of scale are more important for the CT industry than most other industries.Some analysts argued that even the world‘s biggest markets such as China and the U.S. lack the scale required to succeed in the CT industries (Woetzel 2009). 3.8.Availability of CT related skills, and labor and natural resources The diffusion of a technology is influenced by the nature of inputs (Linder 1961; Vernon 1966). In this regard, CTrelated skills, and labor and natural resourcesarecriticalingredientsforthe success of this industry. 4. Determinants and drivers of the CT industry: Assessing major global economies For accelerating the growth of CT industry, Johnson and Suskewicz (2009) have proposed a framework with four elements: (a) an enabling technology,(b) an innovative business model, (c) a careful market-adoption strategy, and (d) a favorable government policy. A close reading of the literature suggests that the development of enabling technologyand government policy are probably the most important factors affecting entrepreneurial performance and national competitiveness in the CT industry. The OECD/EUROSTAT framework for entrepreneurship indicators, for instance,has six categories of determinants:Regulatory Framework (related to (a)), Market Conditions, Access to Finance, R&D and Technology (related to (d)), Entrepreneurial Capabilities and Culture (Ahmad and Hoffmann 2008). Indeed, the government‘s involvement is critical in discovering an appropriate business model and a market-adoption strategy (b and c in Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). We would thus argue that government policy and development of enabling technologyinfluence international heterogeneity in entrepreneurial performance and national competitiveness in the CT industry. Figure 2 provides a 2 x 2 matrix that classifies major economies in the world on these two dimensions and illustrates how they are positioned to benefit from the global trend towards CT. Figure 2 about here 222 �Dimension 1: Government incentives, supports and strategic regulations that favor the local CT industry Solomon (2009) noted the emergence of two primary strategies in the CT arena: a top-down approach, which involves the government imposing regulations that force companies to embrace CT and a bottom-up approach in which CT entrepreneurs come up with solutions for the marketplace (Solomon 2009). Because of the all-encompassing nature of CT and the importance of the development of a whole system, the latter approach is less likely to be effective in the CT industry. As noted above, government incentives matterin stimulating entrepreneurship in the CT industry (Hvistendahl 2009). In this regard, a 2009 study by Deutsche Bank (DB) ‗Global Climate Change Policy Tracker: An Investor's Assessment‘, which ranked 109 countries, Germany, China and Japan present the lowest risks for green investors and CT firms (PRLog 2009).In particular, there have been direct and targeted public investments in Asia's "clean technology tigers"—China, Japan and South Korea. Substantial and well-targeted incentives and greater public investments have attracted private capital flows in these. These three countries are projected to invest a US$509 billion in CT during 2009-2013 compared to the U.S. investment of US$172 billion (Issues in Science andTechnology 2010). Likewise, German government policies have made the country a CT leader (Altman 2010). The United Arab Emirates(UAE) is another high profile example of an economy which is characterized by government incentives, supports and strategic regulations in the CT industry. Masdar City set up the Abu Dhabi government will run entirely on CT(Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). TheUS$22 billion zero-emission, zero-waste city was launched in 2006 and is scheduled to be completed by 2016 (Singh 2010). In this paper‘s context, strategicregulations are regulations that are developed and applied strategically to provide a framework or process for actions that lead to planned CT results. It is worth noting that the literature is often plagued with claims and counter claims regarding the potential benefits to firms from environmental regulations. Porter and van der Linde (1995) observed that environmental regulations foster innovations andthus benefit firms. Palmer, Oates, and Portney ‗s (1995) models, on the other hand, demonstrated that regulations impose costs on firms, and firms can offset only a portion of those costs through innovation. Mohr and Saha (2008) provide various theoretical examples that are consistent with the Porter and van der Linde‘s assertion. They consider various possiblescenarios associated withenvironmental regulations and discuss some mechanisms by which firms may benefit from environmental regulations. Specifically, they argue that under some conditions, regulations impose costs that can be fully offset via induced innovation (Mohr and Saha 2008). In addition, Mohr and Saha (2008) also point out the possibility that a regulation itself is beneficial even without innovation. Firms may get additional benefit from innovation. It is quite possible that that the cost of regulation is passed along to the consumer in the form of a higher price. Dimension 2: Innovation and R&D profile As discussed earlier, innovation per se is likely to make a smaller contributionto success in the CT industry (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). Innovations, however, undoubtedly contribute to national competitiveness in CT (NSF 2010). For instance, Masdar City is planning to use 100% renewable energy and most of the innovations will be generated on-site (Johnson and Suskewicz 2009). Ourseconddimension is thus the degree of innovations in the industry. Table 1 presents some important indicators related R&D and innovations profiles of some major economies in the world. 223 �Table 1 about here One way to understand inventive entrepreneurial activity around the world would be to look at the distribution of patents awarded to inventors in the U.S. Traditionally inventors in the U.S., the European Union (EU) and Japan produced most patents. According to the U.S. National Science Foundation, Taiwan and South Korea have intensified patenting activities in the U.S. in recent years. Chinese and Indian inventors‘ patenting activities, on the other hand, remain modest (NSF 2010). According to The European Patent Office (EPO), the number of CT patents increased significantly after the Kyoto Agreement. Germany, Japan, the UK, the U.S., South Korea and France have been the countries with the most CT patenting activities (cpaglobal.com 2009). Classifying some major economies in terms of the two dimensions We assess some of the major economies intermsof thetwodimensions discussed above. Cell I: South Korea In 2008, South Korean government set ―green growth‖ as the national vision. In 2009, it announced that US$31 billion of its US$38 billion stimulus package would be spent in the CT industry. The package was second only to China in terms of percentage of 2008 GDP (3.4 %) and the world‘s largest as a percentage of the stimulus package (81 %) (Morrison and Yoshida 2009). The package covered various economic sectors and was expected to create about 1 million green jobs. In 2009, a five-year plan was also announced, which aims to spend 2 % of its GDP in the development of environmentally friendly businesses and projects. In July 2009, an additional US$85 billion stimulus was announced for CT industries, which is expected to create about 1.81 million jobs in five years (Morrison and Yoshida 2009). In January 2010, the president signed the Basic Act on Low Carbon Green Growth. The law mandates the government to establish a national strategy for green growth and set national and corporate targets for carbon emissions. The law also provides legal grounds for state investment in CT (Jang-jin 2010). The country‘s presidential committee selected 10 green technologies to promote as new growth engine businesses for 2010. By 2012, the country will add 28,000 environment-friendly buses and provide incentives to reduce food waste by 20 % (Jang-jin 2010). It has set an explicit goal of increasing South Korean companies' share of the global CT export market by 8 % points (Atkinson 2010). As noted above, South Korea has intensified patenting activities in the U.S. in recent years. South Korea is also among the top 6 countries in the world for CT patenting activities (cpaglobal.com 2009). Cell I: Japan The Japanese government announced in the early 2010 that it would provide US$33 billion incentives for the CT industry. The targeted deployment would be in solar, hybrid-electric vehicles, and energy-efficiency technologies. The government also announced plans to spend an additional US$30 billion by 2015 on achieving price and performance improvements of the CT industry (Atkinson 2010). Japan‘s innovationprofile in CT is advanced. Japan leads the world in CT patents (Parker and Youngman 2009). Between 2002 and 2006, Japan applied for 60,261 patents for environmental technology compared to 25,047 applied by the U.S. (Fuller 2010). For cleancoal technology, the top six holders of patents are Japanese. Cell II: The U.S. and the U.K. 224 �The U.S. and the U.K. historically were the most popular destinations for global private CT investors (Atkinson, 2010). From 2000 to 2008, the U.K. and the U.S. attracted high levels of green capital investment --$17 billion and $52.1 billion respectively (PR Log 2009). In 2008,however, China overtook the U.S. in CT related private investments. In 2009, China gained in its global share of VC in CT, while North America lost its share. North America's share of global CT VC funding declined from 72 % in 2008 to 62 % in 2009 (Red Herring 2010). According to the Deutsche Bank mentioned earlier, the U.K. and U.S. have a high risk policy and CT investment environment (PR Log 2009). According to the report,the U.S. primarily relies on "volatile market incentive approach ".The recent trend of private investment reveals adecliningconfidence in the U.S. CT industry. Critics blame the U.S. for ―wavering policies, complex permitting, and a skittish financial community‖ (LaMonica 2010). The American Clean Energy and Security Act was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in 2009. The Act arguably includes too few proactive policy initiatives and allocates relatively little funding to support R&D, commercialization and production of clean-energy technologies (Atkinson, 2010). Current U.S. energy and climate policies focus on stimulating domestic demand primarily through indirect demandside incentives and regulations. Analysts argue that the proposed U.S. climate and energy legislation may not close the CT investment gap. Some analysts argue that one of the biggest problems facing the U.S. CT concerns a political system. Powerful interest groups and the society arguably have acted as barriers to CT friendly policies (Parker and Youngman 2009). Wadhwa (2010) noted: ―The Valley may develop some breakthrough technologies, but without government help these are unlikely to translate into global leadership‖. While the U.S. has a R&D and innovation profile, the country overall lags behind Japan on CT patents. However, U.S. firms lead in some clean tech sectors. For instance, U.S. firms hold two-thirds of the patents on carbon-capture technology. While the U.S. runs a CT trade deficit of over $6 billion (Gerwin 2010), some U.S. companies such as First Solar are exporting high-end CT products. Cell III: China CT sectors that were prioritizedbythegovernment actions have experienced rapid growth (Parker and Youngman 2009). David Sandalow, a U.S. assistant secretary of energy for policy and international affairs—a CT expert recently put the issue this way: ―China‘s investment in clean energy is extraordinary. Unless the U.S. makes investments, we are not competitive in the CT sector in the years and decades to come‖ (Lean 2010). China is behind the U.S. and other industrialized countries in terms of CT innovations. According to Chatham House, no Chinese companies is among the top CT patent holders. For instance, there is no Chinese company among the top 20 holders of patents for clean-coal technology. Most Chinese players are concentrated in the low end of the CT industry. For instance, while China has a large number of players in the solar devices sector, most focus on low-tech rooftop water-heaters or cheap, low-efficiency photovoltaic panels (Mufson and Pomfret 2010). Likewise, quality levels of China‘s wind-turbine manufacturers lag far behind those of General Electric, Vestas and Siemens (Mufson and Pomfret 2010). Cell IV: India In June 2009, the Indian National Solar Mission announced that it had set a target to reach 20 GW installed solar capacity by 2020, which was more than the entire world‘s solar generation 225 �capacity for 2009. India, however, expects to pay for the US$20 billion plan primarily through international financing (Peace 2009). As of July 2009, India‘s total fiscal stimulus was US$6.5 billion (0.5 % of GDP) compared to China‘s US$586 billion (Fuller 2009). According to Chatham House, no Indian company is among the top CT patent holders. In general, India‘s innovation and R&D profile has been low (Table 1). 5. Discussion and conclusion This article disentangled the mechanisms behind the development of the CT industry.Disruptive innovations are quite possible in the CT industry, especially when there is a sizable segment of the population adopting this technology. As in other disruptive innovations, the incumbents (e.g., the industrialized nations-based firms) may lack the ability to play the new game in the field of CT (Christensen, Raynor and Anthony 2003). As noted above, companies such as DuPont have entered into a completely new game of CT (Hart 2005). Chinese CT firms‘ internationalization activities may be the latest sign to suggest that Chinese firms mayemergeaswinners in the global CT race. The case study presented in this paper also suggested that the Chinese CT industry is more sophisticated than first meets the eye. The government is playing an influential role to drive the Chinese CT industry.The Chinese government is counting on the CT to enhance its image. The Communist Party expects that a richer and greener economy might help increase respect for it. There has already been some results. In recent years, air quality has improved in some Chinese cities (Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 2007). While the Chinese CT industry performs well in the government‘s incentives and support as well as strategic regulation, its R&D and innovation profile has been low. To achieve various objectives related toeconomic, environmental and national security (impacts of CT), China needs to slip into a higher gear. Lampton (2005) noted that ―China can be weak and strong simultaneously‖. And so can its CT industry. China continues to gain strength in CT industries. Government‘s measures are the key to China's success. Of particular interest are the proposed regulatory measures, which are further likely to drive the growth of this industry. More than a decade ago, Koo (1998) noted that the ―progress in China has been scarcely noted in the Western media and overshadowed by the focus on the human rights abuses as perceived by the West‖. This observation remains generally true today as well. Several analystshavewarnedthat Western managers may have underestimated the innovation taking place in China (Rein 2010). The Western media have neglected to pay enough attention to transformations undergoing the Chinese CTindustry. Brian Fan, senior director of research at the Cleantech Group noted: "A lot of people underestimate how focused China is on becoming a global leader in CT" (Mufson 2009). Some analysts argue that neither China nor the U.S. has the scale required to succeed in the CT industries (Woetzel 2009). 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Table 1: R&D and innovations profiles of some major economies in the world Patents Receipts Research Researchers granted to of royalties and in R&D residents and license development (per million (per million fees (R&D) people) 1900–05 People) 2000–05 (US$ per person) 2005 Expenditures 2000–05 Japan 857 138.0 3.1 5,287 The U.K. 62 220.8 1.9 2,706 The U.S. 244 191.5 2.7 4,605 South Korea 1,113 38.2 2.6 3,187 China 16 0.1 1.4 708 India 1 0 0.8 119 Source: UNDP (2008) 231 �Figure 1: A framework for understanding CT related Indicators Determinants and drivers of the CT industry Government incentives, supports and strategic regulations that favor the local CT industry R&D and innovation profile CT related performances Consumers’ CT awareness, attitude and preferences Production of CT and CT adoption levels of businesses/consumers Adverse environmental and health impacts of conventional energy sources Entrepreneurship and emergence of competitive local firms in the CT sector Forward and backward linkages Market size and economies of scale Export of CT related products Availability of externality mechanisms CT related innovations Availability of CT related natural resources, skills and labor resources Figure 2: Assessing major world economies in terms of some determinants of CT development Degree of government incentives and support Degree of R&D and High innovation High Low [I] [II] Japan The U.S. South Korea The U.K. Germany Low [III] [IV] 232 �China India The UAE Notes: In the U.S., CT was the only sector that received more VC in 2009 compared to 2008, which experienced a 52% increase to $2.7 billion (Zaborowski2009). 5ii While the CT market has been growing since the 1970s (solar panels and wind energy have had a small but loyal consumer), investment in this sector is taking off in recent years (Gangemi2007). iii The well-known Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months, driving exponential growth rate of computing power. Over the past 40 years, Moore's Law has been found to be remarkably accurate. For instance, the number of transistors on a single chip increased from 2,300 on the 4004 chip developed in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium IV processor developed in 2000 (Hamilton, 2001). Moore (2001) was confident that his law 'will be true for another 20 years'. A corollary of Moore's Law is that the cost of computing declines by about 35% every year (Palem 2001). iv This framework draws upon Ahmad and Hoffmann (2008). Unit Root Properties Of Energy Consumption And Production In Turkey Özgür Polata1,Enes E. Uslub2, Hüseyin Kalyoncuc3 1Department of Economics, Dicle University, Diyarbakır/Turkey. 2Turkstat Expert, Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, Turkey Necatibey c. Yucetepe m. No:114 Ankara, Turkey 3 Department of International Trade, Meliksah University, Kayseri/Turkey E-mails: opolat@dicle.edu.tr , enesuslu@tuik.gov.tr, hkalyoncu@meliksah.edu.tr Abstract In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is 5 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance 233 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1249 Title A name given to the resource The Development of the Clean Technology Industry: A Conceptual Framework Author Author Nir , Kshetri Abstract A summary of the resource. The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations. Many analysts consider the clean technology (CT)industry as a game changer for businesses‘ and nations‘ competitiveness in the 21st century.From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many idiosyncraticfeatures, which affect the natures of entrepreneurial opportunities and roles in this industry. The issues of the evolution of the clean technology industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry area critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the entrepreneurship in the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industry and assesses some major economies in terms of the major dimensions in the framework. We also present a case study of entrepreneurship in the Chinese CT industry. Keywords: Clean technology, disruptive innovations, solar cells, China, venture capital, externality mechanisms Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/867a22ea793f2d11108a8503b3d36bd7.pdf 628c02647f59308b8ca01476ca79ab16 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ethical Issues Related Advertising Nina Kustura , Teoman Duman International Burch University, Faculty Management, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: ninakustura@hotmail.com Abstract Advertisement is used to draw attention to a product or service in a special and unique way to increase sales. Promotions are a major driver of a firm’s integration to impel sales. In a competitive environment, advertisement can be a leading technique to sell if it is distinctive and attractive to consumers. The firms must provide customers with a product or services that stands up to the covenants of the firm’s product or service. Ethical issues in advertising are allied to all businesses and customers. Prominent scholars have premeditated these issues for years. The purpose of this paper is to explain the ethical issues pertaining the messages, the products or services and the target customers. It also explains the main ethical issues in truth of advertising, advertising to children, harmful products, and tactics. Keywords: Advertising ethics, marketing ethics, legal issues, moral values, message, target audience, marketers, and advertisers 1. INTRODUCTION Ethical issues have increased related to marketing. Marketing has always been open to criticisms about unethical practices. (Nill and Schibrowsky, 2007.) The marketing function of business is noted most for ethical abuse and almost every aspect of marketing has been criticized (Murphy and Laczniak, 2006). Businesses are interesting in making money and advertising helps a great deal to sell products, but can be just as harmful. Advertising is a form of communication that attempts to influence customers to purchase or consume more of a particular product or service. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including radio, television, magazines, newspapers, Internet and billboards. In terms of ethical standards, advertising has been rated the lowest on 14 ethical dimensions in the functional areas of business (Burnett and Pettijohn, 2003). There is a difference between moral values and ethics and how both affect the behaviors and decisions of people. These same reasons apply to business organizations that should follow an advertising policy. Firstly, moral values are basic beliefs and knowledge about what is wrong and what is right. People obtain moral value from their religious background, beliefs, 227 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo culture and training. Secondly, ethics are ways of acting appropriate to one’s moral values. People develop moral values from their cultures and apply these values in daily decisions to know the difference between wrong and right. Applying both moral values and ethics, people make a plan to act and behave in an ethical manner. Moral values and ethics affect the decision and behavior in the workplace. These principles should be applied into businesses and marketing, to create an advertising policy that is created based on moral values and ethics. The figure below summarizes these principles into creating an advertizing policy that is honest, distinct, and socially and environmentally respectful. Figure 1. Moral Values and Ethics Applied to Advertising (Source: Based on Suggestions by Greenberg Jerald, 2005; see page 48) There are numerous benefits to advertising through economic, political, cultural, moral and religious perspectives. Through an economic perspective advertising is a toll used for sustaining honest competition by informing people of the availability of new products and services and the improvements in existing ones. Politically, it helps avoid monopolization of power by informing people of ideas and policies of other candidates. From a cultural perspective, it can give positive influence on improving society. To encourage and inspire people to behave in way that benefit themselves and others. Finally, from a moral and religious view, advertisement can communicate messages of faith, patriotism, charity, health and education through tasteful and entertaining advertisement. At the same time, there are disadvantages of advertisement from the same points of view. Firstly, from an economic perspective, it can misrepresent and without relevant facts. 228 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Secondly, from a political view, the costs of advertising can limit campaigns to only wealthy candidates, and be abused to misrepresent view of other candidates. From a cultural view, it can damage culture and values. From a moral and religious view it can harm religion with vulgar and morally degrading advertising. It is important for organizations to understand the basic knowledge of moral values and ethics and how to apply them to their advertising campaigns. Advertisement has an affect on the entire environment, from politics, economy, culture, and religion. Advertising ethics has sustained itself a towering lightning rod for controversy; perhaps, because it is the most visible tool today, exposing the public to thousands of messages each day, which are sometimes more than questionable (Coyne and Traflet 2008). The issue arises because there are no benchmarks for ethical practices as yet, forcing advertisers to adapt more traditional notions of what constitutes appropriate conduct as long as no legal issues are tampered with as those would stand to be prosecuted (Belch and Belch, 2007). However, there are companies that neglect their ethical responsibility by continually producing and airing unethical advertisements (Polonsky and Hyman, 2007). The ethical issues in advertising apply to companies globally and all consumers. The consumers should not be misled about the products or services that are being promoted. The purpose of this paper is to outline the ethical breaches that are brought on by advertising. The paper is divided into three major ethical issues concerning advertising. Those are, the infringement of the messages, the target audience, and the product or service. 2. MAJOR ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO ADVERTISING 2.1 The Message The message in the public notice is the most crucial component of the advertising strategy. It is inside the message that advertisers can form various representation of the message and insert a hidden meaning. The message of the commercial can be broken down into two different groups in which it communicates. Misleading statements and attractiveness are ways of communicating to viewers. Misleading statements are messages that are presented to viewers and the advertiser discloses their identity. Deception or misleading in advertising leaves viewers with other than reasonable knowledge, which is required to make a purchasing decision, about the product (Caron et al 1985). These messages give consumers incorrect information about products or service, which persuade them to buy it. Organizations are in a business to make sales, and providing false information to consumers to make sales is a risk that they are willing to take. Deceptive claims include advertisements of cigarettes and alcohol for example. Even though, there are many legal restrictions concerning the promotion of cigarettes and alcohol, 229 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo marketers still find a way to exploit these products deceptively. For example, cigarette ads in magazines and billboards represent joy of life instead of death. Alcohol represents a good evening instead of health problems. Advertisers are very skillful to be able to portray these products as healthy and life enduring even though they are not. This is because in these ads and commercials, people are never seen smoking a cigarette or drinking an alcoholic beverage. This is a deceptive claim and does not make the advertisement ethical. Also, honesty is something that these advertisers do not exactly follow. Advertisers are using words like “finest” and “number one,” which are incomparable and untruthful. These kinds of ads are directly affecting consumers and changing their purchase decisions. Representations that are exotic, sexist, or racist endure the potential to damage the reputation of the represented group, and associated group members, as the audience creates meaning and subjective interpretations of such ads which are believed to construct reality as part of the lived experience (Hughes, 2000). The issue occurs when these groups or individuals feel offended as to how they’re being portrayed in the advertisements. As mentioned before, advertisement is changing the way people portray society, culture, and individual self. Stereotyping in advertisement includes the misinterpretation of how women, religious groups, and children function in society. The ethical issue in this is, these advertisements include idealized people performing or using products, which creates uncertainty to the audience and have caused many health effects. For example, anorexia and bulimia has increased because artificial images of actors set up implausible standards of living beyond reach of the regular population (Elliot and Elliot, 2005). It is unethical to advertise such non-natural images of certain people performing or using certain products that offend and insult groups and individuals. The message of advertising is the most important element in the communication process from businesses to consumers. The message holds the most glitches pertaining ethical values and is the most criticized. 2.2 Target Audience Marketing strategies include certain products and service to pertain to a specified target audience. Ethical issues exist amongst advertisements to certain target audiences. These include children, women and senior citizens or the elderly. Many statistical studies have proven that children watch the most commercials on television. This allows advertisers to strategically place commercials on television for children’s products. Targeting children is seen as profitable since children have an effect on families. Advertising to children through television commercials, magazines, and Internet is a concern for parents and society, because children to not have judgments abilities and are vulnerable to 230 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo stray influences (Preston, 2004). Children should not be misled and advertisers should not misrepresent products advertised to children. When targeting women, there is an enormous ethical issue. Women are used in ads mostly as things and sex objects. Models are portrayed flawless and perfection of the physical appearance is strongly suggested. Women do find these ads insulting, but continue to buy the products. Although, the ads cause no harm immediately, but after time with continuous ads of women is portrayed as sex object, it has affected all of society. These ads have caused much health and decrease is self-esteem. Health problems include eating disorders, stress, and abusive use of certain beauty products. Also, with such low self-esteem, more and more women are getting plastic surgery to achieve a flawless physical appearance. Women should be portrayed through their natural beauty. Senior citizens or in other words the elderly are vulnerable consumers to pharmaceutical products. Advertisers use abusive and fear-inductive ads that make the elderly anxious, and tense. It is unethical to promote pharmaceutical products in such an unpleasant manner. The elderly should not be persuaded to purchase products or services through shocking advertisements. 2.3 The Product or Service The ethical issues related to products or services can very immensely depending on cultures. For example, in some eastern cultures advertisements for women’s under garments, contraceptives and sexually related products are found to be offensive and inappropriate. These countries do not advertise such sensitive and personal products publically. While in other liberal cultures in western countries do not find such advertisements insulting. Whether the society accepts such products; it should be in line with the law. Ethical issues arise in all societies liberal or conservative depending on how graphic and arousing this advertisements can be. It is unethical to have billboards in public places that can make people feel sexually aroused or offended and uncomfortable. Advertisements for cigarettes and alcohol are very controversial at the same time. These products are targeted towards young adults, through persuasive advertisements, leading teenagers to believe it is in trend to smoke and drink. New public policies have changed the way tobacco and alcoholic beverages are to be advertised. Advertisements for alcohol include a message to drink responsibly. Cigarettes have new laws to include and specify health risks faced with smoking. Even though laws have been enforced concerning these two controversial products, it does not solve the problems. Teenagers are continually picking up the horrible and unhealthy habit 231 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of smoking. Drunk driving accidents statistics are increasing and young teenagers are victims of such accidents. Drinking and smoking are advertised to be appealing and fashionable, and young adults are persuaded to use the products. 3. CONCLSION This paper has addressed three areas of ethical issues in advertising related to the message, the product or service and the target audience. Although, ethical issues in advertising are different form country to country, depending on culture, tradition, customs and religion. These three issues are most common in unethical advertising. Governments did impose restrictions and rules in the marketing industry, but advertisers still find ways to use unethical advertising without tampering with legal issues. Firms need to decrease their ethical violations in advertising. Firms have to be more aware of ethical issues and put more effort in becoming more respectful to their consumers. Firms should monitor and police the extent of ethical violations deemed plausible for business, and they can let the market be aware of the manner in which they control their advertising ethics stature as a signal of their endeavor toward action and commitment of their corporate social responsibility perspective. (Boddewyn, 1985). It is important for advertisers to fully understand and follow an ethical way of promoting products or services. Promotions are to be conducted in a way not to persuade the audience to do something. The message in an advertisement should be honest and not deceptive. An ad should serve to simply promote a new product or service to be used for the sole purpose of it. The target audience should not be misleading in certain ways that apply to them. Children, teenagers and women should be appropriately targeted with advertisements that are not aimed at their inabilities to make the right decision. 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(1985). An Ethical Analysis of Deception in Advertising. Journal of Business Ethics, 93-104. Coyne, M. & Traflet, J. (2008). Ethical Issues Related to the Mass Marketing of Securities. Journal of Business Ethics, 193-198. Elliot, R. & Elliot, C. (2005). Idealized Images of the Male Body in Advertising: A readerresponse Exploration. Journal of Marketing Communications, 3-19. Greenberg, Jerald. (2005). Managing Behavior in Organizations. 4. Ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Hughes, D. M. (2000). The Internet and Sex Industries: Partners in Global Sexual Exploitation. Technology and Society Magazine, 35-42. Murphy, P.E. & Laczniak, G.R. (2006). Marketing Ethics. 1. Ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Nill, A. L. & Schibrowsky J.A. (2007). Research in Marketing Ethics: A systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Macromarketing. 256-273. Polonsky, M. J. & Hyman, M. R. (2007). A Multiple Stakeholder Perspective on Responsibility in Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 5-13. Preston, C. (2004). Children’s Advertising: The Ethics of Economic Socialization. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 364-370. 233 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Velasquez, M.G. (2006). Business Ethics Concepts & Cases. 6. Ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Transformation Of The Institutional Structure Of Western Balkan Countries Şermin Şenturan1, Samir Husić2 1Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak/Turkey 2International University of Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina E- mails: senturansermin@gmail.com, samirhusic@gmail.com Abstract Transformation of the institutional structure affects economic development both from the cost of transactions aspect and the operating costs. In development theory it is usual to define development as economic growth plus structural change. But in the framework of institutional economic theory development could be defined as economic growth plus appropriate institutional change, meaning institutional changes which facilitate further economic growth.There are several factors influencing reforms in the Western Balkan countries. Those countries prove that institutions can successfully change at the time of crisis. Although the general rule shows strong correlations among the many reform measures, some institutions develop independently of other measures of institutional or organizational reform. As it is emphasized on the role of institutions in growth and development, it should be also recognized that institutions can change regardless of undesirable environmental factors. Keywords : institutional change, economic transition, Western Balkan Countries 1.INTRODUCTION Transformation of the institutions in a new market economies have been mostly radical in an astonished and unpredictable direction. Numerous factor influenced reforms that followed in liberalization of prices, privatization, opening of economy to the foreign investments, liberalization of the foreign exchange market, and the reduction of foreign trade restrictions. The main dimensions along which various national capitalist systems can be placed are the corporate governance and macroeconomic institutional environment (Cernat, 2001). Corporate governance and business-state relations influenced choice and path that economies in transition undertaken. Regardless of strong efforts, disintegration of these economies suffered severe contraction due to collapse of export demand from former trading partners, while domestic demand declined. 234 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1118 Title A name given to the resource Ethical Issues Related Advertising Author Author Nina, Kustura DUMAN, Teoman Abstract A summary of the resource. Advertisement is used to draw attention to a product or service in a special and unique way to increase sales. Promotions are a major driver of a firm’s integration to impel sales. In a competitive environment, advertisement can be a leading technique to sell if it is distinctive and attractive to consumers. The firms must provide customers with a product or services that stands up to the covenants of the firm’s product or service. Ethical issues in advertising are allied to all businesses and customers. Prominent scholars have premeditated these issues for years. The purpose of this paper is to explain the ethical issues pertaining the messages, the products or services and the target customers. It also explains the main ethical issues in truth of advertising, advertising to children, harmful products, and tactics. Keywords: Advertising ethics, marketing ethics, legal issues, moral values, message, target audience, marketers, and advertisers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/952e2d43a594933729c858396e1cf13c.pdf 1e7c324a40b09a10bc793e3b43e3c042 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Nonis, S. A., Philhours, M. J. & Hudson, G. I. (2006). Where Does the Time Go? A Diary Approach to Business and Marketing Students’ Time Use. Journal of Marketing Education, 28, 121-134. Mattila, J. Peter, 1982 “Determinants of Male School Enrollments: A time Series Analysis.” Review of Economics and Statistics. 64, 242, 51. Ministry of Higher Education, 2009.( http://www.mohe.gov.my/educationmsia/index.php? article=mohe ) Green Economy-Green Sustainability-Green Ethics Nilgün Dolmaci, Nurdan Kuşat Süleyman Demirel Üniversity, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: nilgundolmaci@sdu.edu.tr, nurdankusat@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Although the concept ‘environment’ is perceived as a space where people live, it narrates an ecosystem in the broad sense. Ecosystem is described as a raw material store which fulfills the physical and biological needs. However, considering that the resources are scarce and the needs of people are limitless, it is clearly seen that the environmental resources are scarce as well. Within this content, efficient use of environmental resources has a great importance for sustainable development. Green economy approach brings a new perspective for the sustainable development. Since the degeneration in economic, cultural and historical environment led to development problems, green economy is an important instrument achieving sustainability in environmental values. In this study, green economy and green sustainability is handled from the point of decreasing the damage that environment and ecosystem are exposed. When it comes to solve the paradox between economic development and environment, the study touches on the green ethics perception which can be defined as getting and adopting the information, attitude and behavior that will preserve the living space and living quality of human beings both individually and globally. Keywords: Green Economy, Sustainable Development, Green Sustainability, Green Ethics 1. INTRODUCTION The words ‘green’ and ‘sustainability’ are usually used together. While the word ‘green’ represents the environment, ‘sustainability’ refers to convection of current resources to the next generation without any loss. Sustainable development, which is one of the most popular 313 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development models in the last years, comes to the forefront as an environmental development model. In this regard, sustainable development can be defined as green sustainability. The aim of sustainability is to improve our living standards without harming the resources that we need to survive. By this way, the green economy will enable to develop environment friendly products and processes and environmental problems will be kept in sight to a large extent. Besides the fast growing world population, the increasing level of welfare in the countries and increasing world commerce due to the globalization and many other formations have increased the production and correspondingly the resource consumption. This situation has created great problems about resources which are hard to remediate. According to Otegbulu (2011:240), unless we preserve the natural, physical and chemical system of the world, it will be impossible to meet the needs of human beings. At this point, it is claimed that mankind has less time than hundreds of years to bring the environmental problems under control and abstain from social and ecologic retrogressive situation (Foster, 2008: 12-13). On the other hand, Des Jardin (2006:581) admits that environmental issues must be dealt besides ethic and economic problems while planning and effective social and political future and offers an initiation regarding the issue. After all this initiation will be an important step to determine the direction of future. This study aims to develop a perspective in green economy, green sustainability and green ethics. Most of all this study searches solutions for the paradox between economic development and environment. 2. GREEN SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN ECONOMY This concept, which has taken its place in economy literature as economic sustainability, has reached to its current value as a significant element of competitive power. WTO (1998:20) defines the sustainable development as a development model which enables to fulfill the needs of current generation without jeopardizing the needs of next generations in the Brundtland report. This report mentions about not only the maximum economic growth through the sustainable development but also activating a fair and equitable economic development (Garrod and Fyall, 1998:200) Starting with the first and second industrial revolution and gained a pace with globalization, the transition period from an agricultural society to an industrial society led to more consumption to be more industrialized. However, the greediness of countries to produce and have a great competitive power triggered environmental crisis. In our day, while the industrialized countries take some precautions to lessen environmental disasters and not to experience environmental problems thanks to their technologic superiority, developing countries are lack of these regulations. The reason of this is generally economic or politic. The low education level of these countries triggers these problems as well. In Brundlant report, where it is emphasized that sustainable development inheres a period of change, one of the aims of sustainable development is stated as integrating environment and economy during the decision-making (TÇSV, 1991:78). In fact, other aims also have some features serving to this aim. The over-capitalist policy implementations leading a mass exploitation of environment have confronted great reaction and criticism. The Deep Ecology approach is acquired currency 314 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo owing to these reactions. According to this approach likewise the sustainable development approach, not only the mankind must be preserved but also the whole ecosystem. According to Meltzner (1994:28), the main idea of deep ecology is to meet the needs of living creatures other than mankind and develop their life quality. As to Luke (2002:180) the equality on the ecosystem is extremely important and all living creature have to have fair and equal opportunities. Therefore, in order to reach the sustainable development to green sustainability, we should pay attention to the main philosophy of deep ecologic approach. Ecosystem represents the whole with living and non-living things. Instead of particularizing the whole and attribute different values to every part, talking about green sustainability and green economy would be more rational. Though the environment is described as the space where we live, it refers to a great ecosystem. This ecosystem offers us many opportunities to meet our physical and biological needs. Economic environment is the main structure providing every kind of resource which is necessary for the production process. It is a raw material store in short. It is the main source of production. Considering that resources are scarce, we can easily say that environmental resources are scarce as well and must be used efficiently. We can say that this is a must for sustainable development. The new economic order displayed that classic economy theories are not enough for the sustainable development. Within this point, ecologic economy approach came into agenda and tried to fill the gap. As to Daly (2007:86), who is acknowledged as one of the trailblazers of ecologic economy, it is not always possible that the production processes are environment friendly and create positive exteriorities. More importantly, the cost of negative exteriorities due to the production process must not be more than the renovation capacity for the consumed ecosystem resources. Cultural and historical environment also play an important role on the sustainable development besides the economic environment. Unfortunately, the degeneration in cultural and historical values of the countries leads to irretrievable development problems. Because reparation of loss of the values conveyed from past to present is impossible. And this will lead that the next generations will not know their past and deal with some problems in future. As to Uslu (1997:43), to provide sustainable development is a must for all economies. However, putting economy into ecologic frames would be more logical rather than assessing the ecologic structure as a component in the economic frame (Uslu, 1997:43). According to Kumar and Kumar (2011:961) ‘Green Economy’ is an instrument to achieve a sustainable environmental development. It defines a structure where a sustainable economic development is achieved without giving any harm to the ecosystem. Kumar and Kumar (2011:961) also states that the success of green economy idea depends on the politic reforms. The politic reforms must provide a sustainable economic richness, must ease the issues and enable optimum usage of natural resources. In short, state policy primarily has to aim developing improved technologies to provide clean and recyclable energy. Barbier (2011:234-236), on the other hand, has a different point of view about green economy. Barbier emphasize that there are two difficulties in front of the green economy. One of them is sustainability and the other is financing. The need for a constant production by consuming resources, which are the components of environment, to provide a sustainable development is a great problem. High costs of precautions that will be taken to preserve the environment are the second dimension of the issue. 315 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In order to remove the deadlock between economic growth and environmental sustainability, the character of the growth must be changed. Therefore, some restrictions must be put into use in order not to use nonrenewable resources and to terminate the use of resource and technologies that lead to environmental pollution (Ertürk, 2011: 161) 3. GREEN ETHICS FOR GREEN SUSTAINABILITY History shows that the societies are in war with environment for long years and treat nature as if it is a waste grave. It is known that the exploitation of nature sometimes led to the collapse of civilizations. Considering these historical facts, it is claimed that mankind has less time than hundreds of years to bring the environmental problems under control and abstain from social and ecologic retrogressive situation (Foster, 2008: 12-13) In order not to run short of environmental resources and not to give harm to the environment during production and consumption process, both the companies and individuals must have a green consciousness. Green consciousness refers to environment ethics and consciousness. Green consciousness means that every individual must feel responsible to create a livable environment and to sustain it (Çepel, 2006: 25). The reasons of environmental problems and environmental pollution are the ignorant ideas and attitudes of societies rose from their social and economic activities to achieve an utmost welfare level (Ertürk, 2011: 244). Though sustainable development idea is put forward due to the future concerns, it has gradually turned into a comprehensive and complete ethical approach (Kılıç, 2008: 217).Ethical principles are really important in terms of identification of environmental issues and the remedy of polluted and damaged environment. (http://www.etik.gov.tr/makaleler/abdulkadir_mahmutoglu.pdf). Green ethics displays the individuals how to relate with nature or in a more comprehensive approach with the outer world. And it emphasizes the moral aspect of human-nature relations. It indicates that mankind must improve responsibility for the natural environment and other living things (http://www.guncelonkal.com/PDF/cevre_etigi_maddesi.pdf). With another expression, green ethics can be defined as the systemic examination of moral relation between mankind and nature (Des Jardins, 2006: 46) and the responsibilities of individuals (Kılıç, 2008: 32). Green ethics and ecological responsibility target is directly related with each other. The main idea is that natural resources must be used without being consumed completely and destructively and the sustainability of these resources for the next generations must be enabled (Mutlu, 2008: 97). In this regard, green ethics is an approach aiming to preserve all the values and aspects of nature. In order to realize the improvement and admission of environment oriented green ethics approach and adopt the organic world understanding, which is based on the idea that the nature is a living organism, the education for environment must be widespread (Ertürk, 2011: 144). Green ethics and sustainability intersects in many points. Environmental dimension of sustainability states that the societies must preserve the natural resources and ecosystems. The self-renewing capacity of ecosystems is limited; therefore, everybody must be conscious about the usage of natural resources such as earth, air and water (Nemli, 2004: 26). In line with this responsibility, the green ethics aims to have mankind adopt the information, attitude and behavior that will preserve the living space and living quality of mankind at individual, social and global level. 316 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSION Sustainable growth has a great significance for all economies. However, what is more important for the developing countries is sustainable development. Considering that the concept of development has many more aspects than the concept of growth, it can be said that developing countries are in a much more difficult situation. Moreover it can be said that sustainable development is related with environment and green economy and it depends on the implementation of green ethics. Green economy and green sustainability is only possible when the green ethics is properly implemented and adopted by all parts of the society. We can outline what can be done within this concept: Expectations from the State: Green consciousness can be achieved with a comprehensive education system in all parts of the society. Changes in education system must be seen as a direct state policy and never be belonged to a mere government. Otherwise it would not be possible to provide a green sustainability. Expectations from the Companies: It is really important for companies to reach the green ethics consciousness. Especially, environmental friendly resources that are used in the production will decrease negative exteriority after production. In this regard, corporate companies must set a model and support the idea with social responsibility projects to gain positive results. Moreover, these companies must support the innovative operations with R&D projects about green ethics and green sustainability. Expectations from the International Institutions: Implementation of green ethics values at a national level will provide a regional effect. For this reason, green ethics implementations must be spread to the whole world. In this regard, environmentalist institutions and companies shaping the economy and commerce must be in solidarity and international institutions that will work for the green sustainability are needed. However, in order to be more successful, power of sanction of these institutions must also be at the highest level. Last but not least, world trade and world economy under an intense globalization are in need of green production and nature conservation. REFERENCES Barbier, E. (2011) The Policy Challenges for Green Economy and Sustainable Economic Development, Natural Resources Forum 35, pp. 233–245 Çepel, N. (2006), Ekoloji, Doğal Yaşam Dünyaları ve İnsan, Palme Yayıncılık, Ankara. Daly,H.E. (2007) Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development: Selected Essaysof Herman Daly. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing Des Jardins, J.R., (2006). Çevre Etiği- Çevre Felsefesine Giriş, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara. Ertürk, Hasan, (2011). Çevre Politikası, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa. Foster, J.B., (2008). Savunmasız Gezegen: Çevrenin Kısa Ekonomik Tarihi, Epos Yayınları, Ankara. 317 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Garrod,B. Ve Fyall,A. (1998) “Beyond the Rhetoric of Sustainable Tourism?”, Tourism Management, Vol:19, No:3, pp.213-224 Kılıç, S., (2008). Çevre Etiği: Ortaya Çıkışı, Gelişimi ve Sonuçları, Orion Kitabevi, Ankara. Kumar,B. Ve Kumar,P. (2011), Green Economy: Policy Framework for Sustainable Development, Current Science, Vol. 100, No. 7, 10 April 2011, pp.960-962 Luke, T.W. (2002) Deep Ecology: Living As If Nature Mattered, Organization & Environmet, Volume 15, Issue 2, pp. 178-186 Metzner;R. (1994) Ekoloji Çağı, Derleyen Günseli Tamkoç, Derin Ekoloji, Ege Yayıncılık, İzmir Mutlu, A., (2008). Ekoloji ve Yönetim: Toplumsal Ekoloji ve Sürdürülebilir Gelişmenin Karşılaştırılması, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara. Nemli, E., (2004). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma: Şirketlerin Çevresel ve Sosyal Yaklaşımları, Filiz Kitabevi, İstanbul. Otegbulu, A.C. (2011) Economics of Green Design and Environmental Sustainability, Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 4, No. 2; April 2011, pp.240-248 Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı (1991) Ortak Geleceğimiz, TÇSV Yayınları, Ankara Uslu, O. (1997) Ekonomik ve Ekolojik Uygulamalarda Sürüdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Yeri, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Uygulaması, TÇV, Aralık WTO (1998) Guide for Local Authorities on Developing Sustainable Tourism, World Tourism Organization, Madrid http://www.guncelonkal.com/PDF/cevre_etigi_maddesi.pdf http://www.etik.gov.tr/makaleler/abdulkadir_mahmutoglu.pdf The Effect Of Religion On The Process Of Sustainable Development Economy (In Terms Of Thrift) Mehmet Masum Ocak1, Mehmet Günay2, Gülenaz Selçuk1 1Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Education Lecturer, Manisa. Turkey, 2Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Science-Literature, Asst. Prof. Dr , Manisa, Turkey, Emails: masumocak@hotmail.com, mehmetgunay2006@hotmail.com, gselcuk@hotmail.com “We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children.” An Indian proverb. Abstract In this study, we have tried to emphasize that from the perspective of sustainable development economy, the factor of religion affects communal incidents in our social life. 318 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1339 Title A name given to the resource Green Economy-Green Sustainability-Green Ethics Author Author Nilgün , Dolmaci Abstract A summary of the resource. Although the concept ‘environment’ is perceived as a space where people live, it narrates an ecosystem in the broad sense. Ecosystem is described as a raw material store which fulfills the physical and biological needs. However, considering that the resources are scarce and the needs of people are limitless, it is clearly seen that the environmental resources are scarce as well. Within this content, efficient use of environmental resources has a great importance for sustainable development. Green economy approach brings a new perspective for the sustainable development. Since the degeneration in economic, cultural and historical environment led to development problems, green economy is an important instrument achieving sustainability in environmental values. In this study, green economy and green sustainability is handled from the point of decreasing the damage that environment and ecosystem are exposed. When it comes to solve the paradox between economic development and environment, the study touches on the green ethics perception which can be defined as getting and adopting the information, attitude and behavior that will preserve the living space and living quality of human beings both individually and globally. Keywords: Green Economy, Sustainable Development, Green Sustainability, Green Ethics Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/993fa499e5e0613156b7182d3120b786.pdf 673a028204898e5d2c82c08ed413c07f PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo KHAN, M.S. and KNIGHT, M.D. (1983), “Determinants of Current Account Balances of Non-Oil Developing Countries in the 1970s An Empirical Analysis”. International Monetary Fund, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 819-842. KUMAR, V., LEONA, R.P. and GASKING, J.N. (1995), “Aggregate and Disaggregate Sector Forecasting Using Consumer Confidence Measures”, International Journal of Forecasting. MILESI-FERRETTI, G. M. and RAZIN, A. (1996), “Sustainability of Persistent Current Account Deficits”, NBER, WP, 5467. PEKER, O. (2009), “Türkiye’de Cari Açık Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 17, 1, 164-174 PEKER, O. and HOTUNLUOĞLU, H (22009), “Türkiye´de Cari Açığın Nedenlerinin Ekonometrik Analizi”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23, 3, 221-237 PHILLIPS, P.C.B. and PERRON, P. (1988) "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression", Biometrika, 75,335–346. OKTAR, S. and DALYANCI, L. (2011), “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Para Politikasının Cari İşlemler Dengesi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Ekonometrik Analizi”. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi cilt.3, sayı.1 ss.1-22 ÖZMEN, E. (2005), “Macroeconomic and institutional determinants of current account deficits”, Applied Economics Letters, 12, 557-560. TELATAR, E. (2011), “Türkiye’de Cari Açık Belirleyicileri ve Cari Açık-Krediler İlişkisi”, Bankacılar Dergisi, Sayı 78. UYGUR, E. (2004), “Cari Açık Tartışmaları”, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 19(222): 5-20. YAMAK, R. and KORKMAZ, A. (2007), “Türk Cari İşlemler Açığı Sürdürülebilir mi? Ekonometrik Bir Yaklaşım”, Bankacılar Dergisi, 60. Earning Isparta Carpet Business To The Local Economy Again And Ensuring Its Sustainibility By Revising It Nesrin Şalvarci Türeli, Erhan Türeli Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: nesrintureli@sdu.edu.tr, erhantureli@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Hand-woven carpet, one of the symbols of Isparta has lost its popularity in the sense of business, employment, socio-cultural and economic aspects. In 1960s the carpet industry which provided a great amount of income especially in local areas, and then in the overall city 122 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo was pushed out of the market by failing to compete due to prevailing of machine-woven carpets and their being much more cheaper. Isparta hand-woven carpet is known as winter-time carpets in respect of its technical properties. Among the patterns of the Isparta hand-woven carpet whose weaving woof and warp thread are made of cotton and loops are made of wool, plant motifs stand out. Moreover, weaving thickness (weaving quality) is low because wool knits are thick; that is, the number of loops in each decimeter is limited. Motifs include rougher details, so figures cannot be understood. It is necessary to renew the Isparta hand-made carpets that are needed to be revised in the sense of materials (using tinsel strings made of wool, golden and silver) and figures in order to have the business regained the Isparta hand-woven carpet industry. In this study, the revitalization of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry and its sustainability have been handled. SWOT analysis was done regarding this purpose. As a result of SWOT analysis, the strong and poor sides, and the opportunities and threatening factors of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry have been found out. Keywords: Hand-woven carpets, Sustainable development, SWOT analysis. 1.INTRODUCTION Isparta has been an important carpet production centre from the past till present. In Isparta, usually family facilities or people that weave carpets as a source of income usually conduct hand-woven carpet manufacture. Today, it is rather hard to gain healthy data about the employment rate and production amount of hand-woven carpet sector in Isparta. To what extent the current data reflects the truth is also unknown. Isparta hand-woven carpet business is facing serious problems and a risk of disappearing in recent years. Production has decreased and nearly come to a halt. The fact that the enterprises have maintained a production concept, which is closed to the demand in the world, has been influential in coming to this point. Especially not keeping pace with the fashion trends concerning carpet designs and quality, not indulging in innovation or advertisement activities or not sparing enough afford for them, lack of coordination and cooperation among the business enterprises that make up the sector have lead the sector to its current troublesome situation. In our point of view, Isparta hand-woven carpet sector, which has a deeply rooted infrastructure, can be handled and organized again in the frame of sustainable development plans. As a result, several carpet looms, which are not in use currently, can start operating again for production, knowledge accumulation on carpet art which is about to be forgotten would be brought into use and transformed to future generations (Barışta,1994: 53). The purpose of this study is determining the recent problems of the sector, providing recommendations about the work that should be done in order to increase the competitive capacity in the national and international levels and revisions. While conducting the study, secondary sources relating to Isparta hand-woven carpet tradition were examined, face-to-face interviews with the representatives of the sector were organized and the problems were detected. As an outcome of the interviews, there was a consensus on the fact that the sector is declining and production is about to stop. Solutions were recommended together. 123 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.HISTORICAL DEVELOPEMENT OF ISPARTA HAND-WOVEN CARPETS “Carpet and rug are handicrafts that are integrated with Turkish history and culture and they enable people to reflect their emotions, souls, thoughts and inner worlds to the designs and colors (Bilgin, Demir, 2008:63). Carpet and rug have an important place in the lives on Turkish communities since the nomadic period. Hand-woven carpet sector has flourished during the Seljuk era, the period of principalities and Ottoman Empire and reached the top point in 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. (Türeli et al., 2006). Turkmen clans residing in and around Isparta are known for their delicate carpet weaving. The carpets weaved during the period of Yamut (Hamitoğulları) principality belonging to Oghuz Tribes which migrated to Anatolia from the Seljuk Oghuz territories and settled to Isparta and around are named Yamut carpets. Thus, we may say that Yamutoğulları principality is the first group to have a broad knowledge of carpet weaving and develop this sector in and around Isparta with the name of Yamut carpets (Sakarya, 1992:540). Between the years 1872–1875, during the period in which Eyüplü Ali Rıza Efendi was the governor of Isparta, first Girls High School (Isaprta Kız Rüştiyesi) was established in 1872, and weaving trainings started in the additional building in front of the Girls High School after bringing master trainers from Manisa (Küçükerman, 1990:133). Those years were definitely important years for the emergence of Isparta carpets. We see that the British monopolized the carpet sector in 1880s on every level from the manufacture of the carpet yarn to the exportation of the carpets. Those incidents have prepared the base for the East Carpets Campaign on the following years (Türeli, et al., 2006). Thanks to the company which was founded between the years 1890-1891, during the period of Governor Zihni Pasha, carpet weaving expanded to villages (Böcüzade, 1983:252). During this period carpet weaving was thought to women in Isparta Girls High School and the number of women willing to learn this art increased (Küçükerman, 1990: 135). Dr. Badosaki and Etreli Zade Mehmet Efendi founded special looms, design and dye houses and carried this art forward (Böcüzade,1983: 252). During 1908, Isparta hand-woven carpets were considered among the most quality carpets. Isparta carpet was weaved by tying 22x28 knots per dm2 and 24x32 knots per dm2 and was in demand of European Market (Temurçin, 2004:82). The years 1912–1918 are quite important for Isparta carpet sector. Previously the carpet was weaved by Turkish women but traded by Greeks and during those years attempts to help Turkish people to make them trade their carpets started. “The fact that there were more than 10.000 carpet looms in Isparta city center shows that in nearly every household there was at least one carpet loom.” (Kayıpmaz, 2002). In 1926 first worst factory was established is Isparta to meet the carpet yarn demand of the district. In 1943 the factory joined the Sümerbank Foundation under the name of ‘Isparta Worst and Carpet Weaving Facility. In 1989 it was renamed as Sümerbank Holding A.Ş. Sümerhalı, Halıcılık El Sanatları ve Ticaret A.Ş. (Sümerbank Holding Inc. Sumercarpet, Carpet weaving Handicrafts and Trade Inc.) (Sakarya, 1992: 544). Sümerhalı has been the leader of hand-woven carpet production in the region for long years and determined the carpet production and trade. Until 1980s, the most important activity in the workshops or households was carpet weaving. In the following years, in spite of the establishment of the biggest and only carpet market (bazaar), the economical value and thereby the market value of the hand-weaved carpets  Melli, Sarıkeçili, Saçıkaralı, Karahacılı, Horzumlu, Tüngüşlü, Eskiyörük, Honamlı, Karakoyunlu, Fettahlı 124 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo decreased and machine-woven carpets slowly started taking their place. As a consequence of this, there was a substantial decrease both in hand-weaved carpet sector and in the number of people performing this art. 3.CHARACTERISTICS OF ISPARTA HAND-WOVEN CARPETS Isparta hand-woven carpet is a kind of carpet, which has a low weaving density, and wool weft, warp, cotton and knots. Its designs are in herbal forms. As the weaving density quality is low, they have indelicate details. Their colors are in pastel shades. Concerning the designs of Isparta hand-woven carpets, usually herbal motives such as rose, bouquet, sprig, flower and leaf are placed in corner-centre and scatter styles. These designs are named according to their composition styles such as Çelenkli (Chaplet), Saksılı (Vase), Kandahar, Balçiçek (Honey flower), Beşir, Şamdanlı (Candelabra), Kıvrımlı (Wiggly), Goncalı (Rosebud), Goblen, Elvan (Coloured), Davraz, Köşegöbek (centre-cornered), Üzümlü (Grape), Köşegöbek Zemin (Centre-cornered ground), Serpmeli (Scattered), Köşegöbek Serpmeli (Centre-corner scattered), Süpürgeli (Whisk), Saat Kapağı (Clock Lid), Karpuzlu (Water Melon), Kuşlu (Bird) Gülistan (Rose Garden), Güllü (Roze). Apart from these some special designs for the wall rugs are also available. Those design compositions include the scenes (Istanbul Bosporus, city walls, Venice etc), mosques (with five minarets, four minarets), writings (Hat examples), animal figures (partridge, peacock, lion) and coins. Those designs are colored in navy blue, copper, pink, yellow, green, beige, white, brown, musk, glass-green blue, black and their shades. Isparta carpets have been certified by TSE as 26x33 Isparta Super, 25x31 Isparta I, 24x30 Isparta II, 24x28 Isparta III, and 38x38 Isparta thin. For those carpets, Iranian knotting is used which is locally known as single knot or open knot. Carpets have been named differently according to their sizes: paspas (door mat) (40x40) (50x50), seccade (prayer rug) (80x120), divan (sofa cloth) (50x150), karyola (bed cloth) (120x220), yolluk (hall rug) (85x235), kelle (head) (200x300), taban (floor). 4.SWOT ANALYSIS OF ISPARTA HAND-WOVEN CARPETS “SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis is a procedure which includes analyzing the facilities in terms of the external factors (opportunities, threats: OT) and internal factors (strengths, weaknesses: SW) of their current conditions.”(Yumuk, İnan, 2005:181). In this section of the study a SWOT analysis of Isparta hand-woven carpet sector was conducted. By SWOT analysis we tried to manifest the strong sides (external opportunities and advantages); weak sides (technology, finance and market based elements that prevent reaching the targets); opportunities (advantageous terms offered to the sector by external environment, environmental developments) and threats (environmental problems that emerge in reaching the targets) of Isparta hand-woven carpet sector. Strong Sides of Isparta Hand-woven Carpet Sector: Knowledge accumulation in hand-woven carpet production (the number of manufacturing companies is 31.) (Ölmez, 2006:22).  125 Easy raw material supply. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo         Existence of factories which can start production (there are 4 worst factories) (Ölmez, 2006:23). Existence of qualified work force and its eligibility. (According to 1996 Chamber of Commerce data, the number of weavers is 35.000) (Ölmez,2006) High number of looms (According to 1996 Chamber of Commerce data, the number of looms is 20.000) (Ölmez, 2006:12). Existence of a carpet bazaar. Isparta hand-woven carpet has no hazardous effects on the human health as it is produced using natural material. Hand-woven carpet production causes no pollution. Incombustibility feature as wool does not catch fire easily. It absorbs the electricity on the human body due to the fact that wool prevents static electricity. Weak Sides of Isparta Hand-woven Carpet Sector:                 Carpet weaving is not seen as a profession (it is considered by many as an activity of women which provides additional income) Lack of adequate information about the External Market. Exportation is rather limited. Facilities do not possess ISO 9000 quality certificate. The carpets produced are not fashionable. There is no effort for manufacturing quality products. Facilities do not constantly indulge in quality improvement activities. The desired quality cannot be managed with the production in households, standardization cannot be maintained and the quality cannot be controlled Small-scaled facilities form the majority and their costs are quite high. Absence of workshop-type manufacture. Facilities operate with minimum labor force and employees complain about this issue. Lack of mass production Lack of team work and cooperation Lack of a sectoral unity. Lack of an authorized body to coordinate the corporations in carpet sector ‘Isparta Rose Carpet Culture and Tourism Festival’ organized in the Isparta city centre every year is rather in a street fair mood which is quite far from the expectations. Threats of Isparta Hand-woven carpet sector:          126 A strong competition. High prices of hand-woven carpets compared to machine-made ones. Machine-made carpets are cheap and there are various design alternatives. Decrease in the sales both to local and foreign tourists. No brandization. Manufacturers usually have to supply the raw-materials and semi-finished products from uncertified (not possessing ISO 9000 certificate) facilities. Change in the consumer preferences. Internal market narrows continuously, and machine-made carpets are in demand. The negative public opinion about Isparta hand-woven carpets in terms of their high fluff length and indelicate appearance. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo   They do not fit the modern furniture designs. House workshops are forced to close down as apartment buildings increase. Opportunities of Isparta Hand-woven Carpet Sector:        There is expertise customs in Isparta. There are villages manufacturing carpets in the region. There is an airport. There is railway. There are Carpet, Rug and Old Fabrics Designs- Handicraft Programs in Süleyman Demirel University It is close to touristic regions. Products manufactured using natural materials are in higher demand nowadays. 5.CONCLUSION Isparta is an important centre of Turkish hand-woven carpet art. However, in recent years, Isparta hand-woven carpet sector has declined considerably. The pace of this decline could not be decreased although there is adequate substructure and knowledge accumulation in Isparta about hand-woven carpets. Isparta hand-woven carpet business has to increase the quality of the manufactured carpets and decrease the cost in order to be able to operate and compete in the local and international sectors. People who are in the hand-woven carpet sector in Isparta should see the cost factors they need to deal with in order to reach high quality. This assessment would show them their opportunities and make them more powerful in the sector they are operating. There is a need for revision in carpet designs and quality as well as determination of the substructure policies. In this regard, carpet manufacturers in the region should be brought together with an aggregation project and KOSGEB’s support should be taken at this point. The units15, which form this aggregation, should complement each other and operate in a harmony. What’s more, the units of the aggregation can be brought together under one single facility and this can be helpful in sharing the facility costs and controlling the production costs. A selected leader corporation should intervene in the problems that may occur or have already occurred on time. Consultancy services should be provided to the units, which form the aggregation, consciousness concerning designs, patenting and brandization should be developed, innovative designs should be adopted and applied. A supply chain and cooperative structure should be formed (Craftsman’s Association Report, 2008:166). It must be ensured that consumers purchase carpets consciously and gain high benefit from the carpets they have purchased. Touristic identities (carpet, rose) of Isparta and the surrounding region should be demonstrated and a local and provincial advertising and 15 Aggregation, is an organization model in which enterprises that operate in the same region, business line and value chain, having a cooperation with each other but also a competition among each other, and having a commercial relation and the Corporations that support them (universities, public institutions, research institutions, Professional unions, technology and innovation centers, banks, insurance companies, logistics firms etc) league together. 127 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo marketing understanding should be adopted. Carpet workshops and villages should be opened for tourism; this way, tourists can participate in the designing and weaving processes and this may encourage them to purchase the carpets as well as forming an emotional connection and ensuring remembrance. Isparta should be brought forward by its hand-woven carpets, tourism and advertisement, and the city should become a brand with its carpets. Just as the consolidation of Paris with love, Rio with entertainment, and New York with energy (Atesoglu et al. 2009:731), Isparta can consolidate with carpet. In order to manage this, Isparta hand-woven carpet should be advertised and accepted to the world. The carpets should also be enriched in inimitable characteristics. Isparta Museum should be brought to the agenda for re-organizing it as Isparta Carpet Museum. Carpet enterprises should possess ISO 9000 certificate. “As ISO 9000 certified enterprises, they should follow-up with the developments on quality and apply quality cost reportage and quality cost system, which is the figural reflected dimensions of the quality activities, in order to survive in the dense competition (Yumuk, İnan, 2005:184).” An ecological carpet bazaar can be established. An international carpet fair can be organized. Isparta can be made an attraction centre by advertising its cultural characteristics and the natural products manufactured in the city. A business centre in which old carpets are repaired can be established. This way, hand-woven carpet manufacturers may have a chance to increase their market shares over time upon managing an increase in the quality and modernizing. In order to ensure sustainable development on the local level, human health friendly production should be maintained and continued and knowledge about healthy natural products should be transmitted to future generations. Society should be made more aware concerning the production and consumption of natural products. REFERENCES Ateşoğlu, İ., Adıgüzel, O., Çetintürk, İ., Selman, A.(2009) “Uluslar Arası Destinasyon Markası Oluşturma Stratejileri Isparta Örneği”, Uluslararası Davraz Kongresi,24-27 eylül, 729-738. BARIŞTA, H. Örcün., (1994) “Isparta Halıcılığı Üzerine”, Kamu ve Özel Kuruluşlarla, Orta Öğretim ve Üniversitelerde El Sanatlarına Yaklaşım ve Sorunları Sempozyumu Bildirileri, Kültür Bakanlığı Halk Kültürlerini Araştırma ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü, Ankara,53-66. Bilgin, M.H., Demir, E.(2008) Türkiye El Halıcılığı Sektör Araştırması, İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları, Sektörel Yayınları,Yayın No:2008-82. Böcüzade, S. S.(1983) Dünden Bugüne kadar Isparta Tarihi, Serenler Yayını, İstanbul. Esnaf ve Sanatkar Raporu (2008) Mevcut Durum Sorunlar Öneriler, Türkiye Esnaf Ve Sanatkarları Konfederasyonu, Ankara. http://www.tesk.org.tr/tr/yayin/esnafraporu.pdf (03.03.2012). Kayıpmaz, N.(2002) “Yeniden Tanzim ve Teşhiri yapılan Isparta Müzesi Halı-Kilim Seksiyonundaki Isparta Çevresi Geleneksel Düz ve Düğümlü Dokuma Yaygıları ile Şark Halı Dönemi Isparta Halıları Analizi”, 8. El sanatları Sempozyumu 13-15 Kasım, Bildiriler Kitabı, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir, 258-262. Küçükerman, Ö.( 1990) İzmir Limanı ve Isparta Halı Fabrikası, Sümer Halı, Ankara. 128 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ölmez, F.N. (2006) Isparta İlinde El Dokuması Halı Üretiminin Sektörel Analizi ve Geleneksel Isparta Halısında Bazı Modifikasyonların Uygulanması, (SDÜ BAP) Projesi, Isparta. Sakarya, O.(1992) “Isparta Halıcılığının Dünü, Bugünü ve Geleceği”, Isparta’nın Dünü Bugünü ve Yarını Sempozyumu, Isparta İli Kalkındırma Derneği, Ankara.539-551. Ulusal Kümelenme Politikasının Geliştirilmesi Projesi Basın Bilgi Notu, http://www.bodto.org.tr/images/other/kumelenme_kapanis_etkinligi_basin_%20bilgi_%20not u.pdf.(21.04.2012) Temurçin, K., (2004) “Isparta İlinde Sanayinin Gelişimi Ve Yapısı”, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2 DOI: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000044 ,s.79-95. http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/33/825/10468.pdf (12.04.2012) Türeli, E., Özaltın, N.F., Yurteri, F.Y., Işık K., (2006), “Desenlerle Isparta Halıları”, 2. Türk Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Kongresi, Isparta. Yumuk, G., İnan, H.İ. (2005) “Trakya Bölgesindeki İmalat Sanayi İşletmelerinin Kalite Maliyetlerinin SWOT Analizi İle Değerlendirilmesi”, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2),177-188. Measurement Of The Competitiveness Of Turkey : Eu Countries, 1980-2010 Period Comparison Sevgi Sezer1, Mehmet Mercan2 1Uludağ University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science 2Hakkari University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Science E –mails: sevgis700@hotmail.com,mmercan48@gmail.com; mehmetmercan@hakkari.edu.tr Abstract Today, in the new world order caused by economic glabalization, technologic and political changes in world economy result in changes in the competitiveness of the countries. Everyday, countries intensify their effort to gain, develop and protect their power to compete with other countries. Today, even the most developed countries are trying to strengthen their competitiveness in order to enlarge their share in the world economy. Turkey desires to increase its competitiveness in all sectors in order to rise the welfare level of its people and to speed up its economic growth. Turkey endeavors to increase its competitiveness against EU, who is one of the most important economic partners of Turkey, in all sectors. In this study, the period of 1970-2011 to measure the competitiveness of Turkey towards the EU countries and aims to achieve predictions for the future, and the watermark. Keywords : Competitiveness, Turkey, EU, International Trade, JEL Classification: F12, F14, F15 129 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1319 Title A name given to the resource Earning Isparta Carpet Business To The Local Economy Again And Ensuring Its Sustainibility By Revising It Author Author Nesrin , Şalvarci Türeli Abstract A summary of the resource. Hand-woven carpet, one of the symbols of Isparta has lost its popularity in the sense of business, employment, socio-cultural and economic aspects. In 1960s the carpet industry which provided a great amount of income especially in local areas, and then in the overall citywas pushed out of the market by failing to compete due to prevailing of machine-woven carpets and their being much more cheaper. Isparta hand-woven carpet is known as winter-time carpets in respect of its technical properties. Among the patterns of the Isparta hand-woven carpet whose weaving woof and warp thread are made of cotton and loops are made of wool, plant motifs stand out. Moreover, weaving thickness (weaving quality) is low because wool knits are thick; that is, the number of loops in each decimeter is limited. Motifs include rougher details, so figures cannot be understood. It is necessary to renew the Isparta hand-made carpets that are needed to be revised in the sense of materials (using tinsel strings made of wool, golden and silver) and figures in order to have the business regained the Isparta hand-woven carpet industry. In this study, the revitalization of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry and its sustainability have been handled. SWOT analysis was done regarding this purpose. As a result of SWOT analysis, the strong and poor sides, and the opportunities and threatening factors of Isparta hand-woven carpet industry have been found out. Keywords: Hand-woven carpets, Sustainable development, SWOT analysis. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ce4f359714745466bdb8f24843abf64f.pdf c6f8594d8785b132eaceedbe01a53a91 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Örücü, E., Türk, Z. & Süngü, A. (2003). Kit’lerde Performans Değerleme Çalışmalarına Astların Destek ve Güveni: Muğla–Yatağan Termik Santrali Örneği. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 10(2): 51–62. Özgüven, B.M. (1989). Toplum Bilimlerine Giriş, Ata Ofset Matbaacılık, Ankara. Özgüven, I.E. (2003). Endüstri Psikolojisi, Sistem Ofset, Ankara. Randolph, W.A. & Posner, B.Z. (1981). Explaining Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity via Individual and Interpersonal Variables in Different Job Categories. Personnel Psychology, 34 (1): 89–102. Rusbult, C. E. & Farrel, D. (1983). A Longitudinal Test of the Investment Model: The Impact on Job Satisfaction, Job Commitment and Turnover of Variations in Rewards, Costs, Alternatives and investments. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(3), 429–438. Stanley, D. (2006). Role Conflict: Leaders and Managers. Nursing Management, 13(5): 31– 37. Şimşek, M. Ş. & Aslan, Ş. (2007). Mesleki ve Örgütsel Bağlılığın, İşin Özellikleri, Rol Stresi, Örgüte İlişkin Davranışsal Sonuçlar, İş ve Yaşam Doyumuyla İlişkilerinin Araştırılması. 15. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, Sakarya: 724–733. Sustainable women policies in local administrations Isparta practice Nesrin Şalvarci Türeli,Nedret Çağlar Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta Turkey E-mails: nesrintureli@sdu.edu.tr,nedretcaglar@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Nowadays, feminine policies have begun to set the agenda economically, socially and politically. Resolving inequality and sexual apartheid in community and sustaining it, is a fundamental principle of democracy. This principle also, constitutes one of the fundamental principles of the sustainable development. Therefore, while making feminine policies sustainable and generalizing in community, there are a lot and different things to do for different institutions, and there is a need to handle this subject integrated and cooperatively. In this study, local governments’ feminine studies and sustainability of this are worked on. For this purpose interviews have been made, studies of institutions are investigated on site 105 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo and evaluated. The place of women in Local development plans and appreciation are worked on. It is thought that the awareness on woman will rise with this study, which emphasizes that with policies and implementations which are not sustainable; actions taken will not be persistent. Keywords: Sustainable development, Local government, Development plan, Feminine policies, Women. 1.INTRODUCTION Up to now, in nearly every society, policies and structures have been shaped favouring male benefits, and male-dominated structuring has brought along gender inequalities. Corporate and cultural structures affected by the norms of patriarchal societies have forced women to a secondary status against men. Housework and motherhood roles, which have occurred as a result of the sexist labour division, have been considered as women’s natural roles in the society (Dedeoglu, 2011:63). While women were kept outside the public fields by usually being employed as nurses or teachers, which are suitable professions for their traditional roles, men have continued to be the ones who make the laws (Meena, 1992). While the social labour division has restricted women with specific fields, it has integrated men with the public fields (Caglar, 2011:62). Women have remained as small minorities concerning the parliament, cabinet, and the administrative positions in the public/private sectors (Meena, 1992). Women and men do not use the common living spaces in the same way and value. The chances they possess for benefiting from the socio-economical opportunities offered by the living environment as well as their needs and problems are not the same. Thus, (lack of) policies intended on common living spaces have a greater effect on women (Alkan, 2004a). The factors and cliché judgements that effect women’s reach/equal reach to several fields such as education, health, land management and finance do not only restrict women’s hope but also the future of nations. It is highly necessary to make legislations in order to support women in realising their potentials, defending their rights and empowering (Bachelet, 2012). “Studies which focus on preventing gender discrimination and increasing the status of women in the society are among the most seriously conducted activities of the modern societies of our day. In this sense, in many countries new regulations protecting women’s rights are passed and some malfunctions which cause inequalities between men and women in the society are worked on to eliminate them” (Tugen, Ozen, 2008:2). The right to vote and stand for election has been entitled to women, however they have been prevented from participating in the decision making processes using their traditional role as an excuse or it has not even seen necessary for women to think on these kinds of issues. Because the primary duty of a woman is being a mother and wife and it would be unfair to her if she were given more duties (!). The number and variety of the obstacles brought to women have increased day by day such as poverty, timelessness, lack of technical information, lack of self-esteem, family, neighbourhood and tribe relations and honour codes 106 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (Bora, Isat, 2006:13). Even labour unions have maintained a patriarchal point of view while defending women’s right to work instead of considering women’s priorities first. They have defended equal wages for equal labour but kept their silence on the issue of women’s employment on equally valued positions (Urhan, 2009:85). 2. SUSTAINABLE WOMAN POLICIES The quality of life depends on the quality of the environment. The right to live is universal for every living being and it is inacceptable to think that a species is entitled with this right more than any other species is (Yıldıztekin, 2009:370). However, in nearly every society policies, decisions and actions have always emerged with a focus on men, women have always followed after men or been forced for that deliberately or not, and their rights have always been more restricted. Politics has been perceived as a tool belonging to and empowering a minority –men- in the society, and policy makers –men- have always obtained the power by using politics. Women’s struggle to show and prove themselves (entering to business life, founding organisations or becoming members of them) has been perceived as a threat, which might harm the balances in the society and has been subject to resistance (Bora, Isat, 2006:15). However, sustainable development depends on the equal distribution of the sources for today and tomorrow. This can never be managed without gender equality. Gender equality is not only a key issue for sustainable development, but also an objective on its own for social development and environmental sustainability (Informal Document, 2011:7;Flannery, 2011). If the main objective of sustainability is thinking of future, assuring the benefits of future generations, and meeting their current needs without limiting their skills and opportunities; women should also be included in the process of sustainable development (Ozyol). Sustainable development cannot be maintained without the equal distribution of the sources both today and tomorrow. While meeting the needs of people, these policies should definitely avoid risking the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Informal Document, 2011:20). In order to ensure woman participation to the development process, patriarchal ideologies should change. Giving women no chance of involvement in the economical sustainable development plans shall make a sustainable development impossible. Sustainable development is only possible with proper planning and management of quality human resources (Meena, 1992). Regarding the active participation of women to sustainable development, education is an important factor. Educated women are able to bring up the future generations. They make more suitable and proper preferences on that sense and they bring up healthy generations 107 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (Vizyon 2050, 2010:48). In this respect, investments which target improving women’s living and lifestyle are quite important concerning sustainability. Management of the natural resources and climate changes affect primarily women due to their role in the family (Bachelet, 2012). It is easier for educated women to adopt a sustainable lifestyle. Educated women contribute to society in several ways as mentioned below: (Vizyon 2050, 2010:48); They possess detailed product information or demand information. They share feedbacks with the companies from which they purchase the products (sharing expectations and areas of interest). This way they provide chances for increasing the abilities of these companies for managing sustainability. Life quality of women increases with education. Thereby their negative impact on the ecological environment decreases and they find solutions. They transfer the traditional knowledge and skills to future generations. They contribute to environment in terms of hygiene and recycling. 3.SUSTAINABLE WOMEN POLICIES IN LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS It has been accepted in 1992 United Nations Environment and Development Conference held in Rio de Janeiro that social, economical and environmental factors affect each others’ concerning sustainability. The resolutions that emerged from this summit are called ‘Agenda 21’ and with those resolutions it was aimed to prepare the World to the next century. ‘Agenda 21’ is an action plan including the activities local administrations should follow as well (Yapıcı, 2003:225). It was stated in the action plan that together with other actors, local administrations should start a participatory process, determine the environmental and development problems in the cities and build a local agenda (Bora, Isat, 2006:42). Local administrations are parties of this responsibility in terms of their position and structure. Local administrations meet the spatial, public, socio-cultural and common economical needs of the people residing in a city and solve the problems of people*1. Local administrations are obliged to ensure that people live and work in secure, healthy environments and urban areas are used efficiently. While providing these services, they also have to participate in the  -such as a decrease in infant death rate, malnutrition cases and birth rate, making conscious preferences concerning consumption, creating an awareness relating the importance of insurance against the risk of disasters, increasing household income levelsTasks such as construction, water, sewer system, fire departments, police service, traffic, marriage registration, providing vocational opportunities, public transportation, landscaping, protection of the land, preventing erosion, supports, forestation, building parks and gardens, emergency rescue, social services, protection houses for women and children, civil defence duties, and duties concerning the elections. 108 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo decision-making processes concerning the areas they are responsible for and audit the services provided (Tokman, Kendirci, 2006). Local administrations are accepted as the schools of democracy and they are more advantageous compared to central administrations in determining the needs of people properly and meeting those needs directly (Seyyar, 2008:30). Although women are in close relations with the environment they live in and sustainability, they are not participating adequately to decision-making processes concerning sustainability issues both in the local and national levels. Participation of women to local administrations is lower than 1 % (Bora, Isat, 2006:35). In this respect, it is obvious that women should be included to the decision makers of local administrations. 4. EVALUATION OF THE (LACK OF) SUSTAINABLE POLICIES TARGETING WOMEN IN ISPARTA LOCAL ADMINISTRATIONS The scope of this study is, determination of the work conducted by Isparta Provincial Administration and Isparta Municipality with the aim of reaching women who are among disadvantageous groups, evaluation of the sustainability of these studies and introduction of new strategies on this regard. In this study one of the most important findings is the fact that local administration units are not conscious enough in women studies and this situation has restricted the service areas aimed at women (training courses, women assemblies, women clubs, women guest houses, art centres, kindergartens etc.) This restriction has narrowed our work areas as well. During the study, relative literature obtained from the secondary resources has been examined; data obtained from Isparta Provincial Administration General Secretariat and Isparta Municipality Cultural and Social Programs Directorate (ISMEK) has been evaluated and face-to-face interviews have been conducted with officials. The low percentage of woman participation in the decision-making processes around Turkey is quite noticeable in Isparta local administration units as well. During March 2009 Local Administrations Election, only 3 women were nominated as mayor candidates in 13 provinces in total including Isparta centre province as well. When the 2009 Provincial Council nomination and election outcomes are evaluated, it is seen that 26 (9, 7%) woman candidates participated the elections against 240 (90, 3%) male candidates and only 1 (0, 3%) woman entered the city general assembly. For 2009 Municipality Council Elections 558 (88, 9%) candidates nominated while the number of woman nomination was strikingly only 63 (11, 1%). After the elections the total number of women in the municipal councils of 13 provinces was 12. Again in 2009 in the centre province of Isparta there were only 3 (4, 8%) women neighbourhood headman (mukhtar) against 59 (95, 2) men headman (Tureli, Caglar 2010:34). Under the light of all this data, it is clear that woman representation in Isparta Local Administration Units is notably limited. It was announced in 2006 that a ‘Woman Guesthouse’, which is based on providing direct services for women was founded in Isparta. Isparta Municipality provided the building for the 109 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo ‘Women Guesthouse’ and Isparta Provincial Administration furnished it. Isparta Municipality’s studies on women were examined, it was seen that ‘Productive Women Bazaar’ Project organized within the scope of Isparta Municipality Arts and Vocational Courses, which are known as ISMEK in short, have entered into service starting from 2010 and have met a considerable interest regarding the appreciation of woman labour. In the scope of 2010 ‘8 March International Women’s Day’ 160 women opened food and handicraft stands in ‘Productive Women Bazaar’, which was arranged in a shopping mall for a short period of time, 7 days. ‘Productive Women Bazaar’ organized in the city centre every year on April lasts for 6 months and no stand fee or charter fee is demanded from the women. ‘Productive Women Bazaar’, which is a social project, is applied in the districts which are popular among the society. When women producers who open stands in productive women bazaar are evaluated on yearly basis, it is seen that women contribute to family budget with the profit they make from food and handicraft stands (Table 1). Table 1. Women Producers that Open Stands in Productive Women Bazaar Participation Food Stand Participation Handicraft Stand Participation Total Participation Year F % F % F % 2010 298 54 255 46 553 100 2011 104 40 158 60 262 100 Source: ISMEK, Isparta, ( 30.03.2012). When the data of Isparta Municipality is examined, vocational courses operating in cooperation with Isparta Public Training Center and Evening Vocational Schools draw attention. It was observed that only women preferred courses planned according to traditional woman roles such as sewing, lace and ribbon works. It was determined that both men and women participated in foreign language, literacy and computer courses. When the course distribution according to gender is examined (Table 2), the lack of courses intended only for women compared to the number of courses to which women and men participate together draws attention. Table 2. Course Distribution According to the Gender of Participants Courses Participants Woman+Man Woman 110 Courses opened in 2009 Courses opened in 2010 Courses opened in 2011 F % F % F % 59 94 36 77 48 84 4 6 11 23 9 16 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Total 63 100 47 100 57 100 Source: ISMEK, Isparta, ( 30.03.2012). When the distribution of certificates regarding the gender of participants is examined (Table 3), it is seen that the number of woman participants obtaining certificate is higher compared to men on a yearly basis. Women participation to the courses is higher than man participation. We can perceive this as an indicator of women’s endeavour and demand in having a profession and being active in public fields and business life. Table 3. Distribution of Certificates Regarding the Gender of Participants People that received certificate 2009 F 2010 2011 % F % F % Women 954 70 671 75 626 79 Men 417 30 226 25 166 21 Total 1.371 100 897 100 792 100 Source: ISMEK, Isparta, ( 30.03.2012). 5.CONCLUSION Sustainable development cannot be managed without complete and equal participation of women on every level. Up to now, concerning both the national and local level, women have been inadequately represented. It should be assured that women participate the national and local decision-making mechanisms equally with men. Political parties should abandon the perspective (inequality) which considers women as keys of reaching households during election processes, and after that violates their right to possess seats in the councils or gives them seats only in the number political parties themselves shall decide. The main intentions of local equality action plans are establishing strategies to increase the level of woman participation concerning local decision making processes, increasing their standards of living, ensuring the implementation of these strategies and managing equality on every level. However Isparta local administrations have not started any activity yet in the scope of Local Equality Action Plans. On the local level (in Isparta) the status of woman should be determined socially, economically and politically and a case assessment (demographical structure, number of woman enterprises, woman foundations, number of woman executives) should be conducted. The problems of the groups, which will be formed according to the outcomes of this assessment and their casual relations, should be discussed and objectives should be determined. Control points should exist during the implementation of the activities (producing local projects, finding funds, protecting the environment and health of women, increasing their standards of living) arranged with the aim of reaching the objectives and deficiencies should be eliminated on time. It is also highly important not to forget supporting the productive and reproductive role of women when policies are concerned (Meena, 1992). 111 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo While arranging action plans regarding the objectives, collaborators and partners (media, universities, political parties, and associations) should be determined and the sources we have should be combined. Local women organisations, assemblies, expertise councils and provincial councils should be formed with equal participation of women in order to eliminate the cliché judgements in the society such as the place of woman is her home or husband is free to beat or caress his wife*2 (Alkan, 2007b). It must be made possible for women to live in an easier and more secure way in the cities. Local administration units should follow action plans formed upon equality. During those implementations women’s value and sustainability should be placed to the centre of life, and this consciousness should be obtained throughout the society under the leadership of local administrations. In Isparta where we conducted our study, the lack of sustainable policies for assuring equality between women and men in local level, empowering the status of women in public context and ensuring their representation in decision-making processes is quite noticeable. This is a clear indicator of women’s secondary status. REFERENCES Alkan, A.(2004a) “Yerel Siyaset Kadınlar İçin Neden Önemli”, Birikim, S.179 http://kasaum.ankara.edu.tr/gorsel/dosya/1216284579yerel_siyaset_kadinlar_icin_neden_one mli.pdf. (05.04.2012). Alkan, A.(2007b) “Yerel Eşitlik Eylem Planlarına İlişkin Değerlendirme Raporu”, http://www.sabancivakfi.org/sayfa/yerel-esitlik-eylem-planlari. (02.04.2012) Bachelet, M. (2012) “Rural Women And Sustainable Development”, United Nations Entity For Gender Equality and The Empowerment of Women, http://www.unwomen.org/2012/02/rural_women_and_sustainable_development/ 27.02.2012, ECOSOC Chamber, UN headquarters, New York. (07.03.2012) Bora, A., İşat C. (2006) Düğüm Bilgisi, KADER, İkinci Baskı, Ankara. Çağlar, N. (2011) “Kadını Siyasal Yaşama Katılımı ve Kota Uygulamaları”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner, C.3, S. 4, 56-79. Dedeoğlu, S. (2011) “Türkiye’de Cinsiyet Politikaları ve Kadın İstidamı”, Kadın Emeği Konferansı, Kadın İstihdamı Ve Sorun Alanları Bildiri Kitabı, 3 Mayıs 2011, Tepav Yayınları, No:57, 63-72. Flannery, C. (2011) “Empowering Women for Sustainable Development”, http://www.ifuwforums.org/blog/2011/04/21/empowering-women-for-sustainabledevelopment/(8.02.2012). *’Sensitivity to women’ trainings should be organised for the staff employed in Governerships, Municipalities, Women Gueasthouses. 112 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Informal Dokument (2011), Empowering Women For Sustainable Development, Economic Commission for Europe, Sixty-fourth session, Geneva, No.2, 29–31 March 2011, http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/commission/2011/Informal%20document%20No.%20 2.pdf. (15.04.2012) Isparta Provincial Administration General Secretariat. Isparta Municipality Cultural and Social Programs Directorate (ISMEK). Özyol , A. (15.04.2012) () “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma”, http://hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf. Meena, R. (1992) "Women and Sustainable Development", http://www.unngls.org/orf/documents/publications.en/voices.africa/number5/vfa5.07.htm, (8.02.2012). Seyyar, A. (2008) “Yerel siyasetin gelişiminde Sosyal http://www.yerelsiyaset.com/pdf/ocak2008/8.pdf, (8.02.2012) Politikaların Önemi”, Tokman, L.Y., Kendirci, S. (2006) Yerel Yönetimlere İlişkin Yasal Düzenlemeler Çevresinde Kadınlara Yer Açmak, KADER Yayınları, Birinci Baskı, Ankara. Tüğen, K., Özen, A.(2008) “ Cinsiyete Duyarlı Bütçele Anlayışı”, Maliye Dergisi, S.154.111. Türeli, N. Çağlar, N. (2010), “Yerel Yönetimde Kadın Temsili-Isparta İli Örneği”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, C.2, S.1, 16-40. Urhan, B. (2009) “Görünmezlerin Görünür Olma Örgütlenmeleri”, Çalışma ve Toplum, S.2, 83-110. Mücadeleleri: Çalışan Kadın Vizyon 2050 (2010), İş dünyası İçin Yeni Gündem, İş Dünyası ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Derneği, http://www.tusiad.org/__rsc/shared/file/Vision2050-New-Agenda-TR.pdf. (28.03.2012) Yapıcı, M.(2003) “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma ve Eğitim”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2003; 5(1):223-229 http://www.aku.edu.tr/AKU/Dosya yönetimi/SOSYALBILENS/dergi/V1/myapıcı.pdf. (15.04.2012) Yıldıztekin, İ.(2009) “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Çevre Muhasebesinin Etkileri”, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13-(1), 367-390. 113 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1103 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable women policies in local administrations Isparta practice Author Author Nesrin, Şalvarci Türeli Abstract A summary of the resource. Nowadays, feminine policies have begun to set the agenda economically, socially and politically. Resolving inequality and sexual apartheid in community and sustaining it, is a fundamental principle of democracy. This principle also, constitutes one of the fundamental principles of the sustainable development. Therefore, while making feminine policies sustainable and generalizing in community, there are a lot and different things to do for different institutions, and there is a need to handle this subject integrated and cooperatively. In this study, local governments’ feminine studies and sustainability of this are worked on. For this purpose interviews have been made, studies of institutions are investigated on site and evaluated. The place of women in Local development plans and appreciation are worked on. It is thought that the awareness on woman will rise with this study, which emphasizes that with policies and implementations which are not sustainable; actions taken will not be persistent. Keywords: Sustainable development, Local government, Development plan, Feminine policies, Women. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bc9b81f6a0417eff604e28cc85214e3e.pdf 905e8d4b69387743e6ee349f5db5af20 PDF Text Text Sustainable Development Field Mapping: A Case of ISSD 2012 Nermina Durmic, Zeynep Kara, Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyse the nature of research preoccupying participants in the Third International Symposium on Sustainable Development (ISSD 2012) in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 31May - 1June 2012. It involved the analysis of abstracts and papers submitted for presentation and publication at ISSD 2012. Each submission was coded and entered into the Excel spreadsheet for quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results reveal dominant research groups, as well as the type of work that has the highest relevance to research and practice. These findings may serve as signposts for future research directions in the field. Keywords: sustainable development, knowledge mapping, ISSD2012, literature review, protocol analysis 1. INTRODUCTION Knowledge networks and/or communities of practice are considered crucial for economic development and the achievement of local and global development goals. They are increasingly emerging as a new form of work which includes different actors and have the potential for knowledge creation and development performance. According to Wenger, a pioneer and leading thinker in the field of organizational community, Communities of Practice (CoPs) are groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis (Cox, 2005). More specifically, communities of practice are formed by individuals with different personal characteristics and capabilities, but with shared interest, who interact regularly through narration, collaboration and enculturation, applying common practices, using the same tools and expressing themselves in a common language in order to share ideas, strategies and experiences, learn from each other, determine solutions and build innovations to provide value to themselves and their organizations. Furthermore, additional advantage and aim of CoPs is to develop of a social capital and bring the socialisation and practice together. The term „Communities of Practice“ is relatively new, but Communities of Practice are not. They started existing ever since people in organizations realized that sharing their knowledge with others is beneficial for solving problems and support to decision making (Nickols, 2003). The first Community of Practice was formed on a voluntary basis by the technicians in Xerox 595 �Corporation with the aim of figuring out a way to diagnose and repair Xerox customers' copy machines. The results were invaluable for the company's business value and customers' satisfaction (Nickols, 2003). This is where the idea of this kind of communities came from, later followed by four works essential for the official formation of the idea and definition of a Communities of Practice: First, Lave and Wenger (1991) proposed a new approach to understanding of learning as an interaction among practitioners, instead of traditional process in which a producer provides knowledge to a consumer (Kahan, 2004). They suggested observation and peripheral participation as the best practices of learning. At the same time, Brown and Duguid (1991) agreed with Lave and Wenger's statements at basic level, but they focused more on knowledge acquisition through narrative and improvisation by experts in community instead of reproduction of an existing practice. Then, Wenger (1998) finally defined a Community of Practice as a group that coheres through „mutual engagement“ on an appropriated enterprise, and creating a common repertoire (Cox, 2005). He also recognized the community members' identity as the key factor for the existence and success of the associations that stand for the Communities of Practice (Nickols, 2003). Wenger, McDermott and Synder (2002) redefined the Wenger's initial concept of Communities of Practice from 1998, focusing on the value of the Community of Practice as a management tool used for socialization, innovation and increasing a problem solving potential in large corporations, and defining the Communities of Practice as groups of people who are ineterested in the same thing, but with many diversities, that interact to share knowledge and insights, instead of to get the job done (Cox, 2005). This approach is widely accepted today. Although the concept of Communities of Practice has been applied to business, organizational design, government, education, professional associations, development projects and civic life, most of the studies concentrate on their appliance specifically in organizations (Lave and Wenger, 1998). Mainly, CoPs originate and act primarily on self-organizing basis, without organization's management support. But very soon after they start adding value to organization's business by developing professional skills, helping organization recruit and retain talent, transfering best practices, solving problems very quickly and starting new lines of business, the management decides to make them more beneficial for the organization and supports them in every possible way, making them become sponsored CoPs in that way (Wenger and Snyder, 2000). However, not every organizational group is a Community of Practice. While formal work groups, project teams and informal networks are formed necessarily by the management in order to deliver given task in specified period of time, the purpose of Communities of Practice is to develop members' capabilities and build knowledge and they last as long as there is interest in maintaining the group. They belong only to members who select themselves and passion, commitment and identification with the group's expertise are what hold them together (Odom and Starns, 2003). The CoP's short-term value is seen outside of it, in actions of solving problems at the places the CoP's members act. In long-term, the value is twofold: over time the CoP's capacity and quality increases creating whole repository of knowledge and problems solved, furthermore, it 596 �makes very positive effect to the development of social capital and socialisation, which is assumed to enable tacit knowledge, values and beliefs to be transferred between individuals through shared experience, space and time (Handzic, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to examine the Third International Symposium on Sustainable Development (ISSD 2012) in Sarajevo as a case an evolving knowledge network/community of practice in the Balkan region. 2.Research Methodology The character of ISSD 2012 was examined by the analysis of 343 papers/posters submitted by 683 authors. The first phase of the research required going through abstracts of all papers submitted and the extraction of participants, participants' countries, paper topics and keywords into Excel spreadsheets for analysis. After the duplicate records - in terms of participants and countries, were removed, the data were grouped into several categories in order to create corresponding charts and make conclusions. The keyword analysis tool was used for detection the most frequent keyword in abstracts. 3.Main Findings The participants analysis found a total of 683 authors from four different continents. Since the symposium was held in the European country - Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was expected that the majority of the participants would come from Europe. However, the symposium accomplished a big success having participants from USA, Africa and Australia too, in the rates shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Demographic Analysis Results per Continents Further analysis of the European attendance showed the main interest in the sustainable development research coming from eight European countries (with Turkey leading the group). The results presented in Figure 2 reveal a surprisingly intense response from foreign countries, that has even surpassed the host country. 597 �Figure 2. Demographic Analysis Results per European Countries With respect to collaboration analysis, the results in Figure 3 indicate that participants preferred working in groups, mostly in groups of two (45%) and three (23%) people. Interestingly, one paper was co-authored by seven and one by nine people. This indicates that researchers recognize that team work and knowledge sharing is the fastest path to the quality and desired achievements. Given that one of the most important purposes of knowledge networks and communities of practice is collaboration and knowledge sharing, this is an encouraging finding. Figure 3. Collaboration Analysis Results The results of track analysis, exploring themes and topics of most interest to the participants indicate similar spread of contributions across six different tracks. This is indicative of rich and diverse research culture. Detailed results are shown in Figure 4. 598 �Fi gure 4.Track Analysis Results The final keyword analysis, focused on the keywords provided within each of the abstracts submitted. The results presented in Figure 5 show only those words that were mentioned more than 10 times in keywording of each paper. Apart from 'sustainable development' and 'sustanability', most frequently mentioned keywords include 'management', 'economics' 'tourism' and 'Turkey'. The remaining keywords are spread evenly and reflect different conference tracks. Figure 5. Keywords Analysis 4.CONCLUSIONS 599 �The main objective of this study was to analyse the nature of research presented at ISSD2012. With respect to participants, the study showed clear dominance of foreign (particularly Turkish) researchers over those coming from Bosnia, thus emphasising the international character of the event. Most papers were co-authored by two or more individuals coming from one or more different institutions, suggesting strong collaborative nature of research. All conference tracks attracted sufficient interest, indicating high thematic and topical diversity. While the finding of collaborative and diverse work is encouraging, the uneven geographic representation is of some concern. It suggests the need for paying more attention on promoting the event at local and regional levels, particularly among neighbouring countries. REFERENCES Handzic, M. (2007) Communities of Practice: Enhancing Collective Effectivness. SocioTechnical Knowledge Management: Studies and Initiatives, 193-207 Odom, C.J., Starns, J.F. (2003) Leveraging Communities of Practice. Knowledge Management World, Volume 12, Issue 3 Lesser, E.L., Storck, J. (2001) Communities of Practice and Organizational Performance. IBM Systems Journal, Vol 40, No 4,831-841 Cox, A.M. (2005) What are Communities of Practice? A Comparative Review of Four Seminal Works. Journal of Information Science, Vol 31, No 6, 527-540 Hasan, H., Crawford, K. (2003) Distributed Communities of Learning and Practice. Handžić, M., Hasan, H. Australian Studies in Knowledge Management, Chapter 5, 136-155 Nickols, F. (2003) Communities of Practice: An Overview Kahan, S. (2004) Engagement, Identity and Innovation: Etienne Wenger on Communities of Practice. Journal of Association Leadership, 27-37 Lesser, E., Prusak, L. (1999) Communities of Practice, Social Capital and Organizational Knowledge. Information Systems Review 1., Vol 1, No 1, 3-10 Lave, J., Wenger, E. (1998) Communitites of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity, Cambridge University Press Wenger, E.C., Snyder, W.M. (2000) Communities of Practice: The Organizational Frontier. Harward Business Review, 139-145 600 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1216 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Development Field Mapping: A Case of ISSD 2012 Author Author Nermina , Durmic Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this study was to analyse the nature of research preoccupying participants in the Third International Symposium on Sustainable Development (ISSD 2012) in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 31May - 1June 2012. It involved the analysis of abstracts and papers submitted for presentation and publication at ISSD 2012. Each submission was coded and entered into the Excel spreadsheet for quantitative and qualitative analyses. The results reveal dominant research groups, as well as the type of work that has the highest relevance to research and practice. These findings may serve as signposts for future research directions in the field. Keywords: sustainable development, knowledge mapping, ISSD2012, literature review, protocol analysis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c3eb050f80218247ff9cd4ccd39a5010.pdf 163f53eadbed66102cc912a8361002ba PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Biodiversity for sustinable agriculture: Common bean genetic diversity Nemli Seda , Tanyolac M.Bahattin Department of Bioengineering, Ege University Izmir, Turkey E-mail: eryilmazseda@hotmail.com Abstract The immense genetic diversity of genotypes of crops is the most directly useful and economically valuable part of biodiversity. Genetic diversity is a key factor enabling adaptation, and therefore survival, of natural populations in changing environments. And also genetic diversity is essential tool for any breeding program. Leguminous plants, after cereals, include the most economically important species of agricultural interest, considering area cultivated and total production. Among the grain legumes,soybean, peanuts and common beans are the most important commercial crops. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and its related species are important protein sources for the world population. In 2006, the bean industry was valued at $1.2 billion and $180 million in USA and Canada, respectively. The average yield of bean varieties cropped in developing countries is still very low. The analysis of genetic diversity and relationships among different individuals, species, or populations is an important topic in genetics and plant breeding. Since morphological charactersin plants effect from environmental condition, DNA markers provide the most precise tool for measuring genetic relationships, because they are potentially unlimited in number Among the DNA techniques, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) is intense and provides a powerful tool for genotype identification, phylogeny The AFLP technique is based on the amplification of short restriction endonuclease digested genomic DNA fragments onto which adaptors have been ligated at both ends.For this purpose common bean genomes were analyzed using AFLP fingerprinting to examine the genetic variation within and among genotypes.. A total of 86 common bean accessions collected from different countries were used in this study. For the AFLP analysis,12 primer combination were used. Acrylamide gels from primer combination were scored according to presence (1) or absence (0) of amplified fragments.The molecular data were analyzed using the NTSYs program. A dendrogram was generated using JMP software (version 3.1, SAS Institute, 1995) based on the UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average). The eightysix genotypes represented seven different clusters as revealed by AFLP primers. The minimum variation was detected between sample 20, Turkey and sample 24, Turkey (GD = 0.09), and the maximum was found between samples 34 and 28 (GD = 0.80). Keywords: Biodiversity, Common bean, AFLP 22 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.INTRODUCTION Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is an important economic food legume and is widely grown in North, Middle and South America, Eastern Africa, Europe and China. The bean seed is rich in protein, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. Beans provide a good source of protein for rural and urban poor in many developing countries. (Pachico,1989) Common bean originated and was domesticated in the New World and has two major gene pools, The Andean and The Mesoamerican, based on their centers of origin in South and Central America, respectively. (gebts and debouck 1991). Common bean is a diploid (2n=22) legume with a relatively small genome. A few species show an aneuploid reduction to 20 chromosomes. The genome of common bean is one of the smallest in the legume family at 625 Mbp per haploid genome. DNA markers provide the most precise tool for measuring genetic relationships, because they are potentially unlimited in number and are not affected by the environment (Maciel et al., 2003). During the last two decades, DNA-based molecular markers have been extensively used for a variety of purposes in many animal and plant systems. Among the DNA techniques, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) is robust and provides a powerful tool for studies of genetic variation, genotype identification, phylogeny (Kafkas 2006), and molecular linkage mapping (Hurtado and Ramstedt 2002). The AFLP analysis provides a higher level of polymorphism than random amplified polymorphism DNA (RAPD) or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (Pejic et al., 1998).Amplified fragment length polymorphisms are based on selective and semiquantitative PCR amplification of restriction fragments digested from total genomic DNA. Fragments generated by digestion of DNA with a combination of two restriction endonucleases are linked to suitable adapters and, thereafter, linked DNA fragments are amplified selectively with different primer combinations (Vos et al., 1995). The RFLPs (Becerra-Vela´ squez and Gepts, 1994; Duarte et al., 1999; Metais et al., 2000; Maciel et al., 2001), RAPDs (Haley et al., 1994; Nienhuis et al., 1995; Moura-Duarte et al., 1999; Beebe et al. 2000; Metais et al., 2000), inter simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) (Rosales-Serna et al., 2003), and more recently, AFLPs (Tohme et al., 1996; Caicedo et al., 1999; Maciel et al., 2003; Pallottiniet al., 2004) have been successfully used for the description of diversity in common bean. In the present paper, AFLP analysis was used to investigate genetic variability at the DNA level in 86 common bean collected from different countries. 2.MATERIAL-METOD A total of 86 common bean accessions were used in this study (Table 1), including 45 Turkey accessions, 5 Netherlands accessions, 4 Germany accessions,, 3 China accessions, 17 England accessions,11 USA accessions, 1 Bulgaria accessions. Table 1: A list of 86 P. vulgaris accessions used in AFLP analysis 23 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Genotip Number Genotip Number Location 1 Turkey 20 Turkey 2 Netherlands 21 Turkey 3 Germany 22 Turkey 4 Germany 23 Turkey 5 Germany 24 Turkey 6 Turkey 25 Turkey 7 Netherlands 26 Turkey 8 Netherlands 27 Turkey 9 Netherlands 28 USA 10 Turkey 29 USA 11 Turkey 30 USA 12 Turkey 31 England 13 China 32 England 14 China 33 England 15 Turkey 34 England 16 Turkey 35 England 17 Turkey 36 England 18 Turkey 37 England 19 Turkey 38 England 39 England 63 Turkey 40 England 64 Turkey 41 England 65 USA 42 Turkey 66 England 43 Turkey 67 Turkey 44 Turkey 68 Turkey 45 Turkey 69 Turkey 46 Turkey 70 Turkey 47 Turkey 71 Turkey 48 Turkey 72 Turkey 49 Netherlands 73 India 50 USA 74 USA 51 USA 75 England 52 USA 76 England 53 Turkey 77 England 54 Turkey 78 England 24 Location �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 55 Turkey 79 England 56 Turkey 80 Turkey 57 Bulgaria 81 Turkey 58 Turkey 82 USA 59 Turkey 83 USA 60 China 84 USA 61 Turkey 85 Turkey 62 Turkey 86 Turkey 2.1. DNA extraction Young leaves from plants collected were harvested and placed in an aluminum foil and kept in liquid nitrogen. Leaf tissue from each individual was ground to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen with a mortar and pestle. Total genomic DNA was extracted following the procedure as described by Doyle & Doyle. The purified DNA was quantified with ND-1000 (Nanodrop, Thermo Co.) spectrophotometer. The DNA quality was also assessed and the concentration determined by visualization under UV light, on 1% agarose gels in TAE (Tris-acetic acid-EDTA) buffer and then agarose gel–stained. 2.2. AFLP analysis Li-Cor AFLP Kit (catalog number: 830-06195 AFLP 2-DYE Selective Amplification Kit) was used according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. According to the kit, 200 ng pure DNA was digested with EcoR I and Mse I restriction enzymes. The enzyme adaptors were ligate to the digested DNA. Selective amplification of restriction fragments was conducted using primers with three selective nucleotide extensions, RD700/800 dyes. Twenty-two primer combinations were used to screen for polymorphism among samples. Amplification products were resolved on 8% acrylamide gel in 1 9 TBE (Trisborate-EDTA) buffer under 1500 V and 40 mA conditions. Li-Cor 4300s DNA Analyzer machine was used to image, analyze, and screen the bands profile 2.3. Band scoring and data analysis Each polymorphic AFLP bands were scored manually as present(1) or absent (0) across all 33 genotypes for each primer-paircombination and the values were used to compile binary datamatrix.Onlybright, clearly distinguishable bands were usedin the genetic analysis. Genetic disimilarity estimates were calculated using Jaccard’scoefficient of disimilarity (Jaccard, 1908). JMP software (version 3.1, SAS Institute, 1995) was used to calculate distances and a dendrogram was generated. The accessions were grouped by cluster analysis using the unweighted pair-group method (UPGMA).PIC (polymorphism information content) was calculated from the 1/0 datum matrix. The PIC value refers to the relative value of each marker with respect to the amount of polymorphism it exhibits. PIC was also calculated by 1- Σpi2: , where i= indiviual p and pi = the allele frequencies of the loci. (De Riek,2001). 25 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.Results and Discussion 3.1.AFLP Marker analysis The size of bands scored in all the 44 accessions were in the range of 50–450 bp. 86 genotypes were analyzed by AFLP-PCR using 13 selective primer combinations as listed in Table 2. A total of 245 polymorphic bands were generated, and the number of polymorphic bands per each primer combination ranged from 4 (MCAG-EAGG) to 32 (MCAC-EACA) with an average number of 18.8 bands. A representative gel obtained from the primer combination MCAA/E-ACG ( 700 ) is presented in Fig. 1. Polymorphic bands from 86 DNA samples, amplified by 13 AFLP primer combinations, are also listed in Table 2 . The maximum number of polymorphic bands obtained per primer confirmed the high polymorphism determination efficiency of AFLPs in comparison with other marker systems used for common bean such as RAPD (Haley et al., 1994; Maciel et al., 2001; Tiwari et al., 2005 ) and RFLP ( Sonnante et al., 1994; Stockton and Gepts, 2004 ). Table 2 Polymorphic bands from 86 DNA samples, amplified by 13 AFLP primer combinations Primer Number Primer Pairs 1 MCAC-EACA No. of bands 32 2 MCAA-EAAC 25 3 MCAA-EACA 15 4 MCTC-EAAG 15 5 MCAG-EACA 27 6 MCAT-EACA 14 7 MCTG-EACA 25 8 MCAC-EAGC 23 9 MCAA-EACG 12 10 MCAA-EAGC 15 11 MCTC-EACT 20 12 MCAG-EAGG 4 13 MCAT-EAGG 18 TOTAL 245 polymorphic 3.2. Genetic diversity analysis To determine the genetic relationships among the 86 genotypes, the scoring data (1 for presence and 0 for absence) resulting from the 13 primer combinations were used to compute the dissimilarity matrix according to Jaccard (1908). This dissimilarity matrix was used to generate a dendrogram using the UPGMA method. The 86 genotypes represented seven clades as revealed by AFLP primers 26 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo (Fig.2). Group I was the largest one containing 44 accessions that included twenty five Turkey varieties and seven England land races. As shown in Table 3, the minimum variation was detected between sample 20 Turkey, and sample 24 Turkey (GD= 0,0094) and the maximum was found between sample 34 England and samples 28 USA (GD = 0,80). 27 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig.1. AFLP pattern of 1-48 common bean DNA samples. 28 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig.1. AFLP pattern of 49-86 common bean DNA samples 29 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig. 2 Dendrogram resulting from UPGMA cluster analysis of 86 common bean genotypes based on data derived from 13 AFLP primer combinations Studies of genetic diversity using molecular marker and DNA sequencing techniques are necessary if we are to understand a population’s genetic structure and phylogeography, identify the center of genetic diversity of a species, and develop effective conservation strategies (Gao, 2003).PCR-based molecular marker techniques play an important role in the analysis of genetic diversity and relatedness for crop plants, where most of the species involved are almost 30 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo unknown at the genetic level (Ilgin et al. 2009). In this study, the AFLP method generated large numbers of polymorphic bands. We detected a total of 284 polymorphic bands, and the number of polymorphic bands for each primer combination ranged from from 4 (MCAG-EAGG) to 32 (MCAC-EACA) with an average number of 18.8 bands. Our study shows that AFLP provided a large number of polymorphic bands and a large amount of genotypic information. Grilli Caiola et al. (2004) found the number of polymorphic bands per primer to be 2.01 in their RAPD study. In conclusion, we have shown that AFLP profiling techniques may provide useful information on the level of polymorphism and diversity in common bean, showing their utility in the characterization of germplasm accessions. AFLP marker systems have comparable accuracy in grouping genotypes of this species according to their gene pool of origin 31 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 32 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 33 3 Genetic distance matrix computed according to Jaccard (1908)’s coefficient based on AFLP data �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Becerra-Vela´ squez, V.L., and P. Gepts. 1994. RFLP diversity in common bean. Genome 37:256–263 Beebe, S., P.W. Sckroch, J. Tohme, M.C. Duque, F. Pedraza, and J. Nienhuis. 2000. Structure of genetic diversity among common bean landraces of Middle American origin based on correspondence analysis of RAPD. Crop Sci. 40:264–273. Caicedo, A.L., Gaitan, E., Duque, M.C., Torochica, O., Debouck, D.G., Thome,J., 1999. AFLP fingerprinting of Phaseolus lunatus L. and related wild species from S. America. Crop Sci. 39, 1497–1507 Duarte, J.M., J.B. Santos, and L.C. Melo. 1999. Genetic divergence among common bean cultivars from different races based on RAPD markers. Genet. Mol. Biol. 22:419–426 GAO LZ. 2003. The conservation of Chinese rice biodiversity:genetic erosion, ethnobotany and prospects. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 50: 17–32. Gepts P, Debouck D (1991) Origin, domestication, and evolution of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In: Schoonhoven AV(ed) Common beans: research for crop improvement. CIAT, Ca-li, pp 7–53 Hair JF, Ander Grilli Caiola M, Caputo P, Zanier R (2004) RAPD analysis in Crocus sativus L. accessions and related Crocus species. Biol Plant48:375–380 Haley, S.D., P.N. Miklas, L. Afanador, and J.D. Kelly. 1994. Random mplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker variability between and within gene pools of common bean. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 119:122–125 Hurtado S, Ramstedt M (2002) AFLP comparison of distant Melampsora epitea (willow rust) populations. Mycol Res 106(12):1400–1407 Ilgin M, Kafkas S, Ercisli S (2009) Molecular characterization of plum cultivars by AFLP markers. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 23(2):1189–1193 Kafkas S (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pistaciaby AFLP markers. Plant Syst Evol 262:113–124 MACIEL FL, E CHEVERRIGARAY S, GERALD LTS, and G RAZZIOTIN FG. 2003. Genetic relationships and diversity among Brazilian cultivars and landraces of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) revealed by AFLP markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 50: 887–893 Metais, I., C. Aubry, B. Hamon, R. Jalouzot, and D. Peltier. 2000. Description and analysis of genetic diversity between commercial bean lines (Phaseolus vulgarisL.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 101:1207– 1214 Maciel, F.l., Gerald, L.T.S., Echeverrigaray, S., 2001. Random amplified poly-morphic DNA (RAPD) markers variability among cultivars and landraces of common bean (P. vulgaris L.) of South Brazil. Euphytica 120, 257–263 Metais, I., C. Aubry, B. Hamon, R. Jalouzot, and D. Peltier. 2000. Description and analysis of genetic diversity between commercial bean lines (Phaseolus vulgarisL.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 101:1207–1214 34 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Moura-Duarte, J., J. Bosco dos Santos, and L. Cunha Melo. 1999. Genetic divergence among common bean cultivars from different races based on RAPD markers. Genet. Mol. Biol. 22:419–426. Nienhuis, J., J. Tivang, P. Skroch, and J.B. Santos. 1995. Genetic relationships among cultivars and landraces of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) as measured by RAPD markers. J. Am. Soc. Hortic Sci. 120:300–306. PACHICO, D.1989 Trends in world common bean production, pp. 1-8 in Bean Production Problems in the Tropics, edited by H. F. SCHWARTZ and M. A. PASTORCORRALES. CIAT Press, Cali, Colombia Pallottini, L., E. Garcia, J. Kami, G. Barcaccia, and P. Gepts. 2004. The genetic anatomy of a patented yellow bean. Crop Sci. 44:968–977 Pejic I, Ajmone-Marsan P, Morgante M, Kozumplick V, Castiglioni P, Taramino G, Motto M (1998). Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among maize inbred lines detected by RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, and AFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97: 1248-1255. Rosales-Serna R., Hernandez-Delgado S., Gonzalez-Paz M., Acosta-Gallegos J.A., Mayek-Perez N., 2005, Genetic relationships and diversity revealed by AFLP markers in Mexican common bean bred cultivars, Crop Sci. 45: 1951- 1957. Sonnante, G., Stockton, T., Nodari, R.O., Becerra, V., Gepts, P., 1994. Evolutionof genetic diversity during the domestication of common-bean ( Phaseolusvulgaris L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 89, 629–635. Stockton, T., Gepts, P., 2004. Identification of DNA probes that reveal poly-morphisms among closely related Phaseolus vulgaris lines. Euphytica 76,177–183 Tiwari, M., Singh, N., Rathore, M., Kumar, N., 2005. RAPD markers in the analysis of genetic diversity among common bean germplasm from Central Himalaya. Genet. Res. Crop Evol. 52, 315–324 Tohme, J., Gonza ´ lez, O.D., Beebe, S., Duque, C., 1996. AFLP analysis of gene pools of a wild bean core collection. Crop Sci. 36, 1375–1384 Vos P., Hogers R., Bleeker M., Relijans M., Lee T., Hornes M., Frijers A., Pot J.,Peleman J., Kuiper M., Zabeau M., 1995, AFLP: A new technique for DNA fingerprinting, Nucleic Acids Research 23: 4407 – 4414. 35 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1223 Title A name given to the resource Biodiversity for sustinable agriculture: Common bean genetic diversity Author Author Nemli , Seda Abstract A summary of the resource. The immense genetic diversity of genotypes of crops is the most directly useful and economically valuable part of biodiversity. Genetic diversity is a key factor enabling adaptation, and therefore survival, of natural populations in changing environments. And also genetic diversity is essential tool for any breeding program. Leguminous plants, after cereals, include the most economically important species of agricultural interest, considering area cultivated and total production. Among the grain legumes,soybean, peanuts and common beans are the most important commercial crops. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and its related species are important protein sources for the world population. In 2006, the bean industry was valued at $1.2 billion and $180 million in USA and Canada, respectively. The average yield of bean varieties cropped in developing countries is still very low. The analysis of genetic diversity and relationships among different individuals, species, or populations is an important topic in genetics and plant breeding. Since morphological charactersin plants effect from environmental condition, DNA markers provide the most precise tool for measuring genetic relationships, because they are potentially unlimited in number Among the DNA techniques, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) is intense and provides a powerful tool for genotype identification, phylogeny The AFLP technique is based on the amplification of short restriction endonuclease digested genomic DNA fragments onto which adaptors have been ligated at both ends.For this purpose common bean genomes were analyzed using AFLP fingerprinting to examine the genetic variation within and among genotypes.. A total of 86 common bean accessions collected from different countries were used in this study. For the AFLP analysis,12 primer combination were used. Acrylamide gels from primer combination were scored according to presence (1) or absence (0) of amplified fragments.The molecular data were analyzed using the NTSYs program. A dendrogram was generated using JMP software (version 3.1, SAS Institute, 1995) based on the UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic average). The eightysix genotypes represented seven different clusters as revealed by AFLP primers. The minimum variation was detected between sample 20, Turkey and sample 24, Turkey (GD = 0.09), and the maximum was found between samples 34 and 28 (GD = 0.80). Keywords: Biodiversity, Common bean, AFLP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/09a8c4c610d935f09b2c61e898711a9a.pdf 94ee958a5eb38684df41a9a9326e86f1 PDF Text Text Index: Bencmarking National Environmental http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/es/esi/esı2005 (23.04.2012). Stewardship, Traffic Accident Detection By Using Machine Learning Methods Nejdet Dogru, Abdulhamit Subasi International Burch University,Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina E –mails: ndogru@ibu.edu.ba, asubasi@ibu.edu.ba Abstract There are lots of studies about preventing or detecting the car accidents. Most of them includes sensing objects which might cause accident or statistics about accidents. In this study, a system which detects happening accidents will be studied. The system will collect necessary information from neighbor vehicles and process that information using machine learning tools to detect possible accidents. Machine learning algorithms have shown success on distinguishing abnormal behaviors than normal behaviors. This study aims to analyze traffic behavior and consider vehicles which move different than current traffic behavior as a possible accident. Results showed that clustering algorithms can successfully detect accidents. 1.INTRODUCTION Recent inter vehicular studies are acquiring commercial interest via the DSRC/WAVE standard in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). Possible future services among vehicles are topic of many studies(Xu et al., 2004; Nandan et al., 2005; Lee and Gerla, 2010) In VANETs, vehicles are able to communicate with each other in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or with roadside network infrastructure in vehicle-to-Roadside Communication (V2R) manner. Some of the envisioned applications for vehicular networks are : vehicle collision warning, security distance warning, driver assistance, cooperative driving, cooperative cruise control,dissemination of road information, internet access, map location, automatic parking, driverless vehicles(Boukerche et al., 2008) Most of applications need traffic speed and travel time measurements. These measurements can be used to help roadway users to decide which route to use or when to depart etc. Also These measurement can be saved to analyze traffic speed and travel time patterns for different time intervals. Currently local detectors at specific points along the road are used to 468 �measure the speed. New approach is to equip vehicles with communication and location devices to measure their speed and travel time. Some studies have shown that cellular networks can be used to identify vehicle’s location using cellular phone base station communication records(Bar-Gera, 2007) Safe navigation support has also become one of the main research topic with the help of DSRC/WAVE standardization(Jiang et al., 2006). For instance, collision or road condition warning messages can be forwarded to following vehicles. Beside DSRC/WAVE standards, 2/3G cellular networks can be used to enable message exchange among vehicles(Boukerche et al., 2008; Lee and Gerla, 2010) In this study, we will use machine learning methods to analyze collected information from vehicles to detect forward collisions. Drivers will be alerted about collision and they will have time to take precaution to avoid piled-up collision. 2.BACKGROUND Recently, automatic incident detection has attracted much attention in freeway control systems to reduce traffic delay, advance road safety, capacity and real time traffic control because when freeway and arterial incidents occur, they cause congestion and mobility loss, if they are not fixed immediately, they can cause second traffic accidents. Algorithms which is used to detect incidents include the pattern recognition techniques , time series(Angshuman, 2004), filtering, fuzzy set(Edmond Chin-Ping Chang and Kunhuang Huarng, 1993), and artificial neural network(Edmond Chin-Ping Chang, 1992) (Wang et al., 2007) Unlike sensors, vehicles can be equipped with sensing devices with high processing power, high cost and weight like GPS, chemical spill detectors, video cameras, vibration sensors, acoustic detectors, etc.. since they are not usually restricted by energy and size constraints. VANETs deployment scenario is different than traditional wireless sensor network deployment scenarios since vehicles expose limited mobility pattern due to street shapes, intersections, speed limitation, vehicle size. If vehicles are equipped with network cards, they can access wireless access networks like DSRC/WAVE, Cellular, Wifi, WiMAX, etc(Lee and Gerla, 2010) 2.1.Traffic Flow/ Incident Detection Advances in ITS require more accurate traffic information and providing this information became a big challenge for the public institutions and private companies. The traditional traffic sensors that are used to measure current traffic conditions, like loop detectors, are ineffective to provide accurate information about traffic status on a road network. 469 �Traffic related information from other sources , such as cameras, GPS, cell phone tracking, probe vehicles, are used to improve accuracy of the traditional measurement systems. Traffic manegement control centers also keep these traffic related information for future use. Data fusion techniques can be used to combine offline traffic data and data from multiple sources in order to produce better understanding about road traffic state and future necessary road development(Faouzi et al., 2011) Data fusion techniques that are used in traffic management include Dempster–Shafer inference, Bayesian inference, and voting logic. Most of these techniques combined probe vehicle data with traditional traffic data for incident detection. Neural network approach was also used to detect incidents from observed information(Faouzi et al., 2011) 2.2. Localization Most of VANET application needs vehicles’ current position. In order to compute the position of vehicles, Global Positioning System, Map Matching, Dead Reckoning, Cellular Localization, Image/Video Processing and Relative Distributed Ad Hoc Localization techniques has been studied. All of these techniques have advantages and disadvantages. GPS signals may not be available in dense urban environments, tunnels, indoor parking lots, forests or underground environment or might be effected or blocked by obstacles, electronic interference. Also accuracy of GPS position can change from ±10 to 30 m. This accuracy array will occur at all nearby receivers. Map knowledge can be used to decrease the error at the position of vehicle that calculated by other techniques. Vehicles are supposed to follow roads, vehicle position can be match with road coordinates to estimate the location of vehicle(Krakiwsky et al., 1988; Jagadeesh et al., 2004)Dead reckoning technique compute vehicle location using its last known location based on direction, speed, time, etc when GPS signal is not available. Map knowledge can be combined to improve accuracy(Krakiwsky et al., 1988; King et al., 2005)Cellular localization techniques use cellular networks to estimate the position of the mobile phones(Han-Lee Song, 1994; Caffery and Stuber, 1998)Cellular localization is less accurate than GPS, localization error might change from 90m to 250m(Chen et al., 2006). Cellular localization results are not accurate enough for VANET applications but it can be useful when combined with other techniques. Local relative position maps are dynamic position maps which shows vehicles’ relative position from other vehicles. Every vehicle estimates its distance from other vehicle and shares this information with nearby vehicles to construct local relative position map(Kukshya et al., n.d.; Boukerche et al., 2008) 470 �3.METHODOLOGY Machine learning methods showed great success at anomaly detection. In this study, we considered incidents in normal traffic flow as an anomaly. When accident happens, following cars will slow down or stop, and many cars will be affected from accident. When location data of vehicles are analyzed , it is seen that many cars are collected around accident location. Clustering algorithms can be used to group vehicles according to their speed and location in particular road segment. In accident case, algorithms will put vehicles which is affected by accident in one group , other vehicles in other group or groups. In our simulations , it has been observed that number of group is increased by 1 at the time of accident and number of vehicles in the new group increased in the following seconds. It can be interpreted as an accident happened and following cars or cars around the accident are affected by the accident. 4.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study, Simulation of Urban Mobility, SUMO traffic simulator has been used to enable mobility of vehicles and collect position and sleep information. 100 vehicles has been used in 3000 m road segment. 5 different vehicle types has been used to imitate real life traffic. Type Length (m) Acceleration Deceleration Max Speed (m/s2) (m/s2) (m/s) Driving Perfectness A 2 8 10 30 50% B 4 2 10 30 50% C 6 5 10 30 50% D 8 4 10 30 50% E 10 14 10 30 50% Table 1 : Vehicle types and properties SUMO traffic simulator is collision free traffic simulator. To simulate accident, cars are forced to make a stop in predefined position. Stops also can be considered important incident in a road segment. Vehicle itself or passengers who are leaving the vehicle might cause a problem. Identifying such incident and alerting coming vehicles will avoid possible accidents. One car is forced to make a stop at 50 th second of the simulation. Deceleration value is chosen as 30 m/s2 to make stop instantaneously. DBSCAN (Sander et al., 1998) unsupervised 471 �clustering algorithm is used to create clusters. Every second, vehicle positions has been received from SUMO traffic simulator and fed to WEKA machine learning tool (Holmes et al., n.d.) Results of clustering structure as follows before and after the accident: Simulation Time Number of Cars Normal Cluster in Road Segment Anomaly Cluster 47 67 67 48 68 68 49 68 68 50 68 67 1 51 71 68 3 52 71 68 3 53 74 70 4 54 76 72 4 55 76 72 4 56 77 73 4 Table 2: DBSCAN clustering results When the car made a pre-scheduled stop at 50 th second of simulation, DBSCAN has been able to detect anomaly situation. Number of anomaly cluster increases after accident as expected because car stop or accident has blocked the road. 5.CONCLUSION Automatic accident detection became very important topic in traffic management systems. Detection of accident will avoid future accidents and will help authorities to make road segment available for traffic again. In this study, we showed that traffic behavior can be analyzed using vehicle positions and speeds and abnormal activities on the road could be considered possible danger for the drivers who are close to incident area. 472 �REFERENCE Angshuman, G., 2004. An Incident Detection Algorithm Based On a Discrete State Propagation Model of Traffic Flow. Bar-Gera, H., 2007. Evaluation of a cellular phone-based system for measurements of traffic speeds and travel times: A case study from Israel. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 15, 380 - 391. Boukerche, A., Oliveira, H., Nakamura, E., Loureiro, A., 2008. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A New Challenge for Localization-Based Systems. Computer Communications 31, 2838– 2849. Caffery, J.J., Stuber, G.L., 1998. Overview of radiolocation in CDMA cellular systems. IEEE Communications Magazine 36, 38-45. Chen, M.Y., Sohn, T., Chmelev, D., Haehnel, D., Hightower, J., Hughes, J., LaMarca, A., Potter, F., Smith, I., Varshavsky, A., 2006. Practical Metropolitan-Scale Positioning for GSM Phones, in: Dourish, P., Friday, A. (Eds.), UbiComp 2006: Ubiquitous Computing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 225-242. Edmond Chin-Ping Chang, 1992. A Neural Network Approach to Freeway Incident Detection. IEEE, pp. 641-647. Edmond Chin-Ping Chang, Kunhuang Huarng, 1993. Fuzzy Set Applications For Freeway Incident Detection. IEEE, pp. 439-443. Faouzi, N.E.E., Leung, H., Kurian, A., 2011. Data fusion in intelligent transportation systems: Progress and challenges - A survey. Inf. Fusion 12, 4–10. Han-Lee Song, 1994. Automatic vehicle location in cellular communications systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 43, 902-908. Holmes, G., Donkin, A., Witten, I.H., n.d. WEKA: a machine learning workbench. IEEE, pp. 357-361. Jagadeesh, G.R., Srikanthan, T., Zhang, X.D., 2004. A Map Matching Method for GPS Based Real-Time Vehicle Location. The Journal of Navigation 57, 429-440. Jiang, D., Taliwal, V., Meier, A., Holfelder, W., Herrtwich, R., 2006. Design of 5.9 ghz dsrcbased vehicular safety communication. IEEE Wireless Communications 13, 36-43. King, T., Füβler, H., Transier, M., Effelsberg, W., 2005. On the application of deadreckoning to position-based routing for vehicular highway scenarios. ACM Press, p. 258. Krakiwsky, E.J., Harris, C.B., Wong, R.V.., 1988. A Kalman filter for integrating dead reckoning, map matching and GPS positioning, in: , IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, 1988. Record. Navigation into the 21st Century. IEEE PLANS ’88. Presented at the , IEEE Position Location and Navigation Symposium, 1988. Record. Navigation into the 21st Century. IEEE PLANS ’88, IEEE, pp. 39-46. 473 �Kukshya, V., Krishnan, H., Kellum, C., n.d. Design of a system solution for relative positioning of vehicles using vehicle-to-vehicle radio communications during GPS outages. IEEE, pp. 1313-1317. Lee, U., Gerla, M., 2010. A survey of urban vehicular sensing platforms. Computer Networks 54, 527–544. Nandan, A., Das, S., Pau, G., Gerla, M., Sanadidi, M.Y., 2005. Co-operative downloading in vehicular ad-hoc wireless networks, in: Second Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services, 2005. WONS 2005. Presented at the Second Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services, 2005. WONS 2005, IEEE, pp. 32- 41. Sander, J., Ester, M., Kriegel, H.-P., Xu, X., 1998. Density-Based Clustering in Spatial Databases: The Algorithm GDBSCAN and Its Applications. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 2, 169-194. Wang, W., Chen, S., Qu, G., 2007. Comparison between Partial Least Squares Regression and Support Vector Machine for Freeway Incident Detection. IEEE, pp. 190-195. Xu, Q., Mak, T., Ko, J., Sengupta, R., 2004. Vehicle-to-vehicle safety messaging in DSRC. ACM Press, p. 19. Sustainability and Using Information Technologies in Disaster Managament FatmaNevalGenç, Murat Yılmaz Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Economic and Administritive Sciences, 09900, Nazilli, Aydın, Turkey. E-mails: fatmanevalgenc@gmail.com,muratyilmaz@adu.edu.tr Abstract Sustainable development is a concept that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In recent years world population suffered by numerous natural and manmade disasters so that they strived to 474 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1206 Title A name given to the resource Traffic Accident Detection By Using Machine Learning Methods Author Author Nejdet , Dogru Abstract A summary of the resource. There are lots of studies about preventing or detecting the car accidents. Most of them includes sensing objects which might cause accident or statistics about accidents. In this study, a system which detects happening accidents will be studied. The system will collect necessary information from neighbor vehicles and process that information using machine learning tools to detect possible accidents. Machine learning algorithms have shown success on distinguishing abnormal behaviors than normal behaviors. This study aims to analyze traffic behavior and consider vehicles which move different than current traffic behavior as a possible accident. Results showed that clustering algorithms can successfully detect accidents. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7cfe0eef8e51e448de44eebd89839ab5.pdf 17200dda7aeeb1a210d82f80d5e52840 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Reinsel, G. C. (2003). Elements of multivariate time series analysis. Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E., & Williams, R. J. (1986). Learning internal representations by error propagation. Parallel distributed processing (pp. 318–362). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Sabuncuoglu, I. (1998). Scheduling with neural networks: A review of the literature and new research directions. Production Planning and Control, 9(1), 2–12. Sozen, A., Arcaklioglu, E., & Ozkaymak, M. (2005). Turkey’s net energy consumption. Applied Energy, 81(2), 209–221. . Vellido, A., Lisboa, P. J., & Vaughan, J. (1999). Neural networks in business: A survey of applications (1992–1998). Expert Systems with Applications, 17, 51–70. Witt, S. F., & Witt, C. A. (1995, 3). Forecasting tourism demand: a review of empirical research, International Journal of Forecasting. Wong, B. K., Lai, S. V., & Lam, J. (2000). A bibliography of neural network business applications research: 1994–1998. Computers & Operations Research 27,1045–1076. Zhang, G., Patuwo, B. E., & Hu, M. Y. (1998). Forecasting with artificial networks: The state of the art. International Journal of Forecasting, 14, 35– 62. Informatisation of the Judiciary in BiH: Success Factors Nedim Fisekovic, Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract Informatisation of the judicial system covers all aspects of information and communication technology (ICT), including: equipping the courts with modern information technology equipment (desktop computers, servers, and printers), setting up a local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN), establishing a system of electronic mail for the judicial institutions, developing a system for case management system (CMS and TCMS), developing and establishing judicial web sites (web portal), computer education of all employees in the courts and prosecution offices, internet access for all users in the judiciary and many more. 311 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In Bosnia and Herzegovina, all of the above activities have been implemented by the HJPC (High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council)in pursuit of European standards, with donor support. Since first contributions from USAID and ICITAP, further contributions from EU, Norway, Spain, Netherlands and Sweden contributed to the project success by providing ICT solutions, staff, training and continued development. Full informatisation of the judicial system will enable the full automation of courts and prosecutors' offices; also all employees in the courts will have direct access to relevant information, documents and services provided by the courts and prosecutors offices and citizens will have access to their personal court cases over the Internet. Keywords: judicial system, informatisation, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.INTRODUCTION In the introductory section of the final project report (HJPC, 2011), its authors claim that high quality and modern judicial services, capable of answering all of society’s needs, cannot be achieved without information and communication technology (ICT). They also state that Informatisation of Bosnia and Herzegovina's (BiH) judiciary has been a long process, but today, the state of the art judicial information system in BiH is the most thorough and modern of any country in the region. In the end, they conclude that the project brings immense benefits for the delivery of justice. The report reminds us that before the introduction of ICT reform in the judicial system, courts and prosecutors’ offices had very few computers that operated without licensed software. Consequently, developments in cases were logged manually and all information had to be retrieved from mountains of paper files. The situation became even worse as a result of the 1990s conflict, with increasing number of complex court cases on one side, and with out-dated and inefficient practices on the other. Such environment threatened to exacerbate the backlog problem even further. ICT was necessary to make possible a dramatic change in the working operations of the courts. 2.INFORMATISATION PROJECT DESCRIPTION 312 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A cutting-edge and tailor-made ICT project for the BiH judiciary was launched by the country’s High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council (HJPC). The scope of the project of informatisation of the judiciary covers all aspects of the continuity of mass and systematic introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the courts and prosecutors' offices across the country, including hardware, software, application programs, and the use of human resources, control of relevant process changes and other related business processes (ICJ, 2004). The ultimate goal of informatisation of the judiciary in Bosnia and Herzegovina is "EJustice". This goal corresponds to the objectives set by the European Union in terms of creating a technical platform that allows access to existing or future information systems at national and international levels in all areas of the judiciary. The main expectation from establishing an electronic judiciary is that the use of information and communication technologies would significantly improve the efficiency of courts and prosecutors at the state level, and the courts and prosecutors in the FBiH and the RS. Thus, among other things, the current huge backlog accumulation would be significantly reduced, and new items could be processed in time. In general, the business processes in the courts are considered suitable for intensive and effective use of ICT tools and these tools can be used to significantly enhance and improve business processes in every respect. So far, the results of the process of informatisation of judiciary include the following elements (HJPC, 2011): HJPC established ICT (Information and communications technology) department All courts in judiciary have employed ICT experts WAN network connects 85 institutions in the area of the country LAN networks in 85 institutions connects more than 100 servers and 5,000 workstations Case Management System (CMS) enabled the complete automation of work processes in the judiciary 313 Impartiality served through the assignment of cases to judges Transparency of the registers changes and actions More effective communication between the courts in the judiciary Prevented loss of part of the file Quick and easy access to information for clients and lawyers �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo - Web Portal of Justice of BiH provides easy access to information Online database of the Judicial Documentation Centre provides access to the legal practice of judges, prosecutors and associates. Internet access is provided for all users in judiciary The most significant achievement is the introduction of case management in all courts and prosecutors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Judicial institutions are linked in a common wide area network and a judicial web portal is established that contains the web pages of judicial institutions. Citizens and their legal representatives now have access to court files online (over the internet). Thanks to the activities undertaken so far to establish an electronic justice the work processes in the courts and prosecutors' offices have been promoted, and transparency of their work increased. Applying information and communication technology has accelerated flow and exchange of information and created technical prerequisites for the exchange of information between judicial and prosecutorial registers on the one hand and electronic records kept by other state and agencies on the other. Since the good results of this project showed the justification of investment in information communication technology strategy for justice sector reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina, continuation of the started activities is anticipated. Informatisation of Justice is included in the activities outlined in the Action Plan implementing the European Partnership with Bosnia and Herzegovina. 3.PROJECT SUCCESS FACTORS Project management literature often reports project failures, projects completed out of budget, time or with reduced scope. For example, the controversial Standish group results and Chaos survey from 2003 revealed that only 30% of projects were delivered on the original scope and agreement (Hastie 2006). Therefore, the successful completion of the studied informatisation project makes it especially interesting case for exploration. In general, good management of projects and people working on them is considered essential for its success (Valacich and Schneider, 2010). Most organisations appear to be well aware of these facts and tend to pay attention to necessary roles and responsibilities in development teams. However, planning is often performed and requirements defined that do not meet 314 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo stakeholders’ expectations. Although various causes of project success and failure have been the subject or prior research (Haughey, 2010; Prabhakar, 2008), there has been a little attempt to define the criteria for success, report systematic research of the factors that cause project success or failure, or provide deep insights into these successes and failures (Frese and Sauter, 2003). Therefore, this study will attempt to identify the most important factors that contributed to the success of the project of Informatisation of the judicial system in BiH. More specifically, the study examined (i) people, (ii) process and (iii) resource related aspects of the project from the perspective of IT professionals who participated in the project. With respect to people, project managers’ and team members’ competencies, training and mentoring were examined. Regarding process, various aspects of project planning, development and implementation were explored. Finally, the study examined the financial resources and client inputs provided to support the project. 4.RESEARCH METHOD Descriptive survey was selected as a preferred method for the current research. This method enabled systematic gathering of quantitative data from a sample of individuals for the purposes of describing the attributes of the larger population of which the individuals were members (Glock, 1967). The survey form was designed to include a total of 22 questions. The first 4 questions were about personal information of each respondent, while the remaining 18 questions addressed various people, process and resource related aspects of the project. The subjects were 70 IT personnel in positions of system administrators, database administrators and system developers from different regions of BiH. Most were experienced professionals. Among these, 26% were highly experienced having spent more than 5 years on the project, 63% spent between 3-5 years on the project and only 11% were novices with less than 3 years experience on the project. The questionnaires were created and distributed using Google docs (https://docs.google.com). Online questionnaires represent a convenient way of conducting surveys, as they enable crossing of time and geographic barriers, and are cost effective. In addition, Google docs is an excellent online tool that helps create and manage online surveys easily. In responding to the survey, the participants rated their opinions about various project aspects on a 7-point 315 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Likert scale. Their responses were collected, encoded and analysed using MS Excel descriptive statistics. 5.RESULTS The results shown in Table 1 indicate that all aspects of the project were positive. This was demonstrated by all average scores greater than 4 (out of 7). Responses were negative in that they show that there is room for further improvement. This is demonstrated by all scores lesser than 7 (out of 7). These score also point to major weaknesses and obstacles. Table 1: Mean respondents’ scores of various project aspects Project aspect score Testing Tools 5.03 Quality Assurance (Code inspections, design reviews, testing etc) 5.13 Training and Mentoring 5.11 Project Manager's Competence 5.44 Project Manager's authority to make decisions during the development 5.40 Team Members Competence 5.34 Team Members influence the project & the flexibility to create a good design 5.27 Postmortem Analysis (Lessons learned from previous projects) 5.19 Project Scope Definition 5.17 Support from Senior Management 5.09 Planning 5.13 Communication System and Procedures 5.31 Timeliness/Relevance of Project 5.34 316 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Level of involvement the developers have in estimating timeliness/relevance 5.34 Progress Monitoring 5.27 Clarity of Project Objectives and Goals 4.93 Requirement Statements/Specifications 5.11 Development Methodology/Process 5.23 Development Tools 4.86 Focus on New/Evolving Technologies 5.09 Level of User/Client Involvement 4.69 Budget and Resources 4.61 Level of client input/involvement and financial resources were assessed as the least satisfying project aspects. It is therefore not surprising that one of the weakest planning aspects related to the project was "Clarity of Project Goals and Objectives". The lack of client involvement and thus the lack of clear project goals was often mentioned in the literature as the prime cause of failure. However, it appears that high level of project manager’s competence and authority was crucial in overcoming such weaknesses in this project. Indeed, a comparative analysis of people, process (planning, development, implementation) and resource related aspects of the project clearly shows that people were the most important factor contributing to the success of this project. Competent IT personnel managed to deliver successful project outcomes despite the lesser than required financial and client resources and with less than adequate supporting development tools. 317 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo people resources implementation 5.40 5.20 5.00 4.80 4.60 4.40 4.20 planing development Figure 1. Comparative analysis of project success factors 6.CONCLUSIONS In this study, we examined the main factors that contributed to the success of the juditiary informatisation project in BiH. The results suggest that human factors (particularly project manager's competency and authority) are the most important success factors, followed by process related characteristics, followed by supporting resources. These results confirm the proposition that knowledge is the most important capital for development in the knowledge economy. However, these findings need to be interpreted with caution due to a number of limitations. The study examined success from the developers' rather than users' perspective. The measures used demonstrated good reliability, but they are not accepted published scales. Data was collected in BiH. The question is whether these results would hold in a different culture. Therefore, further research is recommended that would replicate and extend the current investigation to other contexts, systems and subjects in order to verify and generalise these findings. Future research is also encouraged to develop new research models and variables aimed at enriching our collective understanding of the project success factors. REFERENCES 318 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Frese, R. and Sauter, V. (2003) Project Success and Failure: What is Success, What is Failure, and How Can You Improve Your Odds for Success? Glock, C.Y. (1967) Survey Research in the Social Sciences. Russell Sage Foundation, New York. Hastie, S. (2006) What Makes Information Systems Projects Successful? HJPC (High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council) of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011) Informatisation of the judiciary in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2004-2011. Haughey, D. (2010) The Four Levels of Project Success, Project Smart 2000-2010. IJC (Independent Judicial Commission) – Head Office Sarajevo (2004) Development of Information and Communication Technology in the Cours and Prosecutors’ Offices of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Prabhakar, G.P. (2008) What is Project Success: A Literature Review, International Journal of Business and Management, 3-10. Valacich, J. and Schneider, C. (2010) Information Systems Today (4th ed), Pearson Education. Advanced Techniques And Application Of Learning Content Management Systems In Enterprises Šemsudin Plojović1, Muzafer Saračević2,Enis Ujkanović3, Suad Bećirović3 1Department of Economics, International university of Novi Pazar, Serbia 2Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Serbia 3Department of Economics, International university of Novi Pazar, Serbia 319 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1180 Title A name given to the resource Informatisation of the Judiciary in BiH: Success Factors Author Author Nedim , Fisekovic Abstract A summary of the resource. Informatisation of the judicial system covers all aspects of information and communication technology (ICT), including: equipping the courts with modern information technology equipment (desktop computers, servers, and printers), setting up a local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN), establishing a system of electronic mail for the judicial institutions, developing a system for case management system (CMS and TCMS), developing and establishing judicial web sites (web portal), computer education of all employees in the courts and prosecution offices, internet access for all users in the judiciary and many more.In Bosnia and Herzegovina, all of the above activities have been implemented by the HJPC (High Judicial and Prosecutorial Council)in pursuit of European standards, with donor support. Since first contributions from USAID and ICITAP, further contributions from EU, Norway, Spain, Netherlands and Sweden contributed to the project success by providing ICT solutions, staff, training and continued development. Full informatisation of the judicial system will enable the full automation of courts and prosecutors' offices; also all employees in the courts will have direct access to relevant information, documents and services provided by the courts and prosecutors offices and citizens will have access to their personal court cases over the Internet. Keywords: judicial system, informatisation, Bosnia and Herzegovina Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c8d9e6d14c67fc70936c1519996e7d88.pdf 0477f3a2b10a13edd822070ee466cb24 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Yıldız, F. F. & Akdağ, K. (2006). Avrupa Birliği Yapısal Fonları Kapsamında Bölgesel Kalkınma ile Kırsal Kalkınma Fonlarının Karşılaştırılması. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Türktarım Dergisi, 167, 29–37. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Role of Saudi Arabia Nađa Dreca International University of Sarajevo,Faculty of Business and Administration 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: nadja.dreca@students.ius.edu.ba, nadja_n88@hotmail.com Abstract The aim of this research is to explain the OPEC position and the role of Saudi Arabia within OPEC. Saudi Arabia as the largest producer and country with largest oil reserves of oil attract many attention and many studies try to explain which role Saudi Arabia plays within OPEC, is it the role of dominant producer and which strategy Saudi Arabia used during its membership in order to keep its position and its market share. Saudi Arabia role is to keep the balance of production within OPEC. Saudi Arabia was explained as swing producer, and in order to protect itself and its interest because of cheating of other members of OPEC, it was forced to adopt the strategy tit-for-tat. There is big question of it is good to have dominant producer, or all of them to be equal. Keywords: OPEC, Saudi Arabia, Cartel, Oil prices, dominant producer 1. INTRODUCTION Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is the international organization composed of the twelve member states. These countries mainly depend on the revenues from oil export. They work together in the coordination of the overall oil price in the world market. OPEC is by market structure Cartel, which represents intergovernmental organization. As it is stated in OPEC`s Statute it is an international organization with aim to influence and maintain the price of oil through the control of production levels and to generate revenue, which goes towards meeting the development needs of its members. By 289 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo controlling production, by system of quotas, the OPEC has large influence on the determination of the price on the world market. It is hard to distinguish what is OPEC exactly, is it real cartel with cooperative or non-cooperating behavior. Every cartel face with three factors that must be accomplished in order to properly function as the cartel: coordination, cheating and entry. In the case for entry in OPEC case there is really high barriers to entry, so new producers are prevented from entrance on the oil market. Cheating is big problem in OPEC. Each country has incentive to cheat because the dominant strategy for most of the OPEC members is cheating. Each member has different needs. OPEC imposes production quotas to its members and meets twice a year to define their oil production policies. If their coordination is effective there would not be any member that violates the rule of quota. On the meeting the OPEC assigns the ceiling of the total output and assigns to each member the share that it should produce. If the member cheats the cartel should be able to detect and punish cheating. (Smith 2005) Aguiar-Conraria and Wen(2011) show that equilibrium depends crucially on the cartel`s choice of the control variable: price or quantity. According to the Hochman and Zilberman (2011) the OPEC is not economic but political cartel among big-oil exporting countries, which set fuel policy to maximize aggregate welfare. OPEC can be kind of the monopoly and can act as monopolist, but because there is some oil supply by the non-OPEC countries it is cartel. Market of the oil is not competitive, OPEC as a cartel fixes the output, production level, while other non- OPEC countries react to satisfy world demand (leader-follower game). OPEC knows how others will react so it is able to determine own demand and oil price so it defines its quota level to maximize own net revenue. It is example of Stackelberg game, where OPEC is leader and followers are NonOPEC producers and oil consumers. Demand for the oil of the OPEC is residual demand. There is still the question whether OPEC is a cartel or not. The work by Gulen (1996) investigates if the OPEC is cartel through causality test. Causality test should detect if the OPEC is able to affect prices by changing the production. Researches done before try to explain the OPEC as a cartel or non-cartel model. Non –cartels models are focused on competition, changes in ownership and revenue target modes. Cartel models attempt to make the OPEC classification as the monopoly, oligopoly or dominant firm. Tests done in the Kaufman et al 2008, reject the hypothesis about the competitive behavior, changes in ownership and revenue target. Increase in the price of oil is affect by four factors: capacity utilization by OPEC, production quotas established by OPEC, the degree to which OPEC production exceeds these quotas and private stock crude oil that are held in OPEC nations. It implies that OPEC through decisions about production, quotas, and operable capacity can influence real prices of oil. Many studies try to describe the nature of OPEC. Is it cartel or non-cartel market model? According to models the quotas have a statistically measureable effect on crude oil production in most of the countries. OPEC quota decisions influence the decision about price. Also it is shown that oil production by other OPEC nations has a measurable effect on the own production of individual member of OPEC. (Kaufman et al 2008) Many factors influence the production of oil by OPEC. Those factors are mostly: price of oil and condition on market, the level of oil production by other producers that are 290 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo not members of OPEC and the geopolitical environment. New discovered reserves of oil in the other countries non –OPEC members leads to the increase in the oil supply on the international level, with better technology and declines in the market share of OPEC. More producers on the market increase the competition and brought market to more competitive conditions and more competitive prices, so the OPEC abandoned the administer oil pricing system in mid 80-s and moved to market-reference pricing based on the price quotas provided by oil price reporting agencies. In the OPEC interest is to adjust production quotas in order to achieve price target zone. Ability of OPEC to influence prices depends on the market participants` expectations in the future markets. In order to keep the price target range in the condition when the global oil demand declines, the OPEC would decrease production. These decisions are dependent on the coordination efforts and bargaining power of OPEC member countries. In the case of greater demand, OPEC would not respond immediately because of the large uncertainty of future demand. Another limitation of oil production lies in the unfavorable geopolitical climate in OPEC member countries regarding security and there could be adopt the sanction that could have adverse impact on the investments and create limitation of expansion of capacity. (Barros et al 2011). The OPEC success is based on three factors: its overwhelmingly high share in world oil supply, the absence of close substitutes and consequently the inelastic demand for oil, and inelastic non- OPEC supply. (Panayotou 1978) According to Bagheri 2011: In order to realize the goals OPEC does the following policy: The excess production capacity in major producing member countries The quota system by which member countries are obligated to consider the upper limits for their oil production. The OPEC use the excess production capacity to stabilize the price. 2. SAUDI ARABIA ROLE IN OPEC As the largest world producer of oil role of Saudi Arabia in OPEC is discussed in many articles. Saudi Arabia acted as swing producer in 80s with adjusting output of oil in order to keep stable the production of oil and the price. After the persistent cheating of other members, Saudi Arabia was forced to adopt tit –for- tat strategy to keep its market share. Most stated that the Saudi Arabia is the leader in the OPEC production. In Smith 2005 found indicator that Saudi Arabia may have played a special role within OPEC. 2.1 Swing producer The Saudi Arabia leadership within cartel is established in order to stabilize or moderate oil prices and achieve its political objectives (Al Yousef 2011). The Saudi Arabia is represented in some studies as the swing producer or the balance wheel which absorb fluctuations in the supply and demand in order to maintain the monopoly price. As is it quoted in AlYousef 291 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2011, the monopoly price and the stability of OPEC depends more on whether Saudi Arabia`s share of the production of oil by cartel satisfies its objective than on the cohesion of the cartel, according to proposed model Arabia chooses the price path in order to maximize its wealth and taking into consideration the reactions of the other members. In order to achieve and keep the cartel price OPEC defines its own production level, and Saudi Arabia acts as the swing producer. Griffin and Teece 1982 stated that Saudi Arabia is the swing producer or the balancing wheel absorbing demand and supply fluctuation in order to keep stable monopoly price. They found that price level and level of stability in OPEC mostly depends on how Saudi Arabia satisfies its own needs, then on the cartel behavior. It is found that OPEC is choosing its production level to keep stable cartel price while Saudi Arabia acted as the swing producer. Especially it is shown in period of 1975 when Saudi Arabia decreased its production level in order to keep stable oil price at the monopolistic level. (AlYousef,2011). In the case of OPEC ( Smith 2005) there is compensating behavior. One producer increase own production in order to offset the decline in production of others. (Smith 2005) examines the comparative static properties of equilibrium adjustment and he found that differences in the frequency of compensating the changes in the output are connected with the degree of the independence among the producers. This gives explanation in order to define which type of behavior is applied, competitive, oligopolistic or collusive behavior. In 1980s Saudi Arabia acts as a swing producer and Saudi Arabia adjusted its production of oil in order to stabilize the production of OPEC and target price. In the work of Griffin et al 1994, the empirical results were designed to show that Saudi Arabia played the role of swing producer, when the profits fell below the Cournot profit floor, the swing producer strategy was abandoned and tit-for –tat strategy was implemented later. In the earlier ages the Saudi Arabia in order to stabilize prices adjust output by adopting the swing producer strategy. In period of 1983 to 1985 there was swing producer role assigned to Saudi Arabia and quotas to other members. Swing producer role is favorable if the Saudi Arabia profits more than under the Cournot production level. The success of this strategy depends on the willingness of other OPEC countries to restrict their output below Cournot level and follow quota. If others exceed the quotas, the Saudi Arabia decided to produce according to Cournot model in order to punish them. Everyone would be better off if produces within quota and Saudi Arabia acts as a swing producer. If others increase the production level and exceeds the quota it decrease revenue of Saudi Arabia and transfer it to the others and creates incentives for others to cheat and produce more. One of the explanation of the oil collapse in 1986 was the due to Saudi Arabia decision to left the role of the swing producer. Dahl and Yucel (1991) tested the swing producer model and that Saudi Arabia production level does not have any relationship with the level of output of others. Saudi Arabia is acting as a swing producer to prevent sharp price drops by cutting production rapidly in response to declining prices. 2.2 Dominant producer 292 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Smith in his work in 2008 examines: the OPEC goal is to set the price. Kaufman et al (2008) results indicate that higher prices have a positive effect on production of Saudi Arabia. In their work Saudi Arabia did not showed the sharing behavior so it leads to conclusion that Saudi Arabia is a dominant firm. As it is quoted in Al- Qahtani (2008) it is found that the best model that explains the oil price in period 1974 to 1978 is dominant firm model. He believed that Saudi Arabia dominated the residual demand and through adjusting their production level they determine oil price on world market. Saudi Arabia has name of the dominant producer because of its large oil reserves and excess capacity production. Figure 1: Saudi Arabia Responses Griffin and Teece 1982 explains OPEC as the dominant producer with Saudi Arabia that acts as swing producer that is able to absorb the fluctuations in demand and supply. As quoted Saudi Arabia is the swing producer or the balancing wheel absorbing demand and supply fluctuation in order to keep stable monopoly price. They found that price level and level of stability in OPEC mostly depends on how Saudi Arabia satisfies its own needs, then on the cartel behavior. Saudi Arabia chose the combination which maximizes its wealth by taking into consideration the reaction of others. Grriffin 1994 shows that Saudi Arabia production depends on the production of others, with Saudi Arabia as the market leader which varies production inversely to the competitive output including the rest of OPEC. 2.3 Tif – fof –Tat Strategy Saudi Arabia adopted the strategy tit-for-tat in order to punish cheating by other members of OPEC. Griffin and Neilson (1994) show in their work that in oil period of 1985 to 1986 the Saudi Arabia adopted tit –for –tat strategy that benefits to all members of cartels and established the production disciplines among them. Later Saudi Arabia was forced adopted tit-for tat strategy to keep its market share because of the cheating by others. Results from Dibooglu 2007 shows that there is significant influence of cheating in the OPEC on the real price of oil. Again in period 87-90 Saudi Arabia production oscillated slightly around the quota level and after increase in the cheating by other members Saudi Arabia in 1988 start to aggressively increase production and to cheat in order to match the level of the cheating by other members of cartel. This was the adoption of the tit-for-tat strategy because each 293 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo member of OPEC, including the Saudi Arabia exceeded the assigned quotas and Saudi Arabia kept its market share. The strategy adopted by OPEC should be Pareto efficiency. The Saudi Arabia adopted the titfor-tat strategy as long as the others production deviate from assigned quotas, and produces according to the Cournot best-response function for the reminder of the game if the other exceeds given level. All members produce according to their their Cournot best response functions. It is equilibrium in which Arabia plays tit-for-tat strategy and earns the profit. The strategy depends on behavior of others. They found that there is strong evidence that cheating by members of OPEC has significant influence on the real price of oil, which leads to conclusion that quota system is not effective. During the period of its membership Saudi Arabia was leader in the oil market. It has this role because of its position regarding production and reserves of oil. OPEC`s success was probably due to willingness of its largest member; Saudi Arabia, to act unilaterally to keep oil prices high. When one of the smaller members increased its output of oil, Saudi Arabia reduced their own in compensation. This was not altruism on Saudi Arabia part; rather, it arose from the logic of situation. The Saudi Arabia position is example of game theory model called Dominant Pig. Here Saudi Arabia is in the position of big pig. Both Saudi Arabia and the smaller producers knew that OPEC would collapse unless the Saudi Arabia limited their own production; and the smaller producers took advantage of this, getting a free ride on the Saudi Arabia efforts. Saudi Arabia captured for itself a large enough share of the benefits of the high prices that it rationally willing to bear a disproportionate share of the cost of maintaining the cartel. (McMillan 1992). 3. CONCLUSION It is hard to distinguish which kind of cartel OPEC is. As in each cartel in OPEC there is also cheating behavior by its members. OPEC must be able to detect and to punish cheaters. Each of the members are dependent on the oil production and it is in their interest to maximize output. OPEC is as organization as cartel, but it has almost monopoly power, because all other oil market participants depend on the decision of the OPEC. Saudi Arabia plays important role in OPEC. The role of the Saudi Arabia is to be medium which balance the production of the OPEC. Saudi Arabia is producer that actually influences the price indirectly, because if the Saudi Arabia cheats it would increase the output by whole OPEC and it would lead to the decrease in the price. Change in behavior of Saudi Arabia would shake equilibrium in the oil market, prices would decline etc. In order to prevent the oil shocks it would be better if the production is split among the all members, without making production of oil dependent on the only one producer. Position of Saudi Arabia is very plausible for its own interest, but if the interest of Saudi Arabia clash with interest of other members of OPEC it would bring negative consequences on the oil market, because Saudi Arabia in order to protect itself could make decision that would make all participants worse 294 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo off. It could lead to the increase in prices so it would hurt others, especially customers. Each member has the incentive to cheat. When one cheat, all others want the same and it leads to worse condition, production increased, price decline as well as there is decrease in the revenue. Each market should have force that will keep balance and stable equilibrium, and it is done by swing and dominant producer which is strong enough to provide support to others and brings benefits to everyone. REFERENCES Aguirar-Conraria, L. and Wen,Y. (2011) OPEC` s Oil Exporting Strategy and Macroeconomic (In)Stability Working Paper 2011-013A, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Al-Qahtani, A. “ A Model for the Global Oil Market: Optimal Oil Production Levels for Saudi Arabia” Al- Qahtani, A. Balisteri, E. and Dahl,C. (2008),” Literature Review on Oil Market and OPEC1s Behavior”, Division of Economics and Business, Colorado School of Mines Al- Yousef, N. 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Atilla Aricioğlu1,Deniz Göktaş2, Birol Mercan2 1Department of Business Administration, Konya University,Konya, Turkey 2Department of Economics, Konya University, Konya, Turkey E –mails: maaricioglu@gmail.com, d.goktas@gmail.com, birolmercan@gmail.com Abstract The notion of clusters has been attracted increasing interest from academics and business practitioners for two decades. The theory and research emphasize their strong and positive influence in promoting industrial development, innovation, and competitiveness and economic growth. Thus clusters, become a useful policy instrument in regional innovation systems (RIS) aiming to promote sustainable regional growth. Related literature suggests that competitive clusters provide a fertile and conducive business environment for companies to collaborate with research institutions, suppliers, customers and competitors located in the same geographical area. They are becoming powerful engines of economic development and drivers. Not all industries can create opportunities for employment, but of which share knowledge and transfer technology both directly and through upstream and downstream linkages with other relevant sectors. Not only they move their production facilities, they also intend to transfer their research and development units from those favorable regions which have relatively higher stage of development than the others in terms of infrastructure facilities, education and training institutions, stable incentives, subsidiary potential, and the presence of other multinational enterprises. 296 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1177 Title A name given to the resource Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and Role of Saudi Arabia Author Author Nađa , Dreca Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this research is to explain the OPEC position and the role of Saudi Arabia within OPEC. Saudi Arabia as the largest producer and country with largest oil reserves of oil attract many attention and many studies try to explain which role Saudi Arabia plays within OPEC, is it the role of dominant producer and which strategy Saudi Arabia used during its membership in order to keep its position and its market share. Saudi Arabia role is to keep the balance of production within OPEC. Saudi Arabia was explained as swing producer, and in order to protect itself and its interest because of cheating of other members of OPEC, it was forced to adopt the strategy tit-for-tat. There is big question of it is good to have dominant producer, or all of them to be equal. Keywords: OPEC, Saudi Arabia, Cartel, Oil prices, dominant producer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)