13 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3bd3d4ca322de6e35bd8545950ca12ba.pdf 56b21b40bffeed9d673b2d24dcc5ee69 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A Research of Burnout Levels on Vocational School Students Hakan Çetin Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey hakanc@akdeniz.edu.tr Osman Nuri Demirel Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey onuridemirel@mynet.com Yusuf Yılmaz Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey yusufyilmaz@akdeniz.edu.tr Sebahattin Taş Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey yusufyilmaz@akdeniz.edu.tr Engin Üngüren Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey enginunguren@akdeniz.edu.tr In the present study, the burn-out level of the students Vocational School of Social Sciences at Akdeniz University was determined and also the relation of some demographic variables with burn-out level was investigated. 376 students participated in the study. As data collection instruments, Burnout Measure (BM) developed by Pines and Aronson (1988) and demographic information form were used. The data collected from the sample were subjected to descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results were firstly tabulated using frequency and percentages. Later, independent t-test was used in order to examine two group differences while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means scores of more than two groups. For the pair-wise comparison, Post hoc with LSD was utilized to assess the source of significance. Keywords: Pines and Aronson Burnout Measure, Burnout Level, Burnout, Vocational School Students, Management 140 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1506 Title A name given to the resource A Research of Burnout Levels on Vocational School Students Author Author CETIN, Hakan NURI DEMIREL, Osman YILMAZ, Yusuf TAS, Sebahattin Unguren, Engin Abstract A summary of the resource. In the present study, the burn-out level of the students Vocational School of Social Sciences at Akdeniz University was determined and also the relation of some demographic variables with burn-out level was investigated. 376 students participated in the study. As data collection instruments, Burnout Measure (BM) developed by Pines and Aronson (1988) and demographic information form were used. The data collected from the sample were subjected to descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results were firstly tabulated using frequency and percentages. Later, independent t-test was used in order to examine two group differences while analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means scores of more than two groups. For the pair-wise comparison, Post hoc with LSD was utilized to assess the source of significance. Keywords: Pines and Aronson Burnout Measure, Burnout Level, Burnout, Vocational School Students, Management Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ce32a89e61e93d7e9de3864961585bb9.pdf 959254c62f9259249b4d032aaa2a8f4c PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo A Research on Beck Hopelessness Scale of the Students in Vocational School of Higher Education Sebahattin Taş Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey Yusuf Yılmaz Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey yusufyilmaz@akdeniz.edu.tr Osman Nuri Demirel Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey onuridemirel@mynet.com Hakan Çetin Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey hakanc@akdeniz.edu.tr Engin Üngüren Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey enginunguren@akdeniz.edu.tr In this research, it has been investigated the hopelessness levels of students who study at Akdeniz University Vocational School of Social Sciences and whether some demographic variables affect the hopelessness levels of students. 376 students have participated in the research. Beck Hopelessness Scale (BDS) and a personal questionnaire have been utilized in data collection. According to the characteristics of the study group, descriptive frequency and percentage tables of the variables collected by the data collection tools have been created. To investigate the differences between two groups Independent Sample T Test, to compare more than two groups, one-way ANOVA have been applied. To determine which group causes the obtained difference, LSD test from post hoc analysis has been applied. Keywords: Beck Hopelessness Scale, Hopelessness Level, Hopelessness, Vocational School Students, Management. 249 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1579 Title A name given to the resource A Research on Beck Hopelessness Scale of the Students in Vocational School of Higher Education Author Author TAS, Sebahattin YILMAZ, Yusuf NURI DEMIREL, Osman CETIN, Hakan Unguren, Engin Abstract A summary of the resource. In this research, it has been investigated the hopelessness levels of students who study at Akdeniz University Vocational School of Social Sciences and whether some demographic variables affect the hopelessness levels of students. 376 students have participated in the research. Beck Hopelessness Scale (BDS) and a personal questionnaire have been utilized in data collection. According to the characteristics of the study group, descriptive frequency and percentage tables of the variables collected by the data collection tools have been created. To investigate the differences between two groups Independent Sample T Test, to compare more than two groups, one-way ANOVA have been applied. To determine which group causes the obtained difference, LSD test from post hoc analysis has been applied. Keywords: Beck Hopelessness Scale, Hopelessness Level, Hopelessness, Vocational School Students, Management. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/40dd395a610445becf03595db7b14bfd.pdf 943d3ace3cadf8c72388941c3e437247 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo A Research On Consumer Ethnocentrism and Consumer Boycotts HurĢit Ertuğrul DERE Afyon Kocatepe University Sultandağı Vocational School Turkey hursitdere@yahoo.com Abstract: The objective of this study is to investigate the consumer ethnocentric tendency and consumer boycotts. Participiants who are consumers upper 18 age in 8 different cities of Turkey formed the sample for this study. For the emprical investigation consumer ethnocentric tendency and a new improved consumer boycott scales were used. Data collected were analyzed by using Anova, t-test and descriptive statistical techniques. Considerable findings in the matter of understanding consumer ethnocentric tendency and consumer boycot in Turkey market.End of this study it is found that significiant relationship between age and consumer ethnocentric tendency and significiant relationship between marriage status and consumer boycot tendency. Keywords: Consumer ethnocentrism, Consumer boycott behaviour, CETSCALE Introduction The aim of this study is to examine the correlation between the ethnocentric tendencies of the consumers and consumer boycott behavior. Consumer ethnocentrism provides emotional perception of the consumers towards national goods. On the other hand, it is seen that even ethnocentric consumers prefer the cheaper goods even if they are foreign originated ones when they are comparing the goods in terms of prices which is a rational qualification. Today, the increase of the competition, transformation of the world into a common market by transportation and information technologies, and the encountered economical difficulties have made the consumers more conscious and caring more about rational factors compared to old days. In fact, even consumer boycotts that are mostly done with emotional base don‘t last long because of the rational factors. Consumers end the boycott for the brand, good, or the country when they realize that they will get the maximum benefit from these goods. Although national goods which are bought as a substitution to the foreign ones, reach a high number of sales income during the boycott, they have dramatical decreases of sales income when the boycott ends. National manufacturers can have a constantly increasing sales income if they focus on the issues such as quality development and basing the market, rather than taking advantage of the cases like these. Consumer Ethnocentrism The concept of ethnocentrism means the tendency of the individuals to see their groups as the center of the universe and judging of the other groups that have cultural differences and blindly acceptance of the groups that are similar. In this context, the symbols and values of their own group are seen as a resource of pride while the values of the other groups are scorned. As a result of relating ethnocentrism with the consumer behaviors, the consumer ethnocentrism has appeared. In general concept, consumer ethnocentrism expresses the effects of consumers‘ national emotions on purchasing intentions. ( Uzkurt & Özmen,2004). Many scientific researches, mostly foreign, have been conducted about consumer ethnocentrism recently. In the research which was conducted in 2004 in EskiĢehir by Uzkurt and Özmen, data was obtained by interviewing the customers who were chosen using convenience sampling method. Analysis has been conducted over 172 surveys in total. As a result of the analysis, the old compared to the young, ones with a lower education level compared to the higher ones, ones who have lower income compared to the higher ones and married people compared to the bachelors have higher ethnocentric tendencies. In the research which is conducted by Güneren and Öztüre (2005) in Cyprus using CETSCALE ( Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale), data is obtained from the survey applied to 114 people who were chosen with convenience sampling method. As a result of the survey, the participants with a high level of ethnocentrism were 455 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo mostly amongst women, people with lower education level and lower income. No remarkable correlation has been seen with the age of the participants and ethnocentrism. In the research which was conducted by Orth and Firbasova in 2002 in Brno, the second biggest city of the Czech Republic, and which was on ethnocentrism and yoghurts produced in Czech Republic, data was obtained using a survey applied to 297 people who were randomly chosen and four different correlation model were formed. As a result of the analysis it has been seen that, old consumers who have a high level of ethnocentric tendency, like Czech yoghurts more than the young costumers who have a lower level of ethnocentric tendency. It makes it hard to generalize the research that the number of the participants is low and it was only about yoghurt. Fang Liu and others examined the correlation between the brand names from different languages and customers‘ ethnocentric tendencies in 2007 in Guangzhou, the capital city of Guandog state in China. As a result of the research it has been found that there is a remarkable correlation between the ethnocentric tendencies of the customers and their ages and education levels. In the research that was conducted by Chakrabarty and Conrad in 1995, a survey was applied on the phone to 315 people who were chosen randomly. It has been found that ethnocentric tendencies decrease for good quality products. Consumer Boycotts The tendencies of consumers on not buying a brand or none of the brands of a country is called consumer boycott (Balıkçıoğlu and others, 2008). Consumer boycotts can be divided into various kinds considering the duration, scope, organization type and reasons to do. However, it is very difficult to consider a boycott in one class. For example, a boycott that is started because of political reasons may last for a long time or in contrast it may last for a short time. According to Balıkçıoğlu and others‘ statements, Friedman (1999) and Smith (2000) divide the consumer boycotts into four considering their functions. These are: instrumental, expressive, punitive and buycott. When boycotts in Turkey are examined, it is seen that products of Denmark were boycotted as the last one. As a result of the publication of Hz. Mohammed‘s cartoons one after the other negatively, not only in Turkey but also in the whole Islamic World they had confronted with enormous reaction and a boycott towards Danish products was started. However, the very little trading volume between Turkey and Denmark was resulted this boycott not to be so effective. Besides this boycott which was done as a result of religious exploitation, Italy and France were boycotted because of political reasons and enterprises in the public towards boycotting the products of these countries were started. Just like it was in Denmark sample, the little trading volume between Turkey and these two countries and employment of thousands of Turkish citizens in Italian and French originated corporations in Turkey with their national partners resulted these two boycott enterprises to fail. Besides country boycotts also brand boycotts have been made. Especially in 2005, an organized boycott on the Internet was started against Danone that is one of the biggest food companies, with messages distributed on the Internet telling that additional substances that cause mental deficiencies are used in the child-oriented products of this company and these statements caused dramatical decreases in the sales of the company. Danone firm, that had great damage because of this case, has started legal process for the responsible ones who distributed these messages on the Internet and for the next marketing works focused on the message that its products include no additional substances that may damage human health transmitting it in various medias. Research Method In the research data is obtained using a survey. Surveys were applied to consumers who live in eight different cities by interviewing them. 900 survey copies for consumers who live in 8 different cities were prepared and 514 of them returned, thus the analysis has been made using these 514 survey copies. The distribution of the participants according to the cities is given below. 456 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Province Ġstanbul Ankara Ġzmir Adana Afyonkarahisar Konya Samsun Gaziantep Frequency 98 99 85 71 63 49 20 29 % 19.1 19.3 16.5 13.8 12.3 9.5 3.9 5.6 Table 1: The Distribution of the Participants According to the Cities The survey used in the research has four parts. In the first part the participant‘s city, his/her attitude related to consumer behaviors and if he/she is a member of any kind of consumer organization or not are asked. In the second part basing on the February 2008 data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) ten countries are given from which Turkey imported goods and the participants are asked to state their attitude towards these countries. In this part a fivefold likert scale has been used and attitudes are listed from (1) the country from which I can buy products with peace of mind, to (5) the country which must be boycotted the most. In the third part, five scales, which are in ―I certainly agree‖ and ―I certainly disagree‖ interval, are given for 19 attitude items that are prepared in accordance with likert scale. Six of these items are taken from CESTSCALE which was developed by Shimp ve Sharma (1987). 10 items are related to consumer boycott and final 3 items are asked in order to find out the attitudes of the consumers towards foreign goods and EU. In the fourth part the demographic features of the participants have been tried to evaluate. In addition, it has been asked the participants how do they defined themselves and whether they had any foreign product on at the moment when the survey was being applied. Research Findings Demographic Structure of the Participants 64.6 % of the participants are male and 31.3 % of the participants a female. According to the 2008 TSI data male-female rationale is equal in total population but it has been a limit of the study that female rationale is less than male one. Besides according to the 2007 TSI data, the ratio of the university graduates to the total population is C (vocational schools+faculties+masters degree and Phd) about 10%. In the sample the rato of the university graduates is 39.7%. This situation is the other limit of the research. 457 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Demographic Structure Gender Male Female Marital Status Married Single Widow-divorced Education Primary education High education University Age 18-24 25-31 32-40 40-50 51-60 Over 60 Income (YTL) Below 580 581-800 801-1200 1201-2000 Over 2000 YTL Occupation Officer Laboring Tradesman Retired Self-employed Housewife Student Frequency Current % 332 161 66,7 32,3 292 190 14 58.9 38.3 2.8 79 221 204 15.7 43.8 40.5 138 102 121 89 43 6 27.7 20.4 24.2 17.8 8.6 1.2 107 84 136 71 42 24.2 19 30.8 16.1 9.5 95 120 72 33 33 21 81 20.9 26.4 15.8 7.3 7.3 4.6 17.8 Table 2: Demographic Structure of the Participants The World View of the Participants At the end of the survey it has been asked the participants how they defined themselves and to choose one option out of six ones. 37% of the participants have defined themselves as patriots. View Leftist Social Democrat Conservative Religious Nationalist Liberal None Frequency 40 92 59 59 183 36 23 % 8.1 18.7 12 12 37.2 7.3 4.6 Table 3: The World View of the Participants. 458 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo 67% of the participants have stated that they had foreign products on at the moment of replying the survey. It has been found out that the most common foreign product that the participants have on is the mobile phone. Research Findings About Consumer Boycott Behavior 46.5 % of the participants have stated that they had boycotted a country or a brand. In table 4 that is given below, the product groups that the consumers had boycotted are shown. As a result of the analysis it has seen that the product group which is boycotted the most is food group with a ratio of 44.7 % and the least is medical group with a ratio of 2.5%. Product Group Food Confection-textile Automative Personal care products Cleaning products Whiteware Newspaper-magazine Furniture-carpet-home products Banking-insurance group Medical Group Frequency 106 36 21 16 11 13 11 9 8 6 Current % 44.7 15.2 8.9 6.8 4.6 5.5 4.6 3.8 3.4 2.5 Table 4: Boycotted Product Groups. When the boycott durations are analyzed, 61.3 of the participants have stated that they have been still going on with the consumer boycotts. Boycott duration Below 3 mounths 3-6 mounths 6-12 mounths 1-2 years Over 2 years Still going on Frequency 25 25 19 14 8 144 Current % 10.6 10.6 8.1 6 3.4 61.3 Table 5: Boycott Duration Boycotted Countries and Brands With a ratio of 35.7% it has been found out that mostly boycotted country is USA and 39% of the participants believe USA to be boycotted constantly. Five of the participants have stated that they boycott Turkey. 459 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Country U.S.A France Israel Italy China Russia England Denmark Netherland Germany Iran Turkey Sweden Japan Frequency 74 38 28 16 13 1 4 16 12 6 1 5 1 2 Current % 35.7 18.4 13.5 7.7 6.3 0.5 1.9 7.7 1 2.9 0.5 2.4 0.5 1 Table 6: The Boycotted Countries It has been found out that the participants boycott 41 different brands. According to the results of the analysis mostly boycotted brand is Coca-Cola. As Coca-Cola is a food company that belongs to the USA, it is seen that research findings about the boycotted product group, country and brand are consistent. It has been found out that 11different Turkish brands are boycotted by the participants. 460 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Brand Coca-Cola Ariel Danone Mc Donalds Nestle Nescafe Rodi Motorola Gucci Ġpek shampoo Colgate Bosche Benetton Newspaper of Turkey Ülker Rosche Profilo Adidas Pınarsüt Fruko Leke Knorr Converse Amway Telefunken Vestel Ġstikbal Avon Beta Leman Newsweek Peugeot Renault Ford Fiat Scharzkopf Siemens Ġpana Philips Toyota Loreal Paris Frequency 49 10 5 3 7 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 Current % 36.6 7.5 3.7 2.2 5.2 1.5 0.7 3.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 2.2 0.7 0.7 3.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.7 0.7 1.5 2.2 0.7 0.7 1.5 2.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 3 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.7 1.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 Table 7. The Boycotted Brands 34.3 % of the participants have stated that they bought a product again later which once they had boycotted. 16.1 % of the participants have replied the question. The reasons of the re-purchasing these products are shown in Table 8. 461 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Reasons for Repurchasing Quality Chepness Obligation Reason of the boycott disappeared was Frequency 18 12 43 10 Current % 21.7 14.5 51.8 12 Table 8: Consumers Reasons for Repurchasing The Brands That They Boycotted. More than half of the participants who have replied to the question have stated that they re-purchased the products that they once boycotted because they had to do it. 21.7 of the participants have re-purchased the products because of its good quality. The attitudes of the participants towards ten countries from which Turkey had imported goods according to the February 2008 data of TSI have been evaluated. A fivefold scale has been used starting from the country from which you can buy goods in peace of mind (1) to the country that must be boycotted the most (5) In table 9 attitudes of the participants towards these ten countries are shown. Countries The counrty which shoul be boycotted most (%) The counrty which should be boycotted (%) Russia Germany China Italy U.S.A. France England Switzerland Ukrain Iran 9.7 8 35.6 10.9 55.6 42.8 28.8 12.5 5.4 10.5 17,3 13.6 24.7 22 24.5 26.1 19.8 11.5 8.4 5.1 The country which doesn‘t need to be boycotted (%) 27 28 15.6 27.4 7 11.9 19.5 30.5 35 29.4 The country which should be cooperated (%) 27 23.2 10.9 14.2 4.5 6.4 12.5 17.5 22.8 30.5 The country which we get their products with peace of mind (%) 3.5 13.6 1.8 3.5 1.9 1.6 2.7 7.2 5.8 8.6 The participants that have no informed (%) 15.4 13.6 11.5 22 6.4 11.3 16.7 20.6 22.6 16 Table 9: View of the Participants About Ten Selected Countries Only 1.8 % of the participants have been a member of any kind of a consumer organization. Evaluation results about the 19 items which are located in the third part of the research and which are prepared using a fivefold likert scale about the attitudes of the participants towards consumer boycotts are given in Table 10. 462 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Statement 1. Domestic products should be taken at any time instead of imported products. 2. The products not only in our country should be imported. 3. Foreign products should‘nt be bought because this will cause unemployment. 4. I prefer to support my country‘s product, even if the cost burden to me. 5. Access of the foreign products to Turkish market should be complicated 6. Consumer boycotts are effective on companies. 7. Local businesses organizate the boycotts that against to the foreign products. 8. Media orientate the consumer boycotts. 9. I boycott the products of companies which exploited my religious beliefs. 10. I boycott the products of companies which damaged my country‘s political interest. 11. People around me effect met to do consumer boycott. 12. I boycott the products with my own volition. 13. I never purchase a product of a country or firm which I boycotted before. 14. I try to orientate the other consumers to boycott. 15. Boycott is an individual reaction against the negative bahaviour. 16. Importation sholud be prevented because it is a big threat for domestic production. 17. Quality product should been in my country even if it is foreigner 18. I believe that EU membership would be useful for our country. 19. Imported products increases our quality of life. Mean 4.18 S.D. 1.03 3.94 3.64 1.03 1.14 3.72 1.15 3.71 1.07 3.73 3.26 0.92 0.92 4.01 0.87 4.19 4.33 0.99 0.89 2.35 4.04 1.15 1.61 3.85 3.57 1.02 1.1 3.96 0.94 3.97 1.02 3.49 1.12 3.35 1.34 2.82 1.24 Table 10: Average Values Related to the Participants‘ Ethnocentric Tendencies and Consumer Boycott Behaviors The correlation between the demographic characteristics of the participants and consumer ethnocentric and consumer boycott behaviors has been examined. T-test and variance analysis results are separately given in Table 11 and Table 12. Demographic Structure Gender Age Marital status Income Calculated Value 14.684 2.297 0.601 2.548 Significicance Level 0.188 (t) 0.048 0.549 0.02 (P= 0,05) Table 11: The Examination of the Correlation Between Ethnocentric Tendencies and Demographic Features of the Participants 463 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo As a result of the T-test it has seen that ethnocentric tendencies don‘t change according to the gender. As a result of the variance analysis no remarkable correlation is found between the consumer ethnocentric tendencies and marital status. Besides that it is seen that consumer ethnocentric tendencies differ according to age and marital status. Demographic Structure Gender Age Marital status Income Calculated Value 1.073 0.843 3.076 0.676 Significicance Level 0.451 0.519 0.047 0.669 (P= 0,05) Table 12: The Examination of the Correlation Between Consumer Boycott Behavior of the Participants and Their Demographic Features. In the result of the T-test it has been found out that consumer boycott behaviors tendencies don‘t differ according to the gender. In the results of variance analysis it has been found out that consumer boycott behavior tendencies differ according to the marital status. In addition to that it has been found out that consumer boycott behavior tendencies don‘t differ according to the age and income. Conclusion and the Limits of the Research Inadequate quantity of the sample group and because available sample group doesn‘t reflect the demographic features of the main group prevent the research results from generalization. Another limit of the research is because of the disparity of the number of the participants from 8 different cities compared to the number of each city‘s population. As a result of the T-test it has been found out that consumer ethnocentric tendencies don‘t differ according to the gender. As a result of the variance analysis no remarkable correlation has been found out between consumer ethnocentric tendencies and consumer marital status. However, it has been found out that consumer ethnocentric tendencies change according to the age and income. As a result of the research, the upper location of the countries and brands that are mostly boycotted in the list in terms of Turkey‘s exporting volume and intensifying of consumer boycotts in especially some definite countries and brands can be subjects of future researches. References Balıkçıoğlu, B., Koçak, A., Özer, A.(2008). Process of indirect consumer boycott as a non-violence movement and evolvations for Turkey. Journal of Faculty of Politic Sciences of Ankara University, 63(2), 79-100 Güneren, E.& Öztüren, A. (2005). A Pilot Survey on Effect of Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies to Buying Trend of Domestic and Foreign Products of TRNC Citizens. 10th Marketing Congress, 2005, 169-188 Lui F., Murphy, J., Li, J., Liu, X. (2007). English and Chinese? The role consumer ethnocentrism and country of Chinese attitudes towards store sings. Australasian Marketing Journal, 14(2), 5-13 Orthu, R. & Firbasova, Z.(2002). Ethnocentrism and Consumer Evaluations of Czech Made Yoghurt. Agric. Econ.48(4),175-181 Turkish Statistical (10.05.2008) Institute.(2008). National Data Release Calendar. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?tb id=11. Uzkurt, C. & Özmen, M. (2004). The Effects of Consumer Ethnocentrism and Country-origin to Consumer Attitudes of Domestic and Foreign Products. Proceedings Books. Faculty of Administrative and Economic Sciences of Gazi University, 2004, 261-274 464 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 243 Title A name given to the resource A Research On Consumer Ethnocentrism and Consumer Boycotts Author Author DERE, Hurşit Ertuğrul Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this study is to investigate the consumer ethnocentric tendency and consumer boycotts. Participiants who are consumers upper 18 age in 8 different cities of Turkey formed the sample for this study. For the emprical investigation consumer ethnocentric tendency and a new improved consumer boycott scales were used. Data collected were analyzed by using Anova, t-test and descriptive statistical techniques. Considerable findings in the matter of understanding consumer ethnocentric tendency and consumer boycot in Turkey market.End of this study it is found that significiant relationship between age and consumer ethnocentric tendency and significiant relationship between marriage status and consumer boycot tendency. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/caf8b0c4518643950ba26e752bade1ba.pdf 27be261924be5c169a25448b73268631 PDF Text Text A Research on Heavy Metal Statues in Some Pasture Soil of Antalya Cengiz ERDURMUŞ Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya Semiha ÇEÇEN Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya cecen@hotmail.com Sadık ÇAKMAKÇI Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture Field Crops Department, Antalya Ramazan TOKER Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya Abstract: Meadow and pasture resources fulfill many important tasks, besides feature of being a source of feed for livestock production. Being natural balance element, erosion prevention, clean water, air and food production and protection of genetic resources of many plant and livestock organism can be accepted among these. Because of rapidly growing urbanization, industrialization and tourism, meadow and pasture resources in the Mediterranean region have been polluted with different pollutants. In this study, soil pollution research was done in pastures near intensive industry and tourism region of Antalya. Concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg elements were analyzed in 12 samples from 3 different pastures as 4 samples from each one. Results showed us that the concentration of Ni was higher than the limits written in Turkey Soil Pollution Control Regulation. The other concentrations are lower than the limits written in Regulation. This study is a precursor study which shows the needs of other detailed study. Key words: Pasture, Soil, Heavy metal Introduction Meadow and pasture are being one of the important natural richness of a country (Altin et al., 2005). According to last evaluations, nearly half of the land of the earth is taken in to pasture concept and these areas have been accepted as valuable part of the nature and they should be protected as tropic forest (Avcioglu, 1999). Meadow and pastures have important tasks such as protection of soil, protection of genetic resources and using as livestock feed (Avcioglu, 1983). It is known that increasing with industrial activity, energy production, transportation and urbanization is caused to environmental pollution. Environmental pollutants are dangerous to human health, plants and other goods (Hodges, 1977; Biggins and Harrison, 1980). The most negative effect of pollutants is carrying heavy metals which are toxic and carcinogenic (Lagerwer and Specth, 1970; Linton et al., 1980; Biggins and Harrison, 1980; Sakai et al., 1988). Pb, Cd and Ni pollution are more common in urban areas than rural areas because they are caused by industrial sources. Normally Pb and Cd are not found in plants. Whether if they are found trace amount in plants, it is accepted as a sign of pollutions (Foy et al., 1978). Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr are toxic for human and animals (Lagerwerff et al Specth, 1970; Linton et al., 1980). These toxic heavy metals are spread out to environment by industrial activities and emissions of motor vehicles (Biggins and Harrison, 1980; Miller and McFee, 1983; Chow, 1970). Antalya is one of the provinces which has highest emigration rate in Turkey. This emigration causes to industrialization. In this study, soil pollution of 3 selected pastures which have great role as livestock feed source and near to urban and industry areas. 566 �Material and Method Ooil samples were taken from 4 stations of each 3 pastures, totally 12 stations. Each sample was formed by mixing 5 samples taken from 100 m2 representative areas of pasture. Samples were taken from 10 cm depth. Analyses were carried out at Atmosfer Agriculture Analysis Laboratory. Soil samples were prepared to analyses by sieving them through 2 mm sieves after making them as air dry at laboratory conditions (Jackson, 1967). In soil samples, structure analysis were done by hydrometric method (Bouyoucos, 1962), and water soluble total salt content were done by measuring electricity resistant in sature soil priming (U.S. Soil Survey Staff, 1951). Amount of CaCO were analysed by Scheibler calcimeter (Schlichting 3 ve Blume, 1966), organic materials were analyzed by crossing organic C percentage, which were evaluated by fresh burning method, with 1.724 factor (Reuterberg and Kremkus, 1951), total N was analyzed by modified macro Kjeldahl method (Bremner, 1965). In soil and ash samples, content of some trace elements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb) and heavy metals, which were extracted in aqua regia (HNO +HCl), were analyzed at ICP-OES after extraction by aqua regia 3 extraction methods. Result and Discussion Analysis results of researched pasture soil are given in Table 1, contents of some useful macro and micro nutrition elements are given in Table 2, results of some heavy metals are given in Table 3, changing of pollutant heavy metals according to each station are shown in Figure 1. Pb content of soil is changed from 1.8 ppm to 13.16 ppm. The lowest Pb content of soil is at the Aşağıoba 3 and the highest one is at the Yağca 1 (Table 3). According to values which were given by Kloke (1980) that shows the Pb pollution of soil (100 ppm), it can be said that there is no Pb pollution at the researched soils (Figure 1). Nickel contents of soils are changed between 12.76 ppm and 78.25 ppm. The lowest nickel level belongs to Aşağıoba 4 soils and the highest one is belong to Kovanlık 2 (Table 3). According to values which were given by Kloke (1980) that shows the Pb pollution of soil (50 ppm), some researched soil samples nickel contents are higher than Klokes’s data. They are also higher that the limits (75 ppm) written in the Turkey Soil Pollution Control Regulation (Figure 1). But according to Regulation, analysis results can be exceeded to this limit, if it is proven scientifically, that they are not dangerous for human and environment at the feed crop cultivated areas. Cupper contents of soils are changed between 0.7 ppm and 27.63 ppm. The lowest cupper level belongs to Yağca 4 soils and the highest one is belong to Yağca 2 (Table 3). According to values written in the Turkey Soil Pollution Control Regulation (140 ppm) there is cupper pollution at the researched soils (Figure 1). Station pH Aşağıoba 1 Aşağıoba 2 Aşağıoba 3 Aşağıoba 4 Kovanlık 1 Kovanlık 2 Kovanlık 3 Kovanlık 4 Yağca 1 Yağca 2 Yağca 3 Yağca 4 6,1 5,4 6,1 6,4 8,1 7,9 7,9 7,9 7,8 7,6 7,7 7,3 Total Nitrogen EC CaCO3 Organic materials (%) (%) (N), % (mmos/cm) 0,7 2,0 0,9 0,10 0,7 2,0 1,6 0,14 0,9 2,0 1,0 0,12 1,0 2,0 1,5 0,10 1,6 16,0 2,7 0,15 1,4 10,0 2,5 0,14 1,3 8,0 2,3 0,13 1,2 9,0 2,3 0,14 1,7 6,0 4,4 0,27 1,6 3,0 3,9 0,23 1,2 5,0 4,6 0,35 0,4 2,0 4,6 0,25 Table 1. Some soil properties of research area 567 Structure % 31 36 35 40 64 63 59 63 66 57 65 63 �. Station Aşağıoba 1 Aşağıoba 2 Aşağıoba 3 Aşağıoba 4 Kovanlık 1 Kovanlık 2 Kovanlık 3 Kovanlık 4 Yağca 1 Yağca 2 Yağca 3 Yağca 4 P 2O 5 (kg/da) 2,15 6,14 5,95 4,08 2,15 0,82 1,88 1,60 42,73 3,25 31,24 8,34 K 2O (kg/da) 21,02 32,40 56,64 33,60 41,04 37,44 37,68 40,80 158,16 188,16 206,40 262,56 Ca (ppm) 1559 2250 2492 3255 7310 7518 6301 7436 7813 7975 7485 6874 Mg (ppm) 249,00 348,00 366,00 417,00 367,00 468,00 339,00 416,00 358,00 383,00 330,00 434,00 Fe (ppm) 32,4 71,4 33,8 11,8 0,7 1,2 0,6 0,6 1,0 1,5 0,2 1,5 Mn (ppm) 35,78 55,74 29,19 34,93 0,39 0,08 0,44 0,04 0,04 3,88 2,84 2,94 Zn (ppm) 0,24 0,01 0,24 0,42 0,68 0,74 0,68 0,53 0,53 6,20 1,53 6,90 Cu (ppm) 0,87 1,62 1,28 1,69 1,76 1,24 1,20 1,72 1,66 1,19 0,39 2,43 Table 2. Some useful macro and micro nutrition elements in soil samples Pasture Aşağıoba Kovanlık Yağca No 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Cu 14.34 11.83 7.08 6.02 16.64 17.13 16.00 13.42 15.78 27.63 5.97 0.70 Ni 28.62 27.81 18.65 12.76 59.65 78.25 58.11 27.11 70.5 60.75 45.54 17.29 Heavy metals (ppm) Pb Zn Bor 3.42 5.95 5.24 1.8 3.35 5.96 6.19 31.83 6.08 31.01 4.44 27.52 3.34 5.37 13.16 76.85 7.7 147.86 2.73 52.17 33.98 - Table 3. Some heavy metals contents of soil samples, ppm 568 Hg - Cd - �Figure 1.Concentration values of polluted heavy metals according to stations Amount of Zn contents of soils are changed between 3.35 ppm and 147.86 ppm. Aşağıoba 3 has the lowest Zn level whereas Yağca 2 has the highest one (Table 3). According to values written in the Turkey Soil Pollution Control Regulation (300 ppm) there is cupper pollution at the researched soils (Figure 1). In this research, Bor, Cd and Hg, which were analyzed in the soils, were not found. Results Four elements (Ni, Pb, Cu, Zn) were found for soil pollution at the 3 pasture near to urban areas and industry centers. Heavy metal pollution of soil is now at low levels. But if any precaution does not taken, this pollution level can be increase. For this reason, this initiator research should be considered an than these type of researches should be replicated periodically (once a 3 or 4 year) and results should be taken in to consideration carefully. If it is thought, that large part of livestock feed needs are covered from pastures, pastures should be protected from non-returning soil pollution Acknowledgment This paper was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Administration Unit of Akdeniz University. References Altın, M., Gökkuş, A., Koç, A., 2005. Çayır Mera Islahı, Çayır-Mera Yem Bitkileri ve Havza Geliştirme Daire Bşk., Mart Matbaası, Đstanbul. Avcıoğlu, R., 1999. Çayır Mera Amenajmanı ve Islahı. TBK TÜGEM. Ankara. Avcıoğlu, R., 1983. Çayır - Mer’a Bitki Topluluklarının Özellikleri ve Đncelenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No : 466, Bornova-Đzmir. Biggins, P.D.E. and Harrison, R.M., 1980. Chemical specification of leaf compounds in street dusts, Env.Sci.Tech.14. Bouyoucos, G. J., A., 1962. Recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of the soils, Agronomy Journal, 4(9) :434. Bremner, J. M., 1965. Total nitrogen, Editor C.A. Black. Methods of soil analysis part 2. American society of Agronomy. Inc. Publisher, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A 1149-1178. Chow, T.J., 1970 Lead accumulation in roadside soils and grass Nature London 225, 295. Foy, C.D., Chaney, R.L. and White, M.C., 1978. Physiology of metal toxicity in plants, Ann. Rev. Plant. Physiol. 29, 511. 569 �Hodges, L.,1977 Environmental Pollution, Holt-Rinehart and Winston, 2nd Ed., 496, New York. Jackson, M.L., 1967. Soil chemical analysis prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. Kloke, A., 1980. Orientierungsdaten für Tolerierbare Gesamtgehalte einiger Elemente in Kulturboden Mitt. VDLUFA, H 1-3, 9-11. Lagerwer_, J.V. and Specth, A.W., 1970. Contamination of roadside soil and vegetation with Cd, Ni, Pb and Zn, Env. Sci. Tech. 4, 583, Linton, R.W., Natucsh, D.F.S., Solomon, R.L. and Evans, C.A., 1980 Physicochemical characterization of lead in urban dusts. A microanalytical approach to lead tracing, Env. Sci. Tech. 14, 158. Miller, W.P. and McFee, W.W.,1983. Disribution of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb in soils of industrial Northwestern Indiana, J. Env. Qual. 12, 29. Reuterberg , E., Kremkus, F., 1951. Bestimmung von Gesamt Humus und Alkalischen Humusstoffen in Boden. Z.für Pflanzenernaehrung, Düngung und Bodenkunde, Verlag Chemie Gmbh, Weinheim. Sakai, H., Sasaki, T.and Saito, K., 1988. Heavy metal concentrations in urban snow as an indicator of air pollutions, The Sci. of the Total Env. 77, 163. Schlichting, E.; Blume, H.P., 1966. Bodenkundliches Practicum. Verlag Paul Parey. Hamburg, Berlin. 570 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 602 Title A name given to the resource A Research on Heavy Metal Statues in Some Pasture Soil of Antalya Author Author ERDURMUS, Cengiz ÇEÇEN, Semiha ÇAKMAKÇI, Sadık TOKER, Ramazan Abstract A summary of the resource. Meadow and pasture resources fulfill many important tasks, besides feature of being a source of feed for livestock production. Being natural balance element, erosion prevention, clean water, air and food production and protection of genetic resources of many plant and livestock organism can be accepted among these. Because of rapidly growing urbanization, industrialization and tourism, meadow and pasture resources in the Mediterranean region have been polluted with different pollutants. In this study, soil pollution research was done in pastures near intensive industry and tourism region of Antalya. Concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg elements were analyzed in 12 samples from 3 different pastures as 4 samples from each one. Results showed us that the concentration of Ni was higher than the limits written in Turkey Soil Pollution Control Regulation. The other concentrations are lower than the limits written in Regulation. This study is a precursor study which shows the needs of other detailed study. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8370bff307832fd64df1895e04975748.pdf a7f59b81c223e367d565846ff59c51e4 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo A Research on Updating of Anthropometric Measurements M. Dursun KAY A Atatürk University, Vocational College of Erzurum, Erzurum, Turkey dursun@atauni.edu.tr Đsmail MAL K O Ç Atatürk University, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey imalkoc@atauni.edu.tr Os man ERD O Ğ A N Management of National Education, Erzurum, Turkey osman124512 @hotmail.com Aslı KARA Center of Public Health of Yakutiye, Erzurum, Turkey dr.aslikara@hotmail.com Hakkı YELŞĐYURT Ministry of Health, Ankara hyesil62@hotmail.com Abstract: By considering the dimensional measurements of the students who spend most of their time at school, the fact that their body and structural equipment haven’t been designed will affect their body and psychological improvements negatively. Anthropometric measurements are necessary for education equipment and designs of education-structural equipment of the children at the age of school. It is emphasized that anthropometric measurements of the people living in different climate and altitude conditions in literature will be different. It is mentioned that anthropometric data available for a certain region will be able to change in terms of changing socio-economical conditions and therefore, updating of anthropometric data is necessary in certain in period of times. For the reason, in 1999 anthropometric data obtained from the children, between the age of seven and fifteen, who were in sitting and standing position, were measured to plan a longitudinal study in 2007. In the result of comparison which was made, as reported in literature, it is clear that anthropometric data will be able to be updated in certain period of times. Keywords: anthropometric measurement, primary school students, longitudinal Introduction Anthropometric measurements are essentialinthe correct designs of ergonomic business areas. Obtaining of anthropometric data is very significant in terms of growing and shaping of body posture regularly of the children who spend most of theirtime sitting in the desks and on the chairs (Jeong and Park, 1990, Floyd, and Roberts, 1958, Oxford, 1969). The factthatthe chairs and desks were designed appropriately and in a functional way according to the physical structure of the user made the design of equipment for school significant. Therefore,itis necessary that different changes and relations among body dimensions should be known (Kayış & Özok, 1986, Mandal, 1982,). First of all, Ergonomist’s duty is to determine the features of the product to be used in the design of the equipment produced with mass production and then isto provide the usage of the objectsincluding fixed things which will be benefited in the design by anthropometry (Hira, 1980, Floyd & Word, 1969). Firstly, it is necessary to obtain anthropometric measurements for the design of certain products. It is emphasized that anthropometric data of the people living in different altitude and climate conditions willbe separate (Yip et 189 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo al., 1988). Also, itis mentioned that anthropometric data obtained for a certain region will change within the time in terms of changing socio-economical conditions and therefore, updating of anthropometric measurements made in the studies before at every five yearsis necessary. In this study, anthropometric measurements obtained by using Phesant measurements method (Tab. 1)in 1999 were obtained again by using the same method in 2007 and these data compared by updating as Yip and their colleagues suggested (Phesant, 1988). Variable Eye Height Elbow height Shoulder breadth Buttock-knee length Corresponding measurement in Pheasant (1988) Method of Measurement 2 Vertical distance from the floor to the inner canthus (corner) of the eye. 4 Vertical distance from the floor to the radiale 18 Horizontal distance across the shoulders measured between the acromia (bony points) 13 Horizontal distance from the back of the uncompressed buttock to the front of the kneecap Table 1: List of anthropometric variables and methods of measurement. Material and Method In this study,in 1999 in Erzurum province,the altitude of which is 2000 meters (medium altitude), 1408 students, 694 of whom are male, and in 2007 1477 students, 732 of whom are male, were included in the research by stratified sampling method (Kaya et al.,2000a,Kaya et al.,2000b, Kaya et al.,2003). These children were evaluated with regard to four different anthropometric measurements in both studying periods. These anthropometric measurements included the height of eye and elbow at standing position,the width of shoulder and leg and knee distance. Allthe studentsincluded in the study were examined regarding general health control by pediatrician. Any chronic and systemic cases which will be able to affect anthropometric measurements weren’t included in the study. The students whose families have monthly incomes above minimum living conditions according to State Statistics Institute’s economical indications were included in the study in every both periods (1999 and 2007 years). Harpenden Anthropometer device was used for allthe measurements. The anthropometer was calibrated withthe accuracy of 0.05 cm. During the measurements,the children were barefooted and lightly clothed. Allthe measurements weretaken between 8 and 12 o’clock every in the morning to prevent within day variabilityin the measurements (Kayis, 1987,Kaya et al., 2003). The studentsincluded inthe study were divided into groups interms of age and sex in every both periods. The data obtained were evaluated statistically in both among themselves and among the groups. SPSS statistical packet programme was used for statistical analysis. Findings According to age and sex, description and statistical analyses of anhropometric measurements belonging to female and male students in 1999’s and 2007’s were shown in (Tab. 2 and 3). According to this it was determined that anthropometric measurements according to age and sex of cases evaluated in 1999’s and 2007 are increased. Anthropometric measurements obtained in every both periods were compared according to age and sex. When (Tab. 2) was examined, for example,it was found thatthere was a significant difference among the heights of elbow values at standing position of male students, 8 years old, in 1999’s and 2007’s (t=-4.29, p<0.001). While anthropometric measurements of the heights of elbow at standing position of the female students, 8 years old, was 72.38 ± 4.26 in (Tab. 3) in 1999, it was found to be 74.67 ± 3.02 in 2007 and the comparison of these two values was quite significant (t=-3.97, p<0.001).In every both periods,the comparison of anthropometric measurements obtained among their kinds ofthe students at same age of group was shown in (Tab. 2 and 3). 190 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Anthropometric measurements Eye Height Elbow height Shoulder breadth Buttock-knee length Age 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 n 71 73 81 76 78 80 81 76 78 71 73 81 76 78 80 81 76 78 71 73 81 76 78 80 81 76 78 71 73 81 76 78 80 81 76 78 1999 Year Mean ± SD 108.43 ± 4.57 112.52 ± 6.16 118.02 ± 5.55 122.80 ± 5.45 129.87 ± 5.07 134.84 ± 3.63 139.58 ± 4.03 141.98 ± 4.65 145.01 ± 5.07 69.08 ± 3.67 72.38 ± 4.55 76.24 ± 3.97 80.13 ± 3.97 84.65 ± 3.85 88.73 ± 4.36 90.18 ± 3.42 92.39 ± 3.75 94.29 ± 3.73 26.88 ± 1.12 27.62 ± 1.40 28.91 ± 1.51 29.82 ± 1.69 31.26 ± 1.51 32.73 ± 1.67 33.23 ± 1.24 34.52 ±1.43 35.39 ± 1.54 38.97 ± 2.16 40.74 ± 2.49 42.93 ± 2.73 44.76 ± 2.88 47.71 ± 2.60 50.32 ± 2.53 51.33 ± 2.17 52.64 ± 2.79 53.57 ± 2.85 n 74 80 83 82 82 85 82 81 83 74 80 83 82 82 85 82 81 83 74 80 83 82 82 85 82 81 83 74 80 83 82 82 85 82 81 83 2007 Year Mean ± SD 109.35 ± 4.43 114.82 ± 4.11 120.63 ± 5.85 123.58 ± 5.29 129.76 ± 5.55 135.75 ± 5.13 140.20 ± 5.10 144.87 ± 6.31 145.42 ± 5.20 71.66 ± 3.73 74.99 ± 2.89 79.33 ± 4.22 81.54 ± 3.93 85.72 ± 3.88 89.31 ± 3.42 92.98 ± 4.24 96.56 ± 4.33 94.57 ± 3.86 28.38 ± 2.95 29.18 ± 1.40 30.43 ±2.24 30.98 ± 1.80 32.47 ± 1.77 33.51 ± 1.53 34.51 ± 1.72 35.80 ± 2.67 35.50 ± 1.67 39.26 ± 1.90 41.31 ± 2.08 43.80 ± 2.73 44.87 ± 2.61 47.31 ± 2.74 49.37 ± 2.12 51.29 ± 2.24 51.29 ± 2.79 53.70 ± 2.98 t -1.23 -2.75 ** -2.93 ** -0.91 0.12 -1.23 -0.82 -3.24 ** -0.49 -4.24 *** -4.29 *** -4.82 *** -2.25 * -1.74 0.94 -3.92 *** -6.44 *** -0.45 -4.02 *** -6.71 *** -5.08 *** -4.12 *** -4.62 *** -3.12 ** -5.27 *** -3.70 *** -0.42 -0.85 -1.55 -2.04 * -0.26 0.95 2.62 ** 0.13 0.83 -0.27 *: significant at p<0.05, **: significant at p<0.0.1, ***: significant at p<0.001 Table 2: The Comparison of anthropometric measurements of boys in 1999 and 2007 191 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Anthropometric measurements Eye Height Elbow height Shoulder breadth Buttock-knee length Age 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 n 80 78 82 85 77 85 81 78 68 80 78 82 85 77 85 81 78 68 80 78 82 85 77 85 81 78 68 80 78 82 85 77 85 81 78 68 1999 Year Mean ± SD 108.66 ± 4.42 112.59 ± 5.91 118.31 ± 5.75 122.45 ± 5.82 128.48 ± 5.22 132.11 ± 5.18 139.84 ± 6.71 144.74 ± 6.84 150.21 ± 7.75 69.17 ± 3.25 72.38 ± 4.26 76.45 ± 4.02 79.57 ± 4.34 84.15 ± 3.93 86.40 ± 4.28 91.53 ± 5.25 94.32 ± 5.04 98.17 ± 5.32 27.30 ± 1.35 28.19 ± 1.39 29.24 ± 1.57 30.17 ± 1.66 31.11 ± 1.49 32.00 ± 1.61 33.92 ± 1.96 34.96 ± 2.14 36.61 ± 2.41 38.77 ± 1.96 40.05 ± 2.61 42.29 ± 2.75 44.32 ± 2.61 46.44 ± 2.43 48.24 ± 2.29 51.19 ± 2.95 52.80 ± 2.26 54.83 ± 2.78 n 78 85 86 76 85 87 83 86 79 78 85 86 76 85 87 83 86 79 78 85 86 76 85 87 83 86 79 78 85 86 76 85 87 83 86 79 2007 Year Mean ± SD 108.37 ± 4.56 113.75 ± 4.07 119.10 ± 6.60 124.23 ± 6.05 129.63 ± 4.99 133.58 ± 5.23 141.85 ± 5.37 144.54 ± 4.64 151.58 ± 8.09 71.35 ± 3.26 74.67 ± 3.02 78.76 ± 5.62 82.29 ± 4.41 85.59 ± 4.14 88.40 ± 3.81 93.99 ± 3.88 96.39 ± 3.70 98.54 ± 5.64 27.97 ± 1.36 28.78 ± 1.29 29.88 ± 1.93 30.92 ± 1.85 32.33 ± 1.70 32.96 ± 1.47 34.91 ± 1.97 35.63 ± 1.53 36.72 ± 2.31 39.51 ± 2.34 41.48 ± 1.90 43.69 ± 2.71 45.44 ± 2.70 47.60 ± 2.63 49.06 ± 2.32 51.74 ± 3.23 53.14 ± 2.41 54.59 ± 2.69 t 0.39 -1.47 0.82 -1.91 -1.43 -1.69 -1.19 0.20 -0.94 -4.20 -3.97 -3.05 -3.98 -5.22 -2.95 -2.35 -2.73 -0.60 -3.11 -2.79 -2.33 -2.75 -4.79 -3.73 -3.22 -2.11 -0.17 2.16 -4.02 -3.31 -2.72 -2.92 -1.99 -1.12 -0.84 -0.49 *** *** ** *** *** ** * ** ** ** * ** *** *** ** * * *** ** ** ** * *: significant at p<0.05, **: significant at p<0.0.1, ***: significant at p<0.001 Table 3: The Comparison of anthropometric measurements of girlsin 1999 and 2007 Discussion Itis always obvious that updating of the data bank is necessary in terms of checking and following the students’ growing and developing in a healthy way by determining the dimensions of desks and tables used by the students who spend most of their daily life at school during teaching and educating period. Although discussions are available aboutfor how long anthropometric measurements should be updated,the results of our study reflect the difference of 8 year anthropometric measurements. Yip and their colleagues emphasize that anthropometric measurements should be updated at every 5 years (Yip et al., 1988). According to the result of our study, it was determined that there was q significant difference in the comparison of anthropometric measurements of the same age and kind of group. Although it was considered that changing of climate conditions, developing of socio and economical conditions and health services, increasing the percent of individual education level and changing oftheirfeeding habitcaused anthropometric measurementsincrease,the result of our study showed thatthis period was necessary for updating anthropometric measurements. However,in spite ofthe factthat statistical difference wasn’tfound among anthropometric measurements dealing with the height ofthe eye and the distance between the leg and knee at standing position from the point of all age groups, on the other hand, it was determined that statistical difference was found in terms of the age and the kind in every both periods withthe regard tothe height ofthe elbow and width of shoulder parameters at standing position. As a result, although the results of our study suggestthat anthropometric measurement values during the childhood should be updated always needed at every ten years, new studies are the children living in different socio and economic and altitude conditions. 192 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Acknowledgments The authors would like to extend their deep appreciation to Prof. Dr. Behzat ÖZKA N of the Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine at Atatürk University,for his suggestions on write-up ofthe study. References Floyd, W.F. & Roberts, D.F. (1958). Anatomical and physiological principles in chair and table design. Ergonomics, 2, 1–16 Floyd, W.F. & Word, J.S. (1969). Anthropometric and physiological considerations in school, office and factory seating. Ergonomics, 12, 132–139 Hira, D.S. (1980). An ergonomic apprasial of educational desks. Ergonomics, 23, 213–221 Jeong, B.Y. & Park, K.S. (1990). Sex differences in anthropometry for school furniture design. Ergonomics, 33(12), 1511– 1521. Kaya, M.D., Hasiloglu, A.S., Bayramoglu, M., Yesilyurt, H., & Ozok, A.F. (2003). A new approach to estimate anthropometric measurements by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 32(2), 105–114. Kaya, M.D., Yeşilyurt, H., Özkan, B. & Akdağ, R. (2000b). Orta dereceli irtifada (2000 m., Erzurum) yaşayan lise öğrencilerinin antropometrik ölçümleri, YA/EM’2000 Yöneylem Araştırması ve Endüstri Mühendisliği XXI. Ulusal Kongresi, 12-14 Haziran 2000, Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi. Kaya, M.D., Yeşilyurt, H., Özkan, B., Çapoğlu, Đ. & Akdağ, R. (2000a). Anthropometric measurements in adolescents living at an intermediate altitude: the relationship between height, weight, head circumference and socioeconomics status, McCabe, P.T., Hanson, M.A., Robertson, S.A. (Editör), Contemporary Ergonomics 2000, Taylor & Francis Inc., London, 38-43. Kayış, B. & Özok, A.F. (1986). Đlkokul öğrencilerinin boyutsal ölçülerinin saptanması, TÜBĐTAK, YAE, Rapor no: h128, Ankara. Kayış, B. (1987). Đlk eğitim donanımlarının tasarımında antropometrik verilerin önemi, TÜBĐTAK, YAE, Rapor no: a67, Ankara. Mandal, A.C. (1982). The correct height of school furniture. Human Factors, 24, 257–269 Oxford, H.W. (1969). Anthropometric data for educational chairs. Ergonomics, 12, 140–161 Pheasant, S. (1988). Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design. London, Taylor & Francis; 1988. Yip, R., Binkin, N.J. & Trowbridge F.L. (1988). Altitude and childhood growth. The Journal of Pediatrics, 113, 486–489. 193 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 507 Title A name given to the resource A Research on Updating of Anthropometric Measurements Author Author KAYA, M. Dursun MALKOÇ, ismail ERDOĞAN, Osman KARA, Aslı YELSiYURT, Hakkı Abstract A summary of the resource. By considering the dimensional measurements of the students who spend most of their time at school, the fact that their body and structural equipment haven’t been designed will affect their body and psychological improvements negatively. Anthropometric measurements are necessary for education equipment and designs of education-structural equipment of the children at the age of school. It is emphasized that anthropometric measurements of the people living in different climate and altitude conditions in literature will be different. It is mentioned that anthropometric data available for a certain region will be able to change in terms of changing socio-economical conditions and therefore, updating of anthropometric data is necessary in certain in period of times. For the reason, in 1999 anthropometric data obtained from the children, between the age of seven and fifteen, who were in sitting and standing position, were measured to plan a longitudinal study in 2007. In the result of comparison which was made, as reported in literature, it is clear that anthropometric data will be able to be updated in certain period of times. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/adc08177e1d0ded8239273645e2170f0.pdf 1595dd6bfc4ebddba1c692a8fb7583f5 PDF Text Text 1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo A Research Survey on People who has not Fire Insurance Kamil TAŞKIN Researcher, The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Sakarya University, Turkey, ktaskin@sakarya.edu.tr Recep YILMAZ Lecturer, Karasu Vacationaly School, Sakarya University, Turkey, rcyilmaz@sakarya.edu.tr Fatih Burak GÜMÜŞ Researcher, The Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Sakarya University, Turkey, fbgumus@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: Fire Insurance Usage in Turkey is very small stage now. Turkish people often use the other insurance types like car, earthquake, and asset. The reasons why this situation has not been researched up to now. In our study, we prepared a survey which measuring the reasons of less usage levels of fire insurance. We applied to the survey nearly to 170 people which not use fire insurance policy. After the survey, we entered the data into spss program. We applied some tests and we got some results about fire insurance less usage level in Turkey. Keywords: Insurance, fire, survey, tests Introduction: Real estate investments are a very cost-effective investments for businesses and legal entities. These costs make up 3 basis. Property of the land value, property value and environment value. In case of sudden disaster, (fire, earthquake, flood, etc..) land value does not lose its value, but houses will lose their value for the owner. Housing and office prices are high today, the people who have suffered from damage will force the resources to bringing back. The insurance sector developed insurance policies to minimize the risk like fire, accident, earthquake. Today, housing and dwelling fire insurance have been developed in case of the tangible damage for the property to protect the owners of builts. Although fire insurance based on historical areas, this type of insurance has not been developed at Turkey. This study focus on the reason why the fire insurance branch has not been expanded all over the country. Insurance Sector In World: In economic terms, insurance refers to the pooling mechanism used to reduce the downside of risk (Masci and Tejerina; 2006;1). The insurance industry forms an integral part of the global financial market, with insurance companies being significant institutional investors. In recent decades, the insurance sector, like other financial services, has grown in economic importance (Hussels, Ward, Zurbzuegg; 2005, 258-259) Twenty years ago, banks and insurance companies maximized the size of their balance sheets: banks accumulated assets in search of a larger market share, and the insurance industry was mostly liability driven. Recent years, risk has increasingly transferred from banks to nonbank institutions such as insurers, mutual funds, pension funds and hedge funds ( Hausler; 2004,1). Insurance sector has been increasing its huge economic and strategical power. In many countries insurance sector has more improved structure and economic power than banking sector (Ünal,1994,46). At table 1 shows the Premium production of developed countries and turkey. As table 1,developed countries has a huge percentage in total Premium production. Only USA produced excess to 1 trillion dollars. This means the giant size amount of funds which could be effected to economies. 321 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table1 : Premium Production In World In 2003. Billion Dolar Countries % USA 1.117.944 35,41 Japan 472.820 20,62 United Kingdom 254.363 8,63 Germany 170.137 5,77 France 161.483 5,48 Sweden 39,876 1,35 Turkey 3,316 0,11 (www.swissre.com) Insurance firm has more affect on economic structure. The biggest insurance firm is the Citigroup and it has 1.4 trillion asset structures. The first 100 firm have asset changing between 1.100 and 243 billion dollar (Oskay, 2005; 64). Insurance Sector in Turkey In Turkey insurance sector has not been developed in comparison with developed country. For example, European Union Countries produced 1.1 trillion US dollar insurance premium in 2004. The same year, England become the country which the most piled insurance premium with 294 billion US Dollars (www.tsrb.org.tr). In 2003, USA produced 1.117,944 billion US dollar. 322 124 201 369 671 1.427 2.602 5.272 11.099 20.471 40.807 82.689 182.635 354.669 623.522 1.144.889 1.600.478 2.355.308 3.300.858 4.271.629 5.042.403 6.236.143 Fire insurance premiums to the total rate (%) Amount of fire insurance premiums collected Years 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Quantity of collected insurance premiums Table 2: All And Fire Insurance Premium Production 33 54 93 167 283 408 781 1.792 3.785 7.043 13.870 27.469 49.104 100.971 165.252 284.233 419.531 529.173 655.711 733.046 1.192.800 27,01 26,70 25,33 24,92 19,81 15,68 14,82 16,14 18,49 17,26 16,77 15,04 13,85 16,19 14,43 17,76 17,81 16,53 15,35 14,54 19,13 7.052.563 1.105.287 www.hazine.gov.tr 15,67 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 2 shows that total and fire insurance Premium production in accordant to years. Sector is incline to improve but this inclination is a bit slow. Foreign investors and professional management shortage is the biggest problems in Turkey’s Sector. Survey Research Our survey research have been put into practise in Marmara region and along april and may in this year. Survey have been filled by 170 participants nearly. Aim of this study is to measure of the reason why less level fire insurance and knowlodge level of the participants about fire insurance and fire measurments. There is no academic research to measure to inclination of not being made fire insurance. This is the first and ongoing academic research on this topic. In Turkey, although insurance sector is incline to develop but either insurance capacity or fire insurance production is very low level. In Table 1 and Table 2, this situation are being appeared clearly below. 194% 176% 184% 140% 147% 136% 133% 118% 124% 113% Percentage Of Increase level Of Fire Insurance Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Percentage Of Increase level Of Total Premium Table 3: Amount Of Total And Fire Insurance Premium In Turkey As Graphic 250% 200% 150% 100% 179% 206% 164% 172% 148% 126% 124% 112% 163% 93% 50% 0% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Percentage Of Increase level Of Total Premium 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Percentage Of Increase level Of Fire Insurance In accordant to these table, Turkey produced 7,05 billion US Dolar and the percent 15,67 of this produced premium is fire insurance. Total premium level and fire insurance level are increasing inclination but this inclination is very slow and inadequate. Table 2 shows that percentage of increase level of total premium and percentage of increase level of fire insurance. Comparation with England, Turkey’s total premium level is very small, nearly 1,5 percentage of England’s premium production. Educational degree Mountly income Gen der Table 4: Participant’s Gender, Mounthly Income And Educational Degree Frequency Percent Man 114 70,80 Woman 47 29,20 333 - 666 $ 36 22,36 667 - 999 $ 52 32,30 1000 - 1333 $ 36 22,36 1334 - 2000 $ 24 14,91 2001 - 2666 $ 7 4,35 2667 and over $ 6 3,73 Primary School 19 11,80 Secondary School 24 14,91 High School 53 32,92 Associate Degree 7 4,35 B.A. 49 30,43 Master and over Degree 6 3,73 323 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Upper table shows the participants pecularities. Striking point of this table that is the participants’ income level. % 55 of participants has income below 1.000 US dollar. This is the most important reason about less level of fire insurance demand. The more income level increase, people are incline to spend their funds to insure their goods. This is the reason why is the insurance sector more strong and effective on economy at developed countries at the same time. At these countries, people have more income in accordance to undeveveloped countries’ people and spend their income to getting valuable goods and insure them. In our country, people reasonable wages and they are incline to spend this income to essential poverty. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Table 5: Why Do You Not Use The Fire Insurance ? Frequency Why Do You Not Use The Fire Insurance? Nobody offered me to fire insurance 62 A low probability of fire out 54 I have no information about this type of insurance 53 I'm getting my own measures 50 I have no enough income to spent to premium of fire insurance. 49 Premium amounts, too much 48 Fire insurance to do was continually postponed 26 I have no confidence in the insurance sector 24 I've done before, never satisfied 8 Percent 38,5% 33,5% 32,9% 31,1% 30,4% 29,8% 16,1% 14,9% 5,0% If we take a look at table 4, it is obvious that the most striking result is weakness of marketing. Agencies and insurance firms think about this topic. If marketing operation is accelerated, it is probable that fire insurance branch may be extended. 62 participants and 53 participants declared that we had not enough information about fire insurance and its benefits. A huge percent of participants declared that fire out probability is very small. In accordance to other risk (desiases accident...), fire out probability may be seen as very small probability but expand speed and damage of fire could be very effective and mortal. The other result of this table is existence of high premium prices and having income level weakness. Table 6: During your life, have you ever eyewitnesses very close to any fire around your house? Frequency Percent 52 32,30 Yes 108 67,08 No The reason why the people who has not fire insurance policy could be that they have never seen a fire around their houses. % 67 of participants have not been eyewitnesses to fire. This is a psychological result. The people are incline to focusing on things effected them. As a result, It is clear that marketing and enlightment studies must be increased by the firm. In point of result of fire, fire always has a big risk. Table 7: Are you owner of house which you sit in? Frequency Percent Yes No 110 49 69,32 30,43 110 participants have own houses. The others have not own houses and tenant of their house. Whereas % 69 of participants have own houses, they are not interested in make fire insurance. 324 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 8: How many people do you know who have fire insurance around you? Frequency Percent No have 1 person 2-3 person 4-5 person 6-7 person 8 and over 91 22 39 6 1 1 56,52 13,66 24,22 3,73 0,62 0,62 Small percentage of fire insurance is appeared at this table again. % 56 of participants has no identified to people has fire insurance. Table 9: Do you know the risks are covered by fire insurance policy in detail? Frequency Percent Yes No 10 149 6,21 92,55 Participants have neither knowledge fire insurance nor coverage of fire insurance policy. Whereas fire insurance has different some coverage like thunder and exploit. Table 10: Do you have the measures which of the followings related to the fire in your home available? Frequency Percent Fire extinguisher 71 1 41 % 30 2 Fire escape 18 % 16 3 Fire alarm 9% 4 4 Sand bucket 2% Fire Cabinet 8 5 5,0 % 0 6 Fire Ball 0% No one 41 7 25 % Most preferred equipment is fire extinguisher in the case of fire in accordance to answers. Fire alarm, cabinet and escape are not affected to extinguish to fire. These measurements are helpful to after fire occurred. % 25 of participant has no any measurements about fire. This is the most important result shows that disregarders of fire risks of this table. Table 11 : Have you enough information about fire protection? Frequency Percent 59 36,65 Yes 100 62,11 No % 62 of participants have no enough information about protection of fire. Although communication possibilities are very widen, this high percentage shows that communication possibilities are not used usefully. Booklets, tv and radio programs must be used for enlighment to people to protect from fire and precautions before the fire occurred. 325 �1. International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Table 12: Cross table of "income" and "Why do you not use the fire insurance?" Cross table used for comparing with income level and the reasons not to do fire insurance. In accordance to the Table 11, the participants who have not reasonable income are getting their own measures and they find to Premium price are very high. Medium level incomed participants have less confidence to insurance sector. The more income is higher, measurements against to fire decreaser and the reason of high premium price decreaser. Conclusions: As Turkish Insurance sector has lots of problem, fire insurance branch has some obstacles and problems. Although fire risk and its results’ fatality is big, lots of participants ignore to fire insurance. As survey fire insurance branches 3 main problems; 1. The biggest problem is weak income level. Turkish per capita income is incline to increase but it is not enough for improvng to insurance sector. The people has huge income incline to spend their funds to precious goods. As a result precious goods need to be insured. 2. Marketing deficiency is the other big problem. Most of participants declared that they had no knowledge about sector and had not get any fire insurance proposal from agencies. 3. Not to understand of fire risk and its result. It is a bit connected with educational level. References Hussels Stephanie; Ward Damian; Zurbruegg Ralf ; “Stimulating The Demand For Insurance” Risk Management and Insurance Review, 2005, Volume. 8, No. 2, 257-278 Targan, Ünal ; “ Türk Sigortacılık Sektörünün Ekonomik Đşleyişi ve Fon Oluşturma Kapasitesi; ĐTO Publishing, Đstanbul 1994 “Avrupa Birliğinde Sigorta Sektörünün Vergilendirilmesi” http:/www.tsrsb.org.tr Oskay; Suna; “Küresel Sigorta Piyasalarında Türk Sigorta Piyasasının Rekabet Gücü” 2005 http://www.soksay.com/econet/downloads/K%C3%BCreSig.pdf Hausler, Gerd ; “Risk Transfer and the Insurance Industry”; Contributions from the 31st General Assembly of the Geneva Association, June 2004 Masci Pietro; Tejerina Louis . ; “Insurance Market Development in Latin America and the Caribbean” http://199.79.166.188/sds/doc/FINALIN SURANCEPAPER _Masci_Tejerina.pdf www.swissre.com 326 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 236 Title A name given to the resource A Research Survey on People who has not Fire Insurance Author Author TASKIN, Kamil YILMAZ, Recep GÜMÜS, Fatih Burak Abstract A summary of the resource. Fire Insurance Usage in Turkey is very small stage now. Turkish people often use the other insurance types like car, earthquake, and asset. The reasons why this situation has not been researched up to now. In our study, we prepared a survey which measuring the reasons of less usage levels of fire insurance. We applied to the survey nearly to 170 people which not use fire insurance policy. After the survey, we entered the data into spss program. We applied some tests and we got some results about fire insurance less usage level in Turkey. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e106f7b908208199e72d47ca9c7c50d6.docx 2359acf967645aeb4b09ba98a5ac7704 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c0e6e0f819d5113d55938f008452afe8.pdf d95d6a68538d40bad5032fb0b0436fe7 PDF Text Text A REVIEW OF ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM IN THE BOLETUS EDULIS AND LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS Hayrünisa Baş Sermenli Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey hayba2000@gmail.com Handan Çınar Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey h.platanus@gmail.com Mustafa Işıloğlu Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey isiloglu48@gmail.com Keywords: Boletus edulis; Cadmium; Lactarius deliciosus; macrofungi. ABSTRACT Environmental pollution is the most important problem in today’s world. Although their toxic effects are well-established, heavy metals have still extensive range of application in industry. It is known that wild mushrooms can accumulate some toxic metals, such as lead, mercury and cadmium. In this study, lead accumulation levels of Boletus edulis Bull. andLactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray taxa which are naturally grown and edible, are given. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2052 Title A name given to the resource A REVIEW OF ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM IN THE BOLETUS EDULIS AND LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS Author Author BAS SERMENLI, Hayrunisa CINAR, Handan ISILOGLU, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Boletus edulis; Cadmium; Lactarius deliciosus; macrofungi. ABSTRACT Environmental pollution is the most important problem in today’s world. Although their toxic effects are well-established, heavy metals have still extensive range of application in industry. It is known that wild mushrooms can accumulate some toxic metals, such as lead, mercury and cadmium. In this study, lead accumulation levels of Boletus edulis Bull. andLactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray taxa which are naturally grown and edible, are given. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/86a0f55a700354a41a74bd1582b09211.docx dffedd5e560ef2dd2601bea18263f8ae https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6fe0fe37e220fdaec09b8334e495d800.pdf 614abb75c53933283fcc30d31cf8f7ca PDF Text Text A REVIEW OF ACCUMULATION OF LEAD IN THE BOLETUS EDULIS AND LACTARIUS DELICIOUS Mustafa Işıloğlu Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey isiloglu48@gmail.com Selen Özbay Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey selenozbay@hotmail.com Hayrünnisa Baş Sermenli Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey hayba2000@gmail.com Keywords:Boletus edulis, Lactarius deliciosus, Lead, macrofungus. ABSTRACT There is a strong relationship between environmental pollution and sustainable energy. Increased use of renewable energy sources for sustainable energy, reduced environmental pollution, energy resources must be used efficiently. Environmental problems that arise during energy production and consumption must be minimized. One of these environmental problems of heavy metal pollution. The Volcanic activities , rock, mining,anthropogenic activities, creates heavy metal pollution . Biological materials can be used to reduce the heavy metal pollution. Mushrooms can be one of from these biological material and the heavy metal pollutions can be used. Therefore, the mushrooms are used to assess the level of environmental pollution. Lead is a heavy metal and causes environmental pollution. The aim of the this study to accumulation of lead in the Boletus edulis and Lactarius delicious. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2140 Title A name given to the resource A REVIEW OF ACCUMULATION OF LEAD IN THE BOLETUS EDULIS AND LACTARIUS DELICIOUS Author Author ISILOGLU, Mustafa OZBAY, Selen BAS SERMENLI, Hayrunisa Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Boletus edulis, Lactarius deliciosus, Lead, macrofungus. ABSTRACT There is a strong relationship between environmental pollution and sustainable energy. Increased use of renewable energy sources for sustainable energy, reduced environmental pollution, energy resources must be used efficiently. Environmental problems that arise during energy production and consumption must be minimized. One of these environmental problems of heavy metal pollution. The Volcanic activities , rock, mining,anthropogenic activities, creates heavy metal pollution . Biological materials can be used to reduce the heavy metal pollution. Mushrooms can be one of from these biological material and the heavy metal pollutions can be used. Therefore, the mushrooms are used to assess the level of environmental pollution. Lead is a heavy metal and causes environmental pollution. The aim of the this study to accumulation of lead in the Boletus edulis and Lactarius delicious. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/aa35ba8552d8bb72de17e357748a452a.pdf 3804bc3972309bd6e6ad447ba88b7c16 PDF Text Text Journal of Economic and Social Studies A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu Yasar University Izmir, Turkey emel.kursunluoglu@yasar.edu.tr Abstract: The purpose of this study is to show the requirement of industry-specific national service quality indices for measuring quality in both traditional and electronic services in various industries in a country. In this study, the literature about service and e-service quality measurements was reviewed, and a threedimensional framework was developed. It was found out that the dimensions of each service quality measurement were all different from each other due to the different characteristics of the industries that each study has been conducted in. The study showed that there is a need for an industry-specific national service quality index and suggested that national customer satisfaction indices which have existed in the literature can be a model for industryspecific national service quality indices. An industry-specific national service quality index enables national companies to understand their unique industrial characteristics that needed to be improved continuously in order to increase service quality and gain competitive advantage. The index which was proposed to develop in the future was suggested for the first time in this study. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 Keywords: Service Quality; E- Service Quality; Service Quality Dimensions; National Customer Satisfaction Indices; Turkish Customer Satisfaction Index (TCSI). JEL Classification: M31 Article History Submitted: 11 June 2014 Resubmitted: 3 September 2014 Resubmitted: 17 December 2014 Accepted: 25 December 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.14706/JECOS S115110 169 �Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu Introduction The techniques of measuring service quality have become a major area in the marketing literature during the past few decades since the increasing importance of service industry. The share of service industry in the economy has been increasing for years. The importance of services has been growing rapidly since the services account for more than 60 percent of GDP worldwide, almost all economies have a substantial service sector, and most new job is derived by services (Lovelock and Wirtz, 2011). Increasing competition in the service industry has led many companies to consider service quality as a strategic tool. As well as service quality, e-service quality has been becoming more important nowadays. Measuring e-service quality was highly developed after 2000s with the increasing usage amount of e-services. The researches about measuring and improving e-service quality have been continuing sharply. Service quality affects customer satisfaction and loyalty which have strong influences on customer behavior. Since service quality is one of the antecedents of customer satisfaction (Parasuraman et al., 1988; Boulding et al., 1993; Cronin and Taylor, 1992; Athanassopoulos, 2000) and there are many relations among service quality, satisfaction, loyalty, perceived value, and behavioral intentions (Leonard and Sasser, 1982; Cronin and Taylor, 1992; Chang and Chen, 1998; Gummesson, 1998; Silvestro and Cross, 2000; Cabuk et al., 2013), the measurement of service quality has been a valuable concept that should be analyzed. E-service quality has also positive impacts on customer satisfaction (Chang and Wang, 2008; Barutcu, 2010; Liang, 2012). It was shown that e-service quality has a positive effect on satisfaction and satisfaction has a positive effect on loyalty (Chang et al., 2009). E-service quality has a significant and positive effect on perceived value; and perceived value increases the loyalty (Fuentes-Blasco et al., 2010; Pearson et al., 2012). Pearson et al. (2012) also showed that loyalty intentions can be affected by perceived e-service quality. There have been many studies that developed scales and dimensions for measuring service and e-service quality in the literature. This paper reviewed the service and eservice quality measurements and showed the need of an industry-specific national service quality index for each various service industry in a country. The aim of the study is to show the requirement of developing industry-specific national service quality indices. In this study, firstly service and e-service quality scales and their dimensions were examined, criticisms about service and e-service quality scales were analyzed, and a three-dimensional framework was developed according to the 170 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension literature review. This framework showed that each service quality dimensions were all different from each other due to the different characteristics of the industries that each study has been conducted in. It was highly suggested that there is a need for an industry-specific national service quality index and customer satisfaction indices which have existed in the literature can be a model for industry-specific national service quality indices. National customer satisfaction indices from different countries were explained and Turkish Customer Satisfaction Index was focused on. In conclusion, it was highly recommended to develop an industry-specific national service quality index since it enables national companies to understand the unique industrial characteristics that needed to be improved continuously in order to increase service quality and gain competitive advantage. Service Quality (SQ) Measurements Service quality concept was defined by seven service attributes such as security, consistency, attitude, completeness, condition, availability, and training of service providers (Sasser et al., 1978). Lehtinen and Lehtinen (1982) defined three dimensions of service quality such as physical quality, interactive quality, and corporate quality. Physical quality refers to tangible appearance of the service; interactive quality relates to the interactions between customers and service personnel; corporate quality involves the image of service provider. The first model for measuring service quality was developed by Grönroos in 1984 (Dotchin and Oakland, 1994; Seth et al., 2005; Bulbul and Demirer, 2008). He developed a service quality model and measured perceived service quality. Technical quality, functional quality, and corporate image were used in the model as the dimensions of service quality. Technical quality is about customer evaluations about the service delivered. Functional quality is seen to be more important dimension than technical quality. It refers how consumers take the service and it is the important variable for consumer perceptions and service differentiation. Technical quality is interested in what was delivered such as the knowledge about product and services whereas functional quality is interested in how the service was delivered such as the importance of the service personnel manners. Corporate image has a positive impact on customer perceptions. Parasuraman et al. (1985) analyzed the dimensions of service quality and constituted a GAP model that provides an important framework for defining and measuring service quality (Saat, 1999). They conducted an exploratory investigation and Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 171 �Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu developed the GAP Service Quality Model. It shows the key insights gained through the executive interviews and focus group interviews about the service quality concept. The gaps revealed by the executive interviews are shown in the marketer side (GAP1, GAP2, GAP3, GAP4), and the GAP 5 which was formed by the focus group interviews is in the consumer side of the model. The GAP names were shown below (Parasuraman et al., 1985; Lovelock, 2011): The Knowledge Gap (GAP 1): Customer expectation-management perceptions gap; The Policy Gap (GAP 2): Management perception-service quality specifications gap; The Delivery Gap (GAP 3): Service quality specifications-service delivery gap; The Communications Gap (GAP 4): Service delivery-external communications gap; The Service Quality Gap (GAP 5): Expected service-perceived service gap. Lovelock (1994) added the sixth gap to the model as The Perceptions Gap between Service Delivery and Perceived Service. After the gaps modeling, ten determinants of service quality that consumers used when interpreting the quality were described (Parasuraman et al., 1985) as follows: Reliability involves consistency of performance and dependability and provides right service in right time. Responsiveness includes the willingness or readiness of employees to provide service. Competence shows skill and knowledge the service personnel. Access means accessibility and ease of contact. Courtesy involves politeness and friendliness of service personnel. Communication keeps customer informed, for example explaining the service and its cost. Credibility contains trustworthiness and honesty. Security involves physical safety and financial security. Understanding/Knowing the Customer means learning the customer's specific requirements and providing them individualized service. Tangibles show the physical evidence of the service. Service quality has been conceptualized with different numbers of dimensions and generally it has been explained with two or three dimensional models. Rust and Oliver (1994) proposed a three dimensional model which was not tested in a conceptual way. In this model service quality is a function of service product, service delivery, and service environment. Hedvall and Paltschik (1991) identified service quality dimensions as willingness and ability to serve, and physical and psychological access. Haywood-Farmer (1988) discussed a service quality model including three basic attributes such as physical facilities, people behavior and conviviality, and professional judgment. These attributes were related to Parasuraman et al.’s (1985) service quality determinants. Physical facilities are related to Tangibles; People Behaviour and Conviviality are related to Reliability, Responsiveness, Access, 172 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension Courtesy, Communications determinants; and Professional Judgment is related to Competence, Credibility, Security, Understanding the consumer determinants. Parasuraman et al. (1988) developed SERVQUAL scale which is an advanced model for measuring service quality. In SERVQUAL model, there are five dimensions and 22 items presented in seven-point Likert scale. They measured service quality especially functional service quality via empirical studies in banking, credit card, repair and maintenance, and long-distance telephone services. The five dimensions of SERVQUAL are: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Service quality can be measured by a performance-based SERVPERF scale as well as the gap-based SERVQUAL scale (Cronin and Taylor, 1992). SERVPERF scale was developed from the same items in SERVQUAL but it has also the performance statements. Scale consists of items about expectation (22 items-same as SERVQUAL), performance (22 items-same as SERVQUAL), importance (22 itemssame as SERVQUAL), future purchase behavior (1 item), overall quality (1 item), and satisfaction (1 item). This study has shown that service quality is measured as an attitude, the marketing literature supports the performance-based measures, and the SERVPERF explains more of the variation in service quality than SERVQUAL. SERVPERF which is a performance-only model for measuring service quality was developed via empirical studies in the sectors of banking, pest control, dry cleaning, and fast food. SERVQUAL had a good fit in banking and fast food sectors whereas SERVPERF had an excellent fit in all four industries. Dabholkar et al. (1996) developed and empirically validated the multilevel model called Retail Service Quality Scale (RSQS) in order to measure retail service quality that consists of five dimensions such as physical aspects, reliability, personal interaction, problem solving, and policy. The scale has been viewing as a generalized scale to measure the service quality in retail stores such as department and specialty stores. Philip and Hazlett (1997) proposed a hierarchical structure model called P-C-P for measuring service quality in service organizations. The model is based on pivotal, core, and peripheral attributes. Pivotal attributes which are the most important attributes that affect service quality are seen as end product or output whereas core and peripheral attributes are seen as inputs and processes. These attributes are shown in a triangle. Pivotal attributes are at the top, core attributes are at the second stage, and peripheral attributes are at the bottom side of the triangle. The degree of importance decreases from top to bottom of triangle. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 173 �Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu Brady and Cronin (2001) developed a model for measuring service quality. According to this model; service quality is affected by personal interaction quality, physical service environment quality, and outcome quality. Attitude, behavior, expertise form interaction quality; ambient conditions, design, social factors constitute physical environment quality; and waiting time, tangibles, valence form outcome quality. Martinez Caro and Martinez Garcia (2007) used this model in their empirical research for measuring perceived service quality in urgent transport service industry. They claimed that Brady and Cronin (2001) developed this hierarchical conceptualized and multidimensional model by combining the Rust and Oliver model (1994) and Dabholkar et al.’s RSQS hierarchical model (1996). E-Service Quality (e-SQ) Measurements E-services are distinguished from traditional services in terms of their characteristics such as the cost structure of services, the high degree of outsourcing, the rapid development of new services, the availability of transparent service feedback, and the continuous improvement of services (Riedl et al., 2009). Because of these distinguished characteristics between services and e-services, measuring e-service quality is different from measuring traditional service quality. Before developing eservice quality scales, the research have concentrated on determining three points such as technical quality of websites, the factors that influence e-satisfaction, and service quality of websites (Akinci et al., 2009). Hence, the criteria that should be used for designing an effective website have been the focus points of researchers. Abels et al. (1999) determined the six criteria that website designers need to use for designing a successful website: 1) use - easy to use, 2) content - having useful information, 3) structure - displaying of website, 4) linkage - providing link to the information at the website and other websites, 5) search - providing search button in website itself, 6) appearance - being attractive. Yoo and Donthu (2001) aimed to develop a psychometrically measure of service quality of online shopping websites and developed SITEQUAL. According to the model, there are four important factors that affect web site design such as ease of use of website and ability for information search; aesthetic design - the creativity of website in terms of excellent multimedia and colour graphics; processing speed online processing promptness and interactive responsiveness to consumers’ requests; and security - of financial and personal information. 174 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension Loiacono et al. (2002) measured B2C website quality through WebQual™ in the websites that sell products such as CDs, books and services such as hotel reservations and airline reservations. It showed that buying and revisiting intentions of consumers and the value of website. The model has been seen as more suitable for website designers to design better websites for users rather than measuring service quality (Zeithaml et al., 2002). WebQual™ has 36 items and 12 constructs. These constructs are: Informational fit-to-task: finds the information that consumers want; tailored communications: consumer-website interaction; trust: improves security and privacy policies; response time: supports communication capacity; ease of understanding: designs the pages; intuitive operations: develop an intuitive navigation system; visual appeal: enhances colors, graphics, and text; innovativeness: finds creative approaches; emotional appeal: is used to gain online customer experience; consistent image: reflects the image of the company; online completeness: performs over the website; relative advantage: makes the website easier for interacting. Barnes and Vidgen (2002) developed WebQual 4.0 to assess the perceived service quality of online bookstores such as Amazon, BOL, and IBS in UK and found 3 dimensions and 5 subdimensions for measuring e-service quality of websites. Usability (Usability and Design as subdimensions): appearance, ease of use, ease of navigation; Information Quality (Information as sub dimension): accuracy, format, and relevancy of information; Service Interaction Quality: (Trust and Empathy as subdimensions) transaction/information security, product delivery, personalization and communication with website. Zeithaml et al. (2002) showed that a number of studies have examined some criteria that identified customers’ evaluations about website quality. These are information availability and content; ease of use; privacy/security; graphic style; fulfillment/reliability; and other criteria such as access, responsiveness, personalization. They developed e-SERVQUAL in 2002 for measuring e-service quality. This model has been conceptualized in two parts: core e-service quality scale with four dimensions such as efficiency, reliability, fulfillment, privacy; and recovery eservice quality scale with three dimensions such as: responsiveness, compensation, contact. Another scale for assessing service quality of e-tailers was developed as PIRQUAL Perceived Internet Retail Quality Model (Francis and White, 2002). The scale consists of six dimensions such as web store functionality, product attribute description, ownership conditions, delivery, customer service, and security. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 175 �Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu Wolfinbarger and Gilly (2002) suggested .comQ for the measurement of service quality delivery through websites. They found that reliability/fulfillment is the strongest factor that affecting customer satisfaction, website functionality is a strong factor that affecting loyalty, and customer service is a strong predictive of loyalty and customer satisfaction. They have developed this valid and reliable scale for the measurement of etailer quality named eTAilQ (Wolfinbarger and Gilly, 2003). Service quality of etailers was measured within four factors such as website design, fulfillment/reliability, privacy/security, customer service. These four factors are shown in Table 5 and can be defined as follows: Website design includes customer experience elements such as navigation, information search, order processing, and personalization. Fulfillment/reliability includes display and description of a product and right delivery of the product on time. Privacy/security includes information about customers and credit card payments are secure. Customer service includes being helpful and responsive towards customer requests. Santos (2003) proposed e-service quality dimensions that can be classified in two ways as incubative dimensions and active dimensions. Incubative dimensions developed before website is launched are ease of use, appearance, linkage, structure and layout, and content. Active dimensions which can raise customer retention are developed after launching of a website. They are reliability, efficiency, support, communication, security, and incentive. Parasuraman et al. (2005) proposed E-S-QUAL and E-RecS-QUAL scales for measuring e-service quality. E-S-QUAL is a core service quality scale for measuring core service attributes of websites and E-RecS-Qual is an e-recovery service quality scale which measures the quality of recovery services provided by websites. These scales which adapt to psychometric properties are reliable and valid scales. The E-SQUAL scale has 22 items and four dimensions such as efficiency, fulfillment, system availability, and privacy. E-RecS-QUAL contains 11 items in three dimensions: responsiveness, compensation, and contact. E-S-QUAL scale is a leading model for the measurement of e-service quality just as SERVQUAL in service quality. Existing e-service quality scales were seen as goal oriented and utilitarian-based by Bauer et al. (2006). They suggested that utilitarian and hedonic e-service quality dimensions should be integrated; hence they developed eTransQual scale. It is a transaction process based approach to integrate utilitarian and hedonic elements in 176 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension measuring e-service quality. This scale has 25 items and five dimensions such as: functionality/design, enjoyment, process, reliability, and responsiveness. E-service quality provided by online travel agencies were investigated by different researchers such as Park et al., 2007; Kaynama and Black, 2000; Shchiglik and Barnes, 2004; Chen and Kao, 2010. According to the study of Park et al. (2007), the dimensions of e-service quality are as follows: ease of use that includes functionality and accessibility of website and it is the most important item that affects willingness to buy over the internet, and it is followed by information/content that includes upto-date and reliable information; responsiveness that includes solving customer problem quickly and on time; fulfillment that includes accuracy of billing, ordering, online transaction, and services promise; security/privacy that includes to keep customer personal information, credit card information, and shopping behavior data safe. The studies explained about measuring e-service quality above were related to B2C companies. Since C2C auction websites have been becoming more important as ecommerce business type (Zhang, 2006), a service quality measurement was needed for C2C auction websites like eBay. Liu et al. (2010) developed a scale called OASQ (online auction service quality). It included 24 items and seven dimensions as: efficiency, system availability, privacy/security, compensation, personalization, playfulness, and reputation. Three-Dimensional Framework on SQ and e-SQ Measurements Parasuraman et al. (1988) claimed that SERVQUAL measures perceived service quality in a wide range of service industries. SERVQUAL also has been widely used in many service industries such as education (Atrek and Bayraktaroglu, 2012; Owlia and Aspinwall, 1996; Okumus and Duygun, 2008), communication via GSM operators (Hotamisli and Eleren, 2011), hotels (Akbaba, 2006; Yaprakli and Saglik, 2010), and transportation (Cati and Yildiz, 2005; Aydin and Yildirim, 2012). The applicability of SERVQUAL to the health care service industry was tested by Babakus and Mangold (1992). According to them; SERVQUAL is a reliable and valid scale for measuring functional service quality in hospitals, however hospital management need to measure both functional and technical quality for a long-term success. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 177 �Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu On the contrary, Finn and Lamb (1991) did not support that SERVQUAL is valid for every service industry, thus they suggested that the validity of SERVQUAL in a variety of service industries should be examined industry by industry (Akbaba, 2006). SERVQUAL dimensions may not fit in every industry which needs its own quality dimensions. Ekiz and Bavik (2008) also showed that some researchers who conducted SERVQUAL in different industries confirmed the model (Gabbie and Neill, 1996; Bojanic and Rosen, 1994; Mehta and Durvasula, 1998; Lam and Zhang, 1998) whereas some others did not confirm the model (Carman, 1990; Babakus and Boller, 1992; Brown et al. 1993; Ryan and Cliff, 1996). Carman (1990) suggested that the requirement of the adaptations of items in SERVQUAL for each industry. Babakus and Boller (1992) emphasized the requirement of industry-specific measures of service quality. Brown et al. (1993) found some problems in SERVQUAL and suggested the requirement of a new method to have psychometric properties. SERVPERF another most known and used scale was tested and found as appropriate for different sectors whereas there were some problems in SERVQUAL. Since the requirement of industry-specific service quality scale (Babakus and Boller, 1992), Karatepe et al. (2005) developed an industry-specific (banking) and a countryspecific (Northern Cyprus) model called SQUAL consisting of dimensions as: service environment, interaction quality, empathy, and reliability. They measured service quality by using SERVPERF (perceptions-only approach). Besides this, Brady et al. (2002) also performed a replication and extension of SERVPERF, and they supported the results of Cronin and Taylor (1992) in different sectors such as spectator sports, entertainment, health care, long-distance carriers, and fast food. Also, they claimed that SERVPERF is the superior model among all service quality models. As it was explained above, some industry based scales such as SQUAL were derived by SERVPERF since it was seen as more valid and reliable scale for different service industries. On the contrary, some of the industry-specific service quality scales were based on SERVQUAL dimensions such as RENTQUAL (Ekiz and Bavik, 2008) in car rental services, TISQ (Sangeetha, 2012) in retail banking, SQFS (Chang and Chelladurai, 2003) in fitness services, DINESERV (Stevens et al., 1995) in restaurants, SYSTRA-SQ (Aldlaigan and Buttle, 2002) in retail banking, MS-QUAL (Hosseini et al., 2013) in mobile telecommunication industry, ECOSERV (Khan and Su, 2003) in ecotourism, and INTSERVQUAL (Frost and Kumar, 2000). Even though these scale development studies were concentrated on the specific 178 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension industry, they are inadequate with regard to forming a general industry-specific national index that measures service quality. For assessing quality of e-services, E-S-QUAL as a main scale for measuring e-service quality was adapted to different industries in many studies. It was used in the sectors such as online shopping (Rafiq et al., 2012; Ingle and Connoly, 2006; Meng and Mummalaneni, 2010; Türk et al., 2012), and online banking (Marimon et al., 2012; Akinci et al., 2010). Besides this, there were many researches in the literature about measuring e-service quality in different industries such as internet banking service quality (Jun and Cai, 2001; Yang et al., 2004; Ho and Lin, 2010; Jayawardhena, 2004; Siu and Mou, 2005; Zhu et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2012; Kayabasi et al., 2013); mobile service quality (Ozer et al., 2013; Kuo et al., 2009; Lu et al., 2009); online shopping (Ilter, 2009; Celik and Basaran, 2008; Li et al., 2012; Seethamraju, 2006). Assessing of online service quality was analyzed in different sectors with different scales; however there were no industry-specific national measurements. After considering the criticisms in the literature about service quality measurements, a three-dimensional framework was developed and shown in Table 1 below. In the first part of this framework, the service quality measurements which contain the main scales such as SERVQUAL and SERVPERF were shown. In the second part, scale development studies deriving from the main service quality scales with the techniques of replication or adaptation were shown. Even though they focused on a specific industry more, they were inadequate of developing an index in national based. In the third part, e-service quality studies which show the general development of e-service quality measurements in different industries and countries were shown. Table 1: Three-Dimensional Framework on SQ and E-SQ Measurements SQ Studies Parasuraman et al., 1985 GAP Model Parasuraman et al., 1988 SERVQUAL Cronin and Taylor, Industry-Country Dimensions Reliability, Tangibles, Access, Banking, credit card, securities Responsiveness, Competence, brokerage, repair and Courtesy, Credibility, Security, maintenance-USA Communication, Knowing Customers Banking, credit card, repair Tangibles, Reliability, Empathy, and maintenance, telephoneResponsiveness, Assurance USA Banking, pest control, dry Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 Same as SERVQUAL but with 179 �Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu 1992 SERVPERF Dabholkar et al., 1996 RSQS Philip and Hazlett, 1997 PCP Model Brady and Cronin, 2001 Service Quality Scale Development Studies in SQ Stevens et al., 1995 DINESERV Frost and Kumar, 2000 INTSERVQUAL cleaning, fast food-USA Department stores-USA Particular service organizations-UK Amusement parks, restaurants, health and automobile care facilities, hair salons, dry cleaning, jewelry repair, photographUSA performance only statements Physical aspects, Reliability, Personal interaction, Problem solving, Policy Pivotal, Core, Peripheral attributes Personal interaction, Service environment, Outcome Industry-Country Dimensions Restaurants-USA Reliability, Tangibles, Assurance, Responsiveness, Empathy Airline-Australia Reliability, Tangibles, Assurance, Responsiveness, Empathy Aldlaigan and Buttle, 2002 SYSTRA-SQ Banking-UK Service system quality, Behavioral service quality, Service transactional accuracy, Machine service quality Khan and Su, 2003 ECOSERV Ecotourism-USA Chang and Chelladurai, 2003 SQFS Fitness services-USA Karatepe et al., 2005 SQUAL Ekiz and Bavik, 2008 RENTQUAL Sangeetha, 2012 TISQ 180 Banking-Northern Cyprus Car rental services-Northern Cyprus Banking-Oman Eco tangibles, Assurance, Reliability, Responsiveness, Empathy, Tangibles Service climate, Management commitment, Programs, Interpersonal interactions, Task interactions, Physical environment, Other clients, Service failures and recovery, Perceived service quality Service environment, Interaction quality, Empathy, Reliability Comfort, Delivery, Safety, Handing over, Ergonomics, Accessibility ATM, Telephone banking, Internet banking, Call center services, Queue systems, Price, Core product Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension Hosseini et al., 2013 MS-QUAL Mobile telecommunicationIran e-SQ Studies Yoo and Donthu, 2001 SITEQUAL Industry-Country Online shopping websitesUSA Loiacono et al., 2002 WebQual™ CDs, books, hotel-airline reservations-USA Barnes and Vidgen, 2002 WebQual4.0 Bookstores-UK Zeithaml et al., 2002 e-SERVQUAL Online shopping websitesUSA Network quality, Value-added service, Pricing plans, Employee competency, Billing, Customer services, Service convenience Dimensions Ease of use, Aesthetic design, Processing speed, Security Informational fit-to-task, Tailored communications, Trust, Response time, Ease of understanding, Intuitive operations, Visual appeal, Innovativeness, Emotional appeal, Consistent image, Online completeness, Relative advantage Usability, Information quality, Service interaction quality Efficiency, Reliability, Fulfillment, Privacy, Responsiveness, Compensation, Contact Web store functionality, Product attribute description, Ownership conditions, Delivery, Customer service, Security Website design, Fulfillment, Privacy, Customer service Ease of use, Appearance, Linkage, Layout, Content, Reliability, Efficiency, Support, Incentive, Communication, Security Francis and White, 2002 PIRQUAL Online shopping websitesAustralia Wolfinbarger and Gilly, 2003 eTAilQ Books, CDs and videos-USA Santos, 2003 E-service quality Online shopping websitesUK Parasuraman et al., 2005 E-S-QUAL Apparel, books, CDs, computer software& hardware, drugs, electronics, flowers, groceries, toys-USA Efficiency, Fulfillment, System availability, Privacy Parasuraman et al., 2005 E-RecS-QUAL Apparel, books, CDs, computer software& hardware, drugs, electronics, Responsiveness, Compensation, Contact Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 181 �Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu Bauer et al., 2006 eTransQual Park et al., 2007 Website quality flowers, groceries, toys-USA Online shopping websitesGermany Online travel agencies (OTA)-USA Liu et al., 2010 OA-SQ C2C auction websitesTaiwan Functionality, Enjoyment, Process, Reliability, Responsiveness Ease of use, Information, Security, Responsiveness, Fulfillment Efficiency, System availability, Security, Compensation, Reputation, Personalization, Playfulness. Source: Author’s own work Following a review of service quality scales, the study proposed a three-dimensional framework. The dimensions of service quality measurements both in traditional and electronic environments can be varied in different industries. As it was shown in Table 1 above, the dimensions of all scales have been changed according to the various industries in which each study was conducted. It was required to add different dimensions to the scales to measure service quality in each industry. Since every service industry has unique characteristics and requires unique dimensions for measuring service quality, there is a requirement for the industry-specific national index in assessing of service and e-service quality in different industries in a country. The discussion in this research is about the need for industry-specific national indices in measuring both traditional and electronic service quality in different industries and countries. The industry-specific national service quality indices can be developed such as the national customer satisfaction indices which were developed to measure customer satisfaction level in different countries. National customer satisfaction indices from the literature were shown below as a model example for developing the industry-specific national service quality index. National Customer Satisfaction Indices: A Model Example for the Proposed Index There has been a requirement for industry-specific national service quality indices due to the unique characteristics of various industries and the different cultural environment of countries. Since service quality is one of the components of customer satisfaction (Ghobadian et al., 1994; McDougall and Levesque, 2000; Demirci Orel et al., 2012; Chu et al., 2012), there are positive relations between service quality and customer satisfaction. Because of these relations, national customer satisfaction 182 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension indices which have existed in the literature can be a model for industry-specific national service quality indices. Many different countries have developed their national customer satisfaction indices which help the practitioners to be able to understand their positions in an industry in terms of customer satisfaction. The most known and used national customer satisfaction indices are such as: the Swedish Customer Satisfaction Barometer-SSCB (Fornell, 1992; Anderson et al., 1994), the American Customer Satisfaction Index-ACSI (Fornell et al., 1996), and the European Customer Satisfaction Index-ECSI which was developed by the EOQ (European Organisation for Quality) and EFQM (European Foundation for Quality Management) and inspired by the SCSB and the ACSI (Kristensen et al., 1999; Sahin, 2009). Except these indices, there have been many other national customer satisfaction indices such as the German Customer Barometer (Meyer and Dornach, 1996), the Danish Customer Satisfaction Index (Martensen et al., 2000), the Norwegian Customer Satisfaction Barometer (Andreassen and Lindestad, 1998), the Pan-European Customer Satisfaction Index (Eklof and Westlund, 2002), the Jordanian Customer Satisfaction Index (Al-Nasser et al., 2011), the Mexican User Satisfaction Index (Calleros et al., 2012), the Chinese Customer Satisfaction Index (Huang et al.,2011), the Turkish Customer Satisfaction Index (Turkyilmaz and Ozkan,2007). The American Customer Satisfaction Index was developed by Fornell et al. in 1996 and measures customer satisfaction level across the United States. The Turkish Customer Satisfaction Index (TCSI) was developed by KA Research Limited (KARL) in cooperation with Turkish Society for Quality under the license agreement with the American Customer Satisfaction Index (KA Research Limited, 2011; Turkyilmaz and Ozkan, 2007; Zaim et al. 2010). The TCSI measures customer satisfaction in various industries of Turkey. Industrial Annual Measurement Plan is developed in order to measure customer satisfaction level of various companies from different industries in the four quarters of the year. The TCSI Industrial Annual Measurement Plan measures customer satisfaction levels of companies from these industries (Kalder, 2014): 1st quarter: LPG gas distributors, mobile phones, GSM operators, credit cards, fast food restaurants, telecommunication; 2nd quarter: packaged waters, small household appliances, fruit juices, petrol stations, airlines; 3rd quarter: margarine, liquid oil, milk and milk products, canned foods, cleaning products, ice cream, meat and poultry products, personal care; 4th quarter: television as electronic products, white Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 183 �Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu goods, personal automobiles, health and automobile insurance, food retailer chains, cargo companies, consumer banking. The sectoral based rankings according to the TCSI indices and the industries’ most successful companies between the third quarter of 2013 and the second quarter of 2014 were shown in Table 2 below. Table 2: TCSI Ratios According to the Industries and Leading Companies 2013 3rd Quarter Industry Margarine:85 Liquid Oil:83 Milk Product:82 Canned food:82 Cleaning Product:82 Ice cream:80 Meat&poultry:78 Personal care:78 2014 1st Quarter Industry LPG distributor:82 Mobile phone:76 GSMoperator:73 Credit card:71 Fast food restaurant:71 Telecommunication:70 Company Unilever Ana Gıda Pınar Tat P&G Algida Erpiliç Evyap Company Aygaz Iphone Vodafone Maximum card Domino’s Pizza Türk Telekom 2013 4th Quarter Industry Television:82 White Goods:80 Personal automobile:78 Insurance:76 Food retailer chain:76 Cargo company:75 Consumer banking:71 2014 2nd Quarter Industry Packaged water:79 Small home appliance:79 Fruit juice:77 Petrol station:77 Airlines:72 Company Samsung Arçelik Volkswagen Axa insurance Bim MNG cargo Public: Ziraat Private: İşBankası Company Erikli Beko Pınar Opet Turkish Airlines Source: compiled from TMME 2013 3rd Q, 2013 4th Q, 2014 1st Q, and 2014 2nd Q. In the service industry, since services are intangible it is hard to measure quality. The industry-specific national service quality indices should be formed for each industry and country similar to these national customer satisfaction indices. The main difference between national customer satisfaction index and industry-specific national service quality index is that national customer satisfaction index focuses on just one country and it does not have any different dimensions for different industries. It eliminates the diversities among industries. But industry-specific national service quality index should have different dimensions for each unique industry. Otherwise, it would become just national service quality index, not industry-specific national service quality index. 184 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension Conclusion The importance of service quality is already well known (Lewis and Booms, 1983; Grönroos, 1984; Parasuraman et al., 1985; Mangold and Babakus, 1990). In the emerging service industry, it is important to measure the service quality. The first finding of this study was the requirement of an industry-specific service quality index. Since SERVQUAL was not valid for every industry, it was suggested that the validity of SERVQUAL should be examined in a variety of service industries and the adaptations of items in SERVQUAL for each industry should be organized (Finn and Lamb, 1991; Carman, 1990; Babakus and Boller, 1992; Brown et al. 1993; Ryan and Cliff, 1996). Moreover, Babakus and Boller (1992) emphasized the requirement of industry-specific measures of service quality. In order to measure service quality effectively in different industries, an industry-specific service quality index should be developed since every industry has its different unique characteristics. For example, the dimensions that measure the supermarket service quality can be differed from the dimensions of service quality in car washing services or health care services. The measurement of service quality in the retail industry requires different scales since retail stores offer products and significant services together. The Retail Service Quality Scale was developed to measure the service quality in retailers. However, this scale is not sufficient for an industry based index. This scale should be diversified for various retail types such as a scale for department stores and another scale for supermarkets since department stores and supermarkets offer different level of service due to their natures. Because of the differences among the characteristics of each industry, it was highly suggested developing an industryspecific service quality index in this research. The second finding of this study was the requirement of national service quality index. Service quality can be differentiated in different countries since countries’ cultures affect customers’ perceptions on quality (Laroche et al., 2004). For example, researchers from different countries (Siu and Cheung, 2001; Nakip et al., 2006; Celik; 2011) have investigated service quality in retailers for years and the results showed that there was significant differences on quality perceptions. Furrer et al. (2000) argued that perceptions of service quality varied across cultural groups and proposed Cultural Service Quality Index by testing SERVQUAL dimensions correlated with Hofstede’s cultural dimensions (1980, 1991). Because of these developments that show the importance of cultural differences, it was highly suggested developing a national service quality index in this research. Volume 5 Number 1 Spring 2015 185 �Emel Kursunluoglu Yarimoglu The main comprehensive result of this study was that a service quality index that consists of both industry-specific and national dimensions should be developed based on every different industry in a country since the unique characteristics of these industries and cultural differences among countries. This review study suggested that there is a general need for developing an industry-specific national service quality index to be able to measure the unique service quality dimensions in each industry. The index which was proposed to develop in the future was suggested for the first time in this study. Another result was that the national customer satisfaction indices which have existed in the literature have been recommended as a model example for industry-specific national service quality indices. After defining the problem with the help of the literature review, national customer satisfaction indices were proposed as a solution of the problem. Because of the close relations between service quality and customer satisfaction, national customer satisfaction models can be taken as a fundamental basis for developing industry-specific national service quality index. In the case of taking the national customer satisfaction models as a basis for industry-specific national service quality index, it would be helpful to show the relations between the models. The measurements at the second part of Table 1 called Scale Development Studies in SQ are the most suitable examples for industry-specific national service quality index since they focused on a specific industry in a country such as car rental services (RENTQUAL) in Northern Cyprus, restaurant services (DINESERV) in USA, and fitness center services (SQFS) in USA. However these measurements focused on a specific industry in a country, they were inadequate in forming an industry-specific national service quality index. They need to be improved in terms of creating industry-specific national service quality index. Developing an industry-specific national service quality index helps service companies to find their unique industrial characteristics that should be improved continuously in order to increase the service quality and serve the customers better. E-service quality is an essential strategy for online retailers, and more important than low price and web presence (Zeithaml et al., 2002). In order to develop e-service quality, industry-specific national e-service quality index should be created. Discovering the main dimensions that increase the service quality of online companies enables them to gain competitive advantage in forming the websites and offerings. 186 Journal of Economic and Social Studies �A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension Limitation and Further Research Directions The limitation of the study was that the only limited numbers of studies (6 service quality measurement studies, 9 replication or adaptation studies in service quality, and 12 e-service quality measurement studies) from the literature could be reviewed and grouped into three dimensions. 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Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2837 Title A name given to the resource A Review of Service and E-Service Quality Measurements: Previous Literature and Extension Author Author Yarimoglu Kursunluoglu, Emel Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: The purpose of this study is to show the requirement of industry-specific national service quality indices for measuring quality in both traditional and electronic services in various industries in a country. In this study, the literature about service and e-service quality measurements was reviewed, and a three-dimensional framework was developed. It was found out that the dimensions of each service quality measurement were all different from each other due to the different characteristics of the industries that each study has been conducted in. The study showed that there is a need for an industry-specific national service quality index and suggested that national customer satisfaction indices which have existed in the literature can be a model for industry-specific national service quality indices. An industry-specific national service quality index enables national companies to understand their unique industrial characteristics that needed to be improved continuously in order to increase service quality and gain competitive advantage. The index which was proposed to develop in the future was suggested for the first time in this study. Keywords: Service quality; E-service quality; Service quality dimensions; National customer satisfaction indices; Turkish Customer Satisfaction Index (TCSI). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c0c22b7b68348dbc786d2207d1e58acf.docx 8136da01a091ad590401cca70768fb79 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/89b25eaf008195ef89d085cf24622d81.pdf 30659f8683d32e851a2744794a7d76b8 PDF Text Text A REVIEW ON SUSTAINABLE NEW FRUIT THINNING STRATEGIES IN APPLE GROWING Fatma Akıncı Yıldırım Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey fatmayildirim@sdu.edu.tr Adnan N.Yıldırım Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey adnanyildirim@sdu.edu.tr Bekir San Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey bekirsan@sdu.edu.tr Emel Kaçal Fruit Research Station, Isparta, Turkey emel.vural@gmail.com Keywords: Thinning, fruit quality, Malus x domestica, organic growing. ABSTRACT Most modern high-density orchard systems, including apples, have the goals of attaining sustainable, high yields with marketable fruit quality. Fruit quality is determined by size, skin colour and shape, as well as by other features such as internal quality (eg. sugar contents) and eating quality (e.g. crispness, juiciness). Fruit thinning is one of the most important cultural practices for the improvement of fruit quality. Fruits are thinned by hand, mechanically and chemically methods. Although hand thinning is the most reliability thinning method, it is much more expensive than any type of chemical fruit thinning. To reduce the labor costs, around the world, growers have been using chemical-synthetic thinning agents or plant hormones, such as dinitro compounds, NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid), NAAm (Naphthalene Acid Amid), carbaryl, etephon and GA3 (Gibberelic Acid). Whereas, using of these chemicals is not allowed in certified organic apple growing. So, alternative thinning strategies are need for use in organic apple orchards. For this purpose, many researchers tested different potential thinning compounds such as plant oils, ATS (Ammonium thiosulphate), lime sulphur, starch, sodium bicarbonate, sodium salt, soap and kaolin, which are considered safe for the environment and human health. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2096 Title A name given to the resource A REVIEW ON SUSTAINABLE NEW FRUIT THINNING STRATEGIES IN APPLE GROWING Author Author YILDIRIM, Fatma Akinci N.YILDIRIM, Adnan SAN, Bekir KACAL, Emel Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords: Thinning, fruit quality, Malus x domestica, organic growing. ABSTRACT Most modern high-density orchard systems, including apples, have the goals of attaining sustainable, high yields with marketable fruit quality. Fruit quality is determined by size, skin colour and shape, as well as by other features such as internal quality (eg. sugar contents) and eating quality (e.g. crispness, juiciness). Fruit thinning is one of the most important cultural practices for the improvement of fruit quality. Fruits are thinned by hand, mechanically and chemically methods. Although hand thinning is the most reliability thinning method, it is much more expensive than any type of chemical fruit thinning. To reduce the labor costs, around the world, growers have been using chemical-synthetic thinning agents or plant hormones, such as dinitro compounds, NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid), NAAm (Naphthalene Acid Amid), carbaryl, etephon and GA3 (Gibberelic Acid). Whereas, using of these chemicals is not allowed in certified organic apple growing. So, alternative thinning strategies are need for use in organic apple orchards. For this purpose, many researchers tested different potential thinning compounds such as plant oils, ATS (Ammonium thiosulphate), lime sulphur, starch, sodium bicarbonate, sodium salt, soap and kaolin, which are considered safe for the environment and human health. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565