126 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9116287c6b0367eeff3d8d7c0fe56b7b.docx cd2c189b80fabf551646e549610c4890 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f2fff8edda5bef664bff9dd9ab09b843.pdf abffcde698f58eccf60c5d9b97cc17b1 PDF Text Text GÉRARD DE NERVAL’İN GÖZLEMLEDİĞİ DOĞU’DA TÜRK / OSMANLI İMGESİ Ümran TÜRKYILMAZ Gazi Üniversitesi, Batı Dilleri Ve Edebiyatları Bölümü, Ankara / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Gérard de Nerval, Doğu'da Seyahat, Türk / Osmanlı İmgesi, Oryantalizm, Öteki. ÖZET Çalışmada, Fransız şair, yazar ve romantik gezginlerinden Gérard de Nerval'in Doğu'da Seyahat adlı romanında gün ışığına çıkan Türk / Osmanlı imgesi, metne bağlı inceleme yöntemi ışığında çözümlenmeye çalışılacaktır. XIX. yüzyılın ortalarında uzun zamandır düşlediği İstanbul'a gelen ve Osmanlı kültürüne derin bir sevgi ile bağlanması sonucunda gündemde kalmayı başarmış romantik bir gezgindir Nerval. Düşler ve gündelik yaşam arasında sıkışan yazar, giderek artan bir biçimde benliğindeki gelgitlerle boğuşurken, gecesini aydınlatacak olan ışığı Doğu'da görür. Antik dönemden beri "romantiğin yeri", "egzotik varlığın mekânı", "sahiplenici veya tahakküm altına alıcı anıların ve deneyimlerin ülkesi" olan bu uzamda kendi söylencesini oluşturur. Okur, Batı izlenimleriyle açılıp Mısır ve Suriye'den sonra İstanbul'a dek uzanan yapıtın odak noktasında Türk / Osmanlı imgesine yakından tanıklık eder. Nerval, gezdiği bu uzamların, efsanelerini, fantastik öykülerini, geleneklerini, göreneklerini, tarihini, toplumsal ve siyasal düzenine ilişkin saptamalarını bazen bir tarihçinin bazen de bir sosyologun bakışıyla titizlikle aktarır. Düşle gerçeklik arasında gidip gelen Nerval, hep merak konusu olan ve çoğunlukla mistik bir ruhla bağlandığı Doğu'da, geçmişini ve kendi tinsel dünyasını ararken, ötekini / başkasını nesnel olarak algılamaya yönelir. İstanbul ve özellikle Pera'daki izlenimleri, harem yaşantısına olan ilgisi, Türklerin Müslüman olmayanlara karşı gösterdikleri hoşgörüdeki başarısı, derviş tekkeleri, mezarlıkların güzellikleri, pazarlar, Ramazan geceleri, bayramlar gibi konularda yazarın aktardığı bilgiler, yapıtın kültürel artalanını oluşturur. Öznel bir bakış açısından aktarılan ve her satırında yazarın soluğunun duyumsandığı Doğu'da Seyahat yapıtından yola çıkarak Türk / Osmanlı imgesi irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2021 Title A name given to the resource GÉRARD DE NERVAL’İN GÖZLEMLEDİĞİ DOĞU’DA TÜRK / OSMANLI İMGESİ Author Author TÜRKYILMAZ, Ümran Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gérard de Nerval, Doğu'da Seyahat, Türk / Osmanlı İmgesi, Oryantalizm, Öteki. ÖZET Çalışmada, Fransız şair, yazar ve romantik gezginlerinden Gérard de Nerval'in Doğu'da Seyahat adlı romanında gün ışığına çıkan Türk / Osmanlı imgesi, metne bağlı inceleme yöntemi ışığında çözümlenmeye çalışılacaktır. XIX. yüzyılın ortalarında uzun zamandır düşlediği İstanbul'a gelen ve Osmanlı kültürüne derin bir sevgi ile bağlanması sonucunda gündemde kalmayı başarmış romantik bir gezgindir Nerval. Düşler ve gündelik yaşam arasında sıkışan yazar, giderek artan bir biçimde benliğindeki gelgitlerle boğuşurken, gecesini aydınlatacak olan ışığı Doğu'da görür. Antik dönemden beri "romantiğin yeri", "egzotik varlığın mekânı", "sahiplenici veya tahakküm altına alıcı anıların ve deneyimlerin ülkesi" olan bu uzamda kendi söylencesini oluşturur. Okur, Batı izlenimleriyle açılıp Mısır ve Suriye'den sonra İstanbul'a dek uzanan yapıtın odak noktasında Türk / Osmanlı imgesine yakından tanıklık eder. Nerval, gezdiği bu uzamların, efsanelerini, fantastik öykülerini, geleneklerini, göreneklerini, tarihini, toplumsal ve siyasal düzenine ilişkin saptamalarını bazen bir tarihçinin bazen de bir sosyologun bakışıyla titizlikle aktarır. Düşle gerçeklik arasında gidip gelen Nerval, hep merak konusu olan ve çoğunlukla mistik bir ruhla bağlandığı Doğu'da, geçmişini ve kendi tinsel dünyasını ararken, ötekini / başkasını nesnel olarak algılamaya yönelir. İstanbul ve özellikle Pera'daki izlenimleri, harem yaşantısına olan ilgisi, Türklerin Müslüman olmayanlara karşı gösterdikleri hoşgörüdeki başarısı, derviş tekkeleri, mezarlıkların güzellikleri, pazarlar, Ramazan geceleri, bayramlar gibi konularda yazarın aktardığı bilgiler, yapıtın kültürel artalanını oluşturur. Öznel bir bakış açısından aktarılan ve her satırında yazarın soluğunun duyumsandığı Doğu'da Seyahat yapıtından yola çıkarak Türk / Osmanlı imgesi irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6005e56cebe42d16ca591fcef99eb084.pdf 530dbf6fe6533af35111dfaf03f376ea PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo German and French Borrowings in an EFL Context – A Serbian Perspective Biljana ĥubroviĤ English Department, Faculty of Philology University of Belgrade, Serbia biljana.cubrovic@fil.bg.ac.rs Abstract: This paper looks into the nature, some specificities of interlanguage usage and the phonetic adaptation (or the lack of it) in the area of some recent French and German loanwords and their teaching in a Serbian EFL classroom. It is a commonplace to say that French, German and English have been in intensive contact for many centuries now, but the level and direction of influence have by no means been constant. The two main extralinguistic criteria that trigger the borrowing process, need and prestige, are taken into account, with the aim of deciding to what extent such newer lexical acquisitions have been nativised in contemporary English. The nature of the linguistic contact between French and English, on the one hand, and German and English, on the other, conditions the selection process in which a loanword enters the English lexicon, and an EFL classroom. Lastly, a justification for the teaching of borrowings is provided and some guidelines for their teaching offered, which could easily be implemented in any EFL context. Key Words: Loanword, borrowing, pronunciation, French, English, German, Serbian EFL learner Introduction The linguistic developments of English and French have been intertwined for quite a long time. The intensity of the contact seems to be susceptible to constant changes, but the contact produced many important but also less significant influences, especially in the domain of lexical borrowings. Lexical borrowings are most prone to permeate another language, and they can be seen as mere additions, or rather enrichments to the lexical inventory of the recipient language, depending on the reasons of their introduction into the recipient language. The intermittent linguistic contact between English and French resulted in the expanse of the lexical inventory of English. No matter how dominant English seems to be today, its vocabulary is still growing and many new additions come from across the Channel. According to Merriam Webster‘s Collegiate Dictionary (MWCD, for short), as many as 8,324 entries are still listed as French borrowings, or at least having something to do with French. The corpus extracted from MWCD by an advanced search tool this electronic dictionary has to offer, ranges from very simple vocabulary like arrive, letter and vase, but also contains a number of clichéd phrases like vers libre, premier danseur and Nez Percé. It is important to note that not all entries listed in MWCD as originating from French have a French origin. Many words have the Latin root and in some cases it is unclear how a word found its way into the lexical inventory of English. It should be borne in mind that the number given above is by no means exact, but it still can be used as a starting point and a rough estimate. Although German and English are both Germanic languages, their linguistic contact is less intense, judging by the number of German borrowings in English. According to MWCD, German lexical additions amount to 2,522 entries, but many lexical items only have vague traces of German, and can be seen as indirect borrowings (especially from Yiddish and also Latin). Still, there is a number of strictly German borrowings present in the corpus, e.g. Festschrift, hausfrau, kitsch, wunderkind and verboten, but also gastronomic terms like schnitzel, strudel and wurst. The Nature of the Linguistic Contact There is virtually no language that has not borrowed words from other languages, and the reasons for lexical importation are manifold. To name just a few, Weinreich‘s (1953) pioneer study on contact linguistics is used. Some kind of cultural influence may trigger the borrowing process. It may also occur when rare native words are lost and then substituted by borrowings, or when two native words sound so similar that substituting one by a foreign lexical item eliminates possible misunderstandings in a given speech community. One of the roots of lexical borrowing is a constant need for synonyms, especially in those cases where native words have lost their expressive force. By way of adding new lexical items from a foreign language, new, subtle semantic nuances may become possible. Furthermore, a word may be taken over from a low-status language and be used 244 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo pejoratively, or quite on the contrary, a word may be taken over from a high-status language and be used to achieve an effect of prestige. Even though lexical borrowing is the most widespread type of borrowing, mainly due to the fact that new lexical acquisitions cannot affect the language system as a whole, languages do not utilize it without limitations. In other words, the speakers of English do not borrow randomly, but when they do import, they do it for a reason. All the situations mentioned above cannot apply to any language contact. Weinreich studied the process of borrowing taking many language communities into account, and an attempt is made here to check his reasons having English as a recipient language, and German and French as donor languages. Later contact linguistics studies, such as Thomаson & Kаufmаn‘s (1988: 72-7) hold that the social factor they labelled the ―intensity of contact‖ between the two languages is of great importance for the typology of borrowing. This factor assisted them in proposing a unique borrowing scale that ranges from a very casual contact, on one hand, to a very intense cultural pressure, on the other end of the scale. I will now look into the nature of the linguistic contact between English and French, but also English and German. The linguistic contacts between English and French in the last two centuries have resulted mostly in lexical borrowing, thus enriching the lexicon of English as the recipient language. This kind of borrowing may be referred to as a casual contact, without any serious consequences to the language system. Borrowings that are introduced into the recipient language do not have a great impact in L2, and there is a minimum of cultural interference associated with them. Furthermore, the intensity of the linguistic contact may change with time, and this is exactly what happened during the development of English and French. These two languages repeatedly borrowed lexemes, and the intensity of contact changed according to the status of the donor language. French seemed to be a dominant language in the Middle English period, but more recently English has offered French many newer lexical acquisitions. Interestingly enough, some loanwords entered the recipient language twice, denoting various concepts. For instance, a recent French loanword chаise has the same root (but a completely different lexical status) in contemporary English, if compared to an earlier French loanword chair. Similarly, the newer French loanword pâté has a ring of prestige to it (this may be due to its unchanged orthography), unlike an earlier cognate that is very common in the lexical inventory of English, pastry. Diachronically, the intensity of contact between French as a donor language, and English as a recipient language, was the strongest in the Middle English period. The linguistic influence of French was so intense in this period that English borrowed two new phonemes, the velar nasal //, but also the palate-alveolar fricative //. Generally speaking, the importation of phonemes occurs very rarely, and when it has been realized translinguistically it leads linguists to think of the language contact as very powerful. Phonological importation is a sure indicator of a strong interlinguistic influence, even though the donor language may only fill its empty phonological slots, that had previously not been utilized. However, linguistic history has repeated itself and the French language enriched the phonological inventory even in the Modern English period by way of introducing nazalized vowels into English. Wells & Colson (1971: 34) propose a term for such phonological innovations and refer to them as ―marginal segments―. Such phonemes are used strictly in loanwords from the donor language and do not have a tendency to reach a status a regular native phoneme has. This means that the nazalized French phoneme will probably not be equal to native English phonemes when it comes to the distribution in English – such vowels will retain the positions they have in French loanwords, without a tendency to gain other positions and be employed in the words of Germanic stock, unless used jokingly. English and German, both belonging to the same family of language, share a large percentage of the lexicon. Words of Germanic origin in these two languages resemble one another in the domain of their phonetic shape, but also in their semantic content. The borrowing hypothesis is that German offers its lexical items pertaining to its cultural heritage, and that the intensity of the contact is not strong. Most linguistis (Weinreich 1953: 79; Bolinger 1968: 90-1; Lаngаcker 1968: 177-79; Vаn Coetsem 1988: 13; Trаsk 1994: 12-15; Hock & Joseph 1996: 271; Rаdford et аl. 1999: 255) agree that two most important trgiggering factors of borrowing are ―need― and ―prestige―. When speakers of a language are in need of a lexeme for a new cultural, technological or religious concept, the easiest way to acquire it is by way of borrowing. The English lexemes typhoon i monsoon (Hockett 1965: 405) entered the English language by way of borrowing. On the other hand, words like teа, coffee, tobаcco, sugаr, cocoа, chocolаte or tomаto became an indispensible part of the English vocabulary, although they originate from a number of different languages. Prestige brought about many new lexical acquisitions in English. Middle English borrowed beef, veаl and pork from the French, and used them alongside with the native items cow/bull and pig, to signal fine French culinary concepts. French was the language of the Court at the time, and its usage signalled a noble origin. 245 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo French: treatment of nazalised vowels French belongs to the group of the world‘s languages (cca. 20%) whose phonological inventories use nasal vowels (Paradis & Prunet 2000: 351). Theoretically speaking, French has four nasal vowels, / /, English has none. On the other hand, some phoneticians claim that American English utilizes nazalized vowels more than French, where such vowels have the status of phonemes. This is irrelevant for the current study, due to the fact that it mostly covers the phonological state of affairs in British English. The corpus analysis shows that three out of four French nasal vowels occur - / loanwords containing French nasal vowels undergo the process of unpacking, where the nasal vowel does not occur in the English replica. The sequence of an oral vowel + nasal consonant occurs instead, and such pronunciations may be interpreted as anglicized. Selected examples of all three French vowels follow (for more examples, see Cubrovic, 2005): (1) Fr. / / → Eng. / / + N gamin / / intern / / intransigeance princesse / quintet / singleton / / timbale / / / (2) Fr. / / → Eng. / / + N aplomb / / blouson / / Cabernet Sauvignon / crouton / / filet mignon / piton / / raconteur / / (3) Fr. / / → Eng. / / + N danseur / entourage / / entrepreneur / fiance, fiancee / / Franglais / Montmorency / restaurant / / / / / Anglicized French words where vowel nasality is abandoned follow the English pronunciation patterns and an EFL teacher is advised to teach them as such to their non-native learners. Serbian learners may at times be confused by the pronunciation of those loanwords that Serbian also borrowed directly from French, or indirectly through another language, e.g. ambulance, avant-garde, billion, blouson, camion, centime, debutante, elan, hangar, panda, renaissance, restaurant. However, these words should be taught as native words of English, as the process of anglicization seems to be completed. Special attention should be paid to the semantic content, which may vary in English and Serbian as recipient languages. The lexeme camion is a very frequent word in Serbian, but it is very rarely used in English in the meaning the Serbian language adopted it (Eng. truck, lorry). This loanword may be classified as an interlinguistic false friend and an EFL student‘s attention should be drawn to the difference, provided they come across it in a conversation or a text composed in English. This type of problematic situation is often debated in EFL teaching, and it covers those lexical items which students make up on the spur of the moment, drawing parallels between their native language and English. Similarly, Serbian EFL learners very often use a nonce formation fabric to denote the concept of a factory (Serb. fabrika). Alongside with the process of unpacking, English has phonologized a certain number of loanwords, thus making them semi-foreign. The introduction of vowel nasality is evident in these words, but the vowel 246 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo quality has been approximated to the phonological system of English. The three French nasal vowel / / are adapted to / / and / / . Selected examples from the corpus illustrate the point: (4) Fr. / / → Eng. / / fin de siècle / pointe / coq au vin (5) Fr. → Eng. raison d‘etre / Cabernet Sauvignon  / crouton / / marrons glacés / montage / nom de plume / piton / / wagon-lit / (6) Fr. / / → Eng. / agent provocateur arrondissement croissant debutant elan enfant terrible idiot savant pièce de résistance séance , , / / / Judging by examples given in (4)-(6), these loanwords have not undergone the process of assimilation to the full extent. This may be due to their infrequent use or prestigious aura, or the combination of these two factors. The retaining nasality strongly resembles the French pronunciations of the models. Many of the lexemes listed are French phrases, which may be classified as ―learned words‖. Group (5) brings about a logical conclusion about the unstable phonetic shapes of some loanwords. If a loanword can be pronounced in two different ways, EFL learners are best advised to use the fully assimilated form, e.g. elan, crouton. At the later stages of EFL acquisition, EFL learners might be taught how to pronounce unassimilated forms. Lexemes such as crouton, montage, croissant, debutant, elan and séance, among others, are also French loanwords used in Serbian. A plausible assumption is that a Serbian EFL learner will recognize these in English, and be able to deduce the meaning. However, the EFL learners should beware the varying level of frequency of these words in English and Serbian, as recipient languages. Montage, for instance, is a noun that can be characterized as highly frequent in Serbian, but not in English. Séance, on the other hand, may have specialized meanings in Serbian and English. German: need and prestige The German share of loanwords in English seems to be much more moderate compared to the massive influx of French borrowings. Some lexemes are characterized by unique German semantic contents, e.g. auslander, autobahn, blitzkrieg, doppelganger, kindergarten, schilling, or they belong to a semantic field specific for the German speaking territories, e.g. alpenglow, alpenhorn, alpenstock. Isolated loanwords may be interpreted as ―learned‖ - Bauhaus, Biedermeier, bildungsroman or Ablaut. The nature of the contact between German and English, and German and Serbian varies to a large extent, and consequently German loanwords in English and Serbian will only occasionally strike a Serbian EFL learner. The German lexical items Biedermeier may trap a Serbian EFL learner, but mostly with regard to the meaning. German pronunciation rules are straightforward and very few pronunciations change significantly as a result of tanslinguistic importation. 247 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo References Bolinger, D. (1968). Aspects of Language. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, Inc. ĥubroviĤ, B. (2005). Fonolońka struktura novijih francuskih pozajmljenica u engleskom jeziku. Beograd: Philologia/Filolońki fakultet. Hock, H. H. and B. D. Joseph. (1996). Language History, Language Change and Language Relationship. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Hockett, C. (1965). A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan. Langacker, R. W. (1968). Language and its Structure: Some Fundamental Linguistic Concepts. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. Merriam–Webster`s Collegiate Dictionary. (1994-96). CD-ROM. Merriam-Webster Inc. Paradis, C. and J-F Prunet. (2000). Nasal Vowels as Two Segments: Evidence from Borrowings. Language, 76(2): 324-357. Radford, et al. (1999). Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP. Thomason S. G. and T. Kaufman. (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Trask, R. L. (1994). Language Change. London: Routledge. Van Coetsem, F. (1988). Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact. Dordreht: Foris Publications USA, Inc. Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistics Circle of New York. Wells, J. C. & G. Colson. (1971). Practical Phonetics. London: Pitman Publishing. 248 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 37 Title A name given to the resource German and French Borrowings in an EFL Context – A Serbian Perspective Author Author Čubrović, Biljana Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper looks into the nature, some specificities of interlanguage usage and the phonetic adaptation (or the lack of it) in the area of some recent French and German loanwords and their teaching in a Serbian EFL classroom. It is a commonplace to say that French, German and English have been in intensive contact for many centuries now, but the level and direction of influence have by no means been constant. The two main extralinguistic criteria that trigger the borrowing process, need and prestige, are taken into account, with the aim of deciding to what extent such newer lexical acquisitions have been nativised in contemporary English. The nature of the linguistic contact between French and English, on the one hand, and German and English, on the other, conditions the selection process in which a loanword enters the English lexicon, and an EFL classroom. Lastly, a justification for the teaching of borrowings is provided and some guidelines for their teaching offered, which could easily be implemented in any EFL context. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/218ffde83f0f03936ca9e1b908b852af.docx ac2d31506930df507083c8724c32f936 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5b15f41a3cc2292fe70d7f9c7b51b5a5.pdf 9647b806ca37ba2fbb005536736feddf PDF Text Text German as Foreign Language Teaching and the Reflection Oof Intercultural Approaches in the Texts Şerife Çelikkaya Anadolu University/ Eskisehir, Turkey Key words: Intercultural approaches, Cultural Components, Foreign Language teaching, reading skills course, german textbook. ABSTRACT Learning and teaching a foreign language through texts, get on the basis of analysis and interpretation of texts in a language teaching. So, by the teaching of foreign language, texts decisive individuals in the process of language development and are purpose leads to the main tool. Therefore, the purpose of this texts must be qualified to take the individuals to the aim. The general purpose of this study is to determine german as a foreign language teaching and the reflection of intercultural approaches in the texts by utilizing descriptive method. The research universe of the study consists the cultural elements in texts from the approach of intercultural communication in the textbook “Themen neu 2” at Program in German Language Teaching, Department of Foreign Languages, Anadolu University during 2012-2013 academic year by the reading skills course. In our studies, it is defended that while teaching german to foreigners, it is necessary to find cultural elements in texts from the approach of intercultural communication, which we use. It is researched if that aforementioned textbook “Themen neu 2” the aspects, related to target language culture, through authentic texts includes. In the evaluation, it has came to a conclusion that there is no criteria of presenting priority and amount of cultural elements among books. It was seen that “Themen neu 2” language teaching set has sufficient qualities in terms of teaching German as a foreign language from the point of the reflection of intercultural approaches in the texts. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1968 Title A name given to the resource German as Foreign Language Teaching and the Reflection Oof Intercultural Approaches in the Texts Author Author CELIKKAYA, Şerife Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Intercultural approaches, Cultural Components, Foreign Language teaching, reading skills course, german textbook. ABSTRACT Learning and teaching a foreign language through texts, get on the basis of analysis and interpretation of texts in a language teaching. So, by the teaching of foreign language, texts decisive individuals in the process of language development and are purpose leads to the main tool. Therefore, the purpose of this texts must be qualified to take the individuals to the aim. The general purpose of this study is to determine german as a foreign language teaching and the reflection of intercultural approaches in the texts by utilizing descriptive method. The research universe of the study consists the cultural elements in texts from the approach of intercultural communication in the textbook “Themen neu 2” at Program in German Language Teaching, Department of Foreign Languages, Anadolu University during 2012-2013 academic year by the reading skills course. In our studies, it is defended that while teaching german to foreigners, it is necessary to find cultural elements in texts from the approach of intercultural communication, which we use. It is researched if that aforementioned textbook “Themen neu 2” the aspects, related to target language culture, through authentic texts includes. In the evaluation, it has came to a conclusion that there is no criteria of presenting priority and amount of cultural elements among books. It was seen that “Themen neu 2” language teaching set has sufficient qualities in terms of teaching German as a foreign language from the point of the reflection of intercultural approaches in the texts. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 115 Title A name given to the resource Gestures as a Peer-Assistance Mechanism in Collaborative Tasks Author Author Sabbah, Manal Abstract A summary of the resource. Although research on the learner-learner interactive processes has shown how collaboration may result in provision of developmentally appropriate assistance, the mechanisms providing or obtaining assistance during language learning tasks have been little examined. In addition, EFL research has been scarce when nonverbal communication, including gesture, is concerned. The purpose of this qualitative exploratory study is to explore to what extent, in what ways and in what types are gestures are used as a mechanism of obtaining and providing assistance amongst peers to complete collaborative language learning tasks in an ESL classroom. The study is conducted in a school in Bosnia. To collect data, collaborative tasks in an ESL classroom were observed for nine days and video-tapped. The participants were interviewed about their gestures. The results of this research suggest that many types of gestures are used to a great extent as a mechanism of obtaining and providing assistance amongst peers to complete collaborative language learning tasks. These gestures are mainly synchronized with speech. The results have some pedagogical implications. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6b134c151e300407c25ccb4631ccc72f.pdf 14e6c3f4d04cb62971fd00e71315e7c1 PDF Text Text 1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Getting Increase of the Aquaculture Population and Varieties with the Artificial Habitats Yusuf Guner Ege University, Fisheries Faculty, Aquaculture Department,Izmir-Turkey yusuf.guner@ege.edu.tr Erkan Can Tunceli University, Fisheries Faculty, Tunceli-Turkey Murathan Kayim Tunceli University, Fisheries Faculty, Tunceli-Turkey Gurel Turkmen Ege University, Fisheries Faculty, Aquaculture Department,Izmir-Turkey Mehmet Ali Canyurt Ege University, Fisheries Faculty, Aquaculture Department,Izmir-Turkey Abstract: The significance and protection of the biological diversity in the continental waters of countries in the world has become one of the concerns which should be addressed as a matter of urgency. The scientists consistently underline the fact that several species are endangered to extinct and that the number and population of such species are gradually decreasing. There observed many causes of the extinction of the species. The heavily increase of the human population is the most important reason for this. Such a heavy increase leads to establishment of new settlement areas and constriction of the wild life. In this case, the number of wild species extinct rapidly. Several scientists and members of the nature protection organizations are aware of this particular case and conduct studies to protect the natural environment of the wild life. In this context, the wild life should be given the chance to reproduce through formation of the national parks and natural protection zones. Such parks and zones should function as a shelter for some of the wild species. However, the measures always include the inland environments. As a matter of fact, sea and lake ecosystems should also be protected. It is a well known fact that one of the most important reasons of the species leading their lives in the inland waters is the excessive fishing. When the environmental pollution is taken into account, the descendance of several species is left to chance. In addition global warming and climatic changes may have an impact on this particular matter. In this case, it can be argued that various fisheries in the continental waters may extinct. It is an inevitable fact that the scientific studies to be conducted to increase the population of the fisheries and water products in the lakes and rivers of the country through promoting the survival of miscellaneous fishes and aqua Formation of artificial habitats in the lakes and rivers and such other appropriate locations may be of importance in the future. In this context, our study will bear a torch on the researches to be conducted for the ecological and sustainable water resources. Keywords: ecology, inland waters, artificial habitats. 1. Introduction The creation of artificial reef habitat has been employed by many coastal states as an effective method of increasing fisheries productivity, providing additional recreational and commercial fishing opportunities for hard substrate dependentfisheries,and enhancingthe forage base (A mbrose 1994; Ditton et al. 2002; Figley 2004; Myatt & Myatt 1992; Stevens & Pondella 2002). The creation of artificialreefs on flat,featureless, sandy seabeds has been a form of enhancement for subsistence, commercial and sport fishing practiced in certain countries for 61 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo centuries.Itis onlyin more recent yearsthat advanced engineering and design principles have been incorporated into this field, along with quantitative ecological and socio-economic assessment of habitat structure and function (Seaman, 1995). Artificial reefs have been used most prominently for fisheries harvest enhancement though they have been employed globally in a variety of other coastal management schemes including aquaculturein the Adriatic Sea (Fabi et al., 1989), enhancement of recreational diving and tourism opportunities throughout the United States (Milon, 1991; Ditton et al. 1999), habitat rehabilitation in the Maldives (Clark & Edwards 1994), and prevention of trawling in Europe (Reilini, 2000). In the restoration of ecosystems after some damage (storms, exposure to toxic phytoplankton blooms, destructive fishing practices, construction and dredging projects and chemical pollutant contamination) especially where physical structure provides added benefits (e.g., habitat or shelter) to the ecosystem, artificial reefs represent one potentially useful restoration tool(Pickering et al. 1998). Physicalstructurein an ecosystem can be achieved in a number of ways, and definitive progress has been made since the early 1900s when artificial reefs were built as a hit-or-miss dumping operation of unsightly scrap material(Dean, 1983) such as tires and car bodies. Japan and the United States have by far been the two most active nations in the evolution of artificialreef habitats. Although the early histories of reef building in both countries show many similarities, current designs, deployment strategies and use of materials exhibit sharply contrasting approaches.In Japan the government is actively involved in reef construction activitiesthrough its fishery agency subsidy programme.This agency is involved in planning and guidance and provides substantial funding for those projects that use governmentcertified reef products. An important aspect ofthe Japanese system is a political approach that provides rights of use to those who construct and deploy reefs. These rights convey the sole control ofthe harvest and use of the fishery resources around these structures. By contrast, in the United States, state and local governments, with only general guidance and minimal funding, carry out most marine and freshwater habitat construction activities.In the US these reef developments are incorporated into a common-property allocation system (Stone et al. 1991).In general, European artificial reefs are in the developmental stage (e.g. Italy, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom and Germany). Research programmes are currently in operation in a number of European countries. One of the most significant eventsin recenttimes, with regardstothe whole area of reef development in Europe was the establishmentin May 1995 of the European Artificial Reef Research Network (EARRN).The Network, involving 51 members,active in various aspects of artificialreefresearch, has overthe last number of years helped to focus and drive active research in this area (Jensen 1998). The goal ofthe article is to discuss the pertinent information of an artificialreef study including details on artificial reef’s objectives,reef site, environmental conditions, design, monitoring,results and performance evaluation. 2. Definition/Purpose of an Artificial Reef MarineFisheries defines an artificialreef as: An area within the marine waters/Inland waters of the Com monwealth in which approved structures have intentionally been placed or constructed for the purpose of enhancing benthic relief. Structures may be designed to provide and/or improve opportunities for recreational and com mercial fishing, aid in the management or enrichment of fishery resources and ecosystem services, or to achieve a combination of these objectives. Artificialreefs have been used in fishery management to - provide new habitatsthatincrease number and biomass ofdepleted fishery resources, -restore habitats, - preventtrawlers from using areas, -reduce fishing pressure, - and possibly, mitigate deterioration of habitats (Bohnsack & Sutherland 1985; Chang, 1985; Polovina,1989, Seaman & Sprague 1991). Đn most cases,investigations suggestthat artificial reefs are effective in naturel conservation and habitat reconstruction. They are also beneficialto small-scale fisheries (Fujisawa et al.1991; Supongpan & Sintothong, 1992). 3. Biological Productivity and Aggregation Artificial reefs are used as tools by resource managers to enhance desired species, attract fish to more suitable areas,restrict certain gear types, and to partition activity among competing user groups (Sheehy 1985). 62 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The fundamental question in artificial reef science today examines whether artificial structures have the ability to produce new fish biomass or whether reefs merely concentrate existing fish populations (Bohnsack 1989). Several studies demonstratethe attractive properties of artificial reefs by documenting the ability of artificial reefs to yield higher catch rates of targeted fish species when compared to similar fishing over natural reef areas (Turner et al. 1969; Candle 1985). Other studies outline the production properties of artificial reefs by documenting higher densities of mature fish on artificial reefs when compared to nearby natural reefs (Love et al. 2005).The consensus of the 8th Conference on Artificial Reefs and Artificial Habitats (CARA H) was that artificial reefs “are now believed to be more of a continuum, both attracting and enhancing fish populations. Properly constructed, and strategically sited artificial reefs can enhance fish habitat, provide more access to quality fishing grounds, benefit fishermen, divers and the economies of shore communities,increase total biomass in a given area and provide managers with yet another option for conserving, managing and developing fishery resources.” The degree of attraction or production of an artificial reef may be the direct result of many complex variables,including location of the reef,type of reef materials,life history, behavior of fish species, proximity of natural reefs, age of the reef, and numerous environmentalfactors. Since the majority of artificialreefs have the ability to serve in each capacity,fisheries managers and other reef builders must consider the consequences of production and aggregation of reef fish populations when planning new reefs or establishing management policiesfor future and existing reefs. The wise use of artificialreefs as a potentialtool for fisheries management requires the implementation of sound standards and practices regarding construction, maintenance, and exploitation of all artificialreefs established. 4. Site Selection Reef site selection is one of the most critical decisions in the entire reef building process, and the most frequent cause of artificial reef failures. The construction of artificial reefs began before the scientific community started to develop sound guidelines for site selection. This has lead to artificial reefs being built in locations and at depths that were not suitable for construction. Consequently, many reefs ended up on a shoreline after a storm, disappeared totally, or sank down into the bottom to the point where much,if not all, of their effectiveness was lost (Matthews 1985). The optimum site conditions required for artificial reef deployment depends greatly on their intended purpose and design. Thus it is necessary to invoke the first generic rule ofreef planning,i.e."toidentifythe goalsforthe artificial reef deployment exercise" (Kennish et al. 1999). There are a range of factors that should be taken into account when selecting a site for an artificial reef, these include taking into consideration the physical environment, the biological environment and local users of the area (Heaps et al. 1997). Constraint mapping techniques are commonly used in site selection studies to bring together social, economic and environmental considerations in an overall context (Gordon 1994; Heaps et al. 1997; Kennish et al.1999). Once the physical and biological characteristics of potential sites have been deemed suitable for artificial reef construction, the process of site selection can then encompass stakeholders, including public agencies, businesses, private non-profit organisations, scientists, engineers, managers, users of the resource, as well as the general public. Constraint mapping involves the building up of layers of information concerning areas where some form of constraint exists, for example, user conflict, and environmental or engineering constraints. Computer assisted Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are usually employed to provide a powerful tool enabling these areas of constraint to be represented in a “user friendly” way. The resulting maps then show unconstrained areas in which furtherinvestigations can be focused. As artificial reefs are a relatively new phenomenon in Europe, it is only in recent years, particularly through the action of EARRN, that various studies throughout Europe have been examined comparatively, and that collaboration on a wider scale is beginning to take place. One of the main problems in setting out a European framework for site selection isthat each potentialsite forthe construction of an artificialreef may be subjected to very different physical and biological factors, and constructed for very different uses. Because of these various factors, and due to thelimited knowledge ofthe impact and biological production of artificialreefs in Europe to date,itis best to consider each location using the selection matrix shown in (Fig. 1). 5. Design & Materials The three main aspectsto reef design:the location of the artificial reef, the materials used in it, and the way in which they are arranged are all factors that can be planned and controlled. When any of these factors are neglected,the probability of failure ofthe reefincreases.Inthe past,and to some extent at present, materials 63 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo of opportunity account for a large part of materials used in reef construction, the most basic and com mon materials being rocks. Artisanal fisheries use natural materials that not only include rock but also brush piles and log cribs on the bottom, floating rafts of bamboo, coconut fronds, and cork. A wide variety of materials currently used in the development and construction of artificial reefs globally. Among the oldest habitat enhancement practices is the use of floating structures made of natural materials to attract finfish.In Japan, rocks have been placed either singly, as a pile, in wooden cribs, or in scuttled boats. The traditional Japanese word for an artificial fishing reef “Tsuki Iso” means “constructed shore rock”. Surplus and scrap materials, including derelict ships, automobile bodies, automobile tyres, debris from demolition projects, and even discarded off-shore oil platforms, make up the majority of materials of opportunity. These can usually be obtained at no cost and deployed without assembly or significant Figure 1: Artificial Reef SiteSelection Process (Heaps et al.1997) modification, except for cleaning to eliminate environmental hazards.More recently, waste combustion by-products from fossilfuel-fired electricity generating plants(i.e. mixes of fly ash with flue-gas sulphurisation scrubber sludge) have been experimentallytested (Grove etal. 1991). There has been an increase in man-made materials in the construction of artificial reefs. These include concrete, iron and steel, reinforced concrete (concrete and steel), ceramic, plastic, plastic concrete (concrete mixed with polyethylene, polypropylene, sand, and iron), fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP), and 64 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo asbestos fibre, among others. Structures made from these materials are usually fabricated on land according to particular design specifications.While available in all shapes and sizes, virtually all reefs have been built with some form of tangible benefit in mind. In doing so, reef builders incorporate one or more principles from relevant disciplines such as biology, economics or physical sciences and engineering (Seaman 1996). Biological principles include habitat limitation, habitat complexity, refuge from predators and environmental stress to name but a few. Physical principles deal with strength and stability of reef materials and construction, involving factors such as material science, civil engineering and physical oceanography. Psychological, social and economic aspects of human behaviour also are important when considering reef design, taking into account the requirements of possible end user groups, such as commercial fishermen, sea anglers and SCUBA divers.Throughout the world, there have been huge variations in the shape, size and complexity of blocks used in artificialreefs. Over the course of this research,it has been shown that even though scrap materials and rock can function effectively as artificial reefs when properly handled and sited, the shapes, size, and long-term physical stability and biological productivity afforded by such materials arelessthen ideal. Most ofthe new reef units, particularlyin Japan, are fabricated from reinforced or pre-stressed concrete,steel,fibreglass, or a variety of composite materials. Prefabricated sections are either produced individually at shore staging areas or massproduced at a central location and transported to the staging area. Here they can be combined and built in a variety of configurations thus allowing adjustment to local conditions and needs. While variations may be considerable, most of the large-scale units for fish are designed to provide substantial open space, permit good circulation within the unit, promote current deflections, and project high enough in the water column to attract both reef and mid-water species. Figures 2 to 9 show the variation in designs and materials, which have been utilised in global reef developments. 65 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Figure 3. Concrete blocks used as a reef complex. © CC MS, Dunstaffnage Marine Institute Resources Laboratory. Figure 2.Simple Hollow concrete module (Lok et al., 1999) Figure 4. Japanese reef module “JU M B O” (Mottet, 1981) Figure 6. Abalone Nursey Block (Seaman, 1996) Figure 8. American tyre reefmodules (Collins et al. 1999) 66 Figure 5. Plastic Kelp (Ishikawa, 1976) Figure 7. Reefball © ReefballInternational Figure 9. Spanish Reef module used forhabitat protection (Revenga et al.1996) �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo The OSPAR guidelines on artificial reefs in relation to living marine resources, state with respect to materials used in reef building that: Materials used should be inert.Inert materials being those which do not cause pollution through leaching, physical or chemical weathering and/or biological activity. Physical or chemical weathering of structures may result in increased exposures for sensitive organisms to contaminants and lead to adverse environmental effects. Materials used for the construction of permanent artificial reefs will of necessity be bulky in nature, for example geological material, concrete or steel. No materials should be used for the construction of artificial reefs, which constitute wastes, or other matter whose disposal at sea is otherwise prohibited. 6. Utilisation The uses of artificial reefs can be grouped into three major categories: physical, biological, and recreational. Artificialreefs have in the past exploited various combinations ofthese categories. 6.1. Physical From a physical point of view the utilisation of abandoned structures such as shipwrecks, platforms and stabilised recycled waste materials, could provide a good opportunity for the construction of artificial reefs (Collins & Jensen 1997). Modern coastal defence philosophy has been turning away from the “hard” defences typified by concrete seawalls towards a “soft engineering” approach, absorbing wave energy before itimpacts easily erodible beaches and cliffs. For example, reefs designed for coastal protection may be composed of breakwater blocks. These are typically massive structures with low centres of gravity for high strength and stability, designed to form void spaces when stacked close together to dissipate the energy of waves and currents. Artificial reefs may also be specifically designed to physically protect sensitive biotopes and nursery areas. In areas where small trawling boats violate the law and enter the coastal area where fishing is prohibited, artificial reefs can be used as simple mechanical obstacles. This will enable more fish to develop and thereby increase the biomass of the stocks in the open sea (Bombace 1997). For example, artificial reef projects were implemented between 1988 and 1993 off the Spanish coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, Cantabric Sea (northern Spain) and around the Canary Islands. At depths oflessthen 50m, these shallow reefs were placed in areas where trawling was already prohibited. However, the subsequent discovery of nets, traps and other fishing gear entangled on the reefs proved that fishing bans were often ignored (See Fig 9, Revenga et al. 1997). 6.2. Biological From a biological perspective the enhancement of biomass and biodiversity, particularly in the form of harvestable resources,is one of the main goalsin artificialreef construction programmes. As many studies have focused on specific groups or subjects, it can often be difficult to decide if artificial habitats act only as attractors or contribute to biomass production. While there is no doubt that most reefs can enhance benthic biomass by providing new surfaces for settlement, the main problem is the effective and quantitative measurement of fish biomass and the question of biomass enhancement. Similarly, little attention has been given to understanding the role of artificial reefs in preserving and implementing biodiversity. There is an urgent requirement to standardise research protocols for studying artificial reefs, so that these issues may be clarified. It must also be remembered that while an increase in biomass of harvestable resources is one of the main goals of most artificialreef constructions, protection and restoration of littoral communities and biodiversity must also be considered (Relini & Relini 1997). Com mercially fished crustacea are generally dependent on a hard substratum in which to live. Therefore the role of artificial reefs in lobster stock enhancement is primarily one of either providing habitat where none had existed before, or the modification of a natural habitat. Atleastfour countries, Canada,Israel,the USA and the UK have focused attention on artificial reefs as a specific lobster habitat (Spanier 1991; Jensen & Collins 1992). Although artificial reefs have been shown to effectively support several commercially important lobster species,the economics ofthese reefsinlobster stock enhancement are still being investigated. The best examples of the use of artificial reefs for Molluscan culture comes from Japan, where habitat construction for bivalves has been applied for both soft and hard bottom species enhancement. The aim of these artificial reefs has been to cause stagnation and local accumulation of drifting larvae and eggs, thereby preventing attrition and dispersal of juveniles and thus enhancing their settling opportunity on local grounds. The introduction of such artificial reefs can not only help to improve productivity for molluscs, but also that of other organisms, especially fish (Fabi & Fiorentini 1997). For example, the cubic concrete blocks used frequently in Italian reef construction have also proved to be suitable for benthic and nekto-benthic reef 67 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo dwelling fish. Conversely, concrete cages and floating structures for shellfish culture are mainly effective for pelagic and nekto- benthic species that live inside and around the reef but do not require shelter or physical contact with the structures. Research indicates thatin the future, creation of artificial habitats for molluscs may play an important role in both the enhancement of wild populations and in the establishment of new marine farming grounds on exposed sandy beaches, rocky shores and in estuaries (Fabi et al.1989). Another potential area for the use of artificial reefs is in the seaweed culture sector.There have been a number of cases where artificial reefs have been specifically deployed to encourage the development of seaweeds on a com mercial basis (Falace & Bressan 1997).In Japan, there are currently many projects in operation that are designed to improve the environment for seaweeds, typically Laminaria. These artificial reefs involve placing substrate blocks or rocks at depths suitable for the growth of the most desirable local seaweeds, and are often planned to include sea urchin or abalone culture (Mottet 1981). Artificialreefs are even now being used as a tool in nutrient removal by increasing the amount of hard substrata that can be colonised. Aquatic plants and filter- feeding sessile animals such as mussels and barnacles are among the groups capable of effectively absorbing nutrients (Jensen 1998). The removal of absorbed nutrients is then accomplished through harvesting the biomass. In order to increase the limited knowledge about the economic realism of artificial reefs in nutrient removal, the use of reefs needs to be compared with the solutions used in normal community wastewater treatment.While artificial reefs will always represent alow-efficiency solution for nutrientremoval,itmay also be possibleto achieve alow-cost solution as well. It is mainly for this reason that the concept of nutrient removal with artificial reefs is considered to be worth developing. 6.3. Recreational In addition to their physical and biological uses artificial reefs have been used in more direct and functional roles. Artificial reefs have been utilised to provide more reliable access to fish for recreational fishermen, while also reducing both vessel and automotive fuel consumption. Recreational diving has become an increasingly important source of income to the tourist industry, particularlyin countries such as North America, Australia,and some islands ofthe South Pacific. Artificialreefs are popular with divers as they provide convenient sites with a concentration of fishes and other organisms (Reggio 1989).Ships, concrete, tyres and stone rubble are among the most common materials used for reef construction for divers. Artificial reefs used as dive tour sites are subject to less fishing pressure from the public, asthe high use patterns by dive tour firms preclude much of the fishing activity.W hen used as part of a non-destructive “eco-tourism” dive package, such reefs provide significantly greater economic return than when used for commercial fishery purposes (Brock 1994). In more recent years, surfing has increased in popularity worldwide and there is significant potential for income generated from this activity. The growth rate inthe UK is now about 20% per year. One ofthe biggest constraintstothis growth isthe lack of reasonable surf sites,and severe overcrowding of beaches with the better break waters.However,surfing reefs are now being constructed in Australia and the United States. These reefs also help provide coastal protection as research suggests a tendency for sand to build up on the shoreward side of the reef. 7-Monitoring Upon maturation, colonisation of artificialreefsleads to the establishment of an ecosystem comparable to that of rocky sea bed with high structural complexity. In order to understand the functioning of a reef as a system, all living components, their relationship with the surrounding environment, and all parameters controlling them within a system need to be taken into account (Harmelin & Bellan-Santinin 1997). In recent years the planning and construction of artificial habitats has been directed towards more specific objectives, resulting in a need for the biological sciences to use more specialised methods to quantitatively assess and monitor habitats when determining if objectives are being met. Any reef developments undertaken in Irish waters should ensure that ongoing monitoring is atits core;this should also include predeployment monitoring which is critical for providing baseline data. It is only on the basis of such systematic analysis that a determination astothe success or failure of an artificialreefcan be made. 8. Applications of Artificial Reefs The purposes of artificial reefs around the world can be categorised into habitat creation, enhancement, 68 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo restoration or protection. Additionally, structures that are designed for other functions (such as piers and pontoons) can incidentally serve as artificial reefs. The motivations of different user groups to create artificial reefsinclude: • Fishing enhancement – commercial,recreational or artisanal fishing (Baqueiro & Mendez 1994.); • Tourism / recreational opportunity enhancement – diving, submarine tours (Rhodes et all.1994); • Science – experimentation and research (experimental tool e.g. patch reefs,translocation experiments, techniques for management/restoration) (Ortiz-Prosper et al. 2001); • Mariculture (Bombace 1989.); • Mitigation / compensation (for habitatloss elsewhere) (Muir et al. 1995; Foster et al. 1994); • Conservation of biodiversity (e.g. by providing or enhancing habitat for the re- establishment or enhancement or depleted organisms (e.g.red coral, Corallium rubrum, in Sardinia,Italy (Chessa et al.1993); • Restoration of damaged habitat (e.g. following ship groundings in the USA (Hudson 2004) or coastal development in Singapore (Loh & Chou 2004) • Protection of habitat or control of fishing mortality by using artificial reefs as physical barriers (e.g. to protect seagrass from trawling and exclude fishing operations from designated areas in the Mediterranean Sea (Lok et al. 2002; Guillen et al. 1994; Gomezbuckley & Haroun 1994) • Protected (no-take) artificialreefs for fisheries restoration purposes, particularly in severely over-fished areas such as Hong Kong (Pitcher & Seaman 2000; Wilson et al. 2002). There are three principal sectors involved in the development, deployment and utilisation of reefs globally. These include artisanal fisheries typically centred in coastal Asia, com mercial fishing, located in coastal Asia, the eastern Indian Ocean,the Caribbean and northern Mediterranean basins, and the islands of the South Pacific and recreational fisheries typically found in North America, Australia, and some South Pacific Islands (Seamen & Sprague, 1991). Populations of urban coastal communities include economically disadvantaged individuals that rely on subsistence fishing as a means of nourishment. Shore-based infrastructure such as bridges,jetties, and pilings provide structural benthic relief utilized by commercially and recreationally important shellfish and finfish species. The strategic placement of artificial reefs near waterfront infrastructure has the potentialto enhance shore-based fishing opportunities(Buckley 1982). The enhancement of commercialfishing activities is a primary function of artificial reefsin the Western Pacific (Sheehy & Vic 1982). Italy and France have experimented with a number of reef designs used in support of commercial harvesting of finfish and shellfish species (Bombace 1989).In the United States, most utilization of artificial reefs by commercial fishermen is restricted to benthic artificial reefs constructed primarily for use by recreationalfishermen and sport divers. Artificial reef technology has been applied to the creation of kelp beds, mariculture of shellfish such as oysters and mussels, enhancement of lobster survival, and harvest of pelagic species (Stone 1985).The concept of artificial reefs as a potential method to enhancing commercialfishing activity may be appropriatefor species of shellfish,lobster, and finfish, but more research is necessary before commercialreefs can be implemented on a larger scale. Marine recreationalfishing activities are extremely popularin both inshore and offshore waters. The types and degree of saltwaterfishing activitiesthattake place are linked to the quality of the marine resources, and to the physical resources available to marine anglers in pursuit of these activities. Steinback and Gentner (2001) estimate the total direct and indirect economic activity generated by marine recreational fisheries in Massachusetts was $880 million in 1998. They found that about 800,000 anglers participate in marine recreational fishing, and this number continues to grow. Over 70 different species are landed recreationally in Massachusetts’ waters. Striped bass, tautog, black sea bass, scup, summer and winter flounder, cod, haddock, bluefish and tuna are common recreationally targeted finfish species, as well as American lobster and several shellfish species. Any future artificial reef development efforts must focus on understanding the degree of fishing effort exerted in different regions, by different usergroups, and on different marine resource populations. 9- Conclusions A strategy for artificial reef development needs to be formulated for different area. Such plans exist in other countries: Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Monaco, Spain, Turkey and the USA.The strategy would need to be developed by an inter- departmental body with representation from a range of government departments,state agencies, NG Os, maritime organisations and academic institutions. Monitoring should include pre-deployment monitoring which is criticalfor providing baseline data. Itis only on the basis of such systematic analysisthat a determination as to the success or failure of an artificialreef 69 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo can be made. 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A role for comprehensive planning,geographical, information systems(GIS) technologies and program development in aquatic habitat development. Bulletin of Marine Science 55 (2-3), 995-1013. Grove, R.S., Sonu, C.J. & Nakamura, M., (1991). Design and engineering of manufactured habitats for fisheries enhancement. In Seaman, W. & Sprague, L.M. (eds.) Artificial habitats for marine and freshwater fisheries. Academic Press, San Diego. Pp. 109-152. Guillen JE, et al. (1994). Antitrawling Reefs and the Protection of Posidonia-Oceanica (L) Delile Meadows in the Western Mediterranean-Sea - Demand and Aims. Bulletin of Marine Science. 55(2-3),645-650. Gomezbuckley MC, & Haroun RJ. (1994). Artificial Reefs in the Spanish Coastal Zone.Bulletin of Marine Science. 55(23),1021-1028. Fabi, G., L. Fiorentini, & S. Giannini. (1989). Experimental shellfish culture on artificial reefs in the Adriatic Sea. Bulletin of Marine Science 44(2),923–933. Fabi, G. & Fiorentini, L., ( 1997). Molluscan aquaculture on reefs. In European Artificial Reef Research. Proceedings of the first EARRN conference. March 1996 Ancona, Italy, ed. A.C. Jensen, pp. 123-140. Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Falace, A. & Bressan, G., (1997). Algoculture and artificial reefs. In European Artificial Reef Research. Proceedings of the first EARRN conference. March 1996 Ancona, Italy, ed. A.C. Jensen, pp. 123-140.Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Figley, B. (2004). Artificial reef management plan for New Jersey. Draft for Review. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Fish and Wildlife Division. 116pp. Foster KL, et al. (1994). Mitigation Potential of Habitat Replacement - Concrete Artificial Reef in Delaware Bay Preliminary-Results. Bulletin of Marine Science. 55(2-3),783-795. Fujisawa et al.(1991) The Artificial reefs experiment in Thailand SEAFDEC,TD/RES/29. 78p. Harmelin, J.G. & Bellan-Santinin, D., ( 1997). Assessment of biomass and production of artificial reef communities. In European Artificial Reef Research. Proceedings of the first EARRN conference. March 1996 Ancona, Italy, ed. A.C. Jensen, pp. 123-140. Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Heaps, L.M., Picken, G.B. & Ray, S., ( 1997). Site Selection and environmental criteria - a case study. In European Artificial Reef Research. Proceedings of the first EARRN conference. March 1996 Ancona, Italy, ed. A.C. Jensen, pp. 123140. Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Hudson JH. (2004). Assessment and restoration of the M/V Wellwood grounding site, Molasses Reef, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Florida, USA. in 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, 28 Jun -2 Jul 2004. Ishikawa Prefecture Fisheries Experimental Station. (1976). Noto Chiiki Gyogyo Kaihatsu Chosa Hokokusho.Report on Investigations for Fisheries Development in the Noto Region. 73pp. Report on fish attractors. (In Japanese) Institute of Technology, Tralee, (1997). Survey of Sea Angling in the South West of Ireland - Ballycotton to Kerry Head. Central Fisheries Board & Bord Iascaigh Mhara. Jensen, A. C., ed. (1997). European artifcial reef research proceedings of the first EARRN conference. Southhampton Oceanography Centre Ancona, Italy. Jensen, A.C., (1998). Introduction to the Final report of the European Artificial Reef Research Network (EARRN). SUDO/TEC/98/11. June 1998. Kennish, R., Wilson, K.D.P., Lo, J., Clarke, S.C. & Laister, S., (1999). Selecting Sites for large scale deployment of artificial reefs in Hong Kong: constraint mapping and prioritisation techniques. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Reefs and Related Aquatic Habitats (7thCARAH). October 7-11, 1999 Sanremo, Italy. Ed. Relini, G., Ferrara, G., Massaro, E. pp 182-189 Loh T & Chou LM. (2004). Fibreglass artificial reef units as a method of reef rehabilitation in the sedimented waters of the southern islands of Singapore. in 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa, 28 Jun -2 Jul 2004. Lok, A., Metin, C., Ulas, A. & Tokac, A., (1998). The comparison of the effects on fish compositions of artificial reef in the two designs off Dalyankoy (Izmir, Turkey): preliminary result. In European Artificial Reef Research Network (EARRN) 71 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Final Report & Recommendations June 1998. Lök,A., Metin,C., Ulaş,A., Düzbastılar,F.O., Tokaç,A. (2002) Artificial reefs in Turkey. ICES Journal of Marine Science, Vol.59:192-195 Love, M.S., D.M. Schroeder & W.H. Lenarz. (2005). Distribution of bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) and cowcod (Sebastes levis) around oil platforms and natural outcrops off California with implications for larval production. Bulletin of Marine Science. 77(3): 397-408. Marine Institute, (1999). Ireland's Marine and Coastal Areas and Adjacent Seas: An Environmental Assessment. Quality Status Report. Prepared by the Marine Institute on behalf of the Departments of Environment & Local Government and Marine & Natural Resources, Dublin, 1999. 381pp + appendices. Mathews, H., ( 1985) Physical and Geological Aspects of Artificial Reef Site Selection. Pp. 141-148. In F.M. D'Itri, editor. Artificial reefs: Marine and freshwater applications. Lewis Publishers, Inc. Chelsea, Michigan. Milon, J. W. (1989). Economic evaluation of artificial habitat for fisheries: progress and challenges. Bulletin of Marine Science 44(2),831–843. Mottet, M.G., ( 1981). Enhancement of the marine environment for fisheries and aquaculture in Japan, Technical Report 69.Washington Department of fisheries, Olympia. Muir WC, et al. (1995). Mitigation potential of habitat replacement: Artificial reef replacement for fisheries enhancement in shallow waters of the Delaware Bay. In Second annual marine and estuarine shallow water science and management conference., U.S. EPA, Philadelphia, PA (USA) p. 51. Myatt, E.N. & D. O. Myatt. (1992). Florida artificial reef development plan. Florida Department of Natural Resources. Division of Marine Resources. Office of Management and Assistance Services. 176 pp. Ortiz-Prosper AL, et al. 2001. Planting small massive corals on small artificial concrete reefs or dead coral heads. Bulletin of Marine Science. 69(2),1047-1051. Pitcher TJ, & Seaman W Jr. (2000). Petrarch's Principle: how protected human-made reefs can help the reconstruction of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Fish Fisheries. 1(1):73-81. Polovina JJ, & Sakai I. (1989). Impacts of artificial reefs on fishery production in Shimamaki, Japan. Bulletin of Marine Science. 44(2), 997-1003. Reggio, V.C., & Compiler, Jr. (1989)Petroleum structures as artificial reefs: A compendium.Proceedings of the fourth International Conference on Artificial Habitats for Fisheries, Rigs-to-Reefs Special Session, November 4, 1987, Miami, Florida, OCS Study/MMS 89-0021. U.S. Minerals Management Service, New Orleans, Louisiana. Relini, G. & Relini, M., ( 1997). Biomass on artificial reefs. In European Artificial Reef Research Proceedings of the first EARRN conference. March 1996 Ancona, Italy, ed. A.C. Jensen,pp.123-140. Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Revenga, S., Fernandez, F., Gonzalez, J.L. & Santaella, E., (1997). Artificial reefs in Spain: the regulatory framework. In European Artificial Reef Research. Proceedings of the first EARRN conference. March 1996 Ancona, Italy, ed. A.C. Jensen, pp. 123-140. Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Rhodes RJ, Bell M, & Pomeroy RS, (1994). Scuba diver expenditures associated with South Carolina's artificial reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science, 55(2-3),1350 Seaman, W. Jr., (1995). Artificial habitats for fish. In Encyclopedia of EnvironmentalBiology, Academic Press. Pp. 93-104. Seaman, W., (1996). Does the level of design influence success of an artificial reef? In European Artificial Reef Research.Proceedings of the first EARRN conference. March 1996 Ancona, Italy, ed. A.C. Jensen, pp. 123-140. outhampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton. Seaman, W. Jr. & Sprague, L.C.,( 199)1.Artificial habitat practices in aquatic systems. In Seaman, W. Jr. & Sprague, L.C. (eds.) Artificial habitats for marine and freshwater fisheries. Academic Press, New York. Pp 1-29. Stone, R.B., Sprague, L.M. McGurrin, J.M. & Seaman, Jr. W., (1991). Artificial habitats of the world: synopsis and major trends. In Seaman, Jr. W. and Sprague, L.M. (eds.) Artificial Habitats for marine and freshwater fisheries. Published by Academic Press Inc. pp 31-60. 72 �1st International Syposium on Sustainable Development, June 9-10 2009, Sarajevo Sheehy, D.J. & S.F. Vik. (1982). Japanese artificial reef technology. AquabioTechnical Report 604. 382 pp. Sheehy, D.J. (1985). New approaches in artificial reef design and applications. In: D'Itri, F. (ed.) Artificial Reefs - Marine and Freshwater Applications. Lewis Publishers, Inc. Chelsea, MI. 253-263. Pickering, H., D. Whitmarsh, & A. Jensen. (1998). Artificial reefs as a tool to aid rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems: Investigating the potential. Marine Pollution Bulletin 37(8–12), 505–514. Spanier, E. (1993). What are the characteristics of a good artificial reef for lobsters? Crustaceana 67(2),173 -186. Spongpan,K., & Singtothong, U., (1992) Reefs Coral and artificial reef.Thai Fisheries 45(5);999-1014 (inThai) Steinback, S. & B. Gentner. (2001). Marine angler expenditures in the Northeast region, 1998. U.S.Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS-F/SP0-47. 72pp. Stephens, J. Jr., and D. Pondella. (2002). Larval productivity of a mature artificial reef: the ichthyoplankton of King Harbor, California, 1974–1997. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 59: S51–S58. Stone, R.B. ( 1985). History of artificial reef use in the U. S. In Frank M. D'Itri, ed. Artificial Reefs, marine and freshwater applications, Lewis Publishers, Inc. Chelsea, MI. 3-9. Turner, C.H., E.E. Ebert & R.R. Given.(1969). Man-made reef ecology. California Fish and Game Bulletin. 146: 221 pp. Wilson KDP, Leung AWY, & Kennish R. (2002). Restoration of Hong Kong fisheries through deployment of artificial reefs in marine protected areas. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 59(Supplement 1): S157-S163. 73 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 474 Title A name given to the resource Getting Increase of the Aquaculture Population and Varieties with the Artificial Habitats Author Author Guner, Yusuf Can, Erkan Kayim, Murathan Turkmen, Gurel Canyurt, Mehmet Ali Abstract A summary of the resource. The significance and protection of the biological diversity in the continental waters of countries in the world has become one of the concerns which should be addressed as a matter of urgency. The scientists consistently underline the fact that several species are endangered to extinct and that the number and population of such species are gradually decreasing. There observed many causes of the extinction of the species. The heavily increase of the human population is the most important reason for this. Such a heavy increase leads to establishment of new settlement areas and constriction of the wild life. In this case, the number of wild species extinct rapidly. Several scientists and members of the nature protection organizations are aware of this particular case and conduct studies to protect the natural environment of the wild life. In this context, the wild life should be given the chance to reproduce through formation of the national parks and natural protection zones. Such parks and zones should function as a shelter for some of the wild species. However, the measures always include the inland environments. As a matter of fact, sea and lake ecosystems should also be protected. It is a well known fact that one of the most important reasons of the species leading their lives in the inland waters is the excessive fishing. When the environmental pollution is taken into account, the descendance of several species is left to chance. In addition global warming and climatic changes may have an impact on this particular matter. In this case, it can be argued that various fisheries in the continental waters may extinct. It is an inevitable fact that the scientific studies to be conducted to increase the population of the fisheries and water products in the lakes and rivers of the country through promoting the survival of miscellaneous fishes and aqua Formation of artificial habitats in the lakes and rivers and such other appropriate locations may be of importance in the future. In this context, our study will bear a torch on the researches to be conducted for the ecological and sustainable water resources. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/38ca4c1ccdd27b323448c6716f7adc94.docx 72157639d56304ee070a7e788eabef4c https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/198699c4c0eff774bad3b40d160abdc8.pdf c4744a37136cfbec3dac8fe0e8867e42 PDF Text Text GİRİTLİ AŞKÎ VE DİVANI Kadir ALPER Gaziantep Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Türkçe Eğitimi Bölümü, Gaziantep / Türkiye Anahtar Kelimeler: Girit, Aşkî, Tasavvuf, Edebiyat. ÖZET Giritli Aşkî XVIII. ve XIX. Yüzyıllar arasında yaşamış, eserleriyle tasavvufî geleneğin devamı hususunda gayret göstermiş olan bir mutasavvıf-şâirdir. İstanbullu Şeyh İbrahim Hanif‟ten mezun olduktan sonra Girit‟te Şeyh olarak söz konusu tarikatın öğretilerini yaymaya gayret etmiş ve büyük bir olasılıkla bu adada vefât etmiştir. Aşkî‟nin divanından başka yine tasavvufî konuları içeren manzum ve mensur eserleri bulunmaktadır ancak en önemli eseri divanıdır. Onun divanı elif-bâ sırasına göre tertip edilmiş olup klasik edebiyattaki “mürettep divan” kalıbına uymamaktadır. Şair, aruz ve hece ölçülerini kullanmış buna paralel olarak da divan ve halk edebiyatlarında görülen nazım biçimlerinde 301 adet manzume kaleme almıştır. Bazı manzumelerin ise ölçüsü ve nazım biçimi belirlenememiştir. Onun divanında kaside bulunmamaktadır. Gazel, murabba, muhammes, müseddes, koşma örnekleri ise divanda bol miktarda görülmektedir. Aşkî‟nin şiirleri içerisinde tevhîd, münâcât, n„at, nasihat-nâme, zikirnâme, nutuk, nefes, düvazdeh türlerinde değerlendirilebilecek bir hayli örnek bulunmaktadır. Şiirlerinde tam ve yarım kafiyeler kullanmakla birlikte şairin, pek çok mutasavvıf-şairde olduğu gibi, kafiye dışında ses benzerliklerinden yararlanarak şiir ahengini oluşturmaya çalıştığı görülmektedir. Aşkî‟nin şiirleri sade Türkçe ile kaleme alınmış olup didaktik ağırlığı olmakla birlikte yer yer lirizmi bünyesinde barındıran samimi, ölçülü bir ifadeye sahiptir. Onun şiirlerinde karmaşık ibareler ve anlaşılması zor mazmunlar, iç içe geçmiş edebî sanatlara pek rastlanmaz. Tasavvufî sembolizm ise her mutasavvıf şairde olduğu kadar Aşkî‟de de olması gerektiği kadar görülmektedir. Dilinde Eski Anadolu Türkçesi [EAT] ve Çağatay Türkçesine ait kelimelerin görülmesi de şairin ilgi çeken hususiyetlerindendir. Aşkî‟nin şiirleri, didaktik ve lirik özellikler taşımakla birlikte öğreticilik yanı ağır basmaktadır. Aşkî, her mutasavvıf-şair gibi çağından yakınmış, rind ü melamet meşrebi gereğince gösteriş ve şekilcilikten kurtulup öze dönüşü, samimi olmayı arzulamıştır. Kendisi, Kâdirî tarikatına mensup bir şâir olduğu halde Alevî-meşrep çizgide yer alan söylemiyle dikkati çekmektedir. Ayrıca yine söz konusu çevrelerde daha çok görülen edebî türlerde kaleme aldığı manzumeleri, Sünnî- Alevî etkileşimini somut olarak belgeleyen örneklerdendir. Giritli Aşkî‟nin, şiirlerinden anlaşıldığı üzere Fuzulî, Bâkî, Yunus Emre, Niyâzî-i Mısrî, Nesimî, Molla Câmî, Urfî gibi şâir ve mutasavvıflardan etkilendiği görülmektedir. Böyle bir etkileşimle meydana getirdiği divanı ve diğer eserleriye şair, “Adalar Türk Edebiyatı” diye isimlendirilebilecek bir edebî sahanın tesis edilmesinde önemli bir yer tutmuştur. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2220 Title A name given to the resource GİRİTLİ AŞKÎ VE DİVANI Author Author ALPER, Kadir Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Girit, Aşkî, Tasavvuf, Edebiyat. ÖZET Giritli Aşkî XVIII. ve XIX. Yüzyıllar arasında yaşamış, eserleriyle tasavvufî geleneğin devamı hususunda gayret göstermiş olan bir mutasavvıf-şâirdir. İstanbullu Şeyh İbrahim Hanif‟ten mezun olduktan sonra Girit‟te Şeyh olarak söz konusu tarikatın öğretilerini yaymaya gayret etmiş ve büyük bir olasılıkla bu adada vefât etmiştir. Aşkî‟nin divanından başka yine tasavvufî konuları içeren manzum ve mensur eserleri bulunmaktadır ancak en önemli eseri divanıdır. Onun divanı elif-bâ sırasına göre tertip edilmiş olup klasik edebiyattaki “mürettep divan” kalıbına uymamaktadır. Şair, aruz ve hece ölçülerini kullanmış buna paralel olarak da divan ve halk edebiyatlarında görülen nazım biçimlerinde 301 adet manzume kaleme almıştır. Bazı manzumelerin ise ölçüsü ve nazım biçimi belirlenememiştir. Onun divanında kaside bulunmamaktadır. Gazel, murabba, muhammes, müseddes, koşma örnekleri ise divanda bol miktarda görülmektedir. Aşkî‟nin şiirleri içerisinde tevhîd, münâcât, n„at, nasihat-nâme, zikir- nâme, nutuk, nefes, düvazdeh türlerinde değerlendirilebilecek bir hayli örnek bulunmaktadır. Şiirlerinde tam ve yarım kafiyeler kullanmakla birlikte şairin, pek çok mutasavvıf-şairde olduğu gibi, kafiye dışında ses benzerliklerinden yararlanarak şiir ahengini oluşturmaya çalıştığı görülmektedir. Aşkî‟nin şiirleri sade Türkçe ile kaleme alınmış olup didaktik ağırlığı olmakla birlikte yer yer lirizmi bünyesinde barındıran samimi, ölçülü bir ifadeye sahiptir. Onun şiirlerinde karmaşık ibareler ve anlaşılması zor mazmunlar, iç içe geçmiş edebî sanatlara pek rastlanmaz. Tasavvufî sembolizm ise her mutasavvıf şairde olduğu kadar Aşkî‟de de olması gerektiği kadar görülmektedir. Dilinde Eski Anadolu Türkçesi [EAT] ve Çağatay Türkçesine ait kelimelerin görülmesi de şairin ilgi çeken hususiyetlerindendir. Aşkî‟nin şiirleri, didaktik ve lirik özellikler taşımakla birlikte öğreticilik yanı ağır basmaktadır. Aşkî, her mutasavvıf-şair gibi çağından yakınmış, rind ü melamet meşrebi gereğince gösteriş ve şekilcilikten kurtulup öze dönüşü, samimi olmayı arzulamıştır. Kendisi, Kâdirî tarikatına mensup bir şâir olduğu halde Alevî-meşrep çizgide yer alan söylemiyle dikkati çekmektedir. Ayrıca yine söz konusu çevrelerde daha çok görülen edebî türlerde kaleme aldığı manzumeleri, Sünnî- Alevî etkileşimini somut olarak belgeleyen örneklerdendir. Giritli Aşkî‟nin, şiirlerinden anlaşıldığı üzere Fuzulî, Bâkî, Yunus Emre, Niyâzî-i Mısrî, Nesimî, Molla Câmî, Urfî gibi şâir ve mutasavvıflardan etkilendiği görülmektedir. Böyle bir etkileşimle meydana getirdiği divanı ve diğer eserleriye şair, “Adalar Türk Edebiyatı” diye isimlendirilebilecek bir edebî sahanın tesis edilmesinde önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2223 Title A name given to the resource GİRİTLİ AŞKÎ VE DİVANI Author Author ALPER, Kadir Abstract A summary of the resource. Anahtar Kelimeler: Girit, Aşkî, Tasavvuf, Edebiyat. ÖZET Giritli Aşkî XVIII. ve XIX. Yüzyıllar arasında yaşamış, eserleriyle tasavvufî geleneğin devamı hususunda gayret göstermiş olan bir mutasavvıf-şâirdir. İstanbullu Şeyh İbrahim Hanif‟ten mezun olduktan sonra Girit‟te Şeyh olarak söz konusu tarikatın öğretilerini yaymaya gayret etmiş ve büyük bir olasılıkla bu adada vefât etmiştir. Aşkî‟nin divanından başka yine tasavvufî konuları içeren manzum ve mensur eserleri bulunmaktadır ancak en önemli eseri divanıdır. Onun divanı elif-bâ sırasına göre tertip edilmiş olup klasik edebiyattaki “mürettep divan” kalıbına uymamaktadır. Şair, aruz ve hece ölçülerini kullanmış buna paralel olarak da divan ve halk edebiyatlarında görülen nazım biçimlerinde 301 adet manzume kaleme almıştır. Bazı manzumelerin ise ölçüsü ve nazım biçimi belirlenememiştir. Onun divanında kaside bulunmamaktadır. Gazel, murabba, muhammes, müseddes, koşma örnekleri ise divanda bol miktarda görülmektedir. Aşkî‟nin şiirleri içerisinde tevhîd, münâcât, n„at, nasihat-nâme, zikir- nâme, nutuk, nefes, düvazdeh türlerinde değerlendirilebilecek bir hayli örnek bulunmaktadır. Şiirlerinde tam ve yarım kafiyeler kullanmakla birlikte şairin, pek çok mutasavvıf-şairde olduğu gibi, kafiye dışında ses benzerliklerinden yararlanarak şiir ahengini oluşturmaya çalıştığı görülmektedir. Aşkî‟nin şiirleri sade Türkçe ile kaleme alınmış olup didaktik ağırlığı olmakla birlikte yer yer lirizmi bünyesinde barındıran samimi, ölçülü bir ifadeye sahiptir. Onun şiirlerinde karmaşık ibareler ve anlaşılması zor mazmunlar, iç içe geçmiş edebî sanatlara pek rastlanmaz. Tasavvufî sembolizm ise her mutasavvıf şairde olduğu kadar Aşkî‟de de olması gerektiği kadar görülmektedir. Dilinde Eski Anadolu Türkçesi [EAT] ve Çağatay Türkçesine ait kelimelerin görülmesi de şairin ilgi çeken hususiyetlerindendir. Aşkî‟nin şiirleri, didaktik ve lirik özellikler taşımakla birlikte öğreticilik yanı ağır basmaktadır. Aşkî, her mutasavvıf-şair gibi çağından yakınmış, rind ü melamet meşrebi gereğince gösteriş ve şekilcilikten kurtulup öze dönüşü, samimi olmayı arzulamıştır. Kendisi, Kâdirî tarikatına mensup bir şâir olduğu halde Alevî-meşrep çizgide yer alan söylemiyle dikkati çekmektedir. Ayrıca yine söz konusu çevrelerde daha çok görülen edebî türlerde kaleme aldığı manzumeleri, Sünnî- Alevî etkileşimini somut olarak belgeleyen örneklerdendir. Giritli Aşkî‟nin, şiirlerinden anlaşıldığı üzere Fuzulî, Bâkî, Yunus Emre, Niyâzî-i Mısrî, Nesimî, Molla Câmî, Urfî gibi şâir ve mutasavvıflardan etkilendiği görülmektedir. Böyle bir etkileşimle meydana getirdiği divanı ve diğer eserleriye şair, “Adalar Türk Edebiyatı” diye isimlendirilebilecek bir edebî sahanın tesis edilmesinde önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-17 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2203-4548 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/794ad90f218407851b3c8bf00d9f3c0b.pdf dcb5657aeca84a558cae00e79157c166 PDF Text Text GIS Integration And Evolution Into The Albanian System Education And Market Hysenaj, M 1, Barjami, R. 2 1University of Shkodër, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Geography, Shkodër, Albania 2University of Durrës, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Department of Economy, Durrës, Albania E –mails: medjonhysenaj@hotmail.com, rezartabarjami@hotmail.com Abstract This paper offers a general overview of GIS integration as a curricula and technology in the Albanian Education System. Basically it presents the evolution history of this technology, the development environment and the efforts of a closer approach to the state and private institutions. A detailed analysis will be performed between the growing market needs in Albania for GIS utilities and the handicap due to the lack of experts in geospatial technology. Results of a questionnaire survey in the university areas will be presented, where students expressed their approach to GIS technology. The need to build a complete chain of GIS curricula beginning from secondary school level up to graduate and master programms is necessary to be accomplished. Many problematic fields in Albania like flood management, population census, transport, urbanization, pollution, turism, illegal constructions, professional orientation, etc which are subjects of topic interest in many universitary courses require the use of GIS utilities. In this article it is discussed the position of GIS in the university system and the major efforts departments must carry out in increasing interaction between each other followed by a substantial intervention of the proper government institutions to the benefit of GIS development. “Albania in the age of internet” is the latest reform the government is implementing, with the scope of informing young people mainly in rural areas to develop ICT infrastructure basically in public schools and state offices, which will have a powerful impact in GIS developing technology in Albania. Keywords: Gis, education, university, technology, department, curricula 1.INTRODUCTION The role of higher education is to assist students in becoming effective thinkers with the knowledge and skills that will lead them toward becoming meaningful contributors to society [9]. Today, more and more schools are including GIS in their curricula to help their students 380 �gain valuable background knowledge and skills which they need to face global challenges. Three are the main reasons GIS has known a rapid development in Albania especially in the last years; education, internet and the growing market needs for geospatial data. For each of these categories we are going to present a full picture containing their weak and strong points. Meanwhile other countries had a faster approach to GIS technology, in Albania we found the first signs of GIS usage about eighteen years ago. The first institution that decided to embrace the implementation of a GIS system was the Science Geographic Academy of Albania in 1994, followed by the department of Geography near the University of Tirana in 1999 as a single course part of the undergraduate program. Even though at a slow pace GIS profile has evolved since then. Nowadays GIS is integrated as a single course in the undergraduate program in the Universities of Shkodra and Gjirokastra in the departments of Geography, Architecture and Urban Planning, Geodesy, Computer Sciences and Geology departments in the university of Tirana, but it still remains part of the undergraduate program. Once again the department of Geography in Tirana advanced forward by integrating GIS subject as part of a graduate program at the Proffessional Master level. But we have to ask ourself: Is that enough? How come that besides the great potential this technology affords, the vast usage in some of the crucial sectors governments dispose, the known advantages in the education field in enforcing group collaboration, increasing students creatitvity and interactivity, offering methodologies in gathering, analyzing and outputting data, coming to concrete results and conclusions, building complex reports and diagrams in a short time period, helping decision-making and understanding situations, enlarging human knowledge in an upper level, institutions in Albania are still doubtful in approaching this technology. Today more than ever Albania is facing specific circumstances that require GIS implementation in finding solutions and also helping decision-making. 2.GIS Education in Albania Geographic Information Systems in higher education provide an integrated solution to assist faculties and students with their educational goals. The advance of GIS has opened up millions of employment opportunities. More than 3,000 colleges and universities have developed excellent courses and certificate and degree programs in GIS [10]. GIS has a vast extent starting from government level down to municipality or commune. In the state universities of Albania GIS is introduced only as a single general course called Geographical Information Systems, including this way a compressed program that many times results to be inadequate to be acquired by students. The main reason of this phenomenon is the fact that GIS is developed only at a single level in the Albanian Education Institutions which is the 381 �state university. The lack of the subject development at the secondary school level is the primary reason of such a handicap. The major problem is the lack of geospatial information. In Albania only few institutions have operational GIS databases. We are facing the fact that mostly of geographic data is owned by private agencies for their personal needs, using inconsistent data which is mostly not updated. Inadequate development of geospatial technology is also closely connected with the evolution of computer science. In 2009, as reported in Figure 1, among 9478 students graduated in public universities, only 171 belonged to computer science profile [5]. Figure 1: Computer Science attendance toward (compared) other fields Still, it remains determinant the increasing role the government is playing through substantial reforms which aim to develop internet utilities in a large scale environment in Albania. The results are optimistic, during the last two years in the department of Informatic in the University of Tirana the number of students applying for computer science increased from 70 to 500 students. Departments can and should integrate into their annual programs GIS course. The stimulation point can be succeeded by orienting GIS utilities into the current problematic situations. Departments can find it easier te embrace geospatial technology as a solution possibility to their barriers. Biology department can benefit from GIS by studying the degradation process the lake of Shkoder is facing day after day, accompanied by radical changes in vegetation and animal life. Geography department can better approach analysis to flood management in the districts of Shkoder and Lezha. Inundations have become endemic to the region, causing huge economic and social damages [8]. On the other side transport problems, pollution, illegal construction, minerary, deforestation, urbanization, population census are only a few of the many topics that can use GIS as an analytical tool in their specific scientific discipline by the respective departments in the Albanian Universities. Dealing with geospatial data is strictly connected with terrain practice. This way we can develop students concept and knowledge about GIS structure and give a sense to their theoretical conceptions. Unfortunately we have not reached this stage, which remarks us 382 �(specialists of the field) the essential task of digitizing the Albanian territory with updated geospatial information [1]. First of all this process needs the government enrollment which must be the primary support in fulfilling this mission basically by covering finanacial, logistic and technical aspect. Second it is important the collaboration between universities and private agencies offering their field experts. Actually laboratory practices are limited up to data manipulation and not data creation. Which means that we do not have the proper conditions to accomplish a full map process including data collection, data processing and output. Another problematic situation students have to face is the lack of teaching materials. Actually there are only a few books translated into Albanian language that address topics connected to GIS. These books contain basic GIS principles, technical and management issues, remote sensing, digital mapping. A set of surveys, as shown in Figure 2 and 3, involving 1000 students were made. The outcome of this surveys intended to define the relation between their approach toward GIS as a concept and GIS utilities. Figure 2: Results of approach toward Web Pages based on GIS Software The results were very interesting. In the first survey students were asked to mention three of their most used web sites. The top five were ranked. Interestingly “Google Map” is among these web sites. Which means that students are looking forward to interact with dynamic maps and not just navigate in the internet. Also these students where asked about their knowledge of the term GIS. From the results we see that 87% of them didn’t know what GIS meant, 11% were familiar to the concept and only 2% of them had the chance to use GIS utilities. This is a meaningful contrast to the fact that students use GIS applications like Google Map, Google Earth, etc but are not aware of the concept of dynamic maps. 383 �Figure 3: GIS integration into the University Environment According to statistics it results that among many annual conferences that take place in Albania none of them refers to Geographic Information Systems as a primary field or topic to relay on. This induce the necessity of paying greater attention by the departments in introducing step by step GIS as a modern and undisputed technology. Gradually it is neccesary to start from several national conferences followed by international ones. Also another issue is the fact that students prefer to avoid GIS profile subjects as a possible theme during their master thesis (either professional or scientific) defending. So far no such thesis has been deposited near the departments archive. This is another delicate point which requires the intervention of the Ministry of Education (MASH). 3.GIS Exploitation Environment The Albanian population and Housing census held in October 2011 after ten years from the last one (2001) is another determinant factor in evolving geospatial technology. The overall objective of the project is to contribute to the strengthening of the Albanian statistical system. In Albania the need for a census is perhaps greater than anywhere else, and the extracted information will be of great importance to many departments subjects like geography, statistic, history, engineering, politic, etc. It will have an immediate effect on policies, but it will also provide material for further profound studies. GIS is the perfect platform to hold, manage and analyze all the data, also to produce important diagrams and reports reflecting the geographical distribution of the population in Albania in the recent years. According to statistics it is thought that during January 2011 Albanian finally passed from a rural to urban country. There is also an important evolution in fertility, since on average families nowdays have fewer children than before. The profound changes in the health system also have had its effects on the age distribution. The outcome of the census will answer many important questions on various issues. This way GIS turns out to be the perfect tool that will finally integrate these data into dynamic maps which with allow us not only make parallelisms 384 �between periods but also produce better results in comparison to the previous used softwares like Excel, etc. After flood inundation in Shkoder during 2010, 2011 from the World Bank has been granted a fund of €50.000 for the construction of the laboratory of researches for natural hazards management which will be administrated by the department of Geography in the University of Shkoder. The scope of the laboratory is intended not only for research, acquisition, integration, management, analysis and presentation of spatial data but also to provide for the students suitable conditions for developing their theoretical and practical background on advanced GIS technologies. This is the first project to be initiated under the survey of an academic institution for an important issue such as flood rather than any government unit. This trend aims to be a future incentive for other departments to create a parallel operating level system with those supervised by the ministery. On the other hand it puts in evidence the need for re-training teachers to integrate their concepts and technology into the spatial decision process. 4.GIS Market in Albania In Albania, as shown in Figure 4, there are 38 private universities and 11 state universities which make a total of 49 universities for a population of 3.2 million. According to statistics [5] for the last 10 years more than 65 thousand students graduated but only 16 thousand could get employed. This category tend to manage mainly through small private business activities in a competitive environment which requires high qualification and effective performance in retreiving valuable information from the sorrounding area, save traces of where customers or other competitive businesses are distributed, plan a marketing campaign, optimize sales territory, etc. Due to this situation GIS course turns out to be a sustainable support to their background knowledges which will lead them to a successful performance. GIS allows interactivity, querying, makes us understand better and evaluate the data by creating graphical presentation through information derived from databases [1]. The economic crisis that has affected the world in recent years has made it possible for many organizations to restructure their operating practices. Many of these businesses are aware of finding new ways to develop their activities, primarily through internal sources. Now is the time to invest in geographic information systems, a solution that has helped many organizations to overcome their operational challenges and increase profits. 385 �Figure 4: Private University development (2003-2011) Source: INSTAT According to statistics only in private universities we find 229 curriculas included into different levels of programs like Bachelor, Master of Science or Proffesional Master. The contrast in this scenario is that during the last five years the number of private universities in Albania has almost decuplicated but none of them offers a GIS course. Many of the Albanian private universities have close connections with homologue Europian Universities including student professional exchange, mutual experience exchange, revealing a clear tendency in strictly approaching their way of management and administration of the study process. Despite everything it is clearly visible their policy consists in avoiding geoscience subjects. Regardless their vision they stand as business institutions which try to find the best products to offer to the market. Being the first to understand the major market needs, private institutions insist in neglecting GIS potential in the Albanian mart. They focus on social and economic curriculas which actually are easier to integrate and adopt rather than hazard to involve students into a course that still suffers from government indifference in launching this “product” on the market and at the same time simulate private companies in embracing the idea of GIS position. This scenario reflects their pessimistic point of view according to GIS technology. Their choice not to introduce GIS into their curricula makes us believe that although GIS usage in Albania has evolved and has found more space in the Albanian market than before, private university boards are still doubtful of its real capabilities and potential. 386 �Up to now Albanian market has been handled from a range of people that have been a kind of “forced-adopted” experts in environment conditions who suffered from the lack of real geoinformatic experts. That’s why very often geospatial tasks have been performed from geographers who had little informatic knowledge or vice-versa from technic informaticians who held the responsibility to manipulate and manage geographic information, producing a range of non-professional results. Nowadays the market in Albania is eager in finding new human resources specialised in geospatial information management which can help them solve many important issues getting away from simple techniques used lately. The Digital Albania program is one of the many future projects that require GIS experts. State institutions like the prefecture, municipality, commune, private organizations and many other NPO’s are more than ever aware about the great importance of dynamic maping and satellite imageries, followed by the integration of these concepts and technology into the spatial decision making processes in the country. Especially last years Albanian institutions faced a vigorous interaction with Europian agencies. Many funds have been granted with the scope of developing research projects towards problematics affecting Albania. Many of these projects need accurate data of the territory mainly geospatial information. This leads to an increasing demand for dynamic maps and as a result of GIS utilities. 5.Internet Evolution The evolution of GIS in Albanian has been strictly connected to the evolution of Internet. The number of Internet users is an important indicator because it reflects the spread of information technology in one place, and information exchange globally [1]. Actually Albanian government is following a strong policy named “Albania in the age of the internet”, which aims to push Albania among the countries with the highest internet usage in Europe. This has caused an immediate affect not only in the extend of internet distribution but also in laboratory equipments. Internet conditions as speed, availability, price and professionalism had a great improvement. Also almost all secondary schools have been equipped with new laboratories. This has caused a closer approach to the internet as far as the students are concerned, and online softwares like “Google Earth”, “Google Map”, or Esri applications which only a couple of years ago were unknown for many people, now have turned familiar, easy to use and manage. 387 �The World Economic Forum (WEF) has published a global report according to which Albania has improved its global ranking of The Networked Readiness Index 2012 by 19 places within a year positioning itself in the 68-th place gaining the right ta be part among the ten most improved countries in the NRI. This index has been calculated based on four primary sub-indexes which are: the regulatory-politic for the information technology, improvement of digital infrastructure; management of e-skills and services; using information technology by the population, biznes or government units; social and economic impact. Technology primary sub-index sectors (Comparative level 2011-2012) Rank Increase Political and regulatory environment for the information technology, infrastructure Management of e-skills and services 13 24 Using information technology by the population, biznes or government units 17 Social and economic impact of the technology 18 Figure 5: Technology profile sectors, increase position, (2011-2012) Source: World Economic Forum: Albania The Internet and Communication Technology sector is rapidly expanding in Albania because it is both a stand-alone sector as well as a cross-cutting enabling technology for other industries [11]. Basically we have the neccesary tools to aim at developing GIS image in the market and institutional levels. Another element of minor impact in the development of GIS technology is the integration of GPS systems through a law recently approved in Albania by which the custom duties for cars has been removed. This way the percentage of imported cars produced recent years has increased rapidly, most of these cars have GPS systems included. 6.CONCLUSIONS Due to many indicative factors in the past geospatial technology missed the evolution backbone in Albania. The integration process walked through small steps which didn’t show to be determinant. The set of surveys show that the environment is ready for approaching this technology. Conditions are already mature, the increasing role the government is playing through substantial reforms toward internet extension, the vast expansion of educative institutions like private universities followed by the growing market needs for geospatial data and experts, creates the perfect circumstances for a sustainable GIS development. On the other hand the primary role in the integration process must be played by public universities. A series of steps need to be taken, beginning from a deeper interest from MASH in giving the right priority by increasing universities funds in building modern GIS laboratory, which is the backbone to start every GIS project in the future. By doing this universities have the obligation to increase collaboration between each other for the benefit of 388 �GIS development. It is necessary to build a continuos chain of GIS curriculum programs starting from secondary school, followed by several courses during undergraduate and especially graduate programs, ending with a closer approach of the students side during their thesis defending. To achieve a full education process a final step must be taken, including these students in training programms near GIS departments in countries with more experience in the field. Only by accomplishing this cicle we will be able to set the knowledge of these students into a higher level and make them able to build the future platform of Albanian GIS experts. REFERENCES Hysenaj, M., Geographical Information Systems, Shkoder, Albania, 2011. Johansson, T., GIS in Teacher Education – Facilitating GIS Applications in Secondary School Geography, 2010, pp. 66-67. Tempus, Final Report: Higher Education in Albania, 2010, pp. 23-27. Open Data Albania, January 15, 2012, http://open.data.al. Institute of Statistics Albania, January 23, 2012, http://www.instat.gov.al/. Cabuk A., Ayday, C., GIS Education in Turkey, 2004, pp. 90-91. Kerski J., Developments in Technologies and Methods in GIS In Education, 2008, pp. 35-38. Nikolli, P., Idrizi, B., Geodetic and Cartographic Education in Albania, 2007, pp. 72-75. Esri, GIS in Education: http://www.eagle.co.nz/GIS/Training/GIS-in-Education/. Education and Science: http://www.gis.com/content/education-and-science. http://www.rritjealbania.com 389 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1188 Title A name given to the resource GIS Integration And Evolution Into The Albanian System Education And Market Author Author Hysenaj, Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper offers a general overview of GIS integration as a curricula and technology in the Albanian Education System. Basically it presents the evolution history of this technology, the development environment and the efforts of a closer approach to the state and private institutions. A detailed analysis will be performed between the growing market needs in Albania for GIS utilities and the handicap due to the lack of experts in geospatial technology. Results of a questionnaire survey in the university areas will be presented, where students expressed their approach to GIS technology. The need to build a complete chain of GIS curricula beginning from secondary school level up to graduate and master programms is necessary to be accomplished. Many problematic fields in Albania like flood management, population census, transport, urbanization, pollution, turism, illegal constructions, professional orientation, etc which are subjects of topic interest in many universitary courses require the use of GIS utilities. In this article it is discussed the position of GIS in the university system and the major efforts departments must carry out in increasing interaction between each other followed by a substantial intervention of the proper government institutions to the benefit of GIS development. “Albania in the age of internet” is the latest reform the government is implementing, with the scope of informing young people mainly in rural areas to develop ICT infrastructure basically in public schools and state offices, which will have a powerful impact in GIS developing technology in Albania. Keywords: Gis, education, university, technology, department, curricula Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/771867435fe045d85b4bbfd55e69edaf.pdf d080d8a24752c37de4cf039f0c0dd1aa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource GITHUB PROFILE ANALYZER Author Author ALI MARAT Abstract A summary of the resource. The GitHub Profile Analyzer was developed to assess developers' technical abilities by looking into the structure and meaning of their public repositories. Rather than just focusing on basic metrics like stars or forks, this project uses a combination of semantic embeddings (CodeBERT), structural analysis (ASTMiner), and rule-based heuristics for a more thorough understanding of coding practices. The analyzer has gone through several updates: CRAv2 set the foundation with Random Forest classifiers, CRAv3 took a semantic-first approach, and CRAv4 introduced a mixed strategy that fuses rules, semantic pattern analysis, and weighted confidence scoring. There was also an experimental Smart Repository Classifier (SRC) that tried to combine rule-based and machine-learning techniques, plus a side project that looked into detecting design patterns using AST embeddings and Code Property Graphs. The system was trained on 122 repositories and tested on 47 others across seven different categories. The results were impressive: CRAv3 hit an overall accuracy of 26.4%, while CRAv4 shot up to 70%, with big improvements in web applications (+133%) and CLI tools (+45%). Even though Random Forest tests only maxed out at about 35% in some categories, CRAv4's hybrid method turned out to be both more accurate and easier to understand. Some key hurdles included the lack of comprehensive datasets, issues with ASTMiner's dependencies, and the author's initial unfamiliarity with machine learning. Tackling these challenges taught valuable lessons in building datasets, feature engineering, and evaluating model In summary, this project highlights the benefits of blending semantic, structural, and rule-based strategies to gauge developer skills. Looking ahead, plans involve expanding datasets, diving into deep learning for design pattern detection, and enhancing the analyzer into a more general code intelligence tool. Keywords Keywords. GitHub analysis, semantic embeddings, ASTMiner, CRAv, machine learning, rule-based classification, design pattern detection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3351 Title A name given to the resource GIVING OR RECEIVING WRITTEN CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK: WHICH ONE WORKS BETTER IN L2 WRITING? Author Author Rouhi, Afsar Dibah, Minoo Abstract A summary of the resource. This study explores the differential effect of giving and receiving WCF on prompting writing of Iranian EFL learners. To this end, 61 learners of English were randomly assigned to a WCF Giver group (n - 19), a WCF Receiver group (n = 22), and a control group (n = 20). The participating groups completed four translation tasks as treatment, and took a translation task and a picture description task. The analysis of the data obtained provided robust evidence for the effectiveness of WCF provided by peers (PWCF). Additionally, the further data analysis revealed that the participants in the WCF Giver group outperformed participants in the WCF Receiver group and the control group in translation and picture description tasks. The findings and pedagogical implications are discussed in detail. Key words: written corrective feedback, WCF giver, WCF receiver, peer WCF, teacher WCF, involvement load hypothesis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English