126 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/157e9c01f312287cb489ddbd6a2f27b8.pdf dcbb78ae2c89d61e5ce84a423a971b11 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Schwarzler, Nikolaus, “The Austurian Ombudsman (Volksanwalt)”, ed. Federal Chancellery, Public Administration in Austuria, Austuria, 1992, Seneviratne, Mary, “Local Government Ombudsman”, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 20(1), 1998, Seneviratne, Mary, “The Local Government Ombudsman”, Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 21(2), 1999, Seneviratne, Mary, Ombudsmen in the Public Sector, Open University Press, 1994, Temizel, Zekeriya, “Yurttaşın Yönetime Karşı Korunmasında Bir Başka Denetim Organı: Ombudsman”, Yeni Türkiye Dergisi, Siyasette Yozlaşma Özel Sayısı II, Yıl 3, Sayı 14, MartNisan 1997, Temizel, Zekeriya, Yurttaşın Yönetime Karşı Korunmasında Bağımsız Bir Denetim Organı Ombusman, İstanbul, IULA-EMME Yayınları, 1997, TÜSİAD, Ombudsman (Kamu Hakemi) Kurumu İncelemesi: Devlette Bir Toplam Kalite Mekanizması Örneği, TÜSİAD Yayını No T/97-206, Ocak 1997, Uler, Yıldırım, “Ombudsman (Kamu Denetçisi)”, I. Ulusal İdare Hukuku Kongresi, Üçüncü Kitap, Çeşitli İdare Hukuku Konuları, Ankara, 1-4 Mayıs 1990, Woolf, Harry, The Protection of the Public-a New Challenge, London, Stevens, 1990. Next Step Of Corporate Governance: Appreciative Inquiry In Corporate Governance Çiftçi Münire, Öztürk Umut Can Süleyman Demirel University- Faculty Of Economics And Administrative SciencesTurkey/Isparta E-mails: munireciftci@sdu.edu.tr,umutcn.ozturk@gmail.com Abstract It was seen in the last decade that traditional management system and models cannot meet the needs of today. Crisis and scandals have proved the need for a more transparent and participatory structure. Governance met this need for a certain period of time and presented a more useful model. However through the end of 2000s negative effects of modern structures were seen; such as being quantitative and unnecessarily rational which make participants fear of doing wrong. In this case postmodern approaches came into agenda. One of them is 344 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo appreciative inquiry approach based on realized successes and collective decisions. In this study, hybridization model is proposed for the concept of Governance, which has got some problems to harmonize with today’s conditions, with appreciative inquiry as a supportive updating. On this context “Appreciative Governance” concept is put forward as a theory. Keywords: Governance, Appreciative Inquiry, Appreciative Management Approaches, Appreciative Governance 1. INTRODUCTION Governance is a structure or order composed of results of common efforts of all related actors in a social-political system. Application has been sufficient for a long period to bandage wounds of the market. However organizations are living and developing systems and they change like human beings. Some lacking and limits of governance concept were seen by time, as the need for human beings and humanistic values for an organization to be successful has been understood in the recent years and the vitality of these values has been perceived. Therefore the understanding of “employee and organization are together a systematical machine”, which was created with traditional management understanding, is leaving its place to postmodern approaches. Now it will be appropriate today’s complex markets’ organizations to evaluate the most satisfying choices instead of rational and empiric choices collectively. At this point humanistic opinions and emotions gain importance. Numerical expression of empirical approaches cannot reflect real emotions of employees completely. Employees have emotions and dreams. They can shape their lives and the future of organization. This change and necessity in frame of mind affected problem solving methods, too. Appreciative inquiry was developed, by being away from traditional approach, to find a more motivating process and to take decisions by adding health and strong values in this process. Appreciative inquiry is one of many appreciative management approaches and it becomes prominent with its reformative approach for employees’ expectations and institutional change. Founders of the approach, David Cooperrider and Suresh Srivastva (1987), define appreciative inquiry, this very new approach, as “a collective action and information research theory assisting development of normative vision, and developing group, organization and society’s demands as a whole”. Researchers like Gervase Bushe, Diana Whitney and Amanda Trosten-Bloom have grounded and developed the thought since 1987, when the thought came into being. It began spreading in Turkey too, development and consultancy firms began to use it but it could not find its deserved place among academic environments. 345 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In this study, Appreciative Inquiry Approach and governance concept are examined, and their theoretical basis and structure are explained. Advantages of governance, which is founded with Appreciative Inquiry Approach, over classical approaches, and benefits of using logic and emotions together on problem solving and transformation process are evaluated. 2. Governance Concept and Its Theoretical Basis The concept of governance was first seeded in North Europe. Governance, which was seen as reconciling government with civil society or combining them in 17th Century France (Yüksel,2000), lived its developing process in Britain; governance was born as a challenge to Westminster model in the British model (Adıgüzel et al., 2011). Stoker (1998) explained Westminster model in his study as “Parliament superiority, powerful cabinet government system and responsibility provided with selections are key elements. Dominating element is management of unitary state on the context of ministry’s responsibility”. It is seen that the term began maturating and systemizing at the end of 70s. Its development increased with democracy waves in Latin America in 1980 and by spreading of this wave to Africa in 1990s (Özer, 2006). The concept was first used in today’s meaning in a report of the World Bank which was published in 1989 as “good governance”. An open definition of governance was not given in the report but the term was used by OECD and United Nations too, and it became an open formula in various meeting and publications of these tree organizations (Akçagündüz, 2010). When development process of governance is examined it is seen that certain developments made governance necessary. Toksöz (2008) summarized these developments as follows;     Globalization – localization Changes in political participation process New middle classes and new social movements Transformation from citizen to sharer It is difficult to make a certain definition of governance concept. However, when definitions of governance are examined, it will be possible to give a basic frame of the concept as follows (Stoker.1998; Yüksel,2000; Adıgüzel et al., 2011);      346 Governance takes its basis from governing but also takes attention to a group of actors and organization Emphasizes frame and responsibilities of applications on solution of social and economic problems. Explains power dependency between organizations participating common works. A concept of self governing, autonomous relationship networks. Defends it is possible to do some works without authority of government. �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.1. Principles of Governance Certain principles are seen when literature in Turkey and international scale are examined. Content of governance was added and expanded by the time. Said principles are below (Adıgüzel et al., 2011). Table 1: Principles of Governance 1. PRINCIPLES CONTENT Transparency Transparency in management can be possible by providing free information flow. It can be possible by accessibility of methods, institutions and information to people needing them (Ministry of Finance, 2003:8). There are two dimensions of transparency in literature. These are:   TRANSMITTER/COMPILER Accessible, concrete and understandable information about current condition and events (Dinç and Abdioğlu, 2009) Realization of decision making processes of public authorities with the participation of other sharers in an open way (Toksöz,2008:18) 2. Accountability Decision makers in public organizations, private sector and non-governmental organizations should give accounts to the general public and institutional partners (Ministry of Finance, 2003). Public authorities will be responsible on usage, budgeting and reporting issues of public sources, and give accounts when it is necessary (Toksöz,2008). 3. Participation All citizens can join decision making process directly or by representation of intermediary institutions (Özer,2006) 4. Superiority of Law Superiority of law, which is one of the basic principles of governance, means institution’s behaving in legal frames and acceptance of individuals that laws can be applied to their behaviors (Karabacak,2003) 5. Efficiency This is an important principle which proposes that all actors of governance concept act in cooperation (Soylu,2003). Kesim and Petek (2005) defined action as “doing right things and activity in the process of realizing right things”. Şaylan(1998) 347 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6. Responsiveness With this principle, individuals who become aware of carried out activities can act with acquired information and comprehend how to behave towards future (Acar,2003). 7. Equality Not doing favoring applications for any person in decisions of organization, having clear and neat rules for workers, and their application to everybody equally creates an emotion of reliability (Toksöz, 2008). 8. Strategic Vision Strategic visions will be clear and continuous. Vision should be determined by employees and managers; targets of this vision should be approachable and employees should believe this vision (Özer,2006). 9. Locality A principle which proposes direct participation of local people and their taking place in management instead of a strong central management (Acı,2005). Özer (2006) Toksöz (2008) 2.2. What to Do in order to reach Purposes of Governance Process It is necessary to take care of certain rules and follow some road maps in order to reach purposes of governance on institutional basis. Some of them are (Bumko,2006);         Determination of effective institutional strategies and planning of mechanisms to reach these strategies Determination and management of risks which can prevent realization of this strategy and planned performance Measurement and follow up of performance Creation of institutional values and ethics for realization of strategy and performance – Making arrangements from the top rank Providing that institution takes on activities which will support realization of institutional plan targets Making sure that managements is educated well, its performance is evaluated well and they receive a satisfactory salary on context of a success plan Informing partners about incidents – communication & sharing Appropriate organization structure especially at higher ranks to reach demanded results. 3. Appreciative Inquiry Concept and its Theoretical Basis 348 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The idea for appreciative inquiry approach was first seen in doctorate study of David Cooperrider in 1980 and he first presented the developing approach to the academic world in 1984 (Watkins and Mohr,2001). Appreciative inquiry met with professional environment in 1987 with Srivastva’s study named "Appreciative inquiry in organizational life" (Demir et al., 2010). When we consider definitions of Appreciative Inquiry Approach it is defined as “common search to find the best for human beings, organizations and the world surrounding them” by the founders Cooperrider and Srivastva (1987). Hammond (1998:6) states in his study that “it focuses on working status of organization. Inquiry process determines acceleration moments of organization concretely and defines the point where organization wants to be at. As current situations are based on real experience and events, by this way people know how to repeat their successes.” White (1996) defines appreciative inquiry as follows: “Appreciative Inquiry concentrates on positive conditions in our life and focuses on solving the negative ones. It is the opposite of problem solving method” (Adıgüzel and Öztürk, 2011). Shaping the future is based on the reality experienced past (Demir et al., 2010). Table 2 shows traditional approach and Appreciative Inquiry approach’s points of view (Yurdakul, 2010). Table 2: Differences between Traditional Approach and Appreciative Inquiry Approach’s Points of View Traditional Approach Appreciative Inquiry Approach Focuses on lacking and problems Focuses on excesses and potential Heads for determination of problem and needs. Defines the period with the best performance. Examines causes. Examines successes. Aims to solve problems. Tries to find the best characteristics to emphasize. Plans things to be done. Shapes its destiny. Imagines ideal state. Basic assumption: Our work is to overcome problems Basic assumption: Our work is to take out our potential and reach our best performance Source: Yurdakul, S., (2009) “Olumlu Sorgulama (AI): Teorik temelleri; pratikte uygulanması” www.ikedaconsulting.com, date of access: 08.04.2012 3.1. Principles of Appreciative Inquiry 349 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo There have been transformations in appreciative inquiry approach in time, as in all system proposals, in order to work more efficiently. On this context 5 more principles were added after the first 5 principles of Cooperrider and Whitney (1999. Said principles compiled by Demir and friends (2010) as below. Table 3: Principles of Appreciative Inquiry Table 3: Principles of Appreciative Inquiry PRINCIPLE 1. The Constructionist Principle CONTENT      2. The Simultaneity Principle    DEFINER Reality and Identity are Co-created. Truth is Local. There is no absolute truth. We Are Deeply Interconnected as people. Words Create Worlds. Reality is constructed through language. We perceive our environment with our point of view.  We Live in the World Our Questions Create. Change Begins the Moment We Question. The Unconditional Positive Question is transformational. Develop Your Sense of Wonder. 3. The Poetic Principle      Life experience is very rich. Human beings are born with the emotion of searching. Whatever We Focus On, Grows We should be able to appreciate. Find What We Want More of, Not Less of 4. The Anticipatory Principle      Positive Images Create Positive Futures Vision is Fateful Create Vision Before Decisions What We Believe, We Conceive Big Change Begins Small 5. The Positive Principle   Positive Emotions Broaden Thinking and Build. Identify and Leverage Strengths and factors that support them. Cooperrider and Whitney (1999) The Wholeness Principle   Wholeness Provides More Expansive Thinking Than Reductionism Learn to Be Present to the Emerging Whole. 7. The Enactment Principle   Embody What You Want Just Try Something 8. The Free Choice Principle  Freedom from Internal and External Forces is one type of freedom The Freedom of Inner Clarity allows us to pursue life freely 6. 350  �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Whitney and Trosten-Bloom (2003) 9. The Narrative Principle   We Construct Stories About Our Lives Stories are Transformative Barrett and Fry (2005) 10. The Awareness Principle    understanding and integrating the AI principles Surfacing assumptions is important in good relationships Practice cycles of action and reflection Stavros and Torres (2005) 3.2. Appreciative Inquiry Process and its Positive-Negative Aspects The process of appreciative inquiry approach is called 4-D cycle which is composed of: Discovery, Design, Dream and Destiny (Whitney and Trosten-Bloom, 2003). Appreciative Inquiry was applied in organizations and arrangements with success. It was applied in a variety of groups like small societies in Nepal and other developing societies and big and complex companies in the USA. Application areas are customer queries, new employee orientation, projects, strategy formulation and vision creating (Pradhan,2000). Figure 1 shows 4-D model of Appreciative Inquiry (Demir et al.,2010;). The process of appreciative inquiry approach is called 4-D cycle which is composed of: Discovery, Design, Dream and Destiny (Whitney and Trosten-Bloom, 2003). Appreciative Inquiry was applied in organizations and arrangements with success. It was applied in a variety of groups like small societies in Nepal and other developing societies and big and complex companies in the USA. Application areas are customer queries, new employee orientation, projects, strategy formulation and vision creating (Pradhan,2000). Figure 1 shows 4-D model of Appreciative Inquiry (Demir et al.,2010;). DISCOVERY (Defining the best) Valuation DREAM DESTINY (Creating what can happen) Supply and sustenance 351 Selection of Positive Subject (Dreaming what can happen) Proposing Results �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo DESIGN (Determining what can happen) Co-arrangement Figure 1: 4-D MODEL of Appreciative Inquiry Source: Adapted from the studies of Whitney and Trosten-Bloom, 2003. 352  Positive Subject Selection: There is title/subject selection at the basis of model. Each Appreciative Inquiry is an important part of model. It is the answer of the first question to be asked in the creation process of organizational destiny. It forms the core of change movement (Whitney and Trosten-Bloom, 2003; Cooperrider and Srivastva ,1987).  Discovery: In this phase successful results which make us happy are discovered; attendees discover their successful and perfect periods in their past at the end of detailed interviews (Yurdakul, 2009).  Dream: Dream phase is composed of dreaming to create a result oriented vision of future. Attendee groups discuss their individual visions for ideal organization and what will happen in the next few years. And total vision of group is developed beginning with these discussions (Staron, 2007).  Design: New structure and processes are designed in this phase where short and long term targets are determined (Yurdakul, 2009). �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  Destiny: Developing a positive point of view makes it possible to give hope to all system around a purpose and accelerate the system. Learning and harmony process is created in improvisation just like a jazz band (Barrett, 1995). There will be lacking and weaknesses of each model in application. Post-moderns systems open to development accept them as feedbacks on renewing themselves. There are weaknesses and strengths of Appreciative Inquiry applied with 4-D model, too. Nauheimer (2009 cited by Demir et al.., 2010) states them in his study as follows; Strengths:      The 4D-model works with what exists already in organizations. People can easily relate to their past success stories and link them to what they want for the future. It is highly participatory and inclusive and respects different views and values. The results of a 4D process are directly action oriented. It creates energy and enhances motivation of people involved. Weaknesses:    The model is more related to the past and present than to the future. It does not include a wake-up call. Problems and challenges, although not denied, do not receive the same attention than visions. Model requires a highly skilled facilitator to make sure that the output of the process satisfies the expectations of the process owner. At this point it s important to analyze weaknesses and strengths of two approaches and creating a hybrid model in order to be more effective. 4. HYBRIDIZATION AND APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY STRENGTHENING OF GOVERNANCE WITH It is proposed that Appreciative Inquiry will give flexibility and partner based participation spirit to governance. For example instead of saying “we should be transparent”, a meaningful road map and strategy to be transparent is presented. Table 4 compares principles and gives an Appreciative Inquiry model proposal in application process. 353 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4: Appreciative Governance Model Proposal PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES OF APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY Transparency Enactment Accountability Awareness Participation Commenting APPRECIATIVE GOVERNANCE MODEL DEFINITION (Selection of Positive Subject) DISCOVERY (Defining the best) Defining Neatly Being Positive Wholeness Narration * Participation * Responsiveness Superiority of Law Enactment Effectiveness Commenting * Transparency Wholeness Awareness * Accountability Responsibility Awareness Fairness Enactment Strategic Vision Anticipatory P. Legitimacy Simultaneity Being Poetic DREAM DESTINY (Creating what can happen) * Fairness Appreciative Governance (Dreaming what can happen) * Strategic vision DESIGN * Legitimacy (Determining what can happen) * Efficiency * Superiority of Law Free Choice The core value of governance is “participation” idea. The main purpose is to create a transparent and collective structure involving partners. The target is exciting with its content. However strategies to follow on the road to reach targets are also important. Appreciative inquiry process and principles will involve employees without realizing. Employees will become a part of organization and decisions without feeling any compulsion. Because of the belief that they can manage, targets shaped on previous successes and strategies coming out of their own experience and memories will be understood and responded by them more easily. With a simpler expression it is very easy to correspond processes as understood from Table 4 and go forward on a similar line. Appreciative Inquiry concept can be put forward by maturing and hybridizing principles to support each other. 5. CONCLUSION Governance is which stability realized with respect to each other to some extent in providing stakeholders with an independent approach is used for a long time. In this process, the hierarchy is the only way top-level decisions, rather than managed mutual among themselves for a wide range of autonomous governance, compliance and coordination between 354 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo stakeholders is provided. Seen as an interactive process perspective of governance to manage. Because no single stakeholder capacity and knowledge are not enough resources to solve problems. The common goal is to find the best for the organization of stakeholders in the process of governance. Jointly for the best possible approach to querying a positive finding. For that reason govarnance should hybridize with Appreciative Inquiry. " Appreciative Governance" called for the hybridization with the stakeholders, the better the organization will reach a different perspective. Appreciative Governance Model, the complexity is quite remote, easy to apply, and understandable interbreeding. Proposal for starting to show deterioration trend of the head against the negative entropy of governance. All employees and stakeholders, the vision, objectives and strategies by incorporatinginto the pull to create a common vision of a wellknown. Hybridization of governance’s, disciplinary rules of the modernist framework and appreciative inquiry’s participatory, easier to see and accept the creative collective, postmodern structure may be the solution to the needs of contemporary organizations. 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Effects Of Hoshin Kanri And Balance Scorecard With Integrated Strategic Plan To Sustainable Development: Application To Chamber Of Commerce And Industry Buket Karatop1 Zeynep Kahraman2 Cemalettin Kubat3 Özer Uygun3 Adem Korkmaz4 1Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Uluborlu Selahattin Karasoy MYO, Elektronik ve Otomasyon Bölümü, Isparta 2Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Isparta 3Sakarya Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü, Sakarya 4Isparta Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası, Isparta E-mails: buketkaratop@sdu.edu.tr, zeynepkhrmn11@hotmail.com,kubat@sakarya.edu.tr ouygun@sakarya.edu.tr,ademkorkmaz@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Strategic management can be defined as an administrative technique in taking decisions for the future in an organization, implementation and evaluation. In fact, It can be said that, applications of strategic management provides sustainable development. Strategic management has a dynamic structure and it requires continuous improvement. When Strategic management is used integrated with management tools such as Total Quality Management, Process Management, Hashin Kanri can be more efficient and effective. Using Balance 358 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1131 Title A name given to the resource Next Step Of Corporate Governance: Appreciative Inquiry In Corporate Governance Author Author ÇiFTÇi, Münire Abstract A summary of the resource. It was seen in the last decade that traditional management system and models cannot meet the needs of today. Crisis and scandals have proved the need for a more transparent and participatory structure. Governance met this need for a certain period of time and presented a more useful model. However through the end of 2000s negative effects of modern structures were seen; such as being quantitative and unnecessarily rational which make participants fear of doing wrong. In this case postmodern approaches came into agenda. One of them is appreciative inquiry approach based on realized successes and collective decisions. In this study, hybridization model is proposed for the concept of Governance, which has got some problems to harmonize with today’s conditions, with appreciative inquiry as a supportive updating. On this context “Appreciative Governance” concept is put forward as a theory. Keywords: Governance, Appreciative Inquiry, Appreciative Management Approaches, Appreciative Governance Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c24ebd095c2325ac4c2846f14d5bc87b.pdf e697e1a7e3e2bd10de0141b4d95cbd1a PDF Text Text The Effect Of Information Technologies On Private School Workers’ Work Stresses Çetin Hakan, Taş Sebahattin, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey, E-mails: hakanc@akdeniz.edu.tr, sebahattintas@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract In this study, the effect of information technologies on private school teachers and administrators work stress was reviewed. Besides education and training, private schools, unlike public schools, are business organizations. Customer satisfaction is the most important key factor for business organizations to survive. Private schools should use essential information technologies in education and training facilities to satisfy their customers. Information technologies are used effectively not only in indoor education but also in school administration and outdoor education facilities. Concerning the intensive use of ICT (Information and Communications Technology), what kind of effect does it leave on educational staff and administrators? Does it have a positive or negative effect on teachers work stress in a competitive school environment? To answer this question, Organizational Stress Questionaire (VOS-D), translated into Turkish by Meral Türk, was adapted to information technologies and was used as a data collection tool in this study. Data gathered from 10 private schools in Antalya district and 164 staffs, was entered into SPSS program. Both inferential and descriptive statistical methods were used in the analyses of these data. As a result of these analyses, it is revealed that the effect of information technologies on private school staff are as follows, responsibility, overwork, psychological symptoms and fear of unemployment. Keywords: Information Technologies, Work Stress, Private Schools, Education, Computer 1.INTRODUCTION The most significant factor that influences the level of development is the investment made for education. The return of this investment can take many years. The administrators who know that making an investment on education will doubly contribute to their country as a plus value in return and whatever it may cost, they make that investment and wait. The development thrust in education of Turkey with the announcement of republic has gained a new momentum at the end of the 20th century. As a result of the effect of liberalism the free capital in the country has inevitably get involved in education and started to open private schools. This situation has required new rules, regulations and strict controls. All these have been dealt with and by the year 2012, with the dynamism of private schools a new impetus has been given to state school. There is a cost of the contributions of private schools to themselves. Private schools have to continue their profits by increasing the quality level of their education, in other words, they have to survive in the sector by doing this. Teachers play a leading role in this regard, because the efficiency and effectiveness of the teacher are the most important elements providing the quality. The factor to be considered here whether the case of maintaning the quality will 570 �cause a stress on the teacher or not. While private schools are aiming at the maximum quality in education, they have to consider possible pressure that may occur on teachers and must take measures against them. However, the development in information technologies can alleviate the workload of the people, with the wrong decisions and applications it can cause stress on employees. In the sense of quality and applications of the corporations, the administration should convince the employees and ensure the active participation of them for the placement of the sense of quality into the corporation. To prevent stress loads that may arise from the wrong perceptions of the emloyees and even force them to leave from the establishment, to be correctly able to measure the impact of information technology, which is thought to facilitate working life, on the employees is one of the primary concern of the administration. Job Stress, Its Causes and Effects on Teaching The factor that helps people realize and learn how to use their inherent skills is education. Education begins from family and continues with the environment; however the most important period in education is the school period. The effect of the education given in schools increases thanks to the teacher who are efficient and experts in their subjects. Teacher is the person who teaches other people to live better through gaining new and various behaviours51. Teachers performs the actions of planning and evaluating teaching materials, selection and use of teaching strategy, establishing a relationship with the learner for educational purposes52. Problems that may occur in the field of education can have more effect on education than all the other areas. 2.Job Stress More and more people have in paralel with the increase of the speed of life difficulty in maintaining their physical and mental state of health because of more responsibilities, strenuous workload and the relationships getting difficult. As a result, in the human life, it has become a phrase frequently used in everyday language recently; the effort which is spent beyond one’s physical and psychological boundaries due to the incompatible conditions resulting from stress and an individual’s physical and social environment53. People who mostly spend much more time at work than with their family get stressed due to various reasons related to business environment; it is associated with the person’s perception of work and work place. The factors which cause stress in a person may not in another one54. Job stress is a psychological condition that occurs as a result of work-related factors and disrupts normal function of an individual, changes psychological and physical behaviours55. 51 KILBAŞ,Ş., “2000’li Yıllarda Etkili Öğretmen Nasıl Olmalıdır?”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, S. 19, C. 2, 2000, s. 34. 52 ÜLGEN, G., Eğitim Psikolojisi, Birey ve Öğrenme, Bilim Ya., Ankara, 1995, s. 254. 53 CÜCELOĞLU, D., (1993), İnsan ve Davranış, 4.Ba., Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul, s. 321. 54 ERDOĞAN,İ., (1996), İşletme Yönetiminde Örgütsel Davranış, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Ya., No: 266, İstanbul, s. 289. 55 IŞIKHAN, V. (2004), Çalışma Hayatında Stres ve Başa Çıkma Yolları, Sandal Ya., Ankara, s. 73. 571 �Within each organization, stress occurs depending on the use of technology, environmental conditions, tendencies and experiences of the members, grouping and conflicts within the organization and the reasons specific to the organization56. Teachers also have stress related to their jobs. This stress may occur depending on management, the materials used, students and their families and other various factors. Teacher stress is defined in the literature as “ a reaction which has a negative effect resulting from such emotions as anger, tension, excitement and depression as a consequence of complexity and diversity of the teachers’ works and taking on various roles”57. Stress has quite important in terms of being able to effect teacher’s attitudes and behaviours. The teachers who are stressful can reflect some negative attitudes like tension, nervousness. In the event that stress level can psychologically, socially and cognitively damage the teacher, that person will have difficulty in performing his profession58. However it may appear as the task of governments to prevent this situation, because of the teachers’s commitment to their work will make difficult to recognize the problem, it should be tried to be prevented by means of researches and observations periodically done before the stress does not reach the level of burnout. 2.1.Causes of Job Stress As people’s reactions to events and viewpoints on them will differ, during enumeration of the factors that cause job stress, individual differences come to mind first. Since the system of all organizations, from the management to physical conditions, will be different from each other, other organizational factors that may also cause job stress are grouped under organizational factors. The biggest factor underlying the different responses of two people in the face of the same event is that the individual differences along with the styles of coping with stress. There are personality structures that make people more sensitive or more resistant to stress. People more impatient, active, not allocating time for rest and more competitive are those prone to stress. In addition to this, personalities tend to negative emotionality and social withdrawal, can find the business environment more stressful than others59. The different perspectives about life of those thinking that their own power directs the life, with an internal locus of control and having and personalities with more fatalistic belief and external locus of control is another cause of stress. The lifestyles climbing out of the natural life is one of the personal factors that increase the stress60. On the other hand, personnel 56 ERTEKİN, Y., (1993), Stres ve Yönetim, Ankara, Türkiye ve Ortadoğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü Yayınları No:253, s. 7. 57 ÜNAL, S., (1999), Okullardaki Stres Kaynakları-Verimlilik İlişkisi, Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, S. 11, s. 366. 58 BEKTAŞ,H., (2003), İş Doyum Düzeyleri Farklı Olan Öğretmenlerin Psikolojik Belirtilerinin Karşılaştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum, s. 3. 59 JEPSON, E., FORREST, S. (2006), “Indivudual Contributory Factors in Teacher Stres: The Role of Achievement Striving and Occupational Commitment”, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 2006, s. 183. 60 EREN, E., (2006), Örgütsel Davranış ve Yönetim Psikolojisi, Beta Ya., 9. Baskı, İstanbul, s. 295. 572 �believed to having social support that is, having healthy relationships and friendships have less stress. Some of the features in organizations will result in increased work stress. Uncertainties in the role are chief among these. This situation that may also be in the main actor position of the conflict in the organization will cause stress load to the employee not knowing what to do and how to do61. While Excessive work load loaded persons a stress factor that everyone will regard very natural, few people realize that less workload can also cause stress. This is because that the disregard for selfhood idea of the individual doing business with monotonous tasks and monotonous working order under his capabilities62. Difficulties brought by the irregularity due to the changing working hours, inadequacies or disturbing factors of the physical working environment, and the idea of the wage return for work done is insufficient are other stress causes related to organization / institution. 2.2. Job Stress in Teachers and Its Effects In the process of individuals’ becoming a member of society and an individual, the most important social environment where the individual is school. The importance of the school's results from its having a regular, disciplined and specialist organization and its being able to keep the individual from early childhood for a long time within itself63. People acquire a place for themselves in society through the knowledge, attitude and behavior they learnt from their teachers. Therefore, the role of training process, and of course teachers in human life is very important64. The most important condition that there can be an effective education depends on efficiency of all aspects related to education. The more prominent element at this point is the teacher's mental health and personality characteristics. The teacher's personality and mental health is mostly more important than knowledge65. The teachers’ socio-economic status in society, and job stress may arise from a variety of reasons are one of the main factors which affect efficiency. Teachers, play an extremely important role in affecting students and their attitudes toward classes. Teachers are able to control working conditions to a large extent, help students to facilitate their work, and choose suitable task and method for the students. Even, they can also help extra scholastic problems of students a lot. However, it is known that a teacher who is patient, exhausted, soulless, or an unstable is prone to make their students soulless, bored, unstable, inefficient, and restless, as 61 ROSS, R. R. ve E. M. ALTMAİER, (1994), Intervention in Occupational Stres, London, SAGE Publications, s. 37. 62 BALCI, A., (2000), Öğretim Elemanının İşStresi: Kuram ve Uygulama, Ankara, s. 13. 63 EKİNCİ,Y., (2006), İlköğretim Okulu Yöneticilerinin Sosyal Beceri Düzeylerine Göre Öğretmenlerin İş Doyumu ve İş Stresinin Karşılaştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gaziantep Ün. SBE, Gaziantep, s. 5. 64 DRUCKER, P., (1998), Gelecek İçin Yönetim, 1990’lar ve Sonrası, (Çev: ÜÇCAN, F.), İş Bankası Ya., 5. Ba., İstanbul, s. 6. 65 HARRIS, K.R., HALPIN, G., (1985), “Teacher Charesteristics and Stress”, The Journal of Educational Research, July, Vol. 78, No. 61, s. 346. 573 �well66. Therefore, the schools which want to get the maximum efficiency of teachers, especially the private schools for which the profitability is the chance of them maintaining their lives should pay attention to factors that stress teachers out and remove these negative factors. 3. Information Technology and Its Affects to Job Stress of the Teachers Informatics is an information science and technology that contains the necessary systems, networks, functions, processes and activities for the transfer, organization, storage, retrieval, assessment and distriution of the information67. Information technologies is the application of technology in business processes to collect data and generate valuable information, and in general consists of resources and personnel supporting them, in conjunction with hardware, software, communication tools68. These technologies are referred to a shift of techno-economic paradigm in other words a transitional period as well as result in renovations in economic fields69. Changes in information technologies are one of the most important factors affecting education. The rapid development in addition to providing convenience to all concerned with the subject, in some cases may also cause problems. Roughly a perspective may say that the biggest stress source of teachers is the students. However, the element of intelligence aware of the teaching profession and being able to recognize that teachers have professional idealism initially or over time, will also admit that the students are the greatest pleasure of this profession. Thus, the factors that stress teachers out are that all the factors preventing them from doing their jobs as they wish. It is obvious that the development of information technologies will affect the systems of teachers spent considerable time in their professions and in particular to the technological imperatives shall stress them out. Particularly management pressures and the attitudes of students regarding the technological shortcomings can lead the subject up to the point that teachers review the decisions on continuing their profession. At this point the issue to be investigated is raised. Do the changes brought by ICT on the workload or education system, or these technologies so the perspectives of the management, 66 PRESSEY, S. L., ROBİNSON, F. P., (1991), Psikoloji ve Yeni Eğitim, (Çev: TAN, H.), Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul, s. 151. 67 ULUÇ, G., (2003), “Bilişim Teknolojileri, Küreselleşme ve Kalkınma”, EKEV Akademi Dergisi, Y. 7, S. 16, s. 255. 68 BİNGÖL, M., (2006), İşletmelerde Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Yenilikçilik, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum, s. 14. 69 BAŞARAN, F., GERAY, H., (2005), İletişim Ağlarının Ekonomisi: Telekomünikasyon, Kitle İletişimi, Yazılım ve İnternet, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara, s. 71. 574 �colloquies, students and parents on teachers’ compliance with technology affect more? In the application, the impact of information technology on job stress of teachers working in the private sector has tried to be measured by looking at various angles. 3.1. Application 3.1.1.Educational Status of Research Participants Educational Status of Research Participants Percentage High School 18,2 Bachelor’s Degree 78,8 Master’s Degree 3,0 Total 100,0 Bachelor graduates are 79% of the research participants. Service Years of Research Participants Service Years of Research Participants Percentage 1-5 Years 12,1 6-10 Years 12,1 11-15 Years 36,4 16-20 Years 33,3 575 36% of the research participants have served 11-15 years, 33% of those have served 16-20 years. �21+ Years 6,1 Total 100,0 In-service Training Status of Participants Percentage YES 42,4 NO 57,6 Total 100,0 42% of the participants have received in-service training while %58 of those have not. Daily Computer Usage Times of the Participants in the Workplace Percentage Not using 3,0 Less than an hour 24,4 1-2 hours 30,3 576 42.3% of the research participants use computer more than 3 hours at their workplaces �More than 3 hours 42,3 Total 100,0 4. Crosstabs The distribution of responses given to the question of “do you know exactly what other people expect from you at your workplace?” is remarkable and is an issue to be examined. Percentage I know exacty 24,2 I know almost exactly 33,3 I know roughly 36,4 I don’t know very well 3,0 I don’t know at all 3,0 TOTAL 100,0 36,3% of the employees gave the response of “I know roughly”, 33,3% of them gave the response of “I know almost exactly” When we exemined the reasons of that response, we had following results: When it is compared with the positions of employees; Your Position 577 �ViceTeacher principal Principal I know exactly 22,2 50,0 - I know exactly 37,0 - 50,0 33,3 50,0 50,0 I don’t know well 3,7 - - I don’t know at all 3,7 - - TOTAL 100,0 100,0 almost I know roughly 100,0 While 50% of the principals were stating that they know “almost exactly” what other people expect from them at workplace, 50% of those stated that they “roughly” know it. 50% of vice-principals stated that they know “roughly” what people expect from them at workplace while 50% of those were stating that they know it “exactly”. While 37.7 of the teachers were stating that they know “almost exactly” what the other people expect from them at workplace, 33,3 of those stated that they know it “roughly”. It is remarkable that none of those who serve as principal don’t know the expectations exactly. When it is compared with the service years of employees; Service Years of Employees 1-5 578 6-10 1115 1620 21+ �I know exactly 25,0 50,0 16,7 18,2 50,0 I know almost exactly 25,0 25,0 33,3 36,4 50,0 I know roughly 50,0 25,0 33,3 45,5 - I don’t know well - - 8,3 - - I don’t know at all - - 8,3 - - TOTAL 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 When we examined it in terms of service years, 25% of (1-5 years) employees considered as newly appointed by us stated that they know “exactly”, 50% of those stated that they know “roughly”. As the service years of people increase, it is expected from them to realize what the other people expect from them and the rate of the option chosen “I know exactly” increases, on the contrary, it was observed that this rate decreased in people who served 11-15 years and 16-20 years. It is remarkable that 50% of the people who are in service for 11-15 years and 45% of the people who are in service for 16-20 years gave the responses of “I know roughly”, “I don’t know well” and “I don’t know at all” . When it is compared with “the receiving of in-service traning” of the employees; Did you receive in-service training? I know exactly 579 Yes No 21,4 26,3 �I know exactly almost 28,6 36,8 I know roughly 42,9 31,6 I don’t know well - 5,3 I don’t know at all 7,1 - TOTAL 100,0 100,0 As 50,0% of the employees who received in-service training were giving the responses of “I know exactly” and “I know almost exactly”, 42,9% of those stated that they were roughly aware of the expectations expected from them. On the contrary to that, it is seen that 63,1% of the employees who did not receive in-service traning gave the responses of “I know exactly” and “I know almost exactly”. In addition, as it is considered that 7,1% of the employees who received in-service training gave the response of “ I don’t know at all” such questions as “for what purposes in-service trainings done, whether they are suitably performed for their purposes, in what subject they receive in-service traning and whether they reach their goals or not” come to the minds. When it is compared with status of feeling anxiety from the level of agreement with colleagues or principals; Do you know exactly what your colleagues expect from you at your workplace? I know I don’t I know I know I don’t almost know at exactly roughly know well exactly all 580 �Very often --- 9,1 - - 100,0 Often Are you anxious about the level of agreement Sometimes with your colleagues or your managers? Never --- 18,2 8,3 - - 75,0 45,5 66,7 100,0 - 25,0 27,2 25,0 - - 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 TOTAL In the responses given to the question of “Do you know what other people expect from you at your workplace?” with 36,4%, “roughly” got the highest value, 66,7 of those giving that response state that they sometimes feel anxious about the level of their agreement with their colleagues and their managers. This result shows that these two problems substantially comfirm eachother. It is seen that of the vast majority of the people who stated that they know exactly(75%) or almost exactly(45,5%) what they are expected “sometimes” feel anxious about the level of agreement with their colleagues and their principals. “This means that they know what they are expected to but they don’t do it or they personally can’t get on well ,but do their jobs”. The most attractive part of the table is the area shown by green colour. 27,3% of the ones who know almost exactly what they are expected are “very often” or “often” anxious about the agreement with their colleagues and their managers. 5. CORRELATION It seen that there are medium and high degrees of correlation at the significance levels of 0,01 and 0,05 among the issues related to challenges of IT use. 581 �Related To The Use Of Information Technologies Does it Do you find it Do you Does it enhance difficult and find it make you your incomprehensible boring? nervous? productivity ? ? Do you find it difficult and incomprehensible? r 0,716 p 0,000 r 0,637 0,524 p 0,000 0,002 Does it make you nervous? Does it creativity? dampen your r 0,442 0,442 -0,386 p 0,010 0,010 0,026 Information Technologies; Between those who think that it is difficult and incomprehensible, and boring, it is seen that there is a high and significant correlation. (r=0,716 p<0,01) Those who think that it’s boring get nervous while using IT(r=0,637,p<0,01) Those who think that it is boring state that it dampens their creativity(r=0,442,p<0,05) Those who find it difficult and incomprehensible get nerveous in using(r=0,524,p<0,01) Those who get nerveous in using IT state that it dampens their creativity (r=0,442,p<0,01) While increasing their productivity it dampens their creativity (r= -0,386,p>0,05) are remarkable outcomes . As we examine defining where the responsibility begins and ends, in other words, defining “Job Descriptions” correctly in terms of factors that are considered as signs of stress; The Amout of correlation between the conditions of whether knowing where the responsibility begins and where it ends and other variables affected by these conditions. Pearson Sig. Correlation (2tailed) Do you have to do a difficult work for you even if it is occasionally? -0,563 Do you know exactly what the other people expect from you at your 0,345 582 0,001 0,049 �workplace? Do you know exactly what your managers think about your 0,366 responsibilities? 0,036 Is it clear in your mind what exactly your job consists of? 0,018 0,409 Do you have to do a work in a quite different format than you want to do? -0,469 0,006 Do you enjoy doing your job? 0,653 0,000 Were your hands trembled enough to bother you before? -0,674 0,000 Did you have any sudden heart palpitations that bother you before? -0,468 0,006 Did you have dizziness before? -0,464 0,007 Did you sometimes feel a pain around your chest or your heart? -0,381 0,029 Did you feel that you get tired faster than ever? -0,385 0,027 I feel so hopeless -0,362 0,039 I feel calm 0,493 0,004 It is seen that those who know where their responsibilities begin and ends didn’t have to do a difficult work for them (may be they think so)(r=-0,563 ,p<0,01), they know exactly what they are expected (r=0,345 ,p=), they know what exactly their managers think about their responsibilities(r=0,366 ,p=), the descriptions of job are clear in their minds(r=0,409 ,p=), They didn’t have to do a job different in a different format than they wanted. to do.(r=-0,469 ,p=), they enjoy doing their jobs(r=0,653 ,p=), Their hands were never trembled(r=-0,674 ,p=), they had no sudden heart palpitations(r=-0,468 ,p=), they had no dizziness(r=-0,464 ,p=),they didn’t feel any pain on their chests(r=-0,381 ,p=), they didn’t get tired(r=-0,385 ,p=), they didn’t feel hopeless(r=-0,362 ,p=) and they feel calm(r=0,493 ,p=) As we investigate the correlation table in order to examine the effect of stress on the employees, we understand that hand trembling at medium and high degrees has inverse and linear correlations at 0,05 and 0,01 values with other variables. The comparison of the responses given for the question of were your hands trembled enough to bother you before? and the questions having medium and high correlation among them. Pearson Sig. Correlatio (2n tailed) What do you think about that work pace? 583 0,440(*) 0,010 �Do you sometimes have to do more than one work? 0,412(*) 0,017 Do you have difficulty in your job as it is getting complex gradually? 0,403(*) 0,020 Do you have to do any work difficult for you to do even if it is occasionally? 0,433(*) 0,012 Do you know where your responsibilities begins and where it ends? -0,674(**) 0,000 Is it clear in your mind what exactly your job consists of? -0,404(*) 0,020 Do you sometimes get commands that you don’t approve? 0,351(*) 0,045 Do you have to do a work in a quite different format than you want to do? 0,384(*) 0,027 Is your job routinised and boring? 0,383(*) 0,028 Do you have an effect on adjusting the work pace? -0,365(*) 0,037 Do you enjoy doing your job? -0,745(**) 0,000 Do you sometimes get worried about the future of the enterprise? 0,462(**) 0,007 Do you sometimes get anxious about the level of agreement with your colleagues 0,458(**) and managers? 0,007 Do you get worried when you have to do the works that you don’t approve? 0,520(**) 0,002 Did you have any dizziness? 0,447(**) 0,009 I feel hopeless. 0,473(**) 0,005 I feel calm. -0,610(**) 0,000 According to the results, it is seen that the emloyees who have shivering hands of working at private schools ; Find the work pace high (r=0,440 ,p=0,010 ) sometimes have to do more than one work (r=0,412 ,p=0,017 ) have difficulties as it is getting comlex gradually (r=0,403,p=0,020) have to do a difficult work for them even if it is occasionally (r=0,433 ,p=0,012 ) don’t know where their responsibilities begin and endi (r=-0,674 ,p=0,000 ) have not a clear idea about what exactly their jobs consists of(r=-0,404 ,p=0,020 ) sometimes have commands that they don’t approve(r=0,351 ,p=0,045 ) have to do a work quite different than they want to do. (r=0,384 ,p=0,027 ) think that their jobs are routinised and boring (r=0,383 ,p=0,028 ) 584 �don’t have any effect on adjusting the work pace(r=-0,365 ,p=0,037 ) don’t enjoy doing their jobs(r=-0,745 ,p=0,000 ) get worried about the future of the enterprise (r=0,462 ,p=0,007 ) anxious about the level of agreement with their colleagues and managers(r=0,458 ,p=0,007 ) get worried about doing works that they don’t approve(r=0,520 ,p=0,002 ) have dizziness (r=0,447 ,p=0,009 ) feel hopeless (r=0,473 ,p=0,005 ) don’t feel calm(r=-0,610 ,p= ) 6. REGRESSION As we investigate how much it can be explained that the status of employees’ enjoying their jobs by doing regression analysis among the responses given to the question of “do you enjoy doing your job?” which is seen a high inverse and linear correlation between it and hand shivering; Variables Entered/Removed(b) Mode Variables Entered l Variables Removed Method 1 . Enter F40(a) a All requested variables entered. b Dependent Variable: B26 Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error Estimate 1 0,555 0,540 0,61391 -0,745(a) of the a. Predictors: (Constant), F40 ANOVA(b) Model 1 585 Regression Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 14,559 1 14,559 38,629 ,000(a) �Residual 11,684 31 Total 26,242 32 0,377 a. Predictors: (Constant), F40 b. Dependent Variable: B26 Coefficients(a) Unstandardized Coefficients Model B Std. Error (Constant) 0,380 0,212 F40 0,720 0,116 Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Beta 1,797 0,002 1 0,745 6,215 0,000 a. Dependent Variable: B26 As we investigate the results of the analysis it is seen that shivering of the hands is a meaningful predictor of the status of emloyees’ enjoying their jobs. (R=-0,745, R2=0,555, F=38,629, P<0,01). It is seen that 56% of the total variance related to enjoying job is explained by the hand shivering. 7. CONCLUSION It is obviously seen that in our age in which Information Technologies are actively used, there are widely online services, every data enreted is usually published as online and there is no place for fault, in terms of increasing of work productivity, it is very important that in what subject in-service trainings are performed and whether the emloyees’ ideas are taken while choosing training subjects. “Job Descriptions” done clearly can provide a relaxion on the employees. Because it is seen that the people whose job descriptions were not explained clearly, can overcome the anxiety of making a mistake only sfter years, when they get experienced. The anxiety of making a mistake shows the use of computer technologies as boring, annoying and difficult. However, the people using these technologies widely have not such problems. It is also seen that incomplete job descriptions can cause the anxiety of not understanding or misunderstanding of the pecking-orders. It is understood that the people who don’t exactly know where their responsibilities begin and end or are not clearly explained about their responsibilities have such health problems as difficulty in focusing on their jobs and hand shivering, dizziness, sometimes palpitations around their chests, get tired easily and are not calm in despair. 586 �It casuses the people who don’t exactly know their responsibilities to think that they have to do more than one work in the high work pace and their jobs get more complex gradually, sometimes they get commands that they don’t want to do. This creates a concern for the future and causes such problems as not enjoying the job and getting bored with the job, dizziness, heart palpitation, hand shivering due to stress. Finally: Everything begins with enjoying what you are doing… (%55) REFERENCES KILBAŞ,Ş., “2000’li Yıllarda Etkili Öğretmen Nasıl Olmalıdır?”, Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, S. 19, C. 2, 2000. ÜLGEN, G., Eğitim Psikolojisi, Birey ve Öğrenme, Bilim Ya., Ankara, 1995. CÜCELOĞLU, D., (1993), İnsan ve Davranış, 4.Ba., Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul. ERDOĞAN,İ., (1996), İşletme Yönetiminde Örgütsel Davranış, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Ya., No: 266, İstanbul. IŞIKHAN, V. (2004), Çalışma Hayatında Stres ve Başa Çıkma Yolları, Sandal Ya., Ankara. ERTEKİN, Y., (1993), Stres ve Yönetim, Ankara, Türkiye ve Ortadoğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü Yayınları No:253. ÜNAL, S., (1999), Okullardaki Stres Kaynakları-Verimlilik İlişkisi, Marmara Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, S. 11. BEKTAŞ,H., (2003), İş Doyum Düzeyleri Farklı Olan Öğretmenlerin Psikolojik Belirtilerinin Karşılaştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum. JEPSON, E., FORREST, S. (2006), “Indivudual Contributory Factors in Teacher Stres: The Role of Achievement Striving and Occupational Commitment”, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 2006. EREN, E., (2006), Örgütsel Davranış ve Yönetim Psikolojisi, Beta Ya., 9. Baskı, İstanbul. ROSS, R. R. ve E. M. ALTMAİER, (1994), Intervention in Occupational Stres, London, SAGE Publications. BALCI, A., (2000), Öğretim Elemanının İşStresi: Kuram ve Uygulama, Ankara. EKİNCİ,Y., (2006), İlköğretim Okulu Yöneticilerinin Sosyal Beceri Düzeylerine Göre Öğretmenlerin İş Doyumu ve İş Stresinin Karşılaştırılması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gaziantep Ün. SBE, Gaziantep. DRUCKER, P., (1998), Gelecek İçin Yönetim, 1990’lar ve Sonrası, (Çev: ÜÇCAN, F.), İş Bankası Ya., 5. Ba., İstanbul. HARRIS, K.R., HALPIN, G., (1985), “Teacher Charesteristics and Stress”, The Journal of Educational Research, July, Vol. 78, No. 61. PRESSEY, S. L., ROBİNSON, F. P., (1991), Psikoloji ve Yeni Eğitim, (Çev: TAN, H.), Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul. ULUÇ, G., (2003), “Bilişim Teknolojileri, Küreselleşme ve Kalkınma”, EKEV Akademi Dergisi, Y. 7, S. 16. 587 �BİNGÖL, M., (2006), İşletmelerde Bilişim Teknolojileri ve Yenilikçilik, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum. BAŞARAN, F., GERAY, H., (2005), İletişim Ağlarının Ekonomisi: Telekomünikasyon, Kitle İletişimi, Yazılım ve İnternet, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara. Obstacles in collaborative consumption websites’ development: A case from Bosna and Herzegovina Merima Bejtagic-Makic1 , Suncica Hadzidedic2 International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mails: merima.bejtagich@gmail.com, suncica.hadzidedic@ssst.edu.ba Abstract According to Rachel Botsman, a renowned social innovator, the 21st century will be characterized by collaborative consumption. It is a new mode of business backed up by network technologies and based on the ancient methods of trading by bartering and swapping. Collaborative consumption websites engage and specialize in information, service and goods sharing, swapping, renting, lending, and trading. The power of these new marketplaces is in changing the way people view ownership and consumption, alleviating the hardship of economic recession, freeing the flow of knowledge and information, and creating a business model which supports the reuse of goods and space for a greener world. The content of this research paper provides an understanding of the drivers for collaborative consumption technology in a developing country in economic recession time, precisely Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The key research question to be addressed in this study is: What are the issues faced in B&H when embarking on a collaborative consumption website development project? Keywords: collaborative consumption (CC), swapping, website development, green technologies, emerging technology issues, system requirements, case study, empirical approach, collaborative technologies 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Collaborative Consumption Global economic crisis, environmental issues, social and economic inequality, hyper production have lead to assets such as skills, time, goods, services, land, gardens, and "stuff" to be in a state of "idle capacity" i.e. under-utilization. Therefore, this created a need for an alternative way of obtaining goods and services which is through collaboration consumption. 588 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1214 Title A name given to the resource The Effect Of Information Technologies On Private School Workers’ Work Stresses Author Author Çetin, Hakan Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, the effect of information technologies on private school teachers and administrators work stress was reviewed. Besides education and training, private schools, unlike public schools, are business organizations. Customer satisfaction is the most important key factor for business organizations to survive. Private schools should use essential information technologies in education and training facilities to satisfy their customers. Information technologies are used effectively not only in indoor education but also in school administration and outdoor education facilities. Concerning the intensive use of ICT (Information and Communications Technology), what kind of effect does it leave on educational staff and administrators? Does it have a positive or negative effect on teachers work stress in a competitive school environment? To answer this question, Organizational Stress Questionaire (VOS-D), translated into Turkish by Meral Türk, was adapted to information technologies and was used as a data collection tool in this study. Data gathered from 10 private schools in Antalya district and 164 staffs, was entered into SPSS program. Both inferential and descriptive statistical methods were used in the analyses of these data. As a result of these analyses, it is revealed that the effect of information technologies on private school staff are as follows, responsibility, overwork, psychological symptoms and fear of unemployment. Keywords: Information Technologies, Work Stress, Private Schools, Education, Computer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d35945fb8f7e9878f19507c31e0c3c2f.pdf fa3b4d9bc6af718bd755f18cb01fcc3c PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ram, S. and Sheth, J. N. (1989) Consumer resistance to innovations: the marketing problem and its solutions, The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(2), 5-14. Rodgers, S. and Harris, M. A. (2003) Gender and E-Commerce: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Advertising Research, 43(3), 322-329. Rudolph, T., Rosenbloom, B. and Wagner, T. (2004) „Barriers to online shopping in Switzerland, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 16(3), 55-74. Seock, Y. K. and Norton, M. J. T. (2008) College Student’ Perceived Attributes of Internet Websites and Online Shopping, College Student Journal, 42(1), 186-198. Sulaiman, A., Ng, J. and Mohezar, S. (2008) E-Ticketing as a new way of buying tickets: Malaysian perceptions, Journal of Social Science, 17(2), 149-157. Tamimi, N., Sebastianelli, R. and Rajan, M. (2004) Examining the relationship between demographics and the frequency of online purchasing, Proceedings of 9th Asia-Pacific Decision Sciences Institute Conference, Retrieved July 23, 2011, from http://iceb.nccu.edu.tw/proceedings/APDSI/2004/pdf/097.pdf Teo, T. S. H. (2006) To buy or not to buy online: adopters and non-adopters of online shopping in Singapore, Behaviour & Information Technology, 25(6), 497-509. The Interbank Card Center (BKM) (2011) E-commerce Transactions, Retrieved July 23, 2011, from http://www.bkm.com.tr/bkmen/istatistik/sanal_pos_ile_yapilan_eticaret_islemleri.asp United States Census Bureau (2010) E-Stats, Retrieved July 23, 2011, from http://www.census.gov/econ/estats/2009/2009reportfinal.pdf Yang, B., Lester, D. and James, S. (2007) British and American attitudes toward buying Online, Oxford Journal, 6(1), 18-27. Zukowski, T. and Brown, I. (2007) Examining the Influence of Demographic Factors on Internet Users’ Information Privacy Concerns, In Proceedings of SAICSIT Conf.'2007, 197204. A Study About Mobbing On Students, The Relationship Between Their Personality Traits And Mental Status Zeki Akinci, Osman Nuri Demirel, Yusuf Yilmaz Akdeniz University, Turkey E-mails: zakinci@akdeniz.edu.tr, onuridemirel@mynet.com, yusufyilmaz@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of psychological violence (mobbing) on the mood of students attending colleges and on how the mood affects their traits. In this context, the effect of the violence level as psychological impact on the mood of students was examined in the process of personality traits. The sample group of the study consists of 250 46 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo last class students studying at a social sciences vocational school in Antalya, Turkey. Behaviour scale for psychological violence, scale of personality characteristics and depression scale were used in the study. Perceptions of mobbing of the students came from rural areas with low-income are higher than city dwellers students with normal or high income levels. However, it was observed that male students were exposed to mobbing more than female students. Keywords: Psychological violence, personality traits, mood BACKGROUND 1. MOBBING According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), mobbing is defined as, " behavior in attitudes for the purpose of manifesting individual or group sabotage, revenge, cruel, malicious or insulting " (Karavardar, 2009). At the same time, mobbing is identified as a problem rapidly growing in workplaces by International Labour Organization. Mobbing, constituting behavior to the target person for humiliating and intimidating. This type of behavior are laid out with the open or secret using verbal or nonverbal behaviors (Lewis et al., 2002). Mobbing is done expressing hostile and unethical communication in a systematic way in working life that is applied by one or a few people against a person to make one helpless and defenseless according Leymann'a (1996). Mobbing behavior is usually performed, covering a long period. According Tınaz (2008), eight chapters are grouped under the facts underlying the mobbing behavior. These are:        Enforcing individual to get the rule of group accepted To enjoy from hostility Only the pleasure Boredom Reinforce prejudices Believe that they have exclusive rights Selfishness The risk of mobbing targets is valid for everyone in all businesses and cultures. Although mobbing process mechanism in the process develops in different ways in different offices typically it is observed in a very typical and a similar way. Four different types of individual are in danger of being victimized in workplaces (Huber, 1994): Only one person: This person can be a single male / female working in an office whether he/she works with the large numbers of female or visa versa in a workplace. A different person: any person who is non-fusible and different from others, This can be an individual dressed in a different manner as well as impaired or foreign person. Sometimes, being just one single person within married persons in an office, or being a married person within singles is a sufficient reason to be victim of mobbing. Mobbing possibility is very high of minority people to be involved in a group. 47 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Successful people: has a major achievement, winning the admiration of the supervisor or direct administration of a customer or a person who praises, can easily envied by colleagues. All kind of games are played from behind of individuals, rumors can be removed and expose to work sabotage. New particapated person: Prensence of a popular person working in that position before, or have very much liked than the new arrival one with higher quality than the other persons working there increases the risk of being victim of mobbing. Workplace mobbing, takes place in four phases (Tınaz et al, 2008). In the first stage, the conflict is in question The second stage, there is the start of the workplace psychological harassment The third stage, the introduction of business management and false ascription and definitions could be mentioned In the fourth stage, there are moving away from working life Mobbing, as the results of both the victim exposed to mobbing is of great importance both in terms of business (Tinaz, 2008). According to the report of the International Labour Organisation (1998), mobbing in terms of business, medium-and long-term, interpersonal relations, and undermine the entire business environment. 2. PERSONALITY Personality is the own image factors affecting behaviors on thinking and feeling. The personality encompasses all the behaviors, which are constantly under the influence of internal and external stimuli of the individual constituting psychological, biological, genetic properties and all the abilities acquired, motives, emotions, desires, habits. (Tınar, 1999:93). However, people built distinctive form of a relation with other members which can be defined as a consistent and structured in internal and external environment (Cüceoğlu, 1997: 404). Personality is the complex of the ensemble of a number of features. But all this came together and combined with an individual on the basis of features, mainly the issues related to the three main divisions. Generally, a double function, which may be associated with one of three slice. In fact, in this issue it is not possible to make a distinction in the form of clear and precise lines. This is an abstraction and generalizations to better understand the formation of personality. By such an approach, the concept consists of three slices. These are the character, temperament and talent. Interpersonal differences, differences in the relationship of these features will lead to differences or features (Erdogan, 1994: 244-245). Character: Personality and the concept "character" is the most frequently used in the same sense, Character, refers to the social and moral property of personality. Character, is like a skeleton of personality. The concept of the character is closely related to social values and moral rules with its environment (Zel, 2001: 27). Temperament: The second aspect of personality is mood. In fact, character significantly depends on temperament (temperament). Temperament is a significant aspect of continuous and cyclical. The behavior is seen as the evolution of social, moral aspects, temperament, 48 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo which is the continuous part of these aspects. The hereditary aspect of the property show individual attitudes, which should be considered as the propert of person. Talent: is the most important skill constituting the third slices of personality. Talent, owned by an individual refers to the entire mental and physical abilities. It is all of the form of features to analyze, realize outcome and perform some of the facts, such as the totality of mental properties. 2.1. Personality Type A and B The stress was firstly revealed by two cardiologists Friedman and Rosenman in the late 1960s. It is perceived to be the concept of "type A" and "type B" personality styles that has today wide acceptance (Luthans, 1995:406). Personality type has been closely associated with daily lives of individuals and at the levels of exposured stress. According to the findings on this subject, type A has higher heart disorders probability then type B. (Vecchio, 1995: 498). In addition, in middle and lower echelons of organizations type A personality were more successful than individuals, but B personality individuals are more successful than A toplevel, since they are patient and detailed thought. In this case, it is possible to say that might be more successful by making shifts individuals with Type A and type B in accordance with the requirements of time and environment,. However, it should be known that the probability of achieving seems within the individuals (Luthans, 1995: 407). Behaviors of type A are aggressive, impatient and very much intended. They want to be more successful as quickly as possible. Lively, energetic feel, and hold themselves do not tolerate. With the behavior of type B is the individual, on the contrary less competitive, less devoted to work and less susceptible to time. Such people are in less conflict with time and more balanced to life and has very comfortable. Running in a stable speed and feel more confidence in himself. It can not be said A type more or less successful than B type person. In addition, Friedman and Rosenman said that there was no pure people as type A or type B, instead, it might have expressed more inclined to one of two types. For example, one often exhibits a type A personality traits, but can be a calm and quiet for a short time, in some cases he can even forget the time (Moorhead and Griffin, 1992: 463). Personality type of discovered by researchers has been associated closely with eachother at both levels of exposure to stress in their daily lives of individuals. Following lists is the "Feel and the complex motion referred to as the properties of persons " type A and B by Rosenman Friedman and (Luthans, 1995: 304): Tablo 1: A and Type B Personality Traits Type A Personality Traits Type B Personality Traits They are in action every time. They are interested in time Quick walk. Patient Quick eat. Do not like to brag. 49 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Quick walk. Do for fun, not to win games and sports. Impatient. Inside of a comfortable way to rest. Do two things at a time. Are not under the pressure of finishing the job immediately There is no free time. They are earnest persons. The numbers are against the obsessions. Never do not rush Numbers tend to measure success Aggressive. Competitive. Are under continuous pressure of time 3. DEPRESSION Depression is a feeling of deep gloom, in a state of thought, speech and motion slowdown, recession, worthlessness, smallness, weakness, reluctance, thoughts and feelings of pessimism is a syndrome with symptoms such as slowing down the physiological functions (Öztürk, 1985). For example, fail in get a job, fall in entered an exam, losing-close relatives cause emotionally depression in situations. State of emotional distress can be short put, sometimes days, it can also take weeks or even months. Here are some of the features in humans depression (South, 2009: 307-308):       oneself to feel worthless and inadequate, to lose the joy of life, self-constantly feeling tired, to look at people and events pessimistically, the person's continuous speech, to complain constantly. The outer appearance of the person who is neurotic depression, usually depressed, sad and hopeless. There is a fake-view of depressive person with grotesqueness or expression-less face. Each event is seen from the pessimistic direction, he has no interested in any activity giving pleasure, may not be alone, can sit for hours by staring. He can complain of difficulties living in low concentrating. Sleep disturbances, restlessness, can cause symptoms such as irritability and internal tension (Kutash, 1965: 967). According to the theory developed by Beck and his colleagues, depression is not mainly disorder of feeling it is a cognitive disorder. Three important cognitive disorders are refered to the formation of depression (Beck, 1979): Person's self negative view: Depressive people feel algae itself, incomplete, defeated, serves as worthless and inadequate. Believes, and sees itself being no-loved rejects himself due to omissions. 50 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Negative overview to experiences: Depressed people interpret it as an indication of the lack of environment interaction. Negative look to the future: People desperate future, in the dark, deprived and feels frustrated. Personality traits may be a risk factor for depression. Difficulty in coping with stress and interpersonal relationships throughout the life of an individual creates a neurotic, dependent, obsessive, introverted, low self-esteem, non-aggressive, anxious, pessimistic personality traits, which are reported to be developing things more on the depression (Unal, 2000). 4. METHOD 4.1. Population and Sampling The study population were consisted of students in the Akdeniz University. The sampling was done from the last grade students attending School of Social Sciences in Akdeniz University. Students was chosen from ones since students had spent more time. They could also better evaluate the school and their spiritual status behavior containing the mobbing. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed to students, and of 300 questionnaire 271 could be received and was statistically evaluated by 90.3% ratio as re-cycle. 4.2. Data Collection Tool Personal Information Form. In this form, questions are asked in order to obtain information the participants age, gender, reading program, income level, family, school and accomodation. Furthermore, questions were asked as "had they the opportunity what would be their choice?" to the students and to choose between two options was requested. The answers were evaluated to be "choice opportunity" score to these questions. Mobbing Survey In the first running of questionnaire 45 questions covering the "psychological intimidation Leymann (LIPT) Scale" developed by the first researcher Leymann (1996) and 14 questions of Rakness Einarsen (1997) on mobbing and appropriate 40 questions of "Negative Behavior (NAQ) Scale" developed by Denise Salin (Salin, 2001) were used. These issues in the form of judgments took place in survey and answering were asked as the one mark of the options related to himself ¨to be "always", "often", "sometimes", "rarely" and "never". "5-point Likert Scale " was used to be scaling method of basic research. Personality Questionnaire Personality type, is a modified version of the Jenkins activity survey (Jetkins, Ayzanski and Rosenman, 1971). In this study, to identify the personality on the structure of A and B, personality scale of Durna were used (Durna, 2004). 20 items were considered (Moorhead and Griffin, 1992: 465; Baltaş and Baltaş: 2000: 148-150) to be the personal characteristics of a scale containing. habits, attitudes towards time under various conditions, environment, relationships, thoughts and feelings about. These issues in the form of judgments took place in survey and answering were asked as the one mark of the options related to himself ¨to be "always", "often", "sometimes", "rarely" and "never". "5-point Likert Scale " was used to be scaling method of basic research. 51 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Analysis of Mental Status Questionnaire. Beck Depression Index (BDI) developed in order to measure emotional, cognitive, somatic, and motivational components by a self-report scale (Beck, 1961). BDI is one of the most frequently tools used giving information about himself on research and clinics. Although the main objective is to evaluate the symptoms of depression in a comprehensive way it is allow the assessment of cognitive content. The scale is composed of 21 items, two items on emotions, eleven items on cognitions, two-material behavior, five-item on physical symptoms, an item is divided to the symptoms within persons. A questionnaire consisting of 21 questions were used in the evaluation of BDI. Each item is composed of four head. 4.3. Data Analysis For the purpose of the study, independent sample t test (Independent Samples T-Test) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. In making binary comparisons, Scheffe cases in homogeneity of variance; Tamhane test was used in cases not provided. The data was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 sofware by 0.05%. 0.05-0.01 levels of significance were considered during investigation. 5. RESULTS AND COMMENTS 5.1. Demographic Properties Demographic findings on individuals included in the study are given in Table 1. Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Participants Variable Gender Age Programme Income level 52 N % Female 142 52,4 Male 128 47,2 Total 270 99,6 18-19 70 25,8 20-21 135 49,8 22 and above 64 23,6 Total 269 99,3 Education in the Daytime 143 52,8 Education in the Evening 128 47,2 Total 271 100 Low 54 19,9 Medium 193 71,2 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Family's residence place Staying with family Choose a school High 23 8,5 Total 270 99,6 of Village 44 16,2 County 32 11,8 City 195 72,0 Total 271 100 Yes 138 50,9 No 132 48,7 Total 270 99,6 1-4 183 67,5 5-8 35 12,9 9-12 37 13,7 13 and above 16 5,9 Total 271 100 105 38,7 166 61,3 271 100 What would be your Same school choice if the Different school opportunity Total In examining the demographic characteristics of respondents, 52.4% of respondents indicating gender females, 47.2% percent is composed of males. 25.8% of the participants examined the age groups' range as 18-19 ages, 20-21 ages by 49.8% and the age above of 22 by 23.6%. 52.8% of the participants are attending day-school, 47.2% percent are in the night academic programs. In terms of income levels, 19.9% of respondents were reported to be low, 72.2% percent moderate and 8.5% is seen to have high levels of income. Participants' families, 16.2% percent in the villages, and 11.8% lived in towns by 72% in cities of the respondents live together with their families by 50.9% and 48.7% lives in an environment separated from their families. The participants prefers are examined in view of attending school as a choice, 67.5% percent of those who chose the first of four preference, 12.9% percent of those who chose between the fifth and the eighth choice, those who choose between nine and twelve chosen by 13.7%, and 5.9% is between 13 and further chooser. Participants had the opportunity to make a choice again, 38.7% was stated to "would choose the same school", and 61,3% had "would choose another school,". 53 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5.2. Results on gender differentiation Table 2: The Independent Samples T Test Results of The Students Regarding Their Personality, Depression and Perception of Mobbing According to Gender Variable Level N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean df Personality Female 132 61,9167 10,22274 Male Mobbing ,88978 127 63,8976 9,12943 P 257 -1.643 ,102 263 -4,198 ,000** 259 -,864 ,388 ,81011 Female 140 50,1786 12,93162 1,09292 Male 2,66260 125 61,8000 29,76873 Depression Female 134 30,3209 8,26588 Male t ,71406 127 31,2520 9,13563 ,81066 **. The mean difference is significant at the 0.01 level. When the Table 2 is examined, a significant difference is not found between personality and depression according to gender variable. On the other hand, perception of male students on mobbing are higher than female students at 0.01 significant level. 5.3. Results on differentiation by age Table 3: ANOVA Analysis on Personality, Depression and Perception of Mobbing in terms of Age. Sum Squares Age Personality Between Groups 361,885 Mobbing df Mean Square F Sig. 2 180,943 1,913 ,150 94,588 ,391 ,677 ,061 ,941 Within Groups 24119,882 255 Total 24481,767 257 Between Groups 423,625 2 211,813 Within Groups 141383,068 261 541,698 Total 141806,693 263 Depression Between Groups 9,349 Within Groups 54 of 19579,155 2 4,674 257 76,183 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Sum Squares Age of Personality Between Groups 361,885 Mobbing df Mean Square F Sig. 2 180,943 1,913 ,150 94,588 ,391 ,677 ,061 ,941 Within Groups 24119,882 255 Total 24481,767 257 Between Groups 423,625 2 211,813 Within Groups 141383,068 261 541,698 Total 141806,693 263 Depression Between Groups 9,349 2 4,674 76,183 Within Groups 19579,155 257 Total 19588,504 259 When the Table 3 is examined, a significant difference is not found between depression, personality and mobbing according to age variable of the students in ANOVA analysis. 5.4. Findings related to differentiation by program category Table 4: The Independent Samples T Test Results of The Students Regarding Their Personality, Depression and Perception of Mobbing According to Program Category Variable Level Personality Mobbing Depression N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Daytime 137 61,7372 9.63547 0.82321 Evening 123 64,0407 9.80415 0.88401 Daytime 139 54,2518 22.85274 1.93834 Evening 127 57,2677 23.47658 2.08320 Daytime 135 30,1630 8.65957 0.74530 Evening 127 31,4803 8.70582 0.77252 df t P 258 -1,909 ,057* 264 -1,061 ,290 260 -1,227 ,221 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. When the Table 4 is examined, a significant difference is not found between mobbing and depression according to program category variable. On the other hand, perception of evening program students on personality are slightly higher than daytime program students at 0.05 55 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo significant level. Accordingly, the evening education students can be said to be prone to Type A students of daytime education can be said to be prone to Type B personality traits. 5.5. Implications for differentiation according to the category of income Level Table 5: ANOVA Analysis on Personality, Depression and Perception of Mobbing in terms of Family Income. Income N Personality Low 52 64,6731 184 62,4076 High 23 Total Low Deviation Squares 10,12611 B. Groups Mean df Square 2 129.506 9,61227 W. Groups 24207.089 256 94.559 61,3478 9,69821 Total 24466.100 258 259 62,7683 9,73806 54 61,4074 27,20399 B. Groups 6312.071 2 3156.036 188 52,7074 17,27366 W. Groups 135784.555 262 518.262 High 23 66,8696 43,04575 Total 142096.626 264 Total 265 55,7094 23,20010 Low 54 34,5185 10,54504 B. Groups 957.217 2 478.608 184 29,7500 7,70866 W. Groups 18715.895 258 72.542 High 23 30,2174 9,40965 Total 19673.111 260 Total 261 30,7778 8,69861 Middle Depression Sum of 259.011 Middle Mobbing Mean Std. Middle F P 1,370 ,256 6,090 ,003** 6,598 ,002** **. The mean difference is significant at the 0.01 level. When the Table 5 is examined, there is no differences between the income levels of students and perceptions of the personality. A significant difference were observed between perceptions of depression and mobbing at the 0.01 level. High income group to the students' exposure to mobbing rate is higher than others. Depression levels of low-income group are higher than other income groups of students. 56 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5.6. Findings about where her family lives differentiation by category Table 6: ANOVA Analysis on Personality, Depression and Perception of Mobbing in terms of Family’s Place of Residence. Family's place of residence Personality Mobbing Depression N Mean Std. Sum of Deviation Squares Village 42 63.5000 9.83337 B. Groups County 32 64.4063 City 186 Total Mean df Square 132.235 2 66,117 8.59429 W. Groups 24564.977 257 95,584 62.4032 9.94872 Total 24697.212 259 260 62.8269 9.76504 Village 44 65,5227 29.93286 B. Groups 5143.399 2 2571.699 County 30 52,5667 15.15138 W. Groups 136975.323 263 520.819 City 192 53,9271 21.92216 Total 142118.722 265 Total 266 55,6917 23.15809 Village 41 33,7073 11.44387 B. Groups 444.633 2 222,316 County 32 31,2188 8.48427 W. Groups 19267.047 259 74,390 City 189 30,1005 7.92152 Total 19711.679 261 Total 262 30,8015 8.69044 F P ,692 ,502 4,938 ,008** 2,989 ,052* *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. **. The mean difference is significant at the 0.01 level. When the Table 6 is examined, there is no differences between family’s place of residence and perceptions of the personality. A significant difference is observed between perceptions of mobbing at the 0.01 level and a partial difference is observed in the perceptions of depression at 0.05 level. Rural origin students' perceptions of mobbing were higher than other students. However, students’ with rural origin perceptions of depression were slightly higher that of the other students. 5.7. Implications for School Choice Opportunity differentiation by category Table 7: ANOVA Analysis on Personality, Depression and Perception of Mobbing in terms of the Opportunity to Choose. 57 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo your choice if the opportunity N Mean Personality 1,00 103 63,1359 9,77296 ,96296 2,00 157 62,6242 9,78579 ,78099 1,00 103 54,8835 21,06773 2,07586 2,00 163 56,2025 24,43640 1,91401 1,00 104 30,0288 8,11741 ,79598 2,00 158 31,3101 9,03701 ,71895 Mobbing Depresyon Std. Std. Error Deviation Mean df t P 258 ,413 ,680 264 -,452 ,652 260 -1,168 ,244 6. CONCLUSION School life, constitutes an environment in which students spend a large portion of their days. The Students who have different ideas, expectations, experiences, personalities, lives and the life plans come together in the school life. Despite these differences, unintended consequences can occur within these persons who have to do training together. Students can exhibit undesirable behavior against student friends due to the problems living in private lives, targets they want to reach. Due to differences in behavior lasting persistent and long period may cause psychological intimidation and mobbing. For this reason, students are exposed to many adverse conditions and behaviors under intense stress experienced in the school environment. This behavior causes being unhappy of students exposed to mobbing, which leads to both psychologically and physically disorder. At the end of this study it has been understood that many students against negative behavior exhibit different responses by the effect of personality traits. According to results of study, type A personality characteristics which have higher prone to perceptions of mobbing than students prone to personality related to type B. Perceptions of mobbing of the students came from rural areas with low-income are higher than city dwellers students with normal or high income levels. However, it was observed that male students were exposed to mobbing more than female students. As a result, school boards should support the students on how begining and continue of mobbing process can be prevented. Psychological resistance, searching of possessed rights, perceived social support and measurements to copy with stress and awareness should be raised by education programs. 58 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFFERENCES _____________ (1998). When Working Becomes Hazardous. World of Work The Magazine of the International Labor Organizations (ILO), 26: 6-9. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Depression, New York, Guilford. Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Cüceloğlu, D. (1997). İnsan ve Davranışı: Psikolojinin Temel Kuramları. Remzi Kitapevi, İstanbul. Erdoğan, İ. (1994). İşletmelerde Davranış. Beta Basım Yayım, İstanbul. Güney, S. (2009). Davranış Bilimleri. Nobel Yayınevi, Ankara. Huber, B. (1994). Mobbing: Psychoterror am Arbeitsplatz, Niedernhausen, Falken. Karavardar, G. (2009). İş Yaşamında Psikolojik Yıldırma ve Psikolojik Yıldırmaya Direnç Gösteren Kişilik Özellikleri ile İlişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul. Kutash, S. B. (1965). Psychology, 12: 71-78. Psychoneuroses. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of Clinical Lewis, J., Coursol, D. & Wahl, K. H. (2002). Addressing Issues of Workplace Harassment: Counseling The Targets. Journal of Employment Counseling, 39: 109–116. Leymann, H. (1996). The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2): 165-184. Luthans, F. (1995). Organizational Behavior. Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul Moorhead, G. & Griffin, R. W. (1992). Organizational Behavior. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Öztürk, M.O. (1985). Psikanaliz ve Psikoterapi. Sevinç Matbaası, Ankara. Tınar, M. Y. (1999). Çalışma Yasamı ve Kişilik. Mercek Dergisi, MESS, 14. Tınaz, P. (2008). İşyerinde Psikolojik Taciz. Beta Yayıncılık, 2.Baskı, İstanbul. Tınaz,P., Bayram, F. & Ergin,H. (2008). Çalışma Psikolojisi ve Hukuki Boyutlarıyla İşyerinde Psikoljik Taciz (Mobbing), Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul. Ünal, Y. (2000). Depresyon ve Kişilik. Duygudurum Bozuklukları Dizisi, 1(2): 72-76. Vecchio, R.P. (1995). Organizatioanl Behavior, Fort Worth: Dryden Press, England. Zel, U. (2001). Kişilik ve Liderlik: Evrensel Boyutlarıyla Yönetsel Açıdan Araştırmalar, Teoriler ve Yorumlar. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara. 59 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1148 Title A name given to the resource A Study About Mobbing On Students, The Relationship Between Their Personality Traits And Mental Status Author Author Zeki , Akinci Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of psychological violence (mobbing) on the mood of students attending colleges and on how the mood affects their traits. In this context, the effect of the violence level as psychological impact on the mood of students was examined in the process of personality traits. The sample group of the study consists of 250 last class students studying at a social sciences vocational school in Antalya, Turkey. Behaviour scale for psychological violence, scale of personality characteristics and depression scale were used in the study. Perceptions of mobbing of the students came from rural areas with low-income are higher than city dwellers students with normal or high income levels. However, it was observed that male students were exposed to mobbing more than female students. Keywords: Psychological violence, personality traits, mood Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/50e1a7dde6833065213614ccaed19ff7.pdf 8e021758202f2108abc8128d007db5d4 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo K. Konishi, M. H. (1998). Sliding mode control for a class of chaotic systems. Phys. Lett. A, vo1.245 , pp.511-517. Lorenz, E. ( 1963). Deterministic non-periodic flows. J. Atmos.Sci., Vol.20, No.1 , 130–141. OE, R. (1976). An equation for continuous chaos. Phys. Lett. A,;57 , 397–398. S. Emiroğlu, Y. U. (2010). Passivity based Chaos Control of the T System,. IMS 2010 (s. 118-125). Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina: International University of Sarajevo. X. Chen, C. L. (2010). Passive control on a unified chaotic system. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 11 , 683-687. Y.Zeng, S. N. (1997). Adaptive control of chaos in Lorenz system. Dynamic Contr., vol. 7 , pp 143 - 154. Yu, W. (1999). Passive equivalence of chaos in Lorenz system. IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst. I, vo1.46, no.7 , pp.876-878. Synchronization of a chaotic finance system via active control Zekeriya Özdemir, Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey E-mails: zozdemir@sakarya.edu.tr, selcukemiroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract This paper discusses chaos synchronization of the three dimensional finance system based on active control technique. Using active control theory, chaos synchronization of three dimensional chaotic finance system is realized with three input. The designed controllers ensure the stability of error dynamical system between two identical chaotic finance systems. Also, the controllers provide that the error dynamical system converges to zero equilibrium. Numerical simulations show that the proposed method is effective for chaotic finance system. Keywords: Chaotic finance system, chaos synchronization, active control 1. INTRODUCTION Since the control of chaotic systems is firstly proposed by Ott, Grebogi and Yorke, chaos control has become one of the much interesting research subject. Also, chaos synchronization has received a huge increasing interest and has been studied in the past two decades, after Pecora and Carroll introduced the synchronization method. Recently, many control methods are proposed to the control and the synchronization of the chaotic systems. The control strategies applied to control and synchronization of chaos such as OGY method (E. Ott, C. G. 1990), linear feedback control (A.E. Matouk, 2008), passive control (S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, 2010; X. Chen, C. L. 2010), active control (S. Emiroğlu, Y. Uyaroğlu, 2011) etc.. 130 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In this paper, we study the control of chaos in a nonlinear finance chaotic system which was proposed by reference (Guoliang Cai, 2007). The state equations of chaotic finance system are written below Eq 1. (Guoliang Cai, 2007) x  z  ( y  a) x y  1  by  x 2 (1) z   x  cz where variable x represents the interest rate in the model; variable y represents the investment demand and variable z is the price exponent. The parameter a is the saving. b is the perinvestment cost. c is the elasticity of demands of commercials. And they are positive constants. Mathematical model of a finance system is constructed by using Matlab-Simulink program as shown in Figure 1. u 2 x z y 1 1 s 1 x s z 1 s a b c y Figure 17. Matlab-Simulink model of finance system Chaotic time series and phase portraits of the system are shown in Figure 2. 131 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 18. Phase portraits of the system 2. SYNCHRONIZATION OF CHAOTIC FINANCE SYSTEM In this section, the synchronization of finance chaotic system (2) is achieved using active control theory. The active control scheme is employed to realize chaos synchronization. Suppose the drive system below, x1  z1  ( y1  a) x1 2 y1  1  by1  x1 (2) z1   x1  cz1 and the response system, x 2  z 2  ( y 2  a) x 2  u1 2 y 2  1  by 2  x 2  u 2 z 2   x 2  cz 2  u 3 (3) where ui(i = 1,2,3) is active control function to design. Then the error dynamical system between the drive system (2) and the response system (3) is 132 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo e1  e3  y 2 x 2  y1 x1  ae1  u1 2 2 e2  be2  x 2  x1  u 2 (4) e3  e1  ce3  u 3 in which e1 = x2 - x1, e2 = y2 - y1 and e3 = z2 - z1. The active control functions can be designed as u1  e3  y 2 x 2  y1 x1  (a  1)e1 u 2  (b  1)e2  x 2  x1 2 2 (5) u 3  e1  (c  1)e3 When the controllers are added to chaotic system, then the eigenvalues of the closed loop system are -1, -1 and -1. Hence, in light of the linear system theory, our choice can ensure that the origin of the error dynamical system is asymptotically stable. Numerical simulation of synchronization of chaotic finance system which has different initial conditions is performed. The initial conditions of the drive system and the response system are (0.1 0.23 0.3) and (0.1 0.5 0.7) respectively. Figure 3 shows time series of drive and response system and error between drive and response system. As can be seen from Figure 3, after controllers are activated t=50s, the synchronization of two chaotic finance system with different initial conditions is realized and also, can be seen that the error between drive and response system converges to zero. 133 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4 x1-x2 2 0 -2 -4 0 20 40 60 80 100 60 80 100 60 80 100 60 80 100 60 80 100 60 80 100 t 4 y1-y2 2 0 -2 0 20 40 t 2 z1-z2 1 0 -1 -2 0 20 40 t 4 e1 2 0 -2 -4 0 20 40 t 4 e2 2 0 -2 -4 0 20 40 t 4 e3 2 0 -2 -4 0 20 40 t Figure 3 Time series of the drive and response system and error between drive and response system when active controllers are activated at t=50s 3. CONCLUSION 134 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This work discusses chaos synchronization of the finance chaotic system. Synchronization between the two finance chaotic systems with different initial conditions is achieved by using active control scheme. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to verify the theoretical analysis and also show that the proposed method works effectively. REFERENCES E. Ott, C. G. (1990). Controlling chaos. Phys.Rev.Lett.,vol.64 , pp.1196-1199. A.E. Matouk, (2008) Dynamical analysis, feedback control and synchronization of Liu dynamical system, Nonlinear Analysis 69 3213–3224 S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, (2010). Control of Rabinovich chaotic system based on passive control, Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(21), pp. 3298-3305. X. Chen, C. L. (2010). Passive control on a unified chaotic system. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 11 , 683-687. Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu (2011), Kaotik Burke-Shaw Çekicisinin Aktif Kontrol İle Senkronizasyonu, e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, Volume: 6, Number: 1, Article Number: 1A0154 Guoliang Cai, J. H. (2007). A New Finance Chaotic Attractor. International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol. 3 (2007) No. 3 , pp. 213-220. Feedback control of chaos in a hyperchaotic finance system Yılmaz Uyaroğlu1, Recep Temel2, Hilmi Kırlıoğlu3 1Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey 2Bozok University, Turkey 3Sakarya University, Faculty of management, Turkey E-mails: uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, hilmik@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract Based on the mathematical model of a nonlinear finance chaotic system, the complicated dynamical behavior of the model is further investigated. Firstly, the complicated dynamical behaviors of the system are analyzed. Moreover, the feedback control of the nonlinear finance chaotic system is presented. We settle the nonlinear finance chaotic system to equilibrium point with only one controller. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, feedback control 1. INTRODUCTION 135 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1288 Title A name given to the resource Synchronization of a chaotic finance system via active control Author Author Zekeriya , Özdemir Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper discusses chaos synchronization of the three dimensional finance system based on active control technique. Using active control theory, chaos synchronization of three dimensional chaotic finance system is realized with three input. The designed controllers ensure the stability of error dynamical system between two identical chaotic finance systems. Also, the controllers provide that the error dynamical system converges to zero equilibrium. Numerical simulations show that the proposed method is effective for chaotic finance system. Keywords: Chaotic finance system, chaos synchronization, active control Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/eddf68a2cee1c87f0aed094acc80b45c.pdf 266cb4db129f26ab5ace1c2b42d791b0 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cotter, J., Najah, M. and Wang, S. S. (2011) Standardized reporting of climate change information in Australia, 2(2), 294-321. Epstein, M. J. and Yuthas, K. (2011) Protecting and regaining clarity of mission in the microfinance industry, 2 (2), 322 – 330. Distrubution Of Human Capital: A Study On Turkish Regions Zekeriya Mizirak, Deniz Göktaş Department of Economics, Konya University, Konya, Turkey E-mails: zmizirak@hotmail.com, d.goktas@gmail.com Abstract Firms’ location choice causes regional economic differences. The conventional view of firms’ location relies on cost-related factors such as tax breaks and subsidies. Human capital theory of regional development asserts that people are the motor force behind the regional growth. According to proponents of the human capital theory, regional growth is driven by endowments of highly educated and productive people instead of reducing costs of business or low costs of resources. In a world in which people are highly mobile, human capital is not a given endowment. Under the new regime of geography in which jobs follow labor instead of labor force follows jobs, wherever intelligence clusters evolve, so too will wealth accumulate. Firstly, Jacobs attracted attention to the ability of cities to attract creative people and thus spur economic growth. To sustain innovation attracting and retaining human capital is believed a crucial role. Firms want to reap the benefits from skilled labor pool.Places with greater number of highly educated people grow faster and better able to attract more talent. There are three linkages between human capital and regional growth. Firstly, concentration of creative and highly educated people through accumulation of knowledge and productivity in existing firms. Human capital enables both product and process innovations. Second explanation is related to inter firm dynamics. Highly human capital endowed people rapidly adapt new ideas and technologies; therefore industrial shift in these human capital endowed regions is rather easier. Not only they succeed in existing mature firms, but also they start new enterprises, thus contribute into economic activity. This linkage is called reinvention view of human capital. Third explanation is about consumption patterns of educated people. Human capital causes growth by spending effect. Since they have higher incomes, they spend much on leisure activities like bars, restaurants and theatres. Their spending habits create employment for the unskilled. In this paper we will test the relationship between the human capital endowment of the regions and determinants of its regional distribution. Job opportunities, regional amenities and diversity can affect the distribution of human capital. Keywords: Regional development, human capital, location choice 154 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. INTRODUCTION Economists have been trying to exploring the sources of the “wealth of the nations”. When the economic structure shifts, the patterns of development also changes. In the last fifty years factor accumulation models shifted to factor efficiency and factor specialization models. One of the changing patterns is replacement of labor accumulation to human capital based explanations. Another shift is from nationwide policies to regional policies. Therefore human capital and regional development attracts attention in recent years. Regional growth contributes into nation’s development by causing externalities and spreads to neighbor regions. The conventional view of regional growth asserts that places develop because they are located on transportation routes or because they have endowments of natural resources that firms benefit. This cost based advantages attract investment and regional growth occurs. Public policy makers decide tax breaks and infrastructure investments considering this approach. However cost based factors no longer key to development. (Florida, 2004) Proponents of human capital theory states that key source of the regional growth is talented people who brings productivity and externalities. Where talented people concentrate, human capital accumulates. If talented people cluster in a region, then firms follow talent and invest in that region. These places with higher human capital grow faster than those have lower human capital endowment. If the human capital is determinant of growth, then distribution of human capital affects the regional differences. Then the question is “what factors affect the location decisions of the talent?” There are different answers. One explanation is that presence of educational institutions in a region increases the region’s human capital accumulation. Another explanation emphasizes the role of amenities. Third explanation is that talented people appreciate diversity and tolerance, so the most diverse cities or regions attract talented workforce. In this paper we test effect of amenities, universities and diversity on the uneven distribution of human capital with using Turkish regional data. 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Human Capital and Regional Development In the economic growth literature many scholars arrive at the conclusion that talented people are motor of the economic growth at national level. (Romer, 1986; Lucas, 1988; Barro, 1991; Simon and Nardinelli, 1996) Intuitively there must be a relationship between existence of talented people and regional growth. Many studies confirms that endowment of talent positively affect regional growth. (Ullman, 1958; Jacobs, 1961; Andersson, 1985; Glaeser, 2000; Florida,2004) Human capital is defined by the as the knowledge, skills, competencies and attributes embodied in individuals that facilitate the creation of personal, social and economic wellbeing. (OECD,2007) Skills and competences can be acquired by education, experience and learning by doing. The most frequent used proxy for the human capital is educational level. People who has bachelor’s degree and above areusually accepted as measure of human capital. Traditional regional growth and location choice theories are based on material conditions like availability of inputs, low cost of inputs, tax advantages and low wages of labor. Firms choose their locations by examining these cost related factors. When firms invest in a region, then 155 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo production and income of that region increase. This process results in employment growth and economic development. Thus traditional approaches implicitly assume that people follow jobs while deciding where to live. However proponents of human capital theory state that jobs follow people. Regional growth lies not in reducing the cost of doing business, but it endowments of highly educated and productive people. Clustering people is more important for economic success than the clustering of companies. Florida (2004) summarizes several explanations for regional growth. The conventional enterprise driven view is that regional growth comes from attracting companies or building clusters of industries. Social capital theory which is coined by Putnam (2000) states that economic growth is an outcome of social cohesion, trust and community relations. The human capital theory advanced by economists Robert Lucas and Edward Glaeser says that concentrations of educated people drive regional growth. Florida(2002, 2004) proposes creative class that is refined theory of human capital, is the determinant of regional growth. Creative class is occupational definition of talent which describes the labor force creating new forms. Scientists, engineers, university professors, poets, artists and professionals working in knowledge based industries. Florida articulates that talent, tolerance and technology are necessarily components of regional growth. Presence of one component is necessary but not sufficient. Marshall and Porter(1990, 2000) are proponents of firm driven regional growth view. Marshall argued that firms cluster in agglomerations to benefit from productive efficiencies. Porter (2000) sees firm clusters are drivers of regional competitiveness via increasing productivity and innovation. According to Florida (2004) the main driver of clustering is people. Companies cluster in specific regions because they want to employ talented people who bring innovation and economic growth. Florida (2004) advanced the view of competitive advantage by reinventing its pattern. In the creative economy, source of competitive advantage is “rapidly mobilize talent”. Thus Florida(2004) attributes the idea that talent is not a fixed stock, it easily flows from place to place. An alternative view is social capital theory which is put forward by Robert Putnam. Putnam and others explain the success of clusters like Silicon Valley due to the networks among people and firms constitute a form of social capital. Florida refutes this view, because of the loose ties between people and social diversity. His qualitative research reveal that people do not desire the strong ties and long term commitments. Mercan and Halici (2005) argue that social capital is an attraction factor for location planning of companies. A firm can choose to locate a plant in new geographic region not only due to reduce distribution costs, but also to create cultural ties between the firm and local community. Mercan and Halici(2005) propose the idea that people do not follow jobs; jobs follow people and communities. Human capital theory of regional development attributes talented people is key to regional development. According to proponents of theory clustering of human capital is more important than clustering of companies. Jacobs proposes that economic growth of cities depend on their success to attract creative people. Lucas emphasizes productivity effects that come from the clustering of human capital as the critical factor in regional economic growth, referring to this as a “Jane Jacobs” externality. Florida (2004) mentions the empirical contributions of Glaeser and Beeson. Glaeser and his collaborators empirically proved that human capital is center for economic growth. They found that clustering of human capital is ultimate cause of regional agglomeration of firms. Beeson found that investments in higher education are outperformed investment in physical infrastructure like canals, railroads and highways. 156 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo There are three linkages between human capital and regional growth. Firstly, concentration of creative and highly educated people through accumulation of knowledge and productivity in existing firms. Human capital enables both product and process innovations. Second explanation is related to inter firm dynamics. Highly human capital endowed people rapidly adapt new ideas and technologies; therefore industrial shift in these human capital endowed regions is rather easier. Not only they succeed in existing mature firms, but also they start new enterprises, thus contribute into economic activity. This linkage is called reinvention view of human capital. Third explanation is about consumption patterns of educated people. Human capital causes growth by spending effect. Since they have higher incomes, they spend much on leisure activities like bars, restaurants and theatres. Their spending habits create employment for the unskilled. (Marlet, Woerkens, 2007) Marlet and Woerkens (2004) showed that human capital measure and creative class measure significantly contribute into employment growth in Dutch cities. 2.2. Regional Distributionof Human Capital Human capital is distributed unevenly among regions. There are three main explanations of this uneven distribution. Florida et al (2008) explains three approaches. The first approach offered by Glaeser and his collaborators (2001) is that human capital builds off itself. Presence of major universities cause high human capital endowment.(Florida, Mellander, & Stolarick, 2008: 619) Florida et al (2008) refutes the idea that the distribution of education and skill are coincident with the distribution ofuniversities. While some regions with great universities have large concentrations oftalent, others operate mainly in the production of human capital, serving as exportersof highly educated people to other regions. This is a result of the increased mobility ofhighly skilled and educated people within countries and even across borders. However,even if region has good educational institutions, it is no guarantee it can hold on to itseducated and skilled people. The second approach is emphasizes the role of amenities in attracting human capital. Natural amenities, night life, entertainment are the factors that attract educated people. Glaeser et al (2001) and Florida (2004) sees amenities as an important determinant. Florida (2004:225) articulates that: “People today expect more from the places they live. In the past, many were content to work in one place and vacation somewhere else, while frequently getting away for weekends to ski, enjoy a day in the country or sample nightlife and culture in another city. The idea seemed to be that some places are for making money and others are for fun. This is no longer sufficient. The sociologists Richard Lloyd and Terry Nichols Clark of the University of Chicago note that “workers in the elite sectors of the postindustrial city make ‘quality of life’ demands, and…increasingly act like tourists in their own city.” Besides hard factors such as wages, employment opportunities; regional amenities gain increasing importance, at least in developed countries. Cultural amenities such as entertainment life and quality of regional consumer’s services can make the region preferable. Florida et al (2008) tested the role of amenities in attracting human capital, creative class and generating regional growth for Sweden. Diversity of consumer services is taken as proxy for amenities. The amenities are found significant for creative class, but not significant for human capital. 157 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Marlet and Woerkens (2005) study the attraction factors of Dutch cities. They try to find the relationship between jobs, tolerance, amenities, aesthetics and creative class in line with Florida’s theory. Aesthetics, measured by the environmental beauty and historic buildings, play an important role. Cultures amenities are another factor of attraction. Cultural amenities are live performances per thousand population and number of pubs per thousand population are positively significant.As a hard factor job opportunity play an important role. Third approach tolerance and openness to diversity are critical determinants of talented people’s place choice. Tolerance provides a free atmosphere for an individual, either freedom of express or freedom of living lifestyle. Diversity is a signal of low barriers to enter into labor force, for instance less affirmative action. Jacobs (1961) emphasized the diversity of people contributes economic growth of cities, with the diversity of industries. Immigrants transfer different skills and knowledge to the city or region. Florida further explains the importance of diversity for creative people: Like the diverse workplace, a diverse community is a sign of a place open to outsiders. And just as domestic partner benefits convey that a potential employer is open and tolerant, places with a visible gay presence convey the same kind of signal. Some said they oriented their location search to such places, even though they are not gay themselves. Others actively sought out gay neighborhoods for their amenities, energy, safety and sense of community. Younger women in particular said they liked to live in gay neighborhoods because they are “safe.” As with employers, visible diversity serves as a signal that a community embraces the open meritocratic values of the Creative Age.(Florida, 2004:227) The explanation above stresses superiority of meritocratic values to identities. When meritocratic principles come first, various talents benefit from this values and labor allocation becomes more efficient. Diversity also means “excitement” and “energy.” Creative-minded people enjoy a mix of influences. They want to hear different kinds of music and try different kinds of food. They want to meet and socialize with people unlike themselves, to trade views and spar over issues. A person’s circle of closest friends may not resemble the Rainbow Coalition—in fact it usually does not—but he or she wants the rainbow to be available. (Florida, 2004:227) Florida(2004) emphasizes the social aspect of diversity. Creative and educated people have less prejudices and social exclusion affect decreases. Florida et al (2008) finds that tolerance, measured by gay and bohemian index, plays an important role in regional development in Sweden. Correlation between tolerance and human capital is found high. Marlet and Woerkens(2005) found that tolerance and openness have not effect on distribution of Dutch creative class. In another study, Marlet and Woerkens (2007) , the tolerance creative class nexus is failed for the Netherlands. 3. DATA AND METHODOLOGY 3.1. Data and Variables Regional distribution of human capital is uneven among Turkish regions. We search on 81 Turkish regions which are called provinces. Provinces are public administrative units; each has one core city and its periphery (towns, and rural areas). The data are extracted from TURKSTAT Regional Statistics Database. 158 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table.1. Variables and their definitions Variables Definition TALENT Share of adult population with a BA degree and above ALUMNI Share of newly graduated student in adult population MOVIES Number of movie performances per thousand adult population COMPANY Number of newly established companies per thousand population HOUSES Number of newly built houses per thousand population DIVERSITY Sum of incoming immigrant and university students per thousand population The dependent variable TALENTis the conventional measure of human capital. It is the share of people who has tertiary degree in adult population, older than age of 20. It is because the university graduates are mostly older than 20. We observed talent variable for three years period, from 2009 to 2011. Figure.1.Most talent intensive provinces Figure.1. illustrates the ten most talent intensive provinces. The capital of the Turkey, not surprisingly, ranks first. Ankara. % 16 of Ankara’s over 20 age population has a tertiary degree. Ankara provides range of public job opportunities for the talented people. Izmir comes second. Izmir is known as free lifestyle city in Turkey. It has a warm climate and sound industry. Eskisehir is famous as a student city. It has diversity and open city. Eskisehir shares some cultural similarities with Izmir. The largest metropolis of the country, Istanbul 159 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo comes forth. Provinces Antalya and Mugla are well-known with their tourism industry. They have natural amenities. Figure.2. Change in Talent (2008-2011) Figure.2. presents change in talent stock of the provinces. In three years, from 2008 to 2011 Eskisehir has added 2.55 percentage points on its talent pool. Figure.2. shows a different picture, because some provinces improve their talent pool faster than major cities. Dependent variable talent distributes uneven among provinces. Independent variables are potential explanatories of distribution of talent. In line with Glaeser et al (2001) argument, we consider the presence of universities and number of graduated students in a specific period. The variableALUMNI isa proxyof university effect on human capital. When students stay in that region after graduation, we expect a strong correlation between ALUMNI and TALENT.Intuitively the newly graduates will have positive effect on human capital. We allow one year decision lag, so the period observed for the alumni is 2008-2010. Second independent variable MOVIES is a proxy for cultural amenities. Marlet and Woerkens (2007) used live theatre performances per thousand people as a cultural amenity. However live theatre performances data do not exist or are unavailable for Turkish regions. We take annual movies performances in the movies theatres. The movies data is also taken for the period 2008-2010, considering information and decision lag. The variable COMPANY is selected to explore the role of job opportunities. COMPANY shows the number of newly established companies per thousand adult populations. Considering Turkey is a developing country, employment opportunities for the talented people matter as well. We expect a positive and strong relationship between COMPANY and TALENT variables. The observed period is between 2008 and 2010. Following Marlet and Woerkens (2004) we take the variable HOUSES as an life quality variable. More newly built houses means a deep housing market and more quality and rent choices. Number of newly built houses can affect the distribution of human capital. The period for the houses is from 2008 to 2010. Fifth independent variable is a measure of diversity and openness. Florida (2004, 2008) put a special emphasis on role of diversity. A diversity measure can be racial, ethnical, religious, 160 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo gender tendency (being gay). Because the data on ethnical diversity or religious diversity are unavailable, we take the number of immigrants as proxy of diversity. If a place attracts more people, it can be inferred that the place is open and it has low barriers to labor entrance. In order to develop a diversity measure, we add number of immigrants to number current university students. Many students move to other cities for university education for four years. They enjoy an independent life in the university city. This free life brings lifestyle diversity. Students can change the atmosphere of city, because they lead an open atmosphere. 3.2. Method and Results We run pooled OLS regressions on Turkey’s 81 provinces with taking 2008-2010 periods. Thus we have 81 cross sections for the 3 years period. When we look at the correlations between variables, HOUSES, MOVIES and COMPANY have relatively high correlation with TALENT variable. Correlation between HOUSES and TALENT is 52 %, between MOVIES and TALENT is 51 %, between COMPANY and TALENT is 53 %. TALENT and ALUMNI are weakly correlated, and there is a negative 5 % correlation between DIVERSITY and TALENT. Table.2. summarizes the correlations among the variables. Table.2. Correlation Matrix TALENT 1.0000 TALENT 0.2772 ALUMNI 0.5140 MOVIES 0.5329 COMPANY 0.5212 HOUSES -0.0527 DİVERSITY ALUMNI MOVIES 1.0000 0.2445 0.0161 0.6095 0.0076 1.0000 0.4000 0.3427 -0.1925 COMPANY HOUSES 1.0000 0.2405 -0.0705 1.0000 0.0177 DİVERSITY 1.0000 Pooled OLS regression results exhibit that the independent variables are statistically significant except the diversity measure. The estimation and estimated parameters are robust and the R2 is 57 %. The estimation results are presented in table.3. All of the explanatory variables have expected signs and MOVIES, ALUMNI, HOUSES, COMPANY are significant at 1 % level. Thus null hypothesis is rejected for these four variables. Job opportunities have significantly positive effect on spatial distribution of talent. Each newly opened company cause an average 2.26 (per thousand) point increase in TALENT. Presence of universities, ALUMNI has a positive effect on formation of talent. MOVIES variable and HOUSES variables also contribute into the attraction of educated people. We cannot reject the hypothesis that DIVERSITY has no effect on spatial distribution of talent. DIVERSITY has right expected positive sign but it is insignificant. Table.3. Estimation Results Dependent Variable: TALENT Expected Sign Coefficient p Value CONSTANT + 28.5913*** 0.0000 ALUMNI + 1.3146*** 0.0000 161 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MOVIES + 1.4060*** 0.0000 COMPANY + 2.62258*** 0.0000 HOUSES + 0.8257*** 0.0000 DIVERSITY + 0.0403 0.4705 R2 = 0.5709 *** The coefficients are significant at 1 % level. 4. CONCLUSION Our findings are consistent with the universities hypothesis and amenities approach, but observations do not support diversity hypothesis of Richard Florida. Distribution of talent among Turkish provinces is affected by job opportunities, presence of university in that province, cultural amenities and housing. Diversity measure is not a factor for educated people’s location choice in Turkey. Here there can be two explanations. First our diversity measure is inadequate for uncovering talent’s tendency for tolerance. Diversity measure is composed of number of students in that province and incoming migration rate. Migration may not cause diversity, because it can have tendency to cluster of similarities. Second, because Turkey is not an advanced country like Sweden and Netherlands, priorities of the talented can be different. Job opportunities and living conditions may dominate the soft factors. REFERENCES Andersson, A . E. (1985a) Creativity and regional development. Papers of the Regional Science Association, 56: 5–20. Barro, R. J. (1991) Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2): 407–443. Florida, R. (2002)The Rise of the Creative Class. New York: Basic Books Florida, R., Mellander, C., & Stolarick, K. (2008). Inside the black box of regional development—human capital, the creative class and tolerance. Journal of Economic Geography, 8(5), 615–649. Glaeser, E. L. (2000) The new economics of urban and regional growth. In C. Gordon,G. Meric, M. Feldman (eds)The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 83–98. Glaeser, E. L., Kolko, J., Saiz, A. (2001) Consumer city. Journal of Economic Geography, 1:27–50. Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House Lucas, R. (1988) On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22: 3–42. Marlet, G. and van Woerkens, C. (2004). Skills and Creativity in a Cross-section of Dutch Cities, Utrecht School of Economics Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute, Research papers, nr: 04-29 162 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Marlet, G. and van Woerkens, C. (2005). Tolerance, aesthetics, amenities or jobs? Tolerance, aesthetics, amenities or jobs? Dutch city attraction to the creative class. Utrecht School of Economics Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute Discussion Paper Series 05-33 Marlet, G. and van Woerkens, C. (2007). The Dutch creative class and how it fosters urban employment growth. Urban Studies, 44: 2605-2626 Mercan, B. and Halici N.S. (2005). Social capital as a soft factor in facility location planning. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 2007; 1(1):36-43 OECD, 2007, OECD Insights, Human Capital, Last Accessed on April 11, 2012 from www.oecd.org/insights/humancapital. Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantages of Nations, Harvard Business Review, March-April, No:2 Porter, M. (2000). Location, Competition and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy, Economic Development Quarterly, 14 (1), 15-34 Romer, P. M. (1986).Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 90:1002–1037. Simon, C. and Nardinelli, C. (1996) The talk of the town: human capital, informationand the growth of English cities, 1861–1961. Explorations in Economic History, 33(3):384–413. Ullman, E. L. (1958) Regional development and the geography of concentration.Papers andproceedings of the Regional Science Association, 4: 179–198. Last Accessed on April 18, 2012 from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1958.tb01629.x/abstract Practice Of Insurance In Turkey Süleyman Uyar1,Hilal Ilgin Uyar2 1 Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, 2Akdeniz University, ALTSO Vocational Scholl E-mails: suyar@akdeniz.edu.tr, hilaluyar@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract The main purpose of this study is explaining the development of insurance sector in Turkey. There is no question of insurance before second period of nineteenth century in Turkey. In Ottoman period, some trade unions were founded with the aim of providing assistance and making restitution to people in various Anatolian villages. These trade unions helped members in case of death and illness. Nevertheless, social characteristics, religious environments and financial system of ottoman society prevented developments of insurance. Resultant fire and it’s great damage in second period of nineteenth century reduced negative judgment concerning insurance. First insurance firms were opened by English insurance companies in 1872. Afterwards, corporations from France, Germany, Italy and Swiss 163 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1292 Title A name given to the resource Distrubution Of Human Capital: A Study On Turkish Regions Author Author Zekeriya , Mizirak Abstract A summary of the resource. Firms’ location choice causes regional economic differences. The conventional view of firms’ location relies on cost-related factors such as tax breaks and subsidies. Human capital theory of regional development asserts that people are the motor force behind the regional growth. According to proponents of the human capital theory, regional growth is driven by endowments of highly educated and productive people instead of reducing costs of business or low costs of resources. In a world in which people are highly mobile, human capital is not a given endowment. Under the new regime of geography in which jobs follow labor instead of labor force follows jobs, wherever intelligence clusters evolve, so too will wealth accumulate. Firstly, Jacobs attracted attention to the ability of cities to attract creative people and thus spur economic growth. To sustain innovation attracting and retaining human capital is believed a crucial role. Firms want to reap the benefits from skilled labor pool.Places with greater number of highly educated people grow faster and better able to attract more talent. There are three linkages between human capital and regional growth. Firstly, concentration of creative and highly educated people through accumulation of knowledge and productivity in existing firms. Human capital enables both product and process innovations. Second explanation is related to inter firm dynamics. Highly human capital endowed people rapidly adapt new ideas and technologies; therefore industrial shift in these human capital endowed regions is rather easier. Not only they succeed in existing mature firms, but also they start new enterprises, thus contribute into economic activity. This linkage is called reinvention view of human capital. Third explanation is about consumption patterns of educated people. Human capital causes growth by spending effect. Since they have higher incomes, they spend much on leisure activities like bars, restaurants and theatres. Their spending habits create employment for the unskilled. In this paper we will test the relationship between the human capital endowment of the regions and determinants of its regional distribution. Job opportunities, regional amenities and diversity can affect the distribution of human capital. Keywords: Regional development, human capital, location choice Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e907ab683a333f775bd9da41856997fb.pdf a35c0d0c0a925d9cb053211e7747fc7a PDF Text Text Commercial Websites Evaluation Zeid Hazem, Meliha Handzic International Burch University, Faculty of Economics 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mails.: Zeid.hazem@yahoo.com Abstract The paper presented roughly consists of three parts, as follows: Finding a criteria to evaluate a commercial website Selecting a website and applying criteria Comments and improvement advice First task was to find suitable criteria by which the site is to be evaluated; through extensive research on the internet regarding web site criteria and business sites in general we have found out what makes the business web such a powerful medium for approaching your customers. The availability and growth of the Internet offers use the opportunity to find information and data from all over the world. Internet resources, in particular World Wide Web resources, continue to proliferate at an astonishing rate. This is especially true for commercial web sites which as some experts state, grow at an astonishing rate of one per every 3 seconds! Keywords: e-business, website design, website evaluation criteria 1.INTRODUCTION To successfully create the (commercial) presence on the web, it is necessary to be aware of the users – customers. The internet works both ways - It is possible for almost anyone to place anything on the Internet. Viral marketing can, with lightning speed, spread the word about your product, be it good or bad. Users appreciate quality and credibility. 390 �Users are security sensitive, and especially so when they want to purchase over the internet. Users look for some fixed points or anchors to lead them through the content of the page. Users follow intuition when browsing; they do not like to follow a linear pattern provided by a site. Users are impatient and insist on instant gratification. Users should be motivated for them to revisit the website To be able to effectively present the product to the customer you need to pursue the following principles of user psychology Don’t make users think , Don’t squander users patience ,Manage to focus users attention , Strive for feature exposure , Make use of effective writing , Strive from simplicity , Don’t be afraid of the white space , Communicate effectively with a visible language , Conventions are our friends , Security and privacy are of highest importance, the presence of the company's website on the internet must be known to the target audience. 2.MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1 Criteria for Evaluation Out of the many criteria we found the following to properly evaluate the content of the website. 2.1.1.Purpose The website hast o have a clear purpose. Whether it is an educational site, an internet multimedia presentation, search portal or commercial site different rules of design an organization apply. 2.1.2.Audience Who is the implied audience for the site? From the homepage of a site, the user of the web should be able to identify the general audience for whom the site is developed. 391 �2.1.3.Functionality Functionality is the use of technology on the site. Good functionality means the site works well. It loads quickly, has live links, and any new technology used is functional and relevant for the intended audience. The site should work cross-platform and be browser independent. Highly functional sites anticipate the diversity of user requirements from file size, to file format and download speed. The most functional sites also take into consideration those with special access needs. 2.1.4.Organizational Is the organizational scheme appropriate, A Web document that has a vast tree of links is difficult to navigate and overwhelming to the eye. Is there a consistent look and feel from one page to another? - Visual similarities in all sections. Navigation Navigation through the website should be an effortless process. Transferring from one part of the website to another should be an intuitive process and the user should not be. The website has to have clear anchor points around which the web site is structured. 2.1.5.Accessibility The website should allow easy access to the products it is trying to sell, and use other resources like search engines or web apps to promote this goal. 2.1.6.Uniqueness Uniqueness and originality of the web site is not mandatory but can help to attract visitors and promote a different image of the company in the industry. However commercial sites are limited in their creativity because the purpose of the site is not to be original but to best promote the product it is based for. 392 �2.1.7.Design & Style the general appeal of the website can be improved by its design it must never take second place to the functionality of the site itself. It must be taken into consideration what is the purpose of the graphical content on the web page, The visual image of the site should match accordingly so that the look and feel is similar while transitioning the page. Lastly but not least importantly the design of the web site should extend the company image and adhere to target audience. 2.1.8.Multimedia Good web sites weave together relevant text, audio, video, and still images to give users a rich experience. Multimedia content has to be adjusted to be compatible with users with low bandwidth speeds and different browsers. 2.1.9.Security and Privacy If your website collects sensitive information from your customers, you should use security systems like SSL (Secure Socket Layer). This guarantees that the data provided by your customer will not fall into the hand of a malicious hacker while transferring from his computer to the web server. If your site is planning to use cookies, make sure that you covered this aspect in your privacy policy too. 2.1.10Website The website we chose to evaluate is a site held by the company HORSEFEATHERS™ and can be found on the internet address www.horsefeathers.eu 393 �HORSEFEATHERS™ was originally founded in 1989 in British Columbia, Canada as a brand who started selling specific sports apparel or so called “outerwear”, intended for snowboarders and skateboarders. The website was launched in 2001 and it follows the industry standard in that it is completely revamped twice a year to reflect the winter and summer seasons (snowboard and skateboard). 3.DISCUSSION To evaluate this site we will view through each of the criteria defined in the previous part . Purpose Purpose of any commercial website which sells finite products is to act as an interactive shop window . The site offers other information like NEWS, BLOG and even INTERVEW and VIDEO archive but the main part of the page is dedicated to showcase its products. 3.1.Audience It is clear from the start that the site is oriented towards the younger generation. With its stylized graphics and action shots it appeals to the specific nature of the sports it represents. Interviews and blogs are conducted with young up-coming stars in their respectable sports, and as such appeal to the population who view these activities as more than just a hobby. To them these people are their role models and a connection to the brand is a great marketing strategy. 3.2.Functionality The content of the site is well balanced, the graphics are of high quality but not such that can severely hamper the users with slower internet connection. The multimedia content provided can be viewed in different resolutions which a customer can choose, and the only requirement for the site to be seen is to have Adobe flash installed , which is pretty much the industry standard. The web page looks identical in Firefox, Explorer and Chrome, three predominant internet browsers 394 �3.3.Organization& Navigation The organizational units that compose the site are available from the first page of the web site and remain available when navigating through it. It is commendable that the site decided to abandon the idea of pop-ups upon entry and language selection page at the beginning. We believe that these components detract from experiencing the website. The organization is roughly divided in three parts the top layer that contains the links to every part of the web site, the middle window where the majority of the content is displayed and the bottom layer which gives additional links and information. The whole promotional part of the website is done flawlessly because each part of the website is accessible from no more than 3 clicks, The shopping part is done with a bit less finesse, the simple and clean promotional page is left and is replaced with a clunky interface where all the product are piled up In endless columns. This leaves the user at question because suddenly the access to the rest of the content is cut off, category links have switched places and the user is once again doomed to make use of a scroll bar. This whole switch would be easy to forget if the access to content made up for it but in contrast it even becomes difficult to seek the product you need. But this is a topic for accessibility of content. 3.4.Accessibility The promotional part of the website is exemplary in its access to content. Already mentioned in organizational part the product are clicks away to access and make browsing through them a fun experience. By clicking on the desired piece of clothing it is automatically shown on the model. It is a great system and since in these kind of sports apparel is basically bought to complement the kind of gear you already possess (the color of the board, boots and bindings for example) this becomes a necessity. 3.5.Uniqueness In terms of uniqueness the page is not entirely different from its rivals (One could even argue that they are more similar than different f.e. www.nitrousa.com, www.burton.com) but that is not necessarily a weakness. The products are the centerpiece of the pages and everything else supports that idea. 395 �3.6.Design & Style It is immediate from the first view of the page that the site has a crisp youthful design. The predominant color is white with brightly colored links and fitting graphic. The idea of product based sites most times is for the web page to blend into the background while the product is put in front and the character of products (bright unnatural colors on white background – snow) creates a perfect setting for that effect. The graphic images are presented with a stylish pencil drawn background and the configuration option I presented with mechanical sounds and futuristic letters which improves the experience. The shopping part of the page is presented in a style that neither improves nor hampers the shopping. 3.7.Multimedia The web page is modest in its multimedia content and that Is not a bad thing. The interviews and rider videos are easily accessible but not forced onto customers. The videos use a third party video repository Video similar to YouTube but a favorite among fans of extreme sports. The configuration part of the page was done using Adobe Flash technology Security and privacy Shopping on the web page can be done in three ways ( via Credit Card , via PayPal , via Bank transfer )These steps satisfy the needs of most customers who desire to purchase over the web. Using credit card is the easiest way but carries the risk of online transactions present everywhere on the internet. The shopping is done on a secure html page as per industry standard. PayPal is more secure in that way that the credit card info is inserted sometime before and the customer is just using his PayPal account. This method requires an active PayPal account however. The last option is direct bank transfer which is the most cumbersome but most reliable way and it does not require a credit card. The shipping is free to all users who order a total sum of over 300 Euros. 4.CONCLUSION the web page is a good concept, it has a lot of room for improvement, and with proper improvement the web page with its Configuration could become a big success. Improvements could be made in shopping section, which needs to be redesigned to match, other sections of this web page and it needs to be simpler and easier for common usage. Aside to this, their web catalog needs to be redesigned and reorganized to meet modern shopping standards. The entire web page logic needs to be revised; additional features need to be included into Configuration section which would make shopping easier and more efficient. The web page has a lot of potential, and with proper improvements it could become a big hit and it could bring a lot of money to shop owner. 396 �REFERENCES: Gary Martin. (1996-2011). Horse feathers. Available: http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/horse-feathers.html. Last accessed 20th November 2011. 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Available: http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028607.pdf Miller, L. (2009). MIS Cases: Decision Making With Application Software. Prentice Hall. 397 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1194 Title A name given to the resource Commercial Websites Evaluation Author Author Zeid, Hazem HANDZIC, Meliha Abstract A summary of the resource. The paper presented roughly consists of three parts, as follows: Finding a criteria to evaluate a commercial website Selecting a website and applying criteria Comments and improvement advice First task was to find suitable criteria by which the site is to be evaluated; through extensive research on the internet regarding web site criteria and business sites in general we have found out what makes the business web such a powerful medium for approaching your customers. The availability and growth of the Internet offers use the opportunity to find information and data from all over the world. Internet resources, in particular World Wide Web resources, continue to proliferate at an astonishing rate. This is especially true for commercial web sites which as some experts state, grow at an astonishing rate of one per every 3 seconds! Keywords: e-business, website design, website evaluation criteria Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6a3dbecd6776b810ba2f19b25dd40789.pdf dc72f9aeedfd25a7917004d394cbe542 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo This work discusses chaos synchronization of the finance chaotic system. Synchronization between the two finance chaotic systems with different initial conditions is achieved by using active control scheme. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to verify the theoretical analysis and also show that the proposed method works effectively. REFERENCES E. Ott, C. G. (1990). Controlling chaos. Phys.Rev.Lett.,vol.64 , pp.1196-1199. A.E. Matouk, (2008) Dynamical analysis, feedback control and synchronization of Liu dynamical system, Nonlinear Analysis 69 3213–3224 S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, (2010). Control of Rabinovich chaotic system based on passive control, Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(21), pp. 3298-3305. X. Chen, C. L. (2010). Passive control on a unified chaotic system. Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 11 , 683-687. Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu (2011), Kaotik Burke-Shaw Çekicisinin Aktif Kontrol İle Senkronizasyonu, e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, Volume: 6, Number: 1, Article Number: 1A0154 Guoliang Cai, J. H. (2007). A New Finance Chaotic Attractor. International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol. 3 (2007) No. 3 , pp. 213-220. Feedback control of chaos in a hyperchaotic finance system Yılmaz Uyaroğlu1, Recep Temel2, Hilmi Kırlıoğlu3 1Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey 2Bozok University, Turkey 3Sakarya University, Faculty of management, Turkey E-mails: uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, hilmik@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract Based on the mathematical model of a nonlinear finance chaotic system, the complicated dynamical behavior of the model is further investigated. Firstly, the complicated dynamical behaviors of the system are analyzed. Moreover, the feedback control of the nonlinear finance chaotic system is presented. We settle the nonlinear finance chaotic system to equilibrium point with only one controller. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, feedback control 1. INTRODUCTION 135 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Chaos has not a general definition in literature but there are some properties of chaotic systems. The chaotic system is very sensitivity to initial conditions. In order that any nonlinear system is able to behave chaotic, the system must be at least three dimensional for autonomous system and two dimensional for non-autonomous system in the continuous system (N. Noroozi, 2008) Since the control of chaotic systems is firstly proposed by Ott, Grebogi and Yorke (E. Ott, 1990), chaos control has become one of the much interesting research subject. Over the last decades, many methods and techniques have been developed such as OGY method (E. Ott, 1990), passive control (S. Emiroğlu, 2010) and feedback control (A.E. Matouk, 2008). Juan Ding (J. Ding et al., 2009) have reported a dynamic model of 4D chaotic finance system, composed of three first-order differential equations with state feedback. The state equations of 4D chaotic finance system are written below Eq 1. x  a( x  y )  w y   y  axz (1) z  b  axy w  cxz  dw where a; b are the parameters of the system (1), and c is constant(where c=0.2), and d is the control parameter. Using Matlab model of system in Figure 1, when parameters a = 3; b = 15; c = 0:2 and d= 0.12, phase portraits of system are obtained as shown in Figure 2. a w 1 x x s d a 1 b y 1 s s w a y 1 c s z z 136 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 19. Matlab-Simulink model of hyper chaotic 15 10 z 5 0 -5 -10 -15 20 10 10 5 0 0 -10 -5 -20 y -10 x system 1.5 1 w 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 20 10 10 5 0 0 -10 -5 -20 y -10 x 15 10 z 5 0 -5 -10 -15 2 20 1 10 0 0 -10 w -1 -20 y Figure 2 Phase portraits of system 2. FEEDBACK CONTROL OF HYPER CHAOTIC FINANCE SYSTEM In this section, the control of chaotic system (2) is achieved using feedback control theory. The controlled model given by 137 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo x  a( x  y )  w  u1 y   y  axz  u 2 (2) z  b  axy  u 3 w  cxz  dw  u 4 where u1, u2 and u3 are external control inputs and are proposed as follows u1 = k1x, u2 = k2y, u3 = k3z and u4 = k4z where k1, k2, k3 and k4 are all positive feedback gains. Our aim is to drive the system’s trajectory to any of the equilibrium points of the system. 10 10 0 0 x x When feedback controllers are activated at t=25 s, time trajectories of finance chaotic system are shown in Figure 3. -10 0 10 20 30 40 -10 50 0 10 20 20 20 0 0 -20 0 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 z z 20 -20 20 10 20 30 40 0 0 0 w w 1 -2 20 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 30 40 50 t 2 10 30 -20 50 t 0 50 t 20 10 40 -20 50 t 0 30 t y y t 30 40 -1 50 0 t 10 20 t Figure 3 Time series of uncontrolled and controlled chaotic finance system 3. CONCLUSION This work addresses controlling chaos of finance chaotic system by using feedback control. Based on the feedback theory, feedback controllers are proposed to realize the global asymptotical stability of the controlled system. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed control method. 138 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES N. Noroozi, B.Khaki, A.Seifi,(2008)., Chaotic Oscillations Damping in Power System by Finite Time Control Theory, International Review of Electrical Engineering (I.R.E.E.), Vol. 3, N. 6 November-December E. Ott, C. Grebogi, J. A. Yorke, (1990). Controlling chaos, Phys. Rev. Lett. A, Vol.64, No.3, 1196-1199 S. Emiroğlu and Y. Uyaroğlu, (2010). Control of Rabinovich chaotic system based on passive control, Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(21), pp. 3298-3305. B. Stojkovska, A. Stefanovska, R. Golob, David GrgiC, (2001). Time-delay feedback control of ferroresonant chaotic oscillations, IEEE Porto Power Tech Conference l0th -13th September, Porto, Portugal V. Mortezapour, H. Lesani, A.Abbaszadeh, M. Isapour, (2009). Adaptive control of chaotic ferroresonant oscillations in electromagnetic voltage transformers, 24th International Power System Conference, 09-E-TRN-0154, PSC2009, A.E. Matouk, (2008) Dynamical analysis, feedback control and synchronization of Liu dynamical system, Nonlinear Analysis 69 3213–3224 Juan Ding, Weiguo Yang, Hongxing Yao (2009) . A New Modified Hyperchaotic Finance System and its Control, International Journal of Nonlinear Science Vol.8No.1,pp.59-66. Time delay feedback control of chaos in a hyper chaotic finance system Hüseyin Gelberi, Selçuk Emiroğlu, Yılmaz Uyaroğlu, M. Ali Yalçın Sakarya University, Electrical Electronics Engineering Department, Turkey E-mails: hgelberi@sakarya.edu.tr, selcukemiroglu@sakaryaedu.tr, uyaroglu@sakarya.edu.tr, yalcin@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract In this paper, complex behavior of a four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system is investigated. Also, this paper discusses the control of four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system by using time delay feedback control technique. Based on the property of the time delay feedback control, the controller is designed and this controller is added to hyperchaotic finance system for achieving the control of the system. As a result, the control of four dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic finance system is realized. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, numerical simulations are presented graphically. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, time delay feedback control 139 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1289 Title A name given to the resource Feedback control of chaos in a hyperchaotic finance system Author Author Yılmaz , Uyaroğlu Abstract A summary of the resource. Based on the mathematical model of a nonlinear finance chaotic system, the complicated dynamical behavior of the model is further investigated. Firstly, the complicated dynamical behaviors of the system are analyzed. Moreover, the feedback control of the nonlinear finance chaotic system is presented. We settle the nonlinear finance chaotic system to equilibrium point with only one controller. Keywords: Hyper chaotic finance system, chaos control, feedback control Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a58603401f1addaeb234275112b3ca55.pdf 5a24394d1b09574bd3c7ffd2b5aa8636 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Wendelaar, B. S. (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiological Reviews, pp. 591-625. Wu, J.-T. (1999) A generic index of diatom assemblages as bioindicator of pollution in the Keelung River of Taiwan. Hydrobiologia(397), 79-87. Nedbal L., Soukupova J., Kaftan D., Whitmarsh J. and Trtilek M. (2000): Kinetic imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence using modulated light. Photosynthesis Research 66: 3-12 Schreiber U (2004) Pulse-Amplitude (PAM) fluorometry and saturation pulse method. In: Papageorgiou G, Govindjee (eds) Chlorophyll fluorescence: A signature of Photosynthesis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. pp 279-319 Photon Systems Instruments (2011) FluorCam Instruction Manual, http://www.psi.cz The Effect Of Water Temperature On Spawning Out Of Season In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Yusuf Güner1, Halit Bayrak2, Fatih Güleç1 1Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, 35080 İzmir 2SuleymanDemirel University, Mehmet Süreyya Demiraslan M.Y.O, 32510 Isparta Abstract Salmonid culture is a production sector with widespread throughout the world. Different stocks of rainbow trout spawn in certain months of the year in hatcheries. This seasonality of spawning imposes considerable constraints on trout farming because the consequent restrictions on the supply of eggs and fry make it difficult for on-growing farm to maintain a continuity of production of table-size fish throughout the year. Hatcheries should artificially control the spawning time of their broodfish so that batches of eggs and fry might be produced all year round. The modification of spawning time are possible using manipulation of photoperiod. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. This study was carried out in two different facilities. In the first facility, the photoperiod regime was only consisted of constant short days (LD 6:18). The water temperature had been changed between 7.5 and 15 °C during the the experiment in this facility. In the second facility, it had been changed between 11 – 25.5 °C. The broodstock was seperated into two different group. These photoperioded regims consist of constant short days(LD 6:18) and altered photoperiod (LD 18:6 from February until May, then LD 12:12 from May until June, then LD 6:18 from June until November) which are acted to advanced spawning. In both experiments, photoperiod regimes changed the maturation time regardless of water temperature. However, when the water temperature is high, modulating effects of the temperature on the maturation and ovulation time were observed. When the spawning time modified to June – August, ovary growth and egg survival rate had been reduced by the temperature effect ( >14 °C). It was found that the egg quality decreased when the water temperature was 17 °C although the eggs could been removed from the fish. Based on the 72 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo these results, the role of water temperature in determining spawning time should take into account, especially in conjunction with photoperiodic manipulation. Keywords: Photoperiod, Rainbow trout, water temperature, ovulation, egg 1.INTRODUCTION Despite the reproduction periods of trouts spreads of each month of the year, generally it occurs between 6-8 weeks in the autumn-winter seasons. To be able to control the reproduction period, It is important to change some environmental factors such as temperature and day lenght. Due to the seasonal egg production, sustainability of trout farming is eliminated. Therefore, egg production should be provided in all seasons and as a result continuously production of markez size fish must be guaranteed. Despite of using hormonal applications as LHRH, HCG or pituitary extractsc for spawning, this methods provide only 23 weeks progress but the produced gametes have poor quality. Photoperiod applications are used more effectively to change the timing of reproduction (Bromage, et al., 1984; Duston and Bromage, 1986). It is possible to take the spawning time 6 months earlier or later with the photoperiod applications (Bromage, et al., 1993). However, the water temperature that is effective on spawning should be considered along with applications of photoperiod. There are studies that report the effects of temperature on the egg ovulation and spawning times (Morrison and Smith, 1986; Nakari, et al., 1987; Johnstone, et al., 1992; Taranger, et al., 1999). High temperatures cause on the eggs over-maturity. Suitable water temperatures encourage ovulation (Taranger and Hansen, 1993). Trout farming is made in many parts of the world's water sources. It is possible that the changing climatic conditions affects on the water temperature. The effect of the temperature on the commercial trout stocks, can emerge in the for of reproductions limitation. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. 2.Materials and methods This study was carried out on the commercial rainbow trout broodstock populations (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in two different farms. Broodstock fish were fed with 1% rate of broodstock-feed (Pinar-Çamli Fish Feed, Turkey). Trial 1 The first trial was conducted in a private trout farm, that had 20 tons/year production capacity and was placed in Izmir/Turkey, in winter and summer seasons. In the size of 12 m3(6 x 2 x 1 m), three raceway type concrete pools were used. The used water was spring water and annual temperature variation took place between 7.5 - 15 °C. After two-year-old brookstock fish spawned at the beginning of December with the natural illumination cycle, constant illumination program was applied as 6-hours light / 18 hours dark (6L:18D).The daylight (> 20 000 lx) was used in the light period. The concrete pools were covered with black tarpaulin in the dark period. In this study, 60 female and 20 male fish were used. The first trial started in January and lasted for 396 days. Trial 2 73 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The first trial was conducted in a commercial trout farm , that had 300 tons / year market size trout production capacity and placed in Aydın/Turkey, in winter and summer seasons. The broodstock fish were obtained from the fish that grown in this farm. The photoperiod group of constant short day (CSD) (6L:18D); The group of constant illumination program and variable photoperiod (VP); group of fish that spawned naturally in the summer (SNS) were 3-yearsold. The broodstock fish were used at their second spawning season. In the group of CSD, 500 female fish and 200 male were used. In the group of VP, 500 femle and 200 male fish were used. And in the group of SNS 200 female and 100 male fish were used. The CSD and VP were kept in the 44x2,5x0,7 m sized concrete pools as mixed; SNS were kept in 30x5x1,3 m sized soil pools as mixed. The concrete pools were covered with a light-proof tarpaulin. For lighting, 100-watt light bulbs were used in order to achieve a minimum of 40 lux light on the water. After the eggs of the broodstock fish in the CSD were taken in the winter period, 18D:6L constant light program was applied to the from 1st of February. The fish in the VP was exposed to the 18L:6D from Februay until May; the 12L:12D from May until June; and to the 6L:18D after June until November (Bromage and Cumaranatunga, 1988). The second trial started in December and lasted for 300 days. The broodstock fish were fed according to the water temperature 1-2 times in a day ad-libitum with Bagci Commercial Fish Feed. The feed was formulated to contain 16-18% crude oil, 40-45% crude protein, 2% cellulose and 3500-4050 k.cal. kg-1 energy. Ovulation time was followed by controlling the fish 2 times in a week and the ovulated fish were allocated and prepared for milking. 2.1.Statistics When samples complied with the criteria for parametric testing, Egg diameters were compared using Student’s t-test. Kruskal-Wallis test (in Trial 1) and The Mann-Whitney Utest (in Trial 2) were used to compare the fertilization rates, hatching rates and survival rates. All analyses were performed by using SPSS 15.0 version. Results Trial 1 Spawning profiles The broodstock fish that had natural reproduction time in December, started spawning in June as a results of constant short day photoperiod regime. The fish spawned 5 months earlier than normal period. Maxiumum number of spawning fish was observed in July. The response of fish to the implementation of photoperiod, was measured as 75%. When the constant short day photoperiod regime (6L:18D) resumed to apply, 53,3 percentage of the same fish spawned fort he second time in February. Thus, two times spawning of the fish was provided in 14 months. The response of the natural and constant short day (6L:18D) photoperioded fish to the spawning times in the different temperature showed no significant difference (p> 0.05). Egg quality, fecundity and size In the first and second spawning; the obtained, fertilisation, hatching and survival rates of the natural and constant short day (6L:18D) photoperioded eggs were different statistically (p<0.05). The egg diameters were found different in all groups. It was seen that when the fish spawned earliar time, egg diameters became smaller. Trial 2 Spawning profiles 74 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The stream water, supplied with the artesian from the dam, was used in the farm. The water temperature increased rapidly when the dam water level decreased in July. It was measured high water temperature (20 - 25.7 C) and lower oxygen saturation (4.8 - 5 ppm) between July and October. This period was reported the most important critical production period of the farm. In the constant short day photoperiod group (CSD), ovulation and removal of the eggs started at the beginning of June and lasted June 30. Response of the photoperioded fish was observed as 17.8% . Egg removal of the naturally spawning in the summer group (SNS) was made in June and July when the 16L:8D. Response of the fish to the photoperiod application was measured 62%. The fish under the variable photoperiod (VP); were exposed 18L:6D from February until May, 12L:12D from May until June, from June 6L:18D. In this group the spawning period-expected in September was not seen due to the high water temperature. All the broodstock fish died. Those fish were cut and controlled. Ovulation of the eggs was observed. Avarage weight of broodstock fish was measured as 2246 ± 413 gr and the obtained mean egg weight per broodstock fish was detected as 307 ± 119 gr. Due to there was no sperm observation from the male broodstock, fertilisation could not be processed. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was detected as 13.9%. Responses to spawning time in the different temperature and season of the experimental groups; constant short day (6L:18D) photoperiod, variable light photoperiod and naturally spawning in the summer group; were found statistically different (p<0.05). Egg quality, fecundity and size 45 16 Number of Spawning 40 14 40 35 12 30 32 25 8 20 15 10 10 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 2 5 0 0 Temperature (oC ) / Daylenght (hour) Hatching and survival rates were considered as quality criteria for the fish eggs. In the group of CSD, the fertilisation, hatching and survival rates was found respectively, 52,2 ± 1,7%; 24,1 ± 1,1%; 11,3 ± 0,8% ; and in SNS group, 35,4 ± 1,1%; 17,3 ± 0,8%; 8,3 ± 0,5% . Fertilisation, hatching and survival rates of Constant short day (6L:18D) photoperioded and naturally spawned in summer fish, were found statistically different (p<0.05). Egg diameters were detected smilar in all groups and smaller in the early spawnings. Natural Spawning Months Number Spawning Temperature Daylength(hour) Figure 1. The effects of constant photoperiods(CSD) on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout (Trial.1) 75 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2. The effects of constant photoperiods(CSD) on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout(Trial 2) Figure 3. The effects of variable photoperiod (VP) on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout(Trial 2) 76 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 4. The naturally spawning in the summer group (SNS) in the rainbow trout(Trial 2) 77 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4. Total and Relative Fecundity, fish weight, egg diameter, fertilisation rate, hatching rate, and egg survival rates for broodstock in the two experimental groups in Trial 1 Groups Natural Spawning Total Fecundity Fish weight Relative Fecundity Egg diameter Fertilisation Hatching Rate Rate Survival Rate (eggs/fish) (kg) (egss/kg fish) (mm) (%) (%) (%) 91,8 ± 1,5 64,9 1,4 ± 38,8 1,3 2659 ± 1552 ± 2034 ± 95 5,6 ± 0,1 100 (60) 42 Constant 3897 ± 1950 ± 1975 Short Day 1252 (45) 297 492 First Spawning ± 5,0 ± 0,2 71,2 ± 1,72 50,1 ± 2 Constant 6459 ± 3390 ± 1905 Short Day 1051 (32) 345 295 Second Spawning ± 5,4 ± 0,3 87,4 ± 1 83,9 1,4 ± 28,6 1,6 ± ± 63,6 1,45 ± Table 5. Total and Relative Fecundity, fish weight, egg diameter, fertilisation rate, hatching rate, and egg survival rates for broodstock in the two experimental groups in Trial 2 Groups Total Fecundity Fish Relative Egg Fertilisation Hatching Survival weight Fecundity diameter Rate Rate Rate (eggs/fish) (kg) Summer Naturally Spawning 2848 ± 400 ± 2067 583 (124) 157,4 460 Constant 2480 ± 1759 Short Day 450 (89) ± 250 First Spawning Altered Photoperiod 78 (egss/kg fish) 1411 264 2243 GSI: ± 449 %13,9 (mm) (%) (%) (%) ± 4,2 0,1 ± 35,4 ± 1,1 17,3 0,8 ± 8,3 0,5 ± ± 4,24 0,1 ± 52,2 ± 1,7 24,1 1,1 ± 11,3 0,8 ± - - - - �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2. Discussion 2.2.1. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on spawning time In the trials, spawning time was observed 5 months earlier (in July) than normal period by applying constant short day photoperiod regime to the trouts that naturally spawned in December. After the first spawning in the July, it is recorded that the same fish spawned second time with 2 months delay (in February) compared to normal period. It was noticed that when the constant short day photoperiod method was applied, there was only 2 week difference between the different fishes in Trial 1 and Trial 2. Broodstock fish reached ovulation later in the cold water. However, the maximum number of spawned fish were in the same month (July). Thus, in the both trials showed significant effect of photoperiod on rainbow trout’s maturation and spawning. On the other hand, there was not a significant effect of temperature on maturation and spawning time. Nevertheless, modulatory effects of the water temperature were observed. Davies and Bromage (2002) found similar results about the water temperature and reported the water temperature affected on spawning and ovulation. They also mentioned that ovulation period spreaded and was delayed at lower temperatures. There are lot of study about delaying the spawning by the cold water (Morrison and Smith, 1986; Nakari, et al., 1988; Johnstone, et al., 1992). But the influence mechanism of temperature on physiological maturation has not been understood yet. According to the some studies, in salmons and the trout, low temperature levels cause delaying on spawning as a result of reducing the accumulation of vitellogenin at the last stage of the formation of vitellogenic. In the Trail 2, it was determinated that high temperature levels inhibited maturation, although spawning was expected in September. The other studies on salmondis, concluded that high temperature levels inhibited ovulation (Breton, et al., 1983; Pankhurst and Thomas, 1998; Chmilevsky, 1999; King and Pankhurst, 1999). It was added that steroid formation with the high temperature could delay the spawning (Kime, 1980). But, still, the influence mechanism of the high temperature on the final maturation and spawning time of salmonids could not be determinated (Davies and Bromage, 2002). In the Trail 2, it was observed that, spawning success reduced when the water temperature exceeded 14 °C. If the temperature reached 17 °C suddenly, the eggs could be removed but there were problems on ovarium maturation and ovulation. Since the water temperature levels reached 19 – 20 °C in spawning season (September), the fish under the variable photoperiod (VP) died before ovulation. Pankhurst et al.(1996), reported that ovaries of trout were functional below 15 °C, but not at the level of 18-20 C°. Davies and Bromage (2002), found that ovarian problems were decreased by 16 °C water temperature level before ovulation. In the Trial 1, as a result of constant short day application, 75% of the experimental fish spawned in the first spawning, and 53.6% in the second. In the Trial 2, constant short day regime, 17.8% of fish spawned although naturally spawned group in the summer. This result can be connected with both temperature and photoperiod’s combine effect. 2.2.2.The effect of water temperature on egg quality In the Trial 1, by decreasing the water temperature in December, in the natural and constant short day groups survival rates were better than the high temperature seasons. But in the Trial 2, the survival rates of the eggs and the frys decreased because of the high temperature. Although egg diameters was expected to be bigger according to fish weight, eggs became smaller in the constant short day photoperioded groups, since the spawning period was taken early. According to earlier studies (Buss, 1982; Bromage and Cumaranatunga, 1988) vitellogenesis period was short by taking the spawning period earlier, and so the egg 79 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo diameters became smaller. It was reported that there was no correlation between egg diameter and survival rates in trout. The natural cycle eggs and the photoperioded eggs had same quality (Springate and Bromage, 1985). In Trial 1, Decreasing in the egg quality was observed by increasing the water temperature to 14.9 °C in June-July compared with 11 °C in December. In the Trial 2, a significant reduction in egg quality was appeared at the 16.6 °C temperature level in June-July. GSI was measured as 13.9% in September when the temperature level reached 17 – 19 °C. Although abdomen part of the fish was soft, the eggs could not be removed and most of the brood stock fish died. Overly-ripe eggs in the ovary was observed in some individuals. There is a red spot in the over-ripe trout eggs (Craik and Harvey, 1984). The studies about the over-ripe trout egg (Breton, et al., 1983; Springate, et al., 1984; Billard, 1985), were related with the eggs that remained in the abdominal cavity after ovulation and transformed to over-ripe. Since the eggs were released but not absorbed back, it was expressed this eggs did not fit with atretic eggs (Bromage and Cumaranatunga, 1988). It is know that high temperature levels increase the over-ripening rate of ovulated eggs. This was explained with disintegration of the non-functional eggs that were exposed high temperature before ovulation (Billard, 1985). Despite the water temperature was 16 - 17 °C, the eggs and sperm were removed. But, hatching and fry survival rates decreased considerably. In addition, at the high temperatures, lack of sperm was observed in male brood stock. It is necessary to consider this restriction, for out of season spawning. It was found that when the water temperature was below 14 °C, the last maturation and non-functional ovarias was prevented and were consistent with survival rates. Davies and Bromage (2002) reported that values below 16 °C before ovulation, reduced the ovary problems. 3. Regulation of Photoperiod Practices In the Trial 1 and Trial 2, it was detected that when the seasonal water temperatures were occurred within the acceptable limits; there would be no problem on the maturation and ovulation in the photoperiod applications early-spawning. According to the literature on the introduction part, long-short photoperiod application can take spawning time 6 months early since December. In the trials, it was observed that constant short day photoperiod groups spawned in July. When the 18L:6D photoperiod regime applied, the spawning period was taken 3 month early. But, number of the spawning fish and the survived fry decreased in summer. Since the high water temperature, some brood stock fish died. In summer, naturally ovulated fish(twice in a year), spawned in a high number(62%) in June and July. However, in this period, the water temperature was between 14.6 °C and 16.6 °C; very significant declines on fertilisation, hatching and survival were observed. Consequently, according to this study, that examined the effects of photoperiod and water temperature on spawning and fry survival, it was reported photoperiod was a basic environmental factor. It was detected that the water temperature had a modulatory role on performance. In addition, It was observed that water temperature had significant effects on maturation process, spawning time, ovulation and egg quality of the commercial rainbow trout stocks. REFERENCES Billard, R. (1985). Environmental factors in salmonid culture and the control of reproduction. In R. N. Iwamoto, S. Sower, R. N. Iwamoto, and S. Sower (Eds.), Salmonid Reproduction (pp. 70-87). Seattle: Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington. 80 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Breton, B., Fostier, A., Zohar, Y., Bail, P. Y., and Billard, R. (1983). Gonadotropine glycoproteique maturante et oestradiol-17β pendant le cycle reproducteur chez la truite fario (Salmo trutta) femelle. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 49(2), 220–231. Bromage, N., and Cumaranatunga, R. (1988). Egg production in the rainbow trout. In J. F. Muir, and R. J. Roberts (Eds.), Recent Advances in Aquaculture (Vol. 3, pp. 63-138). London. Bromage, N., Eliot, J., Springate, J. R., and Whitehead, C. (1984). The effects of constant photoperiods on the timing of spawning in the rainbow trout. Aquaculture(43), 213-233. Bromage, N., Randall, C., Davies, B., Thrush, M., Duston, J., Carillo, M., and Zanuy, S. (1993). Photoperiodism and the control of reproduction and development in farmed fish. In B. Lahlou, and P. Vitiello (Eds.), Aquaculture: Fundamental and Applied Research (pp. 81-102). Washington: American Geophysical Union. Buss, K. W. (1982). Photo-period manipulation of the spawning season of brood trout. In M. Bulleid (Ed.), Proceedings of the Institute of Fisheries Management Commercial Trout Farming Symposium (pp. 116-126). Institute of Fisheries Management. Chmilevsky, D. A. (1999). Effects of extreme ranged temperatures on fish oogenesis. Proceedings from 6th International symposium on the Reproductive Physiolgy of Fish (p. 316). Bergen: University of Bergen. Craik, J. C., and Harvey, S. M. (1984). Egg quality in the rainbow trout: the relation between egg viability, selected aspect of egg composition, and time of strippin. Aquaculture(40), 115134. Davies, B., and Bromage, N. R. (1991). The effects of fluctuating seasonal and constant temperatures on the photoperiodic advancement of reproduction in female rainbow trout. In A. P. Scott, J. P. Sumpter, D. E. Kime, and M. S. Rolfe (Ed.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Reproductive Physicology of Fish (pp. 154-156). Sheffield: University of East Anglia. Davies, B., and Bromage, N. R. (2002). The effects of fluctuating seasonal and constant temperatures on the photoperiodic advancement of reproduction in female rainbow trout. Aquaculture(205), 183-200. Duston, J., and Bromage, N. (1986). Photoperiodic mechanisms and rhythms of reproduction in the female rainbow trout. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry(2), 35-51. Duston, J., and Bromage, N. (1988). The Entrainment And Gating Of The Endogenous Circannual Rhythm Of Reproduction In The Female Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Comparative Physiology, 164(2), 259-268. Johnston, C. E., Hambrook, M. J., Gray, R. W., and Davidson, K. G. (1992). Manipulation of Reproductive Function in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Kelts with Controlled Photoperiod and Temperature. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 49(10), 2055-2061. Kime, D. E. (1980). Androgen biosynthesis by testes of the goldfish Carassius auratus in vitro: The effect of temperature on the formation of steroid glucuronides. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 41(2), 164-172. King, H. R., and Pankhurst, N. W. (1999). Ovulation of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon maintained at elevated temperatures: implications of climate change for sustainable industry 81 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo development. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium of the Reproductive Physiology of Fish (pp. 396-398). Bergen: University of Bergen. Morrison, J. K., and Smith, C. E. (1986). Altering the Spawning Cycle of Rainbow Trout by Manipulating Water Temperature. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 48(1), 52-54. Nakari, T., Soivio, A., and Pesonen, S. (1987, December 15). Effects of an advanced photoperiod cycle on the gonadal development and spawning time of 2-year-old Salmo gairdneri R. reared in earth ponds under extreme annual water temperatures. Aquaculture, 67(3-4), 369-384. Nakari, T., Soivio, A., and Pesonen, S. (1988). The ovarian development and spawning time of Salmo gairdneri R. Reared in advanced and delayed annual photoperiod cycles at naturally fluctuating water temperature in Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 25, 335-340. Pankhurst, N. W., and Thomas, P. M. (1998). Maintenance at elevated temperature delays the sreroidogenic and ovulatory responsiveness of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to luteinizing hormone relasing hormone analogue. Aquaculture, 166(1-2), 163-177. Pankhurst, N. W., Purser, G. J., Kraak, G. V., Thomas, P. M., and Forteath, G. N. (1996, November 10). Effect of holding temperature on ovulation, egg fertility, plasma levels of reproductive hormone and in vitro ovarian steroidogenesis in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 146(3-4), 277–290. Springate, J. R., and Bromage, N. R. (1985). Effects of egg size on early growth and survival in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Aquaculture, 47(2-3), 63-172. Springate, J. R., Bromage, N. R., Elliott, J. A., and Hudson, D. L. (1984). The timing of ovulation and stripping and their effects on the rates of fertilization and survival to eying, hatch and swim-up in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.). Aquaculture, 43(1-3), 313-322. Taranger, G. L., and Hansen, T. (1993). Ovulation and egg survival following exposure of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., broodstock to different water temperatures. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 24(2), 151-156. Taranger, G. L., Stefansson, S. O., Oppedal, F., Andersson, E., Hansen, T., and Norberg, B. (1999). Photoperiod andtemperature affect gonadal development and spawning time in Atlantic salmon, (Salmo salar). Proceedings from 6th International Symposium on the Reproductive Physiology of Fish (p. 345). Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen. 82 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1229 Title A name given to the resource The Effect Of Water Temperature On Spawning Out Of Season In Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss Author Author Yusuf , Güner Abstract A summary of the resource. Salmonid culture is a production sector with widespread throughout the world. Different stocks of rainbow trout spawn in certain months of the year in hatcheries. This seasonality of spawning imposes considerable constraints on trout farming because the consequent restrictions on the supply of eggs and fry make it difficult for on-growing farm to maintain a continuity of production of table-size fish throughout the year. Hatcheries should artificially control the spawning time of their broodfish so that batches of eggs and fry might be produced all year round. The modification of spawning time are possible using manipulation of photoperiod. This series of studies were carried out in order to identify the effects of varying water temperature on the ovulation of rainbow trout be exposed to photoperiodic manipulation. This study was carried out in two different facilities. In the first facility, the photoperiod regime was only consisted of constant short days (LD 6:18). The water temperature had been changed between 7.5 and 15 °C during the the experiment in this facility. In the second facility, it had been changed between 11 – 25.5 °C. The broodstock was seperated into two different group. These photoperioded regims consist of constant short days(LD 6:18) and altered photoperiod (LD 18:6 from February until May, then LD 12:12 from May until June, then LD 6:18 from June until November) which are acted to advanced spawning. In both experiments, photoperiod regimes changed the maturation time regardless of water temperature. However, when the water temperature is high, modulating effects of the temperature on the maturation and ovulation time were observed. When the spawning time modified to June – August, ovary growth and egg survival rate had been reduced by the temperature effect ( >14 °C). It was found that the egg quality decreased when the water temperature was 17 °C although the eggs could been removed from the fish. Based on the these results, the role of water temperature in determining spawning time should take into account, especially in conjunction with photoperiodic manipulation. Keywords: Photoperiod, Rainbow trout, water temperature, ovulation, egg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8baa25009e901fe680307f6920548120.pdf 8b5d6b5c9c93125755c07d9b7f1f8b79 PDF Text Text Mirici S, Parmaksız İ, Özcan S, Sancak C, Uranbey S, Sarıhan E.O, Gümüşcü A, Gürbüz B, Arslan N (2005). Efficient in vitro bulblet regeneration from immature embryos of endangered Stenbergia fischeriana. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 80:239-246. Nasırcılar, A, Mirici, S, Karagüzel, Ö, Eren, Ö, Baktır, İ (2011). In vitro propagation of endemic and endangered Muscari mirum from different explant types. Turk J Bot. 35, 37-43. Ozel ÇA, Khawar KM (2007). In vitro bulblet regeneration of Ornithogalum oligophyllum E.D. Clarke Using twing scale bulb explants. propagation of ornamental plants. Prop. Orn. Pla. 7(2): 82-88. Ozel ÇA, Khawar KM, Karaman S, Ateş MA, Arslan O (2008). Efficient in vitro multiplication in Ornithogalum ulouphyllum Hand.-Mazz. from twin scale explants. Sci. Hort. 116: 109-112. Uzun S., İlbaş A.İ., İpek A., Beyzi E.Uranbey, S. and Arslan, N. (2012). In Vitro Propagation of Endemic Iris galactica Immature Zygotic. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 109. ANTALYA. Yıldırım Z., Öztürk G. and Esen, M. (2010). Propagation of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) in In Vitro Conditions. III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:98-102. İZMİR Zencirkıran M.and Mengüç A. (2002).The Effects of Twin Scale and Chipping Techniques on Bulblet Production in Galanthus elwesii Hook. II. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p: 24-28.ANTALYA. Zeybekoğlu E. and Özzambak E, 2012. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 225. ANTALYA. Indoor Air Quality Of Some Social Areas In Konya City Center, Turkey Yusuf Alparslan Argun1, Sukru Dursun2, Mehmet Emin Argun2,* 1 Aksaray University, Institute of Science, Environmental Engineering Dept. 2 Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Environ. Eng. Dep. 42003-Konya-Turkey E-mails: sdursun@selcuk.edu.tr; argun@selcuk.edu.tr. Abstract Indoor activities, building characteristics and outdoor climatic conditions have all affected indoor environment air quality. Some peoples, especially young and unemployed persons spend on about 90 % of their times indoor environment. Indoor air quality has direct effect on human health. One of the most important parameter for indoor air quality is particulate matter (PM2.5). Therefore, determination of personal exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) in these areas especially in café is predicted to be key role. Long exposure to particulate matters may lead to numerous diseases. In this study, particulate matter was determined in different social areas at the morning and evening for 30-sec. intervals during 15 minutes. Study area is heavily urbanized by a lot of buildings and also surrounded by roads with intensive traffic circulation. It was concluded 382 �from this study that some parameters such as ventilation, people circulation, ceiling height, construction shape and floor level have affected the measured concentration of particulate matter. The analyses have evaluated by personal Particle Meter equipment. Different conditions of the cafes for the PM values are also evaluated. Maximum and minimum PM2.5 concentrations were obtained as 3.485 μg/m3 for a Hubble-Bubble Cafe and 23 μg/m3 for a Book Store. Numbers of obtained data were found to be higher than the EPA‘s standards for indoor environment. EPA established that PM concentration should be lower than 20 g/m3 for indoors. Turkey has only outdoor air quality limitations for PM10 which is about 150 μg/m3 for long exposure and 300 μg/m3 for short exposure Keywords: indoor air quality, particulate matter, human health. 1.INTRODUCTION Indoor environment air quality is interacted and affected by the local outdoor air, specific building characteristics and indoor activities (Stranger et al., 2007; 2008). Peoples lived in the city center spend on about 90 % of their times indoor environment (Soysal and Demiral, 2007). Some peoples in Turkey especially young and unemployed persons spend most of their spare time at social areas such as cafe, coffeehouses, internet café, shopping stores and book stores. Therefore, determination of personal exposure to air pollution in these areas especially in café is predicted to be key role (Stranger et al., 2008). PM2.5 is generally identified as particulate matter having diameter less than 2.5 m which is mostly result of human activities, food cooking operations, diesel engine exhaust and dust from wood burning (Zheng et al., 2002). Long exposure to particulate matters may lead to some respiratory diseases changing from basic couch and allergy to more serious lung diseases namely pneumoconiosis (Jones et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2005). Establishment of certain PM limitation becomes a necessity for government. However, the PM limitations for indoor air quality have been newly established and a lot of governments have even no arrangement. Table 1 shows the EPA limitations for indoors and concluded that PM concentration should be lower than 20 g/m3 (EPA, 2001; Gonullu et al., 2002). Turkey has only outdoor air quality limitations for PM10 which is about 150 μg/m3 for long exposure and 300 μg/m3 for short exposure (Anon., 1986). Table 1: Maximum indoor air quality limits according to EPA (EPA, 2001; Gonullu et al., 2002) Indoor pollutants Maximum allowable concentrations Carbonmonoxide (CO) < 9 ppm Carbondioxide (CO2) < 800 ppm Mould It should be equal outdoor level Formaldehyde < 20 μg/m3 383 �Total volatile comp. < 200 μg/m3 4-phenil cyclohexan (4-PC) < 3 μg/m3 Total particulate matter (PM) < 20 μg/m3 Regular pollutants < national indoor standard Other pollutants < 5% of limit 2.Materials and Methods Determination of particulate matter in 13 social areas at three different regions in the city center of Konya (Turkiye) was investigated. These areas are surrounded by roads with intensive buildings and traffic circulation. During each sampling period, PM2.5 concentrations were measured using a personal Particle Meter (personal Data RAM, pDR1200, MIE Inc., Bedford, MA, 2000) in the study areas. The obtained data recorded at 30-sec. intervals during 15 minutes (Turkish Standards for air sampling). The map of study areas is given in Figure 1. Table 2 also shows some information about measuring points. Figure 1: The map of study areas in the city center of Konya 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Average and maximum PM2.5 concentration at the morning and evening periods are summarized in Table 3. Measuring point 1 is a pizza cafe where some types of pizzas, macaronis and other fast foods produced in. Average and maximum PM concentrations of this point were 34 μg/m3 and 112 μg/m3 at the morning and 338 μg/m3 and 575 μg/m3 at the evening, respectively (Figure 2). The probable reason of this relatively high PM level may be due uprising of adsorbed dusts from the sponge covering furniture and chairs by ventilation of the area. Some extra peak values were observed at the end of the evening measuring period probably due to dust of flour and entering some people group. 384 �The highest levels among all measuring point were obtained in MP2, MP4 and MP8 as 3485, 1812 and 1208 μg/m3, respectively. These points are hubble-bubble (nargile in Turkish) cafe and therefore a lot of smokes might be present. The high values may be a result of these smokes. It was also concluded that sponge covering of furniture, hanging of carpets on the walls and wavy structures of the cafe (MP2) caused to increase of PM concentration. Also, for MP 8, the basement conditions could decrease ventilation and altered PM concentrations. Table 2: Physical conditions of measuring points Measuri ng Point Type of MP (MP) Approx area (m2) Ceiling Height (m) Number of floor Measuring floor 1 Pizza cafe 40 2.3 5 Ground 2 Hubblebubble 100 3 Coffee house 90 4 Hubblebubble 80 5 Internet cafe 100 2.7 4 Ground 6 Coffee house 90 2.9 5 1st floor 7 Shop 200 3.5 5 Ground 8 Hubblebubble 100 9 Coffee house 90 2.9 5 2nd floor 10 Tea house 30 3.0 5 Ground 11 Billiards saloon 160 12 Book store 110 3.0 4 Ground 13 Restaurant 90 2.7 4 Ground 2.4 2.8 3.0 2.2 3.1 5 6 6 6 2 Ground 1st floor Ground Basement 1st flor Table 3: Average and maximum PM2.5 concentration at the morning and evening periods for each sampling point Sampling 385 Morning measurement Evening Measurement �Point TWA (mg/m3) MAX (mg/m3) TWA (mg/m3) MAX (mg/m3) 1 0.034 0.112 0.338 0.575 2 0.606 1.066 1.765 3.485 3 0.068 0.162 0.109 0.198 4 0.726 1.291 1.279 1.812 5 0.051 0.118 0.058 0.138 6 0.043 0.096 0.066 0.358 7 0.060 0.235 0.061 0.146 8 0.586 0.734 0.853 1.208 9 0.065 0.120 0.087 0.233 10 0.041 0.102 0.118 0.429 11 0.082 0.213 0.181 0.350 12 0.023 0.053 0.033 0.100 13 0.100 0.262 0.178 0.312 386 �0,6 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 0 150 300 900 3,5 Concentration(mg/m3) 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 2: PM2.5 concentration of measuring point 1 (MP1) and 2 (MP2) at the morning and evening periods. 387 �2 Concentration(mg/m3) 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 3: PM2.5 concentration of (MP3) and (MP4) at the morning and evening periods. The measuring results obtained from the coffee houses (MP3, 5, 6, 9) were generally low levels according to hubble-bubble and pizza cafes although they were still a little higher than EPA‘s limit for indoor PM concentration. The relatively low levels may be a result of good ventilation, wooden furniture and not smoking. 388 �Figure 4: PM2.5 concentration of (MP5) and (MP6) at the morning and evening periods. 389 �0,14 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 5: PM2.5 concentration of (MP7) and (MP8) at the morning and evening periods. Shopping centers such as MP 7 and MP 12 are generally large, crowd and having huge human circulation during the day. Therefore, it may be expected that these types of areas have high particulate matter concentration. However, measuring results showed that good ventilation, high ceiling and clean conditions might lead to lower PM concentration. Billiards saloon (MP 11) had also high particulate matters according to measuring results such as 213 μg/m3 for morning and 350 μg/m3 for evening measurements. Playing billiards, backgammon, and cards by a lot of peoples caused to increase the PM concentration of this place. In a restaurant (MP 13), average and maximum particulate matter concentrations were 100 μg/m3 and 262 μg/m3 at the morning and 178 μg/m3 and 312 μg/m3 at the evening measurements, respectively. This may be due to cooking processes and high circulation of people during the day. 390 �0,4 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,35 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 6: PM2.5 concentration of (MP9) and (MP10) at the morning and evening periods. 391 �Concentration(mg/m3) 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 0 150 300 900 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning Figure 7: PM2.5 concentration of (MP11) and (MP12) at the morning and evening periods. 0,35 Concentration(mg/m3) 0,3 0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 Time (second) Evening Morning 900 Figure 8: PM2.5 concentration of (MP13) at morning and evening periods. 4.CONCLUSION Particulate matters (PM2.5) were determined in 13 different social areas at the morning and evening. The major sources of the particles in the measuring points were obtained as hubblebubble and tobacco smoke. Therefore, health effects of smoking at indoor environment were forced the government to arrange prohibitions against to stop smoking in indoor environment in Turkey. Some particle sources resulted from kitchen such as flour dust and cooking gas 392 �were also determined to be major source of particulate matter in the restaurants and pizza cafe. In addition, particle transport from outside via doors, windows or gaps of the building and therefore outdoor weather situation may have also effect on the particulate matter increase (Estekova et. al., 2010). It was also concluded from this study that some parameters such as ventilation, people circulation, ceiling height, construction shape and located floor have affected the measured concentration of particulate matter. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author thanks the Selcuk University Research Fund (SU-BAP) for its financial support to symposium attendance. REFERENCES Stranger, M., Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S. and R. Van Grieken (2007) Comparative overview of indoor air quality in Antwerp, Environ. Int., 33, 6. Stranger, M., Potgieter-Vermaak, S.S. and R. Van Grieken (2008) Characterization of indoor air quality in primary schools in Antwerp, Belgium, Indoor Air, 18, 454–463. Soysal, A. and Demiral, Y. (2007) Kapalı Ortam Hava Kirliliği (in Turkish), TSK Koruyucu Hekimlik Bülteni, 6, 221-226. Zheng, M., Cass, G.R., Schauer, J.J. and Edgerton, E.S. (2002) Source apportionment of PM2.5 in the Southeastern United States using solvent-extractable organic compounds as tracers, Environ Sci Technol, 36, 2361-2371. Jones, T., Blackmore, P., Leach, M., Bérubé, K., Sexton K. and Richards, R. (2002) Characterization of airborne particles collected within and proximal to an opencast coalmine: South Wales, U.K. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 75, 293–312. Kim, J.H., Lim,D.H., Kim, J.K., Jeong S.J. and Son, B.K. (2005) Effects of Particulate Matter (PM10) on The Pulmonary Function of Middle-School Children, J Korean Med Sci. 20, 4245. EPA (2001), Case Study Two: EPA‘s Research Triangle Park Laboratory Facility. Gonullu, M.T., Bayhan, H., Avşar, Y. and Arslankaya, E. (2002) YTÜ şevket sabancı kütüphane binası iç ortam havasındaki partiküllerin incelenmesi (In Turkish), Harran University 4.GAP Engineering Symposium, 1384-1389. Anonymous (1986), Air Quality Control Regulation (In Turkish), Turkish Official Gazete No: 19269 and date: 2.11.1986. Estekova, A., Stevulova, N. and Kubincova, L. (2010) Particulate matter investigation in indoor environment, Global NEST Journal, 12, 20-26. 393 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1272 Title A name given to the resource Indoor Air Quality Of Some Social Areas In Konya City Center, Turkey Author Author Yusuf , Alparslan Argun Abstract A summary of the resource. Indoor activities, building characteristics and outdoor climatic conditions have all affected indoor environment air quality. Some peoples, especially young and unemployed persons spend on about 90 % of their times indoor environment. Indoor air quality has direct effect on human health. One of the most important parameter for indoor air quality is particulate matter (PM2.5). Therefore, determination of personal exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) in these areas especially in café is predicted to be key role. Long exposure to particulate matters may lead to numerous diseases. In this study, particulate matter was determined in different social areas at the morning and evening for 30-sec. intervals during 15 minutes. Study area is heavily urbanized by a lot of buildings and also surrounded by roads with intensive traffic circulation. It was concluded from this study that some parameters such as ventilation, people circulation, ceiling height, construction shape and floor level have affected the measured concentration of particulate matter. The analyses have evaluated by personal Particle Meter equipment. Different conditions of the cafes for the PM values are also evaluated. Maximum and minimum PM2.5 concentrations were obtained as 3.485 μg/m3 for a Hubble-Bubble Cafe and 23 μg/m3 for a Book Store. Numbers of obtained data were found to be higher than the EPA‘s standards for indoor environment. EPA established that PM concentration should be lower than 20 g/m3 for indoors. Turkey has only outdoor air quality limitations for PM10 which is about 150 μg/m3 for long exposure and 300 μg/m3 for short exposure Keywords: indoor air quality, particulate matter, human health. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ad506877f2f624a862f9b5af28bc1371.pdf 0f2f34532b2b67c97acb47ef1c9e5c02 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gujarati D. N. (2009). Temel Ekonometri, İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık. David K. Backus. Kehoe, Patrick J. Kydland, Finn E (1992). International Real Business Cycles, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 4. s. 745-775, http://www.fperri.net/TEACHING/macrotheory08/bkk.pdf (16.05.2010) Estrella, A., ve Hardouvelis, G. A., (1991), “The Term Structure as a Predictor of Real Economic Activity”, Journal of Finance, 46, 555–576. Güloğlu, B. Vektör Otoregresif Modellerin Etki Tepki Fonksiyonlarının Güven Aralıklarının Güvenirliliği, http://www.ekonometridernegi.org/bildiriler/o15s1.pdf s.3 (18.08.2010) Harvey, C. R., (1988), “The Real Term Structure and Consumption Growth”, Journal of Financial Economics, 22, 305–333. Kamin S., Rogers J., 2000, The Asymmetric Effexts of Exchange Rate Fluctutations: Theory and Evidence From Developing Countries, IMF Working Paper, WP/00/184 Mishkin, Frederic S. (1995). “Symposium on the Monetary Transmission Mechanism”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Cilt. 9, No. 4, s. 3-10. Yentürk, N. (1997). “Finansal Serbestlik ve Makroekonomik Dengeler Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım, Cilt 8, Sayı 27, , s.139–141 http://yaklasim.iibf.gazi.edu.tr/ciltler/8/27/8.pdf Analysis of Turkey’s Sustainable Development Performance at Last Decade by Applying Green Economy Indicators Yusuf Akan, İlyas Okumuş University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey E-mails:iokumus@gantep.edu.tr, yusufakan@gantep.edu.tr Abstract In recent years, sustainable development has become a worldwide discourse, driven by international treaties global environmental organizations and bodies such as European Union, OECD. Sustainable development is a concept to be analyzed aspects of economic, social, environmental and institutional. With the advents of sustainable development, green economic development has become one of the most important economic issues. Countries which target economic, social and institutional development should not neglect environmental development. Development of green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. Developing countries neglect the protection of the natural environment in the process of rapid industrialization. As a result of this situation, natural resources rapidly run out and environmental quality begins to deteriorate. These negative results return a significant cost to society. In this study, Turkey economy which has averagely 5.5% economic growth in the last 10 years will be analyzed in terms of green economy indicators. Turkey is a highly suitable ecological condition for crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry activities because of its geographical position. The basic components of ecological conditions are climate, highly variable the shape of the earth, 434 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo water, can be made large agricultural land, forest and meadow and pasture, as well as Turkey has also other natural resources. It is known as source of metals and solar and winds are ones of the most energy resources for Turkey. Turkey which one of the fastest growing economies in recent years can be analyzed in terms of some data how efficient uses natural resources. In this study, Turkey economy will be analyzed in terms of ecological footprint index and which sources energy produced. In 2007, ecological footprint index is 2.7 global hectares and in 2002 it was 2.0. Turkey has increasing ecological deficit day by day. Ecological deficit is 1.4 global hectares in 2007. In 2000-2010, energy use per capita has increased parallel to economic growth. According to energy data, Turkey foreign energy dependency has increased in last decade. In addition, share of renewable sources in total electricity production hasn’t changed significantly. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to an economic development pattern based on high resource consumption. The economic development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable resources. Therefore, Turkey should change the development pattern, regulate the industrial structure, promote the utilization rate of resources, develop green pollution-free products, and enhance the sustainable development of ecological economic system. 1.INTRODUCTION Last decade performance of Turkish economy attracts everyone`s attention. If we told more tangible words, both economic growth figures and the duration of the overcoming crisis are remarkable progress. In the last decade, Turkey`s economy has grown averagely 5.5%. While it was achieving this economic growth, environmental issue which is one of the concepts of sustainable development has been neglected. Sustainable development constitutes a very important place in Turkey's National Environmental Action Plan and Eighth Five-Year Development Plan. Despite this situation, it is discussed that the shortcomings of these two documents and not yet fully tangible success achieved. Turkey has discussed “development or environment?” vicious cycle issue for many years. In recent years, Turkey has been living the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization. However, pressures on the environment of these situations are increasing day by day. For example; a fast rate of urbanization in Turkey and spreading out of the city`s natural boundaries, like demographic trends in the world, bring a heavy burden on ecosystems across the country. This situation raises two important problems. Firstly, because of increasing demands such as food, energy and water, resources of the city are not sufficient. In addition, due to growing consumption, waste collection and pollution abatement systems of the city are also forced. This is a major burden to the natural environment. Secondly, a structure of the city which lives a lot of people under human conditions emerges. Moreover, unplanned urbanization is not limited only to these areas of the city, but also creates regions, not far from the center, have not been supported by adequate infrastructure. This situation creates disasters causing the loss of life and property in less developed and unsuitable regions of Istanbul and other large cities for settlement because of natural events such as a sudden and heavy rainfall. This has led to major burden on country`s economy. A wide variety of effects such as climate change and environmental changes that may be severe, given the current economic and social structure to force in terms of both environmental and development goals is possible to produce an even darker scenarios. Due to these and other problems, such as threatened urbanized areas, rural areas, especially some of the damage caused by agricultural practices on biological diversity and ecosystem and the country's energy policy dilemmas, economic, social and ecological sustainability is threatened. 435 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo With the global flow of sustainable development becoming a major trend, green business, and economic issues related to green practices has since gained attention. World Bank (1998) pointed out that the green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. In sustainable development, international community’s develop Green Economy assessment models or indicators successively in order to obtain an authentic and effective analysis of eco-environment and natural resource depreciation conditions, as well as to modify human economic activities to achieve management objectives though indicator assessment. As a whole, Green Economy assessment indices or measurement types that have been developed all have their individual features. Most strive for sustainable development in factors including society, economics, ecology, and the environment (Chen et al. 2009). In recent years, Turkey is actively promoting green economic-related computing work in order to advance the sustainable development as a nearly national warning and guide for decision making. However, due to scope of survey and completeness of data collection constraints, objective and comprehensive testing is still difficult in reflecting the status of development of the domestic green economy. This study attempted to apply the model of ecological economics and ecological footprint analysis to assess the value of environmentally sustainable development in Turkey. The method of the core concepts of ecological footprint is the land area as productivity and carrying capacity of the conversion of waste based on assessment of local residents to support a particular land area required (amount of resources); in the energy analysis, how much of the energy produced from renewable sources, how much of it produced from non-renewable sources and how much of the renewable sources produced from hydroelectric sources or the other renewable sources will be analyzed. Also, it will be analyzed to changes of energy use per capita and energy dependency. 2.Literature review 2.1.Ecological Footprint While human handle and use earth, produce and apply technology and information, consume natural resources and meet the requirements of living; they followed by aggressive behavior towards nature without taking living space (ecosphere) into account Ecological destruction occurs as a result of the balance of ecosystem degradation. All living area of the planet is threatened.An ecological problem which is a quite complex structure and is realized in a long time has grown exponentially and has spread the whole planet with no end feature. Factors such as Industrialization, urbanization, political, economic and technological development increase ecological destruction and ecological problems are placed head of the agenda of modern societies. Ecological footprint is a product of ecological awareness-raising efforts to become aware of the destruction. This concept is firstly used by Dr. Mathis Wackernagel, Prof. William Rees et al. The scientists developed for the new calculation method and technique to measure the amount and productivity of pristine natural resources, to product solutions preventing the constantly destruction and consumption of nature. Ecological footprint uses corresponding biological productive land to estimate the resource consumption and waste absorption area of a specific population or economy. Ecological footprint is a quantitative technique that shows the amount of biologically productive area is consumed all planet, the size of land and water areas is needed for waste disposal, how much biologically productive area is used by families or people and the number of planets is needed for future needs (Rapport, 2000). 436 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo While ecological footprint is calculated, two basic foundations are followed. Firstly, it is viewed in resources consumption and waste produced. Secondly, it is measured to the biologically productive areas required to product needs and disposal the waste. Researches on ecological footprint provide awareness of the destructive and impoverishing effects of liberal economic policies rapidly depleting the planet`s resources and forcing carrying capacity of the planet. In this respect, measurement of the ecological footprint is a new contribution to drawing attention efforts of the world`s carrying capacity. The pressure of consumer society on the planet caused by global capitalism is a growing ecological footprint (ÖztunalıKayır, 2003).Population is the other factor which contributes to the ecological destruction like consumption. Since the ideas put forward by Thomas Malthus in 1798, it is drawn attention that the human population has increased far above the planet`s carrying capacity (Rapport, 2000). Calculation of ecological footprint itself is not a prediction model but what is used to assess the current status. Its designed function lies in providing ecological camera to photograph the utilization of nature by human beings (Rees, 2000). In terms of the world or a country, ecological footprint studies focus on comparing every country’s consumption of ecological carrying capacity or analyzing the appropriation of ecological carrying capacity by trade; in terms of cities, ecological footprint is used to check the contrast to average national value or to assess sustainable strategies; in terms of household unit, calculation or simple questionnaire is used to investigate individual consumption, compare the impact of selection process and gradually increasing consumption items. Therefore, this study aims to find out the impact factors of Turkey’s sustainable development through empirical analysis of ecological footprint in Turkey and based on this, to further provide a reference for working out the policies of Turkey’s sustainable development. 3.Energy Energy has a crucial role in achieving sustainable development objectives. Especially, the use of fossil-based fuels to meet energy needs of the communities leads to the important economic, environmental and social problems. Energy creates a fundamental dilemma in terms of sustainable development. Despite the necessity of achieving socio-economic objectives of energy, particularly fossil-based energy systems is closely linked with environmental issues such as atmospheric pollution and climate change (Gururaja, 2003). There are many environmental problems arising from the use of energy, energy production and transformation. For example; 11 environmental concerns that energy plays an important role can be defined. These are major environmental accidents, water pollution, land use and spatial effects, marine pollution, radiation and radioactivity, solid waste disposal, hazardous air pollutants, air quality reduction, acid residues, the ozone layer and global climate change. While energy policy has largely taken into account economic factors in the 1970s and 1980s, clean fuels and energy technologies as well as to control the environmental impact through energy efficiency has increasingly attracted the interest during the last ten years(Rosen andDinçer, 2001). The above-mentioned climate change is a global problem requiring global solutions. To address this problem, discussed issues differ from the developed and developing countries. Emphases on the fundamental issues in industrialized countries are energy efficiency and the transition to less polluting energy sources feature. In developing countries, energy is needed to increase economic growth for poverty reduction (Stigson, 1999). Energy is one of the most important 437 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo elements of a country to survive. Operation of factories, burning stoves in homes, the achievement of transport communications, in short, everything depends on energy to sustain life. An Energy problem adversely affects the functions of a country. A country`s national security and welfare can be measured with the energy power. A country is not possible to defend itself without energy (Alnıak, 2006). Supply of secure energy sources is necessary for the development of a society but it is not a sufficient factor. Moreover, sustainable development requires the supply of sustainable energy sources. Access to sustainable energy services is one of the necessary elements of sustainable development (Volpi, 2005). Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) are recognized as limited supply of energy resources. The sunlight, wind and water (hydro) powers are generally renewable and have been underlined that these powers are used for a long time. In addition, wastes converting to useful forms of energy and biomass fuel are seen as sustainable energy sources. Sustainable development also requires the efficient use of energy resources as possible (Dinçer and Rosen, 1999). To achieve sustainable development, green energy play an important role in meeting energy needs in both industrial and domestic applications. Therefore, the purpose of sustainable development in a country, the development and use of green energy strategies and technologies should be given priority. Widespread use of green energy sources and technologies in both developing and developed countries are vital importance for the sustainability of energy sector and are among the key issues which should receive priority (Midilli et al., 2006). Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the energy data of the last ten years. As a result, how much of the energy generated from renewable sources will be examined. In addition, How much of the electricity generated from renewable hydroelectric sources is obtained and how much is from other renewable sources will be examined and their change over the years. Energy import rates will be analyzed to provide a significant contribution to sustainable development of Turkey will participate to develop green energy policies and strategies. 4.Analysis 4.1.Ecological Footprint Indicators Analysis Wackernagel and Rees have seen mandatory calculation of ecological footprint to achieve sustainability; they published footprints of different countries in a report in 1997. In this report, 52 countries make up 80% of the world`s total population were analyzed and some countries consumed higher amount of biological productive area than theirs. After this initial report, calculations of ecological footprints of countries are often renewed. Ecological footprint indicators of 152 countries have been measured so far by Global Footprint Network who pioneered ecological footprint studies. National and global calculations based on international scientific accepted organizations data such as United Nations (UN), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Resources Institute (WRI). 438 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Source:www.footprintnetwork.org Figure 1 tracks the per-person resource demand (Ecological Footprint) and resource supply (Biocapacity) in Turkey since 1961. Biocapacity varies each year with ecosystem management, agricultural practices (such as fertilizer use and irrigation), ecosystem degradation, and weather. According to average footprint per capita and biocapasity graph of Turkey in 1961-2007 is published by Global Footprint Network Organization, it is seen that ecological footprint index has increased parallel to rapid economic growth. According to this graph, it is seen that the size of biocapacity of Turkey has decreased continuously since 1961. This decline seems to have accelerated in recent years with high economic growth. Looking at the figure, the years exceeded biocapacity coincide with the period of the neo-liberal policies gained momentum and started to change consumption habits (Akıllı et al., 2008). Calculation of ecological footprint index provides the chance to compare the many data of countries, individuals, cities, villages, businesses, institutions. For example; if the footprint size of the individual is below the national average, the individual does not constitute a pressure on natural resources; on the contrary, the individual is thought to consume natural values. In addition, comparing the footprint of each country to its own biological capacity is useful for back to see what remains. In the case of using much more natural resources as they have, the ecological deficit consists in terms of natural resources of countries. Conversely, if biological capacity of a country is more than the ecological footprint, it means that this country has ecological reserve. Looking at Graph 1, Turkey gives a continuous ecological deficit after 1980s. This deficit is increasing along with rapid industrialization in recent years. Ecological footprint index, biological capacity, ecological deficit or reserves of countries were published by Global Footprint Network Organization in 2002, 2005 and 2007 in terms of income levels and regions. According to these publications, the ecological footprint index of Turkey has increased to 2.7 from 2.0 between 2002 and 2007. In contrast, the amount of biocapacity has decreased from 1.4 to 1.3 global hectares. Ecological deficit being 0.6 in 2002 has increased to 1.4 global hectares. According to 2002 data, it required 2.2 global hectares productive land per person to survive. However, in the planet, it is predicted 1.8 global hectares productive land as the ecological footprint per capita. That is, 0.4 global hectares ecological deficit occurs in the entire world. According to calculations made in 2007, this deficit increased from 0.9 global hectares per person. 439 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1 Ecological Footprint, 2007 (Global Hectares) Population Ecological footprint of consumption Cropland footprint Grazing footprint Forest footprint Fishing ground footprint Carbon footprint Builtup land World 6671.6 2.7 0.59 0.21 0.29 0.11 1.44 0.06 High income countries 1031.4 6.1 1.02 0.23 0.70 0.26 3.78 0.11 Middle income countries 4323.3 2.0 0.54 0.15 0.20 0.11 0.88 0.07 Low income countries 1303.3 1.2 0.46 0.11 0.24 0.06 0.25 0.07 Turkey 73.0 2.7 0.96 0.08 0.29 0.06 1.24 0.07 Source:www.footprintnetwork.org According to the data in Table 1, the size of ecological footprint per capita is proportional to levels of income of countries. Ecological footprint index is high in the countries with high income levels; it is low in the low income countries. Looking at the data of 2007 in table 1 and table 2, Turkey`s ecological footprint index is the same the world average ecological footprint but Turkey`s biocapacity size is lower than the world`s. According to table 2, all country groups classified income levels gives ecological deficit. Table 2 Bio-capacity, 2007 (Global Hectares) Population Cropland Grazing Land Forest Fishing Built Land Total Biocapacity Ecological Deficit or Reserve Ground World 6671.6 0.59 0.23 0.74 0.16 0.06 1.8 0.9 High income countries 1031.4 0.99 0.29 1.19 0.49 0.11 3.1 3.0 Middle income countries 4323.3 0.53 0.22 0.76 0.13 0.07 1.7 0.2 Low income countries 1303.3 0.44 0.21 0.29 0.07 0.07 1.1 0.1 Turkey 73.0 0.77 0.12 0.32 0.05 0.05 1.3 1.4 Source:www.footprintnetwork.org According to these data, the pressures of people on environment seem to be very clear.Abnormal nature events are the results of these pressures in recent years. We must give up some habits damaging nature for a livable world. It is necessary that policy makers make arrangements and decisions in this direction. For example; renewable energy resources should use for production energy to reduce carbon footprint index that has important share in ecological footprint index. 4.2.Energy analysis To achieve environmentally sustainable development,instead of traditional fossil-based fuels, the use of alternative or renewable energy sources has brought. These green energy sources which consists of Water (hydro), solar, geothermal and solar energy don’t damage 440 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo environment, so the required sub-structures are formed by many countries to use these sources. According to the last 10 years energy data of Turkey, there has been no change in the shares of renewable energy resources in total energy production. The share of hydroelectric sources in total electricity production was 24.7% in 2000; this figure was % 24.5 in 2010. Share of hydropower resources has increased 30.6% in 2004, then it entered downward trend and it realized 16.8% in 2008. And then it was starting to rise again and it was 24.5% in 2010. When we looked at the energy data of the last 10 years, renewable energy sources excluding hydroelectric sources has very small share of total electricity production. While share of these sources in total electricity production was 0.2% in 2000, this rate rose to 1.9% in 2010. This rate didn’t change much until 2006. This rate increased regularly to 1.9% level in 2006-2010. This rate is far behind comparing the EU and OECD countries` averages. Looking at the data of energy use per capita in recent years, we see an increase in parallel with economic growth. In 2001, energy use per person was 1091 kg oil. This figure increased 1441 kg oil in 2010. Table 3 Energy Ratios of Turkey in 2000-2010 Year Energy use per capita (kg oil) Energy imports, net (% of energy use) Electricity production of hydroelectric sources (% of total) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 1200 1091 1134 1173 1203 1238 1347 1429 1389 1359 1441 66.1 65.3 67.5 69.7 70.2 71.6 71.7 72.7 70.6 69.0 71.1 24.7 19.6 26.0 25.1 30.6 24.4 25.1 18.7 16.8 18.5 24.5 Electricity production From renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric sources(%of total) 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.1 1.9 Source:Worldbank database Energy imports rates of Turkey showing energy dependency are increasing even more the last 10 years. While the ratio of energy imports was 66.1% in 2000, it increased by 71.1% in 2010. This rate was averagely 61% in EU and it was 30% in OECD countries in 2010. From these data, Turkey is a country of growing foreign-based. Turkey is a developing country based on non-renewable energy sources. In addition, rapid growth in recent years has grown energy needs; energy use per person has increased much more too. When it is considered this rapid increase and foreign energy dependency, Turkey has to invest in renewable energy sources. Turkey should change the development patterns. 5.Summary According to ecological footprint data that explained in 2002 by global footprint network organization, Turkey’s per capita footprint amount is calculated 2.0 global hectares, and biocapacity amount 1.4. In 2002 Turkey's per capita ecological deficit was 0.6 global hectares. According to 2007 data, this deficit is explained as 1.4. With the rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent years, the damage to the environment has increased. The per capita energy used increased from 1200 kg oil to 1441 kg oil between 2000-2010. As an indicator of 441 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo dependence on foreign energy, imports rates increased from %66.1to %71.1. The energy from hydroelectric sources which have the largest share of renewable sources declined to %24.5, but this decline is not significant. Although the energy produced from other renewable sources is not change significantly, there has been a steady increase since 2006. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to an economic development pattern of high resource consumption. The economic development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable resources. 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Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1351 Title A name given to the resource Analysis of Turkey’s Sustainable Development Performance at Last Decade by Applying Green Economy Indicators Author Author Yusuf , Akan Abstract A summary of the resource. In recent years, sustainable development has become a worldwide discourse, driven by international treaties global environmental organizations and bodies such as European Union, OECD. Sustainable development is a concept to be analyzed aspects of economic, social, environmental and institutional. With the advents of sustainable development, green economic development has become one of the most important economic issues. Countries which target economic, social and institutional development should not neglect environmental development. Development of green economy is the best way of slowing the negative ecological and environmental impact. Developing countries neglect the protection of the natural environment in the process of rapid industrialization. As a result of this situation, natural resources rapidly run out and environmental quality begins to deteriorate. These negative results return a significant cost to society. In this study, Turkey economy which has averagely 5.5% economic growth in the last 10 years will be analyzed in terms of green economy indicators. Turkey is a highly suitable ecological condition for crop production, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry activities because of its geographical position. The basic components of ecological conditions are climate, highly variable the shape of the earth, water, can be made large agricultural land, forest and meadow and pasture, as well as Turkey has also other natural resources. It is known as source of metals and solar and winds are ones of the most energy resources for Turkey. Turkey which one of the fastest growing economies in recent years can be analyzed in terms of some data how efficient uses natural resources. In this study, Turkey economy will be analyzed in terms of ecological footprint index and which sources energy produced. In 2007, ecological footprint index is 2.7 global hectares and in 2002 it was 2.0. Turkey has increasing ecological deficit day by day. Ecological deficit is 1.4 global hectares in 2007. In 2000-2010, energy use per capita has increased parallel to economic growth. According to energy data, Turkey foreign energy dependency has increased in last decade. In addition, share of renewable sources in total electricity production hasn’t changed significantly. The foregoing findings indicate that Turkey currently belongs to an economic development pattern based on high resource consumption. The economic development is mainly established on the exploitation and utilization of nonrenewable resources. Therefore, Turkey should change the development pattern, regulate the industrial structure, promote the utilization rate of resources, develop green pollution-free products, and enhance the sustainable development of ecological economic system. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance