125 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/305e930f173d87669c562bd18e4aa9f8.pdf cca8d2c956a68ffa65da4fb47a3ccb3e PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Riehl R, Baensch H.A (1996) Aquarium Atlas, Publishers of Natural History and Pet Books, Germany, 1-991. Schaperclaus W (1991) Fish Diseases Volume 2 A.A Balkema/Rotterdam, 1397. Stoskoph MK (1993) Fish Medicine, W.B. Saunders company, PA, USA, 882. Takashıma F & Hıbıya T (1995) An Atlas of Fish Histology Normal and Patholological Features. Second Edition, Kodansa Ltd., Tokyo, 195. Tokşen E (2000) Ege Bölgesinde Bir Alabalık (Onchorhynchus mykiss) İşletmesinde Görülen Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouget, 1876 Enfeksiyonu ve Tedavisi, Bornova Vet. Kont. Araşt. Enst. Dergisi, 25 (39) 59-64. Ventura MT& Paperna I (1985) Histopathology of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis infections in fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 27, 185-203. Woo PTK (1995) Fish Diseases and Disorders.CAB International. 200-202. Researches on Protection, Propagation and Sustainable Usage of Native Bulbous Plants of Turkey Özgül Karagüzel1, İbrahim Baktır2, Deniz Hazar3, Gülden Yılmaz2 1 Western Mediterranean Research Institute, Antalya 2Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Antalya 3Akdeniz University, Kumluca Vocational School, Antalya E-mail: tezkara@yahoo.com Abstract Over 1000 flowering bulbous plants are naturally grown in Turkey. Flowering bulbs exportation has been in effect for years from Turkey. In recent years, exportation has been under strict control, it has been realized according to yearly given quota by The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestocks. Even though the present regulations and status, negligable amount of illegal wild collections are still going on. A number of researches has been conduted to prevent illegal collections and meantime to encourage artificial propagations and sustainable uses. These projects are mainly financed by the concern ministries, research institutes and universities. A good scale of geophyte exibition garden has been establised in Yalova Provience to take the interest of people and administrative staff. The present research projects are mainly concentrated on some well known flowering species such as tulips, hyacinthus, crocus, stenbergia, iris, fritillaria, snowdrop, lilies so on. Keywords: Geophytes, sustainability, researches 100 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. INTRODUCTION Turkey is one of the richest countries in terms of native bulbous plants in the world. According to the latest research, there are approximately 1000 natural flower bulbs (geophytes) taxa that grow in Turkey. Due to the studies in recent years the numbers of taxa in geophytes have increased yaer by year. The conservation of them are very important to carry these plants for next generation and sustainibility. Turkey has exported native flower bulbs since the 1883's.Export amount increased since from 1960 and reached to 80 million in 1984. The excessive collection of wild flower bulbs caused unreplaceable damage to many geophytes. Some measures were taken since from 1984 to protect the species. The amount of exportation determined according to yearly given quota by the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestocks. Regulation is re-arranged according to the rules of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) every year. CITES studies of Turkey has been shown as an model to the world at the CITES meeting held in Kenya. Also as a precaution, it was decided to in situ conservation without collected from nature for 5 consacutive years for the geophytes of under threat. Even though the present regulations, illegal collections are still going in lesser extent. In number of natural flower bulbs species which are exported from Turkey is about twenty. Share of Turkey, on geophyte export to the Netherland is given below. is Galanthus 65 % , Cyclamen 99 % Fritillaria , 99 %, Leucojum 80 %, Anemone 90 %, Eranthis 95 %, Ornithogalum 1 %, Stenbergia 100 % (Ildır 1996). Snowdrop (Galanthus sp.) is the most important species of the whole geophytes in Turkey. A number of researches has been done in artifical production of snowdrop and promising results were obtained. The snowdrop gave the best results in situ propagation and also 4 year interval were succesfull (Baktır 2010). A number of researches on cultural production and propagation of geophytes started since from 1980 at different research institution and universities in Turkey. Also the training Works have been going on since 1982 for the local people. There are carried out research and production activities in cooperation with different European countries. In this paper, the researches about the sustainability and conservation of natural flower bulbs are summarized. 2. Research Studies on Propagation and Protection of Geophytes in Turkey Bulbous plants are perennial plants and they are propagated from seed or an underground organ mostly herbaceous such as a bulb, tuber, corm or rhizome. Tissue culture techniques is used as a vegetative propagation method. One of the most important projects carried out in some geophytes were supported by TUBİTAK 1007 between 2006-2009. At the end of the project the collected Iris, Fritillaria, Hyacinthus, Lilium, Nectaroscordum, Tulips, Pancratium and Colchicum species have been conserved in the collection gardens of respective institutes in Yalova province. In the second part of the project is existing gen pools species from other countries and standart varieties will be expanded, by using selection, mutation and hybridization techniques new candidate varieties will be developed. Also, with this project has been established geophyte garden in Turkey. In this period, the other research projects are mainly 101 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo concentrated on some well known flowering species such as Crocus, Stenbergia, Galanthus, Ornithogalum, Cyclamen so on. Furthermore several studies was conducted on different propagation methods of various species. Chipping and twin scaling methods in Leucojum aestivum (Aksu et al. 2002) chipping and twin scaling methods in Galanthus elwesii (Zencirkıran and Mengüç 2002, Kahraman and Özzambak 2006), chipping and twin scaling in Narcissus serotinus (Zeybekoğlu and Özzambak 2012), chipping and twin scaling methods in Ornithogalum sp. (Karaguzel et al. 2012), chipping in Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Ertekin et al. 2010), different cutting methods in Muscari muscarimi (Arslan et al. 2012), seed propagation in Cyclamen sp.(Aksu et al. 2002), seed propagation in Crocus sp. (Haspolat 2012) were investigated. Also many research studies have been carried out on in vitro micropropagation of geophytes in recent years. Micropropagation of some native flower bulbs such as Galanthus elwesii and Galanthus ikariae (Ellialtıoğlu et al. 1998), Orchis (Gümüş et al. 2006), Pancratium maritimum (Gümüş and Ellialtıoğlu 2006), Ornithogalum (Ozel and Khawar, 2007, Ozel et al. 2008, Nasırcılar et al. 2011), Fritillaria (Gürlek and Özcan 2012), Stenbergia fischeriana (Mirici et al. 2005, Karaoğlu et al. 2012), Muscari mirum (Nasırcılar et al. 2011), Polianthes tuberosa (Yıldırım et al. 2010), Cyclamen sp.(Mendi et al. 2010) and endemic İris galactica (Uzun et al. 2012) has been reported. 3. RESULTS Turkish flower industry has become a dynamic sector developing constantly. The production areas and the amount of export are increased year after year. The measures taken on propagation studies for sustainability of natural flower bulbs with % 7 share in this sector are promising. In this review, propagation studies on natural flower bulbs in Turkey, are given. After this, increase of reserches on breeding of geophyte species are important. At the same time given training for the protection of species should be continuous. REFERENCES Aksu E., Görür G. and Çelikel F. (2002). A Study on Cultural Propagation of Leucojum aestivum Bulbs Using Vegetative Methods. II. National Ornamental Plants Congress. P: 2934. ANTALYA. Aksu .E., Görür, G. and Çelikel F. (2002). A study on Cultural Propagation of Leucojum aestivum Bulbs By Using Vegetative Methods. II. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:2934. .ANTALYA Alp Ş. and Koyuncu M. (2012). Geophytes taxa Described From Turkey in Recent Years. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. 162 p. ANTALYA. Arslan N., İpek, A., Rahimi, A. and İpek, G. (2012). The Effects of Different Bulb Size and Cutting Methods on Some Proporties of Muscari muscarimi Medius. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 238. ANTALYA Baktır,2010. Koruma Altındaki Geofitlerle İlgili Türkiye'deki CITES Bilim Kurulunun Faaliyetleri. IV. Süs Bitkileri Kongresi..p: 1-4. MERSİN. 102 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ellialtıoğlu Ş., Tıpırdamaz, R. and Çakırlar H. (1998). Possibilities of In Vitro Propagation of galanthus (Galanthus elwesii Hooker Fil.) Ertekin M., Çorbacı, Ö.L. and Yazgan, M. ( 2010). Propagation of Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv.’Golden Harvest by Chipping Method. IV. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:6674.MERSİN. Gümüş C., Sezik, E. and Ellialtıoğlu Ş. (2006). Investigations on In Vitro Propagation of Some Orchid Species (Orchidaceae sp.) Used for Obtaining Salep, Growing in West Black Sea Region. III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:179-187. İZMİR Gümüş C. and Ellialtıoğlu Ş. (2006). Possibilities of In Vitro Propagation of Sand Lily (Pancratium maritimum). III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:435-441. İZMİR Gürlek D. and Özcan S. (2012). In Vitro Bulblet Maturation in Fritillaria imperialis L. and Fritillaria persica L. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 118. ANTALYA Haspolat, G. (2012). Seed Germination of Some Crocus Species in Western Anatolia. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 127. ANTALYA Ildır, S.(1996). Süs Bitkileri Doğal Çiçek Soğanları Raporu. DPT: VII. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı Özel İhtisas Alt Komisyonu raporu, Yayın no: DPT: 2464.ANKARA. Kahraman Ö and Özzambak E. (2006). Possibilities of Propagations Tecniques in Snowdrop Bulbs and Soilless Culture Cultivation. III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:166173.İZMİR Karaguzel Ö., Aydinşakir, K.Kaya A.S.,, Dal, B., Kazaz S., Göktürk, R.S. (2012). Cultural Propagation of Ornithogalum Species Grown in Western Mediterranean Region. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 131. ANTALYA Karaoğlu, C., Özcan, S., Khawar, K.M. and Gürlek, D. (2012). Using Tissue Culture Methods for Introduction of Sternbergia lutea (L.) ker-Gawl.ex.Sprengel From Its Natural Habitat to Continental Climate of Central Anatolia. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 170. ANTALYA Mendi Y. Yalçın, İzgü, T., Çömlekçioğlu, S., Koçak, M., Çürük, P. And Tagipor, E. ( 2010). In Vitro Regeneration of Cyclamen (Cyclamen sp.). III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:82-87. İZMİR Mirici S, Parmaksız İ, Özcan S, Sancak C, Uranbey S, Sarıhan E.O, Gümüşcü A, Gürbüz B, Arslan N (2005). Efficient in vitro bulblet regeneration from immature embryos of endangered Stenbergia fischeriana. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 80:239-246. Nasırcılar, A, Mirici, S, Karagüzel, Ö, Eren, Ö, Baktır, İ (2011). In vitro propagation of endemic and endangered Muscari mirum from different explant types. Turk J Bot. 35, 37-43. Ozel ÇA, Khawar KM (2007). In vitro bulblet regeneration of Ornithogalum oligophyllum E.D. Clarke Using twing scale bulb explants. propagation of ornamental plants. Prop. Orn. Pla. 7(2): 82-88. Ozel ÇA, Khawar KM, Karaman S, Ateş MA, Arslan O (2008). Efficient in vitro multiplication in Ornithogalum ulouphyllum Hand.-Mazz. from twin scale explants. Sci. Hort. 116: 109-112. 103 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Uzun S., İlbaş A.İ., İpek A., Beyzi E.Uranbey, S. and Arslan, N. (2012). In Vitro Propagation of Endemic Iris galactica Immature Zygotic. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 109. ANTALYA. Yıldırım Z., Öztürk G. and Esen, M. (2010). Propagation of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) in In Vitro Conditions. III. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p:98-102. İZMİR Zencirkıran M.and Mengüç A. (2002).The Effects of Twin Scale and Chipping Techniques on Bulblet Production in Galanthus elwesii Hook. II. National Ornamental Plants Congress.p: 24-28.ANTALYA. Zeybekoğlu E. and Özzambak E, 2012. XI. International Symposium on Flower Bulbs and Herbaceous Perennials. Abstract Book. P: 225. ANTALYA. Sustainable Collection of Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Leaves in Antalya Province Deniz Hazar1 Ibrahim Baktir2 Ozgul KaraguzeL3 Levent Ht4 1*Akdeniz University, Kumluca Vocational School 2 Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture 3Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute 4Antalya Forest Department E-mail: dhazar@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is an evergreen shrub which belongs to the Lauraceae family. It grows naturally along the entire coastal line of Turkey up to altitude of 1200 m. Laurel has been regarded as an important medicinal and aromatic plant for years in the Mediterranean Basin. Meantime, it is also often used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens because it is very much suitable to pruning and to give the desired forms. Turkey provides about 97% of the world’s laurel leaf need. It is one of the top five plants collected from nature and exported from Turkey. However, there are some serious problems about the production system of laurel. Laurel production is done in conventional methods by local people. These areas are under threat due to overgrazing and uncontrolled collection. Ultimately, laurel growing areas have been exploited. In recent years, the researches related to sustainable use of laurel have increased. In this study it was investigated the researches conducted to sustainable use of laurel in Sırtkoy, Manavgat district and some other districts of Antalya. The aim of these studies was to develop an inventory method and to prepare management plans to be used by forest service and regional people. The cut shoots and leaves of laurel should be controlled and they should not be cut from the same locations every year. The rotation must be strictly applied in every 3 or 4 years intervals. Leaf collections should be done by experienced people in right period of the years and the leaves should be dried in a proper way. Keywords: Laurel, leaf, sustainability 104 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1233 Title A name given to the resource Researches on Protection, Propagation and Sustainable Usage of Native Bulbous Plants of Turkey Author Author Özgül , Karagüzel Abstract A summary of the resource. Over 1000 flowering bulbous plants are naturally grown in Turkey. Flowering bulbs exportation has been in effect for years from Turkey. In recent years, exportation has been under strict control, it has been realized according to yearly given quota by The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestocks. Even though the present regulations and status, negligable amount of illegal wild collections are still going on. A number of researches has been conduted to prevent illegal collections and meantime to encourage artificial propagations and sustainable uses. These projects are mainly financed by the concern ministries, research institutes and universities. A good scale of geophyte exibition garden has been establised in Yalova Provience to take the interest of people and administrative staff. The present research projects are mainly concentrated on some well known flowering species such as tulips, hyacinthus, crocus, stenbergia, iris, fritillaria, snowdrop, lilies so on. Keywords: Geophytes, sustainability, researches Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4cfffdbc3f3f83f8f65658e8ddca484c.pdf 741628b5734dbd94c0834b7f994e9daa PDF Text Text The Relationship Between Career Planning And Culture: A Research On French And Turkish Business Administration Students Özdaşli Kürşat1, Seher Derya2, Pelin Kanten3, Fatih Cura4, Merve Eroğlu5 1Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Business Administration Departmant, 2Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Business Administration Departmant 3Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Hikmet Tolunay Vocational School, Marketing Programme, 4Ishik University, Erbil, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, BA Department, 5Süleyman Demirel University, Institute of Social Sciences, Business Administration Master, E –mails: kursatozdasli@sdu.edu.tr, seherderya@sdu.edu.tr, fatihcura@hotmail.com, mervesdu@gmail.com Abstract Career is a concept that explain the preferences of individuals throughout their life span. It is considering from a professional angle, career is the set of attitudes and behaviors in relation to work experiences and activities which are perceived by person during his or her life. Career planning is the personal process of planning one's life work. Career planning is not a one-time event, but rather is a process that depends on one’s values, beliefs and skills. It is a very important step in career planning assessing skills, knowledge, values, constraints and interests. Values and beliefs terms suggest that “culture”. Culture is explained that shared values and beliefs in a group. It is a way of life of a group of people including the patterns of thought, behaviors, customs, language, traditions. In this respect a question comes to the mind: Is culture affect the one’s career planning and how valuable his/her work in his life? In this study; cultural dimensions is used (power distance, masculinity/effeminacy, uncertainty avoidance, long term/short term orientation) that served to distinguish one culture from another with access to people working for the same organization in over 40 countries of the world by Hofstede collecting data and analyzed his findings. Hofstede cultural dimensions questionnaire asked French and Turkish Business Administration students in universities. To determine personal career planning and importance of work in one’s total life Career Salience questionnaire (Greenhaus, 1971) that is composed three dimensions- Relative Importance of Work and Career Component, Planning and Thinking about Career Component, General Attidutes toward Work Component- is asked same students also. The study aims to determine whether a difference between cultures about making career plans and positioning work in total life. 601 �Keywords: Career, Career planning, Career Salience, Culture, Cultural dimensions 1.INTRODUCTION Culture, firstly in an extensive way introduced by an English anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor in a book named “Primitive Culture” in 1871 as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (Tylor, 1871: 1). Culture, although it is defined as a set of values and norms which creates society, since it also shapes and manages the habits, behavior patterns, attitudes of its members, it is discussed extensively. From this perspective culture may tell to each member who they are how they should behave and they would feel when interacting with each other. (Schein, 2010: 29). Culture, even separates a group from other groups in terms of their characteristics, it also fits its members into living conditions of the society. (Hofstede vd., 2002: xviii ) The culture which is learned, shared and passed down over generations, establishes a close link between the needs of society with the individual's preferences. ( Haviland vd., 2008: 25). The cultural environment plays a key role in shaping its members’ personalities (Robbins, 1997: 91). Geert Hofstede made the most comprehensive study of cultural differences. In his study which is completed in 40 countries, and carried out among 116000 employees in international companies, he addressed culture in five different dimensions (Reiser, 2010: 12-13): Individualism vs. Collectivism: In individualistic cultures people are expected to portray themselves as individuals, who seek to accomplish individual goals and needs. In collectivistic cultures, people have greater emphasis on the welfare of the entire group to which the individual belongs, where individual wants, needs and dreams are often set aside for the common good. Power distance: Power distance dimension focuses on the relationship between the powerful and the weak in a society. In cultures with lower power distance, weak people expects more democratic relations, in high power distance the weak accepts the authority. Masculinity vs. femininity: In Masculine societies, values related to men like competition, ambition; in feminine societies values, equality and life quality given to relationships stand out. (Hofstede, 1998: 6-7). Uncertainty Avoidance: The majority of people living in cultures with a high degree of uncertainty avoidance, are likely to feel uncomfortable in uncertain and ambiguous situations. People living in cultures with a low degree of uncertainty avoidance, are likely to thrive in more uncertain and ambiguous situations and environments. (Hofstede, vd., 2002: 62). Long vs. Short Term Orientation: In Long-term-oriented societies, people value behaviors and attitudes related to future, in short-term oriented societies, commitment to traditional values, and dignity is important. Schein explains that the culture of a group can be addressed in three levels: “the levels of artifacts, the level of its espoused beliefs and values and the level of its basic underlying 602 �assumptions. The origin of a culture lies in the pattern of basic underlying assumptions, and after you understand those, you can easily understand the other levels (Schein, 2010: 32). Career is one of the basic topics of human resources management. One of the widely used definitions of career is briefly; work experiences that a human gains throughout his life span. ( Audrey, 1998: 412). According to a more extensive definition career is a concept which expresses the works, progress and improvements that people did throughout their working life (Tüz, 2003: 170). According to Hall (quoted by Adekola, 2011: 101) whose definition about the concept of career is the most accepted, career is defined as the course(duration) directly related with personal and corporate objectives, work experience and activities which a human will live and partially keep under control throughout his life. When the concept of career is handled as individual’s job career positions used consecutively throughout his personal life span shows the presence of three basic dimensions in the career phenomenon. They are: individual, work and position. Since the presence of work and position requires organization, individual and the organization will come face to face during career process. In other words, the concept of career has two significant dimensions as individual and organization. (Şimşek ve Öge, 2007: 260). Given as career planning and career management in literature career management from organization point of view and career management from individual point of view is being seperated. Career management from organization point of view, is determining official career paths in any organization and establishing quantitative and qualitative measurements of activity in this career path. However individual career management is related with human’s own plans made in accordance with his personality, knowledge, interests, skills and aims. Hall (quoted by Adekola, 2011: 102) defines individual career planning, which is related with human’s personal future, as becoming conscious about opportunities of life, choices and results, identifying career goals, and as programming process of activities intended for work, education and other improvements which provides determination of direction and time in achieving goals concerning career. From organization point of view career management comprises activities like, determination of employee including career planning, identifying career path within organization, determination of career advisors. Career management from individual point of view comprises topics like, individual’s search and finding out his career, finding his job, midcareer. Issues such as career planning and selection is affected by factors directing the individual. These factors can be divided into internal and external. Internal factors are psychological forces like individuals feelings, thoughts. And external factors are elements like social background, family, surroundings(Kaynak et al., 1998: 239-246) which are directly related with culture. Career can express different meanings to different individuals. When career is a way of earning money for some people, for others it is the way not to waste time or achieve social status. Consequently, for the employees in a job or those who wish to work there can be several reasons in accordance with their personality traits and environmental conditions(İbicioğlu, 2010: 161). When chosing a professional field related to his career as well as intensifying career progress, an individual willing to make plans about his career, is likely to be influenced by cultural features like long-term or short term thinking, avoiding or taking the risk of the society. 2.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURE AND CAREER PLANNING 603 �According to Schein (1990: 109) who made important studies in organizational culture, one of the main reasons of the presence of different viewpoints about the definition of culture is that it is the common subject of different branches of social science. Each branch of social science, especially, anthropology, sociology, social psychology and organizational behaviour approaches to culture from its’ own viewpoint. Sometimes these branches of science have biased approaches to culture. Culture is a concept associated with social values. There is a strong relationship between career and culture which have integrated aims, plans, intentions and applications(Young et al., 2002: 224). According to Holland’s Theory of Personalities in Work Environments level of consciousness and other features of a personality related with culture, gender roles, personal competences have the power to affect future trends of a human’s career(Spokane et al., 2002: 410). 3.RESEARCH 3.1. Purpose of the study and samples The main objective of this study is to identify whether individual career planning is affected by social cultural features or not. According to Hofstede’s research results, a similar research over two nations with similar cultural values, French and the Turks, was carried out. The data used in this study; are the data of the research named “The Effect of Cultural Differences on Individual Career Plans” belonging to France and Turkey, whose survey is still going on in France, Turkey, Iraq, Italy, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. It has cultural value scores similar to Hofstede. For this reason, the title of the study “Cultural Relationships Between Individual Career Plans” was deemed appropriate. We have reached the students of Toulousse School of Economics in France, In Turkey the students of The Faculty of Economics and Administrative sciences at Süleyman Demirel University. 3.2.Survey Form And Measurements Questionaire technique was used to collect experimantal data. 2 measurements were used in the questionaire. Culture measurement is the most known measurement which has been used by Hofstede for years approximately over 40 countries. This measurement has been used in lots of studies and tested in Turkey. Out of five of Hofstede(Hofstede, geerthofstede.com/national-culture) measurements, (Power Distance (PDI); Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV); Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS); Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI); Long Term Orientation (LTO)70 ) only two dimensions have been included into this survey. They are Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI); and Long Term Orientation (LTO) measurements which consist of only 20 expressions. When the first five expressions are long expressions, 610 are short, 11-15 expressions are related with avoiding risk and 16-20 expressions are related with taking risk. And the second measurement used in the questionaire, that is, individual career planning measurement, measures the importance of work in human’s life and personal career 70 LTO is a measurement fundamentally developed by Michael Bond which later was used and approved by Hofstede. 604 �plan which is Southgate’s(2005) measurement. Career Salience questionnaire (Southgate, 2005: 66-69) that is composed three dimensions- Relative Importance of Work and Career Component (1 -6 questions); Planning and Thinking about Career Component (7 – 12 questions); General Attidutes toward Work Component (13 – 18 questions). Factor Analysis was applied to the data obtained from the result of research conducted using this measurement. 3 dimensions obtained from Factor Analysis were renamed and given below in the table named “Results of Factor Analysis of Individual Career Planning measurement”. A five spaced Likert type metric expression was applied to the responses of phrases which took place in this measurements. For instance, for the response of the expression “I always make long term plans” there are five options like “1-Strongly Disagree”, “2- Disagree”, “3I’m not sure”, “4- Agree”, “5- Strongly Agree”. In addition, 8 questions were asked to analyze students’ demographic structure. Responses of the qustionaires received were coded and analyzed using SPSS for Windows 15.0 version. 3.3. Data Preparation Data received from the survey results was entered to SPSS 15.0 package program, to prepair the data file missing data, extreme value, normality, homegeneity were tested Missing Data: the ratio of empty left articles over all articles was anlyzed in each questionaire whether or not it makes 15% and more. Since we don’t have such a questionaire missing data operation was not made, skipped. Extreme Value: 10 Questionaires which have + 3 and – 3 “Z” and “T” scores were excluded from analysis. Totally the data of 79 questionaires were analyzed. Normality: N-Par Test results were examined, measurement of trust in administrators (sig. (2 tailed) = 0,000); according to administrator commitment measurement (sig. (2 tailed) = 0,009) normal distribution hasn’t been obtained. Therefore logarithm of data was taken to normalize. Homogeneity : Since the sig. value excedeed 0.05 As a result of “homogenity test” the data was decided to be homogeneous. 3.4. Demographic Results %50,6 of students participating the survey are from France, %49,4 are from Turkey. %58,2 of them are female, %40,5 are male. %78,5 of the students belong to 17-25 age group, %17,7 of them belong to 26-35 age group % 3,8 of them didn’t mark. While %84,4 of the students participating the survey have indicated that after graduating they would like to choose profession related with their field; %13,7 of them have indicated that they would like to choose other professions. %44,3 of the students have stated that they want to work in public organizations; %24,1 of them indicated business sectors, % 21,5 of the students pointed out that they want to build their own business and %10,1 didn’t make any marks in this area. The responses to the question “Who is being affective in making your career plans?” that was asked to the attendants of the survey are as follows:; %38 say family; %7,6 say friends; %5,3 say relatives; %5,1 say teachers. While 3 people didn’t answer this question, approximately %32,9 of majority have chosen others option. According to the averages of input of a research based on the results received from Hofstede Scale, four dimensions are constituted. (Long period inclination, short period inclination, 605 �avoiding risk and not avoiding risk). A factor analysis is carried out on the results received from the questions based on Southgate Scale. The first dimension that has been formed as a result of factor analysis is called: planned career inclination, the second called: Ambitious career inclination, the third is called: emotional career inclination. The test structure validity of individual career planning scale that was used in the research, factor analysis has been fulfilled. In the basic component analysis, that was applied Kaiser=Meyer=Olkin (KMO) test, has showed that sample size is adequate for factor analysis. The result of Barlett test, which is done to see if the data that is belonging to variables shows normal distribution, is meaningful. (431,043; p<0.01) As a result of factor analysis and varimax rotation of individual career planning variables, three factors are found which is bigger than 1.00. Those factors are defining 62.149% of total variance. As a result of reliability analysis that is belonging to three scale, the internal consistency (Cronbach alpha values) are respectively; .761, .687 and .730. It shows that the scales have got the reliability level on the social sciences field. It can be said that the data which is the result of varimax rotation factor analysis measure the structure is appropriate for the theory and has a structural reliability. Table 1: the results of individual career planning scale factor analysis sizes 1 I think making career planning will be so useful .789 I will be glad to make a career planning for the future .758 I did many plan and thought about my career so far .624 I know the way to realize the plan that I did about my career .609 I did career planning by being aware of the fields that I am interested in .567 2 I cannot sacrifice my career for wishes and forcing of people who has an important place in my life .667 I look at a work like it is a way to express myself in the life .560 I am ready to sacrifice many things to be the top at my work .544 Work and rising is one of the most important issues in my life .533 3 I cannot be really happy without being successful at my job .785 I want to graduate and go into business as soon as possible .592 606 �My career is the first for me .580 Culture Individual career planning long term inclinaiton Planned career inclinaiton short term inclinaiton Ambitious career inclinaiton avoinding risk Not avoiding risk Emotional career inclinaiton It is almost impossible for me to be happy as long as I am not working at a work that I want .479 According to the result of factor analysis, our research model is as following; Research model is appropriate for the model called descriptive or determining the status. At such models, we can describe variables and the correlation among those variables then make some forecasts based on those descriptions (Kurtulus, 1989: 310). Our hypothesis based on this model is as below; H1: there is a positive correlation between being long term inclinaiton and planned career inclinaiton 607 �H2: there is a positive correlation between being short term inclinaiton and ambitious career inclinaiton H3: there is a positive correlation between being avoid of risk and planned career inclinaiton H4: there is a positive correlation between being avoid of risk and emotional career inclinaiton H5: there is a positive correlation between not being avoid of risk and ambitious career inclinaiton Correlation Analysis Findings Expected results have been obtained as a result of correlation analysis. Findings are below; Table 2: summary table of correlation analysis Culture sizes Individual career planning sizes Planned career inclinaiton Ambitious career inclinaiton Emotional career inclinaiton Long term inclinaiton Pearson significance .344(**) -.128 .417(**) .002 .118 .000 Short term inclinaiton Pearson significance -.196 .356(**) -.132 .183 .003 .245 Being avoid of risk Pearson significance .412(**) -.111 .519(**) .000 .331 .000 Not being avoid of risk Pearson significance -.196 .390(**) -.132 .083 .000 .245 We can see that long term inclinaiton has positive correlation with emotional career planning (r=417, P<0.000) and planned career inclinaiton. We can see that short term inclinaitonhas positive correlation with ambitious career inclinaiton(r=356, P<0.00). We can see that being avoid of risk has positive correlation with emotional career planning (r=519, P<0.00) and planned career inclinaiton (r=412, P<0.00). 608 �We can see that not being avoid of risk has positive correlation with ambitious career inclinaiton(r=390, P<0.00) After these results, all hypotheses are accepted. 5. CONCLUSION This work is about a research which is still going on in different countries but we have taken only part which is done in Turkey and France. According to the data we got, we have seen that when people are planning their career, they are affected by the culture of society they are living in. Because in line with our expectations students who are thinking for long run, planning their career thinking carefully and planned but on the other hand, students who are thinking short run, are so ambitious. However, the students, who are avoiding of risk, are planned and emotional. On the other hand, who are not avoiding of risk, are much more ambitious. Comparative analysis also could be done using data which is belonging to Turkey and France but we would like to make it using the data belonging to various countries. RESOURCES ADEKOLA, Bola “Career Planning and Career Management as Correlates for Career Development and Job Satisfaction a Case Study of Nigerian Bank Employees”, Australian Journal of Business and Mangement Research, Vol.1, No. 2, pp. 100-112, 2011. HAVILAND William A., Harald E. L. Prins, Dana Waltrath, Bunny McBride, Cultural Antropology Human Challenge, 12th Edition, Wadsworth Thoms Leadrning, 2008, USA HOFSTEDE, Gert Jan, Paul B. Pedersen & Geert Hofstede, Exploring Culture Exercises, Stories and Synthetic Cultures, Intercultural Press, 2002 HOFSTEDE, Geert, Masculinity and Femininity: The Taboo dimension of National Cultures, Sage Pub., USA, 1998 HOFSTEDE, Geert, “National Cultural Dimensions”, http://geert-hofstede.com/nationalculture.html, 15.03.2012 IBICIOGLU, Hasan, Human Resources Management, Alter Publishing, Ankara, 2010. KAYNAK Tuğray, Zeki Adal, İsmail Ataay, Cavide Uyargil, Ömer Sadullah, Ahmet Cevat Acar, Oya Özçelik, Gönen Dündar ve Reha Uluhan, Human Resources Management, İ.Ü. Business Faculty Publishing, İstanbul. KURTULUS, Kemal, İşletmelerde Araştırma Yöntem Bilimi, İstanbul Üniv. İşletme Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 210, İstanbul, 1989. REISER, Danina, Analysis of Cultural Differences in Dubai, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH, Germany, 2010 ROBBINS, Stephen P., Organizational Behavior Concepts controversies Applications, Prentice Hall International, Inc., Seventh Edition, 1997, USA SCHEIN, H. Edgar, Organizational Culture and Leadership, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2010, USA 609 �SCHEIN, Edgar H, “Organizational Culture”, American Psychologist, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 109-119, 1990. SIMSEK, M. Şerif, H. Serdar Öge, Human Resources Management with Strategic and International Perspectives, Gazi Publishing, Ankara, 2007. SPOKANE, Arnold R., Eric J. Luchetta and Matthew H. Richwine, “Holland’s Theory of Personalities in Work Environments”, Career Choices and Development, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 373-427, 2002. SOUTGATE, Nicole, An Exploration of Career Salience, Career Commitment, and Job Involvement, Master Thessis, Masters in Industrial Psychology at University of the Witwatersrand, Supervisor: Dr. Andrew Thatcher, 2005. TUZ, Melek Vergiliel, “Kariyer Planlamasında Yeni Yaklaşımlar”, U.Ü. Journal of Science and Literature Faculty, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 169-176, 2003. TYLOR, Edward B., Primitive Culture: Researches Into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art, and Custom, Volume I, John Murray Albemarle Street, London, 1871 YOUNG, Richard A, Ladislav Valach and Audrey Collin, “A Contextualist Explanation of Career”, Career Choices and Development, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp. 206-255, 2002. The Factors Determined To The Improvement In The Least Developed And Developing Countries: Testing A Model Gözde Ergin, Adil Oğuzhan Trakya University, Department of Econometrics Abstract Finding the different ways of the improvement as a multidimensional process causes different improvement ways in all countries in the world. The economic improvement that cause a structural changing is very important in all economies all over the world and it is necessary for the least developed countries at the same time. These countries have solved the phenomena of poverty, unemployment, low life standards and unimproved. The differentiation in the socio-cultural structures of the least developed and developing countries effect the improvement in a positive way. In the study, the socio-economic factors of improvement and a classification according to the gross national product levels per person in the least developed and developing countries have been done by taking the definition accepted by World Bank into consideration. There are fifteen countries in the classification of the least developed and developing countries. The data of thirty-three factors in the comparison of these countries have been obtained from the data source of World Bank, OECD, EUROSTAT and UN (2000 – 2009). 610 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1218 Title A name given to the resource The Relationship Between Career Planning And Culture: A Research On French And Turkish Business Administration Students Author Author Özdaşli , Kürşat Abstract A summary of the resource. Career is a concept that explain the preferences of individuals throughout their life span. It is considering from a professional angle, career is the set of attitudes and behaviors in relation to work experiences and activities which are perceived by person during his or her life. Career planning is the personal process of planning one's life work. Career planning is not a one-time event, but rather is a process that depends on one’s values, beliefs and skills. It is a very important step in career planning assessing skills, knowledge, values, constraints and interests. Values and beliefs terms suggest that “culture”. Culture is explained that shared values and beliefs in a group. It is a way of life of a group of people including the patterns of thought, behaviors, customs, language, traditions. In this respect a question comes to the mind: Is culture affect the one’s career planning and how valuable his/her work in his life? In this study; cultural dimensions is used (power distance, masculinity/effeminacy, uncertainty avoidance, long term/short term orientation) that served to distinguish one culture from another with access to people working for the same organization in over 40 countries of the world by Hofstede collecting data and analyzed his findings. Hofstede cultural dimensions questionnaire asked French and Turkish Business Administration students in universities. To determine personal career planning and importance of work in one’s total life Career Salience questionnaire (Greenhaus, 1971) that is composed three dimensions- Relative Importance of Work and Career Component, Planning and Thinking about Career Component, General Attidutes toward Work Component- is asked same students also. The study aims to determine whether a difference between cultures about making career plans and positioning work in total life. Keywords: Career, Career planning, Career Salience, Culture, Cultural dimensions Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5fec8cd774d679f4f530923928f0a772.pdf 13af9744cf15155436477155d4846c0e PDF Text Text localculturesandthatthepeopleshouldbenefitfromthistourismactivity‖. When eco-tourists make tourism activities, they can do agricultural activities. Such water resources, environmental pollution and global warming factors can provide with conservation ofwater quality. This also provides that effectivefertilizerin agricultural areas, efficient use ofpesticides and efficient useof water resources. 2.RESULT Therichgeographyandnaturalpotential of ourcountry is a bigchanceforthetypes of naturetourisms. However, if it is behavedunconsciously, theruin of environmentalvalueswillrapidly be inevitable.Sustainableagriculturemay be defined as consisting of environmentally-friendlymethodsof farmingthatallowtheproduction of cropsorlivestockwithoutdamagetohumanornaturalsystems.Recently, orientationtoecotourismstudyingshouldincreaseandthus, agriculturalenviromentalandglobalwarmingproblemsshould be solved.Theuse of agriculturalproducts ratherthan theuse of syntheticproductsshouldbe increase. Not onlyenvironmentalandtourismpurposesanndeclining waterresources, increase of population and in ordertomeet growing consumer needsshould be provided in thedevelopment of ecotourism. REFERENCES http://www.ekoturizmdernegi.org http://www.dsi.gov.tr Sustainable Development- Environmental Ethics Relationship Within Eu Environmental Policies Özcan Sezer, Şenay Işin 1.INTRODUCTION Environmental problems and approaches to environment have an important place within EU policies. There are major impacts of economic development on the inclusion of environmental issues to the Union‘s area of interest, which aims to integrate European Countries through economic, political and cultural areas and which foresees the free flow of capital, goods, services, labor. It is crucial to form environmental values and provide the member countries to internalize them in order to sustain development without giving harm to environment. In this context, environmental ethics reveals a conflict from the perspective of sustainable development. There emerges an area of conflict between attaining economic, social and cultural development on the one hand and taking into consideration of environmental values and environmental ethics during this process on the other hand. The desire to improve the living conditions at the member countries through providing economic, social and cultural development and to upgrade quality of life to a common level 336 �around the whole Europe are the reasons why the Union poses a common environmental policy. The increasing pressures on natural resources have put economic sustainability problem on the agenda and new problem areas such as climate change, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have revealed their reality in everyday life. Sustaining improvements in urban and rural residential areas; developing health precautions, eradicating regional inequalities can only be possible through sustaining a healthy and well balanced environment. One approach in environmental ethics bases on the responsibilities of current generation to future generations. In this context, environmental ethics is consistent with sustainable development concept but comprises a diverse dimension. This type of environmental ethics considers the human and human values while searching for solutions to environmental problems and emphasizes the understanding which saves that individuals and societies should have environmental values and environmental conscious in order to live a life in harmony with the nature. People are not seen as solely objects of development in this view of environmental ethics. The understanding as ―development regardless of its consequences‖ has threatened biological and genetic variety on earth. This type of understanding on development does not correspond to ethical understanding. In this study, conflicts between sustainable development and environmental ethics within environmental policies will be evaluated from the perspectives of anthropocentric, egocentric biocentric, ecocentric approaches of environmental ethics by considering approaches to environmental ethics within EU environmental policies. Sustainable development within EU environmental policies will be critically reviewed in terms of environmental ethics. 2.ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: SEARCHING SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES FOR SOLUTIONS TO Development as a goal has been evaluated with reference to its broad context emphasizing not only economic growth but also progress in social, political and cultural dimensions in society in an integrated way. Environment is focal to questioning development from the perspective of integrated evaluation of development. Hence, development without giving harm to environment sets the priority of questioning the relationship between environment and development. Environmental ethical approaches become critical when considering this priority. The critical understanding behind environmental ethics in its conceptual whole reveals as the moral responsibility of current generation for next generations. The ecologists take into consideration of human kind without making discriminations either between current and next generations or the ones who live and who are to be born (Heywood 2007: 337). Environmental ethics, as a new discipline that emerged in context of ethical philosophy in recent years, stresses the necessity of critically considering use of environmental resources and the pollution caused by people by paying attention to their impacts on other people in any activity concerning environment (Callicott 2005: 68). The concern of individuals for the future of their generations indicates the acceptance of responsibility of their own (Gower 1992: 11). What remain crucial are the extent of impact area of this responsibility and also realization of an international justice on the basis of sharing this responsibility equally by every country. Environmental ethics concept is closely related to ―environmental justice‖ contextually which partly looks into the equal distribution of resources among people (Woods 2006: 573). Environmental ethics approach becomes important within the context and implications of sustainable development due to its vision on intergenerational responsibility and justice. Thus, the inclusion of environmental ethics understanding into environmental policies at the 337 �national, regional and local levels becomes crucial. It is a fact that environmental problems would hardly ever be solved without considering their relations with administrative, political, economical structures; science and technology as a whole. It is a fact that understanding in context of environmental ethics reveals as a necessity in the way of evaluating environmental problems within an integrated perspective in today‘s world where the nature is being acceleratingly threatened and harmed by people. 3.Environmental Ethics Approaches Environmental ethics approaches, in its broader context, takes into consideration of relationships between human beings and nature as a whole. Governments, states and international organizations have started to propose solutions to environmental problems as they become perceived and evoke awareness from the 1970s onwards. The implementation of protective environmental policies have been begun to be implemented. These developments which inform the cognition of environmental problematic have been differentiated among themselves (Turgut 2009: 28). It is possible to determine these approaches as egocentric, anthropocentric, biocentric and ecocentric approaches. 1. Ego-centric Approach: This approach is an extreme antropocentric approach which presumes that human ego is the most important component in cognizing environmental porblematic (Turgut 2009: 29). Accordingly, no matter how nature is being harmed, the only entity that should be protected is always human being. In that respect, the only entity that deserves an ethical behaviour is proposed to be human being (Turgut 2009: 29). Ego-centric approach that sees nature as a resource to be used limitlessly by humans dates back to Renaissance and structures its eventual stage through the Industrial Revolution. Hence, it is admitted to put forward the perception categories of industrial societies (Ertan 1998: 135). 2. Anthropocentric Approach: Nature has been considered only indirectly in anthropocentric approach putting human beings at the focus (Ferry 2000: 24-25). In this approach, the aim of human activities is to compensate human necessities regardless of their costs (Turgut 2006: 29). Although it is accepted that biotic and abiotic entities other than human beings should be protected, this acceptance only exists to protect human interests. Hence, these entites are valueable only due to their provision of benefit for human beings. Likewise, the reason to value nature is to once again protect human interests. The understanding behind this approach is stated not to comprise any questioning on ethical and economical perspective particular to industrial society (Turgut 2006:29). 3. Biocentric Approach This approach is based on the acceptance of necessity to regard every biotic entity other than humans as subjects of law and the necessity these entities to be treated based on this understanding (Ferry 2000: 25). Accordingly, the mentioned biotic entities are described as all the entities that are able to feel pain and pleasure (Ferry 2000: 25). Biocentric approach emphasizes the importance of all the biotic entities, consisting of human beings, animals and plants in natural life, but it does not foresee an integrated approach to environment. The understanding behind the biocentric approach criticizes toxic chemical waste that threaten the health, beauty and security of urban and rural regions and ruin human environment; soil, air and water pollution; the development of built environment against natural resources at the coastal and urban areas; nuclear stations; the thinning of ozone layer and searches for alternatives for the human beings and other biotic entities to improve their lives (Ünder 1997: 83-84). 338 �4. Ecocentric Approach: Ecocentric approach regard biosphere and biotic organisms as important as human beings. Hence human beings are not taken into consideration as focal in ecocentric approach. Complementarily, the demand for right of nature on the whole including trees and all forms of vegetative and mineral structures lays the foundation of this approach. Ecocentric approach has not only become the dominant ideology of alternative environmental movements but also put forward the problem of questioning humanism once again and necessarily by using radical terms (Ferry 2000: 25). Ecocentric ethical approach comprises various movements such as deep ecology, ecofeminism, social ecology, eco-fascism. Aldo Leopold from the U.S, Hans Jonas from Germany and deep ecology approach have been effective in the emergence of ecocentric ethical approach. Deep ecology approach reflects the basic philosophy of ecocentric approach. Deep ecology founds on the criticism of the scientific understanding based on dominance of human beings on nature. The essence of the approach is that all entities including human beings are equal components of the living community on earth and hence human kind has no superiority than other entities (Turgut 2006: 29). Deep ecology claims that mechanical world view causes ecological problems and organic world view could solve them (Görmez 2003: 99). Deep ecology, as contrary to reformist (modern) environmentalism, puts nature to the focus, not human beings particular to the ecocentric perspective. Ecocentrism grounds the thought of protection of nature and variety within nature with the value embedded in nature itself, not the benefits of nature to be brought to human beings (Önder 2003: 96). 4.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF The relationship between sustainable development and ethical approaches to environment is basically founded on the concept of sustainability which binds conceptual areas of values, morality and human rights. Cleary, what relates these conceptual areas in sustainability concept is the idea of sustaining natural environment for the next generations and the acceptance of responsibility for the next generations as a moral attempt. Sustainability is taken into consideration as a technical concept which is based on environmental carrying capacity. However, moral, social and economical issues also remain focal to the concept. The core assumption of sustainability which is based on the transformation of polluting factors into factors that sustain environment friendly ones at multi dimension is closely related to system of values embedded in human life in every dimension (Kılıç 2006: 84). The interrelation between the ethical approaches to environment and sustainable development lies at the heart of the social and economic dimensions of sustainable development. Although taken into consideration as a technical concept based on carrying capacity, the social dimension of sustainability has been built upon adaptation and balancing of individual expectations and social demands whose dynamics also comprise concepts such as human dignity, autonomy and justice (Kılıç 2006: 94). In fact, this statement clearly puts the emphasis on the relationship of social dimension in sustainability with human rights which are at the very core of moral and legal common context of compromise. ―Sustainable development‖ is defined as ―the environmentalist world view that aim economic development without sacrificing the principle of use of environmental values and natural resources through rational methods so as not to lead splurge them and by taking into account of the rights and benefits of current and next generations‖ (Keleş 1998: 112). Having its roots 339 �in Stockholm Conference, sustainable development has firstly been introduced as a concept in Brundtland Report in 1987 (Turgut 2009). According to the report, sustainable development is ―compensating today‘s necessities without sacrificing next generations‘ opportunity to meet their own necessities‖ (Keleş 1998: 112). Sustainable development with its assumption that nature and environmental resources are limited and thus growth is also limited reflects a protective understanding towards environment. Sustainable development from the perspective of environmental ethics does not have an ecocentric perspective. Although the basic emphasis in sustainable development is repercussive dependencies between economy and environment (Turgut 2009) there emerges conflicts between sustainability of economic development representing only one dimension of development on the whole and sustainability of ecosystems due to the lack of questioning and restructuring at the economical, social and political stages. Sustainable development is seen as a solution on the basis of human and nature relations which is supported by the dominant production system (Kılıç 2006: 83). Sustainable development has become the ultimate determinant of environmental policies since the 1980s which has had an impact area that also relates to economical and social development (Mengi ve Algan 2003: 2). Integrating economical and social development with environmental ethics is important in terms of environmental policies. Ethical values in context of environmental philosophy have been defined as the potentialities of realizing right action and way of living. Ethical area has been enlarged through human beings‘ accelerating capability of regulation and management for both nature and social institutions. In addition, all human problems consisting of natural nutrition, inadequate education, housing in bad condition, very high population, unhealthy living conditions, deteriorated natural environment have enlarged the area of ethics (Ertan 1998: 127). The existence of biotic and abiotic entities other than human beings and the preservation of the right of the universe to be in balance reveal why approaches based on ethics should be internalized (Ertan 1998: 129). One other dimension in discussion on environmental ethics and sustainable development is environmental right concept. Environmental right is a third generation human right reflecting solidarity and intergenerational responsibility. Thus, environmental right acts as a bridge between policy formulations considering sustainable development and environmental ethical view. Sustainable development perspective serves to protect ecocentric ethical values in overcoming ecological crisis. However, it puts forward a rather different approach when compared to radical environmental approaches (Ergün ve Çobanoğlu 2012: 99). Environmental policy tools of sustainable development have been evaluated to be to the benefit of producers rather than being effective on consumption behaviours due to the relatively high costs of environmental policies that are beneficial to consumers. Today, even though environmental policy tools are implemented by use of modern technologies in many developed and developing countries, it is hard to control consumption behaviours. For this reason, it is expected for the way of lives and also behaviours to adapt to the requisites of sustainable development (Evans vd. 2005: 25). This is especially evident when observing the deep gap between consumption preferences, consumption forms and ecological balance. 340 �To what extent understanding behind sustainable development accord with ecocentric environmental ethics with reference to integrating with nature is contentious, because, sustainable development embodies both restorative and preventive policies (Kılıçoğlu 2005: 5). Restorative environmental policies are based on taking necessary precautions after any harm is given to environment. This understanding clearly does not refer to ecocentric environmental ethical view. Especially, sustainable development for some developed countries is conceptualized as simply protecting environment through protecting current development stage and welfare as well as improving quality of life (Mengi ve Algan 2003: 45). Environmental ethics understanding requisites ecological responsibility and sensitivity. Protection of both natural and cultural environment through taking into consideration of environmental right as a human right is critical for sustainable development since livable natural and cultural environment is essential for human dignity (Mengi ve Algan 2003:11). The most suitable tool for sustainable development to bind with next generations is the ecological component. This is obvious due to the fact that not only the regeneration capability of nature is being destroyed by human activity but also this threatens next generations‘ right to live as their basic right apart from their sustainability of welfare. (Ergün ve Çobanoğlu, 2012: 103). This issue once again attracts attention to the requisite of eliminating all the human behavior that harm environment and of adapting the idea behind these behaviours to environment (Kılıç 2006: 84). As a concluding remark, development and environment as comprising indispensible components are integral and cannot be conceptualized separately. Thus, social and economic structure, customs, culture and political system are as complementary to environment as natural components such as flora or water resources (Bener ve Babaoğul 2008: 4). That is why an environmental ethical approach that internalizes integrated view of human and environment should be the basic theme in sustainable development. 5.EU ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT A search for a common environmental protection understanding as a standard at the level of European Union has been due to economic reasons such as protecting free competition to make the common market more effective, rather than due to a perception of environmental problematic (Egeli 1996). Additionally, improving quality of life at the member states has been included directly to the environment protection understanding. Paris Treaty (1951) and Rome Treaty (1957) have remained as the first important steps taken to form EU environmental policies even though these treaties did not directly include any provision concerning environmental policies (Egeli 1996). The 1970s are important in terms of acceptance of the necessity of formulating environmental protection policies for the EU within the frame of Rome Treaty and the following period has witnessed the preparation of EU Environmental Action Programs (Turgut 2009).The EU Environmental Action Programs are important in terms of directing environmental policy area and its implications at the EU level. Coming from the 1970s to the 2000s, the basic events shaping environmental policy area and environment law can be set as Stockholm Conference 341 �(1972), World Charter for Nature (1982), Brundlant Report (1987), Rio Conference (1992) and Johannesburg Conference (2002) (Turgut 2009). Briefly, the first four environment action programs have the main theme as ―prevention of pollution‖; the fifth environment action program has the main theme of ―sustainable development and responsibility share‖ and the sixth environment action program has reflected ―Environment 2010: Our Future, Our Choice‖ based on the implementation of sustainable development. The First Environmental Action Program (EAP) (1973), which emerged under the affected of the Stockholm Conference and Rome Treaty, comprised general aims, principles of EU environmental policies and relationships between environment and sectoral activities. After the Second EAP reflecting a context in parallel to the first one in 1977, the Third EAP (1983) revealed the view of previously prevention of environmental pollution and also an attempt to relate other policies with environmental policies (Egeli 1996). The fourth EAP belonging to the period between 1987 and 1992 reflected a process of important change in EU environmental policies owing to be the program prepared just after the Single European Act. The Single European Act is very important because it included special provisions on environmental protection. In other words, it reflected the inclusion of environmental policy to the Union‘s common policy context (Egeli 1996). The first text that brought an ethical and moral dimension to the concept of sustainability is the UN Environment and Development Report which is also known as Brundlant Report (1987) with its emphasis on the statement of responsibility of current generations for the next generations in terms of living in a healthy environment (Kılıç 2006: 85). The generation of Agenda 21 as a consequence of Rio Summit in 1992 was characterized by the enlarging acceptance and use of sustainability concept not only at local but also at international arena (Kılıç 2006: 85). Agenda 21 stressed the responsibility of states to put effort in realization of social justice especially in terms of redistribution of use of resources. The actors shaped a large frame of constituents that are citizens, local institutions, nongovernmental institutions, investors and other interest groups (Kılıç 2006: 86). The impact of 1992 Rio Conference to the environmental policy at the EU level was the emphasis on sustainable development understanding in EAP and the provision (113) made available in Union‘s Treaty (Turgut 2009). Environmental protection has firstly been included in EU goals by the validity of Maastricht Treaty and the necessity of taking into consideration of development together with environmental context (Çokgezen, 2007: 92). The fifth EAP (1993-2000) was based on sustainable development and considered intergenerational responsibility in evaluating development (Çokgezen, 2007: 95-96). The expression of necessity to evaluate the balance between environmental conditions and socioeconomic development was evident with respect to sustainable development. This program also comprised a self criticism on the failure of the union in implementing environmental policies due to the ongoing deterioration of environment (Ökmen, 2006: 344). The main references of the program can be set as the report prepared by the UN Environment and Development Comission, Our Common Future and sustainable development (Egeli, 1996). Johannesburg Summit which was finalized by the Implementation Plan and the Political Declaration is important in setting the common precautions to be taken in order to implement 342 �sustainable development and responsibilities on provision of a society on the basis of equality (Kılıç 2006: 87,88). A search for the tools of realization of sustainable development once again bring up the problem and requirement of questioning of the current social and economic structures which reflect unequal characteristics and measures in this respect. This issue parallels the differentiating priority setting in development when considered from the perspectives of developed, developing and less developed countries. The post-Johannesburg period has witnessed the sixth EAP (2001-2010) that had its priorities as climate change, natural and bio variety, quality of life and sustainable natural resources management. 6.THE SUSTAINABILITY OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES: A CRITICAL EVALUATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS European Union is shown as an important case to raise awareness to environmental problems and formation of environmental policies. Accepting many treaties on environment at the international level and at the first stage, EU, determined its main goals as integrating environmental policies with other policies, changing consumption types, provision of participation of citizens in decision making process concerning environment and implementation of land use plans (Görmez, 2003: 97). When evaluating the general characteristics of EU environmental policies, an approach based on the understanding of taking precautions earlier than the emergence of environmental problems and provision of compensation of the cost of pollution by the responsible one arise. The main criticism on sustainable development, especially for its implementation proces, is evident in its stress on economic development as not considering environment as a whole. Nevertheless, ecocentric ethical understanding, in particular, does not accord with sustainable development reflecting ethical understanding of modern industrial society. The mechanisms built up ro protect environment primarily necessitates to take legal precautions on the one hand, however ecocentric enviromental ethical approach claims that ecological problems cannot be solved by using solely legal regulations and punishments. Sustainable development in EU policies has been supported by bringing forth the economic component that mostly put forward consumption and production dimension. However, social and ecological components of sustainable development are closely related to ecocentric ethical approach. Social component refers to social justice comprising equal opportunity, to be able to live a life suitable to live in dignity and to develop oneself while ecological component presumes the necessity of nature to be protected via its own dynamics (ErgünÇobanoğlu, 2012:101-103,113). EU is an important supra state actor in intervening the formation of regional environmental policies and the international context of environmental policy area as well. Through the evolution of the EU environmental policy area, the main criticism can be put forward as the dominant anthropocentric ethical approach, the economy-environment duality although effort to relate, conceptualize and implement sustainable development through interdependencies 343 �and repercussive interactions. Obviously, ecological value cannot be managed to be given priority particular to ecocentric ethical approach in this context. The lack of questioning the current economic, social and political structures in development and in environmental policy formulation is the remaning criticism for sustainable development understanding embedded in EU environmental policy area. A sustainable development approach considering equal priorities on social and ecological components apart from economical component is concluded to get much closer to own an environmental ethical approach to be evolved from anthropocentric to ecocentric ethical approach. REFERENCES Bener, Ö. and Babaoğul M. (2008) Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Davranışı ve Çevre Bilinci Oluşturmada Bir Araç Olarak Tüketici Eğitimi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyolojik Araştırmalar E-Dergisi, 1-10. Callicott, J. B. (2005) Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory and Environmental Ethics, L.Kalof-T.Satterfield (eds.) Earthscan Reader in Environmental Values, Earthscan, London 67-80. Çokgezen, J. (2007) Avrupa Birliği Çevre Politikası ve Türkiye, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 23 (2), 91-115. Egeli, G. (1996) Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye‘de Çevre Politikaları, TÇV Yayını, Ankara Ergün, T. and N. Çobanoğlu (2012) Sürdürülebilir Gelişme ve Çevre Etiği, Ankrya: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 3 (1), 97-123. Ertan, K.A. (1998) Çevre Etiği, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 31 (1), Mart, 125-139. Evans, B., - Joas, M., -S. Sundback-K. Theobald (2005) Governing Sustainable Cities, Earthscan, London. Ferry, L.(2000) Yeni Ekolojik Düzen, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul Gower, B. S. (1992) What Do We Owe Future Generations? D. Cooper-J. Palmer (eds.) Environment in Question Ethics and Global Issues, Routledge, London, 1-12. Görmez, K. (2003) Çevre Sorunları ve Türkiye, 3. Baskı, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara. Heywood, A. (2007) Siyasi İdeolojiler, Adres Yayınları, Ankara Keleş, R. (1998) Kentbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü, 2. Baskı, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara Kılıç, S. (2006) ―Yeni Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Arayışlar sürecinde Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Gazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8 (2), 81-101. Kılıçoğlu, P. (2005) Türkiye‘nin Çevre Politikalarında Sürdürülebilir Gelişme, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara Mengi A. and Algan N. (2003) Küreselleşme ve Yerelleşme ÇağındaBölgesel Sürdürülebilir Gelişme, Siyasal Kitabevi, Ankara 344 �Ökmen, M. (2006) Uyum Sürecinin Ekoloji-Politiği: AB ve Türkiye‘de Çevre Politikaları, AB Yolunda Türkiye: Müzakere Sürecinin Ekonomi Politiği, M. Dikkaya (eds), Alfa Aktüel, İstanbul. Önder, T. (2003) Derin Ekoloji Üzerine, Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 8 (30-31), Turgut, N. Y. (2009) Çevre Politikası ve Hukuku, İmaj Yayınevi, Ankara. Ünder, H. (1997) Çevre Ahlakı: İnsanmerkezcilik ve Çevremerkezcilik, Adakentliyim, 3 (10). Woods, K. (2006) What Does the Language of Human Rights Bring to Campaigns for Environmental Justice?, Environmental Politics, 15 (4), August, 572-591 Yılmaz, A. Bozkurt Y. (2007) Avrupa Birliği‘ne Uyum Sürecinde Türk Çevre Politikalarının Dönüşümü, Küresel Esintiler ve Yerel Etkiler Sarmalında Türk Kamu Yönetimi, (eds.) A.Yılmaz and Y. Bozkurt, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara. Importance of Tissue Culture Techniques in Sustainablity of Endangerd plant Species Ibrahim Baktir1*,Gülden Yilmaz1, Özgül Karaguzel2 and Deniz Hazar3 1Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Antalya 2Western Mediterranean Research Institute, Antalya 3Akdeniz University, Kumluca Vocational School, Antalya E-mail: ibaktir@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Tissue culture techniques have profound importance in mass propagation of various commercial crops in practice as in well known fruit tree rootstocks, a few vegetable and especially ornamental plants as well as some undomesticated plant species. Herbaceous species are somewhat easier to propagate compared to woody ones by tissue culture techniques. These techniques have not affectively applied to native plant species due to economical concerns although so many native plant species have been under threat and therefore they have been facing with extinction in all over the world. Human interferences is the main cause of the extinction of wild species especially in highly populated areas as it is the case in Marmara, Aegean and Coastal Mediterranean regions of Turkey because of new settlements, infrastructural works, overgrazing and uncontrolled collections. Thus, a big number of wild plant species are disappearing every year. Tissue culture techniques have merit value to propagate the endangered wild plant species to release the encountering pressure on these plants Keywords: Tissue culture, endangered species, sustainability 345 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1265 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Development- Environmental Ethics Relationship Within Eu Environmental Policies Author Author Özcan , Sezer Abstract A summary of the resource. Environmental problems and approaches to environment have an important place within EU policies. There are major impacts of economic development on the inclusion of environmental issues to the Union‘s area of interest, which aims to integrate European Countries through economic, political and cultural areas and which foresees the free flow of capital, goods, services, labor. It is crucial to form environmental values and provide the member countries to internalize them in order to sustain development without giving harm to environment. In this context, environmental ethics reveals a conflict from the perspective of sustainable development. There emerges an area of conflict between attaining economic, social and cultural development on the one hand and taking into consideration of environmental values and environmental ethics during this process on the other hand. The desire to improve the living conditions at the member countries through providing economic, social and cultural development and to upgrade quality of life to a common level around the whole Europe are the reasons why the Union poses a common environmental policy. The increasing pressures on natural resources have put economic sustainability problem on the agenda and new problem areas such as climate change, genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have revealed their reality in everyday life. Sustaining improvements in urban and rural residential areas; developing health precautions, eradicating regional inequalities can only be possible through sustaining a healthy and well balanced environment. One approach in environmental ethics bases on the responsibilities of current generation to future generations. In this context, environmental ethics is consistent with sustainable development concept but comprises a diverse dimension. This type of environmental ethics considers the human and human values while searching for solutions to environmental problems and emphasizes the understanding which saves that individuals and societies should have environmental values and environmental conscious in order to live a life in harmony with the nature. People are not seen as solely objects of development in this view of environmental ethics. The understanding as ―development regardless of its consequences‖ has threatened biological and genetic variety on earth. This type of understanding on development does not correspond to ethical understanding. In this study, conflicts between sustainable development and environmental ethics within environmental policies will be evaluated from the perspectives of anthropocentric, egocentric biocentric, ecocentric approaches of environmental ethics by considering approaches to environmental ethics within EU environmental policies. Sustainable development within EU environmental policies will be critically reviewed in terms of environmental ethics. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/126c2b17d85acdc60acf95ce129a7828.pdf 84a806b2bafdcc8b485eee00927735c0 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Linking Green supply chain management with environmental Technologies and an application of technology selection Ömür Tosun1, Fahriye Uysal2 1Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 2Department of International Trade and Logistics, Ayse Sak School of Applied Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: omurtosun@akdeniz.edu.tr,fahriyeuysal@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract In this paper, relations between green supply chain management and environmental technologies are presented. Environment technologies are taken as preventing the pollution in forward supply chain, controlling pollution in reverse supply chain and technologies that improves the environmental performance in integrated supply chain. In the study, key criterion of technology selection is evaluated with Fuzzy AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process); their priorities are defined and by using these priorities technology selection is made. Having a significance part in company’s total cost, proper and suitable selection of technology investment is emphases. Keywords: Green supply chain management, Environmental technology, Fuzzy AHP 1. INTRODUCTION Today, by becoming more complex, the importance of environment-related activities has been extended in parallel to the improvements in environmental technology. The reason for this shift can be connected with the fast growth of industrialization in the world; the environmental and ecological impacts of products have become a major issue. Vachon (2008) emphasizes the relationship between environmental technologies and green supply chain practices. Playing a significant role in environmental technologies, if used efficiently and effectively, environmental technology is capable of being useful for the management of environmentrelated activities. Efficient and effective usage can only be gained if the technology is appropriate for the company. Wrongly selected technology can bring ineffective solutions and failure in environment-related activities. According to Hsu et al. (2010) technology selection is a multiple criteria decision-making problem. Among these, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is one of the most popular methods. People often use knowledge 376 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo that is imprecise rather than precise. The fuzzy set theory approaches could resemble human reasoning in use of approximate information and uncertainty to generate decisions. Because of the continuous increase in environmental costs, the effects of environmental issues on decision making process are getting more important (Schaltegger, 2000). In this paper, a study concerning environmental technology selection criteria for the mining industry is reported. The analysis has been executed adopting the FAHP technique, a fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making methodology that has been developed due to the imprecision in assessing the relative importance of attributes and the performance ratings of alternatives with respect to attributes. The work is structured in the following manner. In Section 2, a literature review of the green supply chain management is given. In Section 3, environmental technologies are grouped. In Section 4, the fuzzy AHP methodology is defined. An evaluation of technology alternatives, the proposed methodology and results are fully shown in Section 5. Finally, conclusions and considerations are reported in Section 6. 2. Green Supply Chain Management Green supply chain management (GrSCM) has its roots in both environment management and supply chain management literature. Adding the “green” component to supply chain management involves addressing the influence and relationships between supply chain management and the natural environment. Similar to the concept of supply chain management, the boundary of GrSCM is dependent on the goal of the investigator. The definition and scope of GrSCM in the literature has ranged from green purchasing to integrated green supply chains flowing from supplier to manufacturer to customer, and even reverse logistics (Zhu and Sarkis, 2004). GrSCM is gaining an increasing interest among researchers and practitioners of operations and supply chain management. The growing importance of GrSCM is driven mainly by the escalating deterioration of the environment, e.g. diminishing raw materials resources, overflowing waste sites and increasing levels of pollution. GrSCM is integrating environmental thinking into supply chain management, including product design, material sourcing and selection, manufacturing processes, delivery of the final product to the consumers as well as end-of-life management of the product after its useful life (Srivastava, 2007). Environmental management can be defined as the management of human’s interactions with environment and their impacts on environment. Environment management has developed significantly from its early stages in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Early environmental 377 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo efforts were based on controlling pollution emerging from individual sources. However, environmental management evolved into a systematic attempt to prevent pollution at the source and manage entire ecosystems in the 1990s (Nikbakhsh, 2009). Today, in order to reap the greatest benefits from environmental management, firms must integrate all members in the green supply chain. GrSCM has emerged as a way for firms to achieve profit and market share objectives by lowering environmental impacts and increasing ecological efficiency (van Hoek, 2000). 3. Environmental Technologies Environmental technologies can be defined as not only by the changes in the environment area but also with the new techniques and information containing environmental management systems, design and engineering for environment (Klassen and Whybark, 1999). Environmental technologies in manufacturing include implementing environmental audits of manufacturing facilities, reformulating products to lower their environmental impacts, covering open process tanks to reduce evaporation, training employees to prevent process leaks, and cleaning up underground storage tanks that leak. An environmental technology characterizes three categories based on the operations strategy literature: pollution prevention, pollution control, and management systems. Pollution prevention technologies: The term “pollution” refers to all nonproduction outputs, irrespective of any recycling or treatment that may prevent or mitigate releases to the environment. Pollution is the undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air, land, and water that may or will harmfully affect human life or that of other desirable species, living conditions; or that may or will waste or deteriorate our raw material resources. The term “pollution prevention” refers to the combination of industrial source reduction and toxic chemical use substitution (Noyes, 1993). Pollution prevention technologies are defined as structural, not infrastructural, investments that reduce or eliminate pollution at the source (Vachon, 2007). Pollution control technologies: Pollution control has traditionally been carried out through two alternatives. 1. End-of-pipe treatment refers to the application of chemical, biological, and physical processes to reduce toxicity or magnitude of undesirable compounds to the environment. 2. Disposal involves the use of post process activities that can handle waste or hazardous materials at waste-management facilities (El-Halwagi, 1998). Pollution control technologies are also structural investments that ensure a proper disposal of waste, reduce the release of pollutants, or correct past environmental damages (Vachon, 2007). Management Systems: These environmental technologies are infrastructural investments that affect the way manufacturing is managed. They include efforts to formalize procedures for 378 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo evaluating environmental impacts during capital decision budgeting, to increase outside stakeholder involvement in managing operations, to increase employee training for spill prevention and waste reduction, to establish an environmental department, and to develop new procedures for cross-functional coordination (Klassen and Whybark, 1999). As being a close-loop supply chain, green supply chain is evaluated under two parts; forward and reverse supply chain, which is seen in the Figure 1. From the definitions of the environmental technologies, we propose three assumptions. 1. In forward supply chain, pollution prevention technologies have an important part in the physical flow of material, production and distribution. 2. In reverse supply chain, which consists of consecutive flows of collecting, transformation, assembly and re-manufacturing, pollution controlling technologies come forward. As a result of the pollution occurrences, controlling mechanisms will be used. 3. All the innovations, changes and technologies in the environmental issues are the part of the management system of the green supply chain. 4. Evaluation of Environmental Technologies with FAHP Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the well-known multi-criteria decision making techniques that was first proposed by Saaty (1980). Although the classical AHP includes the opinions of experts and makes a multiple criteria evaluation, it is not capable of reflecting human’s vague thoughts. The classical AHP takes into consideration the definite judgments of decision makers (Secme et al., 2009). By integrating fuzziness in AHP, prejudice or bias of the decision makers can be eliminated. 379 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Raw Material Suppliers Raw Materials Manufacturers Secondary Material Market Reusable Raw Materials Products Retailers RMF Reusable Materials Products Pollution Prevention Pollution Control Final Disposal Wastes Products Products Wholesalers Disassembly Plants Used Products Recycling Plants Used Products End-Customers Used Products Collecting Points Used Products Physical Flow Management System Figure 1. Interactions between GrSCM and environmental technologies (Sheu et. al. 2005) Chang’s extent analysis (Chang, 1996) for FAHP will be used in this study. Triangular fuzzy fuzzy numbers are used in the evaluation model of this paper. In this study, total of 9 criteria organized under 3 main criteria. The model ends with the alternatives that represent three different technologies. They have been chosen in order to represent different families of technology, which can be roughly assumed to be a first step to identify the right technology. The goal is the optimal selection of the environmental technology that fits the actual needs of the mining facility. By using the decision criteria selected from the literature and interviewed with one decision maker, environmental technology is evaluated for mining industry. In Figure 2, the hierarchy that has been defined and built to help in the technology selection process is shown. From Table 1, weight vector W = (0.331, 0.300, 0.369)T is calculated. The pressure criterion is the dominant factor, following by physical and financial factors in the technology selection procedure. Weight vectors for the sub-criteria are evaluated in the same way, but due to the page limitations they aren’t given here. 380 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Technology Selection Physical Financial Pressure - Technical - Capacity - Flexibility -Inst. costs - Maint. costs - ROI - Environmental - Regularities - Standarts Alt1 Alt2 Alt3 Figure 2. Hierarchical structure of the decision model Table 1. Fuzzy pair-wise comparison matrix Physical Financial Pressure Physical (1, 1, 1) (1/2, 1 , 3/2) (2/3, 1, 2) Financial (2/3, 1, 2) (1, 1, 1) (1/2, 2/3, 1) Pressure (1/2, 1 , 3/2) (1, 3/2, 2) (1, 1, 1) Although having similar weights, from the three alternative technologies, first alternative should be selected by the company which has the weight of 0.384, according to the Table 2. By integrating FAHP in technology selection process, the decision-maker is able to give more precise, sensitive and unbiased decision for these three alternatives. Table 2. Main criteria and alternative weights Physical Financial Pressure 0.331 0.300 0.369 Alt1 0,378 0,413 0,365 0.384 Alt2 0,247 0,287 0,271 0.268 Alt3 0,373 0,298 0,363 0.346 Weights Weighted values of main criteria Alternatives 381 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5. CONCLUSION Used in a fuzzy environment for decision-making, the fuzzy AHP is one of the multi- criteria decision-making methods. In this study AHP is used for selecting the best environmental technology from three different alternatives. For determining the criteria, interviews were conducted with the environmental experts of the company, and questionnaires were used for the evaluation process. The fuzzy AHP method can deal with the ratings of both quantitative as well as qualitative criteria and select the suitable software effectively. It’s seen that the fuzzy AHP method may be a useful additional tool for the problem of technology selection in environment management systems. In this study, the selection of the environmental technologies is evaluated under physical, financial and pressures criteria and their sub-criteria. The results show that the pressures criterion has the most significant weight in the selection process. According to the subcriteria results, technical properties in physical criterion, installation costs in financial criterion and environmental issues in pressures criterion are the most important sub-criteria. REFERENCES Chang, D.Y. (1996) Applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP, European Journal of Operational Research, 95(3), 649-655. El-Halwagi, M.M. (1998) Pollution prevention through process integration Clean Products and Processes, Springer-Verlag. Hsu, Y.L., Lee, C.H. and Kreng, V.B. (2010) The application of Fuzzy Delphi Method and Fuzzy AHP in lubricant regenerative technology selection, Expert Systems with Applications, 37, 419–425. Klassen, R.D., Whybark, D.C. (1999) The impact of environmental technologies on manufacturing performance, Academy of Management Journal, 42(6), 599-615. Lee, A.H.I., Chen, W.C. and Chang, C.J. (2008) A fuzzy AHP and BSC approach for evaluating performance of IT department in the manufacturing industry in Taiwan, Expert System with Applications, 34, 96–107. Nikbakhsh, E. (2009) “R. supply chain and logistics in national, international and governmental environment” in Zanjirani Farahani et al. (eds.) Contributions to Management Science, Springer-Verlag Berlin. Noyes, R. (1993) Pollution Prevention Technology Handbook, Noyes Publications. Saaty, T.L. (1980) The analytic hierarchy process. New York: McGraw-Hill. Schaltegger, S. and Burritt, R. (2000) Contemporary Environmental Accounting: Issues, 382 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Concepts and Practice. Greenleaf Publishing Limited, Sheffield. Seçme, N.Y., Bayrakdaroğlu, A. and Kahraman, C. (2009) Fuzzy performance evaluation in Turkish Banking Sector using Analytic Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS, Expert Systems with Applications, 36(9), 11699-11709. Sheu, J.B., Chou, Y.H., Hu, C.C. (2005) An integrated logistics operational model for greensupply chain management, Transportation Research Part E, 41(4), 287-313. Srivastava, S.K. (2007) Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review, International Journal of Management Reviews, 9 (1), 53-80. Vachon, S. and Klassen, R.D. (2008) Environmental management and manufacturing performance: the role of collaboration in the supply chain, International Journal of Production Economics, 111 (2), 299-315. Van Hoek, R.I. (2000) From reversed logistics to green supply chains, Logistics Solutions, 2, 28–33. Zhu, Q. and Sarkis, J. (2004) Relationships between operational practices and performance among early adopters of green supply chain management practices in Chinese manufacturing enterprises, Journal of Operations Management, 22, 265–289. Selection of Sustainable Warehouse Location in Supply Chain Using the Grey Approach Fahriye Uysal1,Ömür Tosun2 1Department of International Trade and Logistics, Ayse Sak School of Applied Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey 2Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey E-mails: fahriyeuysal@akdeniz.edu.tr,omurtosun@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Supply chain sustainability has recently gained an increasing attention in the supply chain context both from the practitioners’ perspective and as a research area. There have been many incentives for more sustainable warehousing in supply chains. Sustainable Warehousing includes activities such as, for example, terminal and warehouse location, proper storing and 383 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1133 Title A name given to the resource Linking Green supply chain management with environmental Technologies and an application of technology selection Author Author Ömür, Tosun Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper, relations between green supply chain management and environmental technologies are presented. Environment technologies are taken as preventing the pollution in forward supply chain, controlling pollution in reverse supply chain and technologies that improves the environmental performance in integrated supply chain. In the study, key criterion of technology selection is evaluated with Fuzzy AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process); their priorities are defined and by using these priorities technology selection is made. Having a significance part in company’s total cost, proper and suitable selection of technology investment is emphases. Keywords: Green supply chain management, Environmental technology, Fuzzy AHP Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3f29590e16b65e78ecc94f28787b6e23.pdf 038f3557dfbf1ff404d009d299c32189 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Spreitzer, G. M. (1992). When organizations dare: The dynamics of psychological empowerment in the workplace. UMI Microform Number 3011067. Ann Arbor: Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company Spreitzer, G. M. (1995a). An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23 (5): 601629. Spreitzer, G. M. (1995b). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimension, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5): 1442-1465. Spreitzer, G.M., & Mishra, A.K. 1997. Giving up control without losing control: Trust and its substitutes’ effects on managers’ involving employees in decision making. Group and Organization Management, 24(2): 155-187. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th edn.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Thomas, K. W. & Velthouse, B. A. 1990. Cognitive elements of empowerment: An "interpretive" model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15: 666681. The Impact Of Information Technology On Human Resource Practices And Competencies Ömer Faruk Ünal1, Mehmet Mete2 1Süleyman Demirel University FEAS Social Work Department 2Dicle University FEAS Department of Management E-mails: omerunal@sdu.edu.tr, mehmetmete@hotmail.com Abstract Information Technology (IT) as a structural factor and instrument transforms architect of organizations, business processes and communication, and is increasingly integrated into human resource management (HRM). While IT has impacts on human resource (HR), at the same time managers, employees, customers and suppliers increase their expectancies for HR functions. The importance of knowledge and human capital make extra suppression on HR functions and new competencies for HR professionals are expected. In this research, the impacts of Information Technology (IT) on HR practices and competencies of HR professionals are studied. 248 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1. Human Resource and Information Technology IT assists HR professionals in the delivery of services and affects all HR practices (Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394). Each IT tool can be used by different HR functions. For example, web data bases are used for learning at work, decision making and completing works (Benson et al. 2002: 392-404). 1.1. Human Resource Information System (HRIS) HRM generally uses IT as HRIS. HRIS is an integrated system acquiring and storing data used to make analysis, make decisions in the field of HR (Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394; Luck, 2010). A contemporary HRIS is a dynamic data base about employees’ performance and demographic information. HRIS provides information about employees’ data, employment, application requirement, job characteristics, selection and staffing, procedures of employment, corporate structure, professional and individual improvement, education costs, performance appraisal, personnel planning, organizing ect. And these data are used for many purposes simple or complex (Lippert and Swiercz, 2005, 340–353; Bernik et al. 2007:130133). 1.2. Electronic Human Resource Management (eHRM) eHRM is an IT application for supporting or connecting at least two people or collective actors in participating HR activities (Strohmeier, 2007, 19–37). Today, HRIS is accessible (distance access applications, system intervention, upgrading) for users trough internet (www. comparehris.com/HRIS-overview/). In other word, eHR(M) is a HRIS which HR personnel, managers and other employees access via internet or intranet. 2. Benefits of Information Technology Technology affects organizations and work relations in organizations by enabling to access information and to join people electronically (Ulrich, 1997, 175-179). With new processes and providing some benefits HRIS changes traditional HR processes and it is expected that HRIS will provide functionality for realization of units’ objectives and goals (Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394). Cost decrease: Effects of IT on HR costs appear in several ways. First, IT reduces costs of processes and works. For example, transforming from traditional HR to eHR reduces costs of some HR applications, such as, postal cost, announcement cost and data processing cost (Lin, 2011, 235–257; Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394). Using self service technology reduces the processing costs of HR up to 75%. E-selections and e-recruiting decrease costs of staffing and selections due to reduced employee turnover, reduced staffing costs, and increased hiring efficiency (Strohmeier, 2007, 19–37). Second, using self service HR allows employees to 249 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo perform their own work themselves directly. Thus, HR professionals spend less time on routine tasks (Baloh and Trkman, 2003: 498-505). Saving Time: IT allows HR professionals to spent less time on routine tasks (Gardner et al. 2003: 159–179) and make easier to acquire and analyze information (Bell et al. 2003). For example, researches show that recruiting process shortens twelve days (Baloh and Trkman, 2003: 498-505). Increase in Efficiency: Intense use of IT aromatizes and standardizes routines. HR professionals may focus less on administrative activities and more on interpreting information. HR professionals may spend more time on other aspects of their jobs. Thus, HR professional can access more information, respond the problems in a timely major from managers and employees and evaluate the complex information more effectively (Gardner et al. 2003: 159-179). Comparing with manual processes, reducing data errors, simplifying and fastening processes of HR practices make HRIS more advantageous (Ulrich et al. 2008: 829850; Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394). Enabling communication and collaboration: IT is a tool for effective communication and collaboration. E-mail, messaging, discussion lists, videoconferencing, virtual teams, electronic workgroups, and teleworking have changed the nature of workplace communication and collaboration. These make workplace interactions possible for employees even they are not physically present in the workplace. (Benson et al. 2002: 392-404). IT improves the skills of workers for collaborating, accessing information and decision making (Tafti, 2009). Participative decision making becomes an organization-wide activity. Internet and web based technologies facilitate sharing of decision making responsibility through the organization hierarchy and structure (Benson et al. 2002: 392-404). HRIS as an integrated system also increases the capacity of reporting in the organization. (Dessler, 2008:129). Competency Management: IT tools enable HR professionals both to reach larger candidate pool and make decision making more objective and effective to employ more relevant and competent candidates by means of decision making techniques in the selection and recruiting process. Improving and shortening the recruiting process increases competencies of incumbents and as a result quality of works. At the same time, because of distance access eHR can be used to develop human capital of the organization effectively (Lin, 2011, 235– 257). Knowledge Management: Knowledge management is a systematic process of acquiring, creating, capturing, synthesizing, learning, and using information, insights, and experiences to enhance decision making (Ardichvili, 2002: 451-463). Knowledge management system is a natural extension of HRIS and HR development activities (Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394). HR professionals should integrate traditional HR functions into knowledge management (Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394). Because organizations should acquire and manage organizational knowledge to prevent knowledge looses when employees leave the job. 250 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Using IT tools such as intranet, virtual collaborations, data storage and data mining can improve skills for knowledge acquisition and distributions (Ardichvili, 2002: 451-463). Knowledge Management tools also facilitate knowledge participation and empower the specific task areas (Tafti, 2009). IT assists HR professionals to access and disseminate information more efficiently (Gardner et al. 2003: 159-179) Structuring Strategic HR: Strategic role of HR focuses on aligning HR activities with HR strategies (Conner and Ulrich, 1996: 38-49). So, HR should work with managers and line managers in collaborations (Ulrich, 1998: 124-134). IT is accepted as an important impetus for strategic HR. IT builds stronger HR units and allows HR to engage in more significant strategic roles. IT solutions free HR from the burden of routine administrative tasks (Haines III and Lafleur, 2008: 525-540). If HR professionals rely on IT, they hold a more strategic role. Because they will have time to interpret information, develop strategies and think about corporal transformation (Gardner et al. 2003: 159-179). 3. New Processes supported by IT Adaptation of IT in HR functions has created new HR processes. These applications are elearning, virtual recruitment, self service HR and portal technologies and new types of working. e-learning: e-training, e-learning (Strohmeier, 2007, 19–37) or web based training is a growing HR application (Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394). IT tools can be used for formal and informal education activities. e-mail, mail lists, dash boards, message systems, web pages, online courses, and media applications are some of BT tools which support learning in workplace (Benson et al. 2002: 392-404). Virtual recruitment: Web based recruitment; virtual interview, CV searching, online psychological test and online job announcements have changed and fastened the recruitment process. These applications also removed the potential obstacles to reach larger candidate pool (Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394; Gardner et al. 2003: 159-179). Self Service HR and portal applications: Employees can perform some of their own HR activities by means of accessing HRIS. This is called self service HR. Self service applications can include 60 percent of all HR activities (Ulrich et al. 2008: 829-850). Employees who use self-services can easily update and verify personal information, have information about internal job vacancies, access corporate handbooks, and receive notices about training programs. Managers can analyze candidate profiles, construct salary models, view benefits programs and monitor absentee trends. Moreover, performance appraisal and career development can be managed (Lippert and Swiercz, 2005, 340–353). This also increases perceived quality of supplied HR services (Ulrich et al. 2008: 829-850). HR portals are complex information technology tools (Ruta, 2005: 35-53). HR portals give the chance for each individual user to arrange or customize his or her own portal according to his or her own job responsibility or preferences (Hendrickson, 2003: 381-394). 251 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo New types of working: Development in information and communication technologies created some new types of working such as teleworking and project based works. Teleworking as a concept changes the accepted geography of work. That means “moving the work to workers instead of moving the workers to work”. By means of IT tools efficient collection of people with similar interest and complementary skills, and their cooperation in short or long-term projects are possible. Teleworking offers significant advantages: higher productivity, lower absenteeism, more satisfaction and lower turnover rate (Baloh and Trkman, 2003: 498-505). 4. Human Resource Competencies Competencies are defined as an individual’s demonstrated knowledge, skills or abilities (Ulrich et al. 1995: 473-495). Competencies are personal characteristics about people; who they are, what they know and what they do, or personal characteristics cause superior performance (Yeung, 1996: 119-131). Dynamic trends in the external business environment that companies face, and nature of HR demand that HR professionals develop new capabilities and competencies (Quinn and Brockbank, 2006: 477-494). In this context development of technologies in work place, internet and web based IT have very important impact on HR professionals and affects their functions and activities (Benson et al. 2002: 392-404). To respond new role expectations HR professionals must learn and develop new skills (Gardner et al. 2003: 159–179). Technological Competencies: Computer literacy became a prerequisite job skill in HR. Organizations want HR professional to keep up with development in HRIS and to effectively implement and manage HR information technology (Kaufman, 1996: 540-548). So HR professionals need to learn new skills in areas of IT that they do not already have. (Gardner et al. 2003: 159–179). These are necessities to challenge in the dynamic and competitive environment (Lin, 2011, 235–257; Meisinger, 2005: 189-194). HR professionals use IT for acquiring data and must have competencies to transform these data into strategically valuable knowledge. HR professional should determine technology needs, mange technology supplier and mobilize technology to evaluate and support HR functions (Bell et al. 2003). According to Schoonover HR professional should not relay on IT departments to purchase technologies (Schoonover, 2003). Because, IT experts may focus on technology design and application rather than business success (Ulrich et al. 2008: 829-850). Leveraging technology HR professional should use web based/eHR to add value effectively to organizations (Ulrich, 1997: 175-197; Brockbank et al. 2003). Business knowledge: eHR plays an important role for HR professionals to focus on strategic partnership (Bell et al. 2003). Some HR professional can be unsuccessful to adopt technology to business although they know HR technology. (Ulrich et al. 1995: 473-495). So in order to be an important player in organizations and add value for organizations HR professionals must understand the business, industry and business strategies. They need to know about finance, marketing, supply chain management, manufacturing, logistic, customers, 252 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo competitors, financial markets and globalization (Quinn and Brockbank, 2006: 477-494). The competencies of HR professionals in business do not necessitate the ability to do all the business functions, but the ability of understanding businesses (Ulrich at al., 1995: 473-495). Change management: Adaptation of new IT in firms changes corporal routines, business processes and business habits (Tafti, 2009). If HR professionals have the competencies of change management they can help organization members to manage change and add value to their organization (Ulrich et al. 1995: 473-495). For example, HR professionals must manage cultural transformation to support self service HR system in the organizations (Bell et al. 2003). 5. Evaluation Beside IT is an important instrument for realizations of HR functions, widely use of IT in the HR functions affects HR management in many aspects. Traditional HR functions: Use of IT within the HR functions increases effectiveness and efficiency of HR practices, decreases time and costs. Moreover, IT facilitates distributions of information along the organizational hierarchy, it empowers organizational decision making and knowledge management. New HR process: Self service HR, e-learning and e-recruiting are new processes. These are possible only with IT tools. These new processes regarding effectiveness, efficiency and cost create more value than traditional HR processes do for the organization New types of working: Widely use of IT in the business creates new types of works such as teleworking and web based project contracts. Strategic impact: IT is a very important force for the transformation of HR functions. IT decrease transactional burden on the HR functions. So HR professionals devote more time for the strategic issues to be a strategic partner. New Competencies: Transforming HR management from administrative functions to strategic focus defines new competencies of successful HR professionals. These competencies are business knowledge, change management and technological competencies. HR professionals can be unsuccessful in adaptation of IT in business although they know about technology. In order to be an important player in an organization and to create value for the organization HR professionals need to know about business and its environment. Adaptation of IT also changes the routines, business processes and work habits. So HR professionals need to have the competencies of change management. HR mangers need also new competencies on IT and more knowledge on facilities of IT before they had in the past. As a result, applications of IT in the HR functions both affect HR practices and make HR professionals develop new competencies. REFERENCES 253 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ardichvili, A. (2002) Knowledge Management, Human Resource Development, and Internet Technology, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 4/4, 451-463. Baloh, P. and Trkman, P. (2003) Influence of Internet and Information Technology on Work and Human Resource Management, Informing Science, June, 498-505. Bell, B.S., Lee, S.W. and Young, S.K. (2006) The Impact of eHR on Professional Competence in HRM: Implications for the Development of HR Professionals, Working Paper Series, Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations Center for Advances Human Resource Studies, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell. edu/cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1402&context=cahrswp, (05. 06. 2010). Benson, A.D., Johnson, S.D. and Kuchinke, K.P. (2002) The Use of Technology in the Digital Workplace: A Framework for Human Resource Development, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 4/4, 392-404. Bernik, M., Florjancic, J., Crnigoj, D. and Bernik, I. (2007) Using Information Technology for Human Resource Management Decisions, Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS Int. Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Business and Economics, Vancouver, Canada, June 19-21, 130-133. Brockbank, W. Ulrich, D. and Yakanich, D. (2003) The New HR Agenda: 2002 Human Resource Competency Study (HRCS) Executive Summary, http://webuser.bus.umich. edu/Programs/hrcs/HRCS2002ExecutiveSummary. pdf, (11. 27. 2010) Conner, J. and Ulrich, D. (1996) Human Resource Roles: Creating Value, Not Rhetoric, Human Resource Planning, 19/3, 38-49. Dessler, G. (2008) Human Resource Management, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Gardner, S.D., Lepak, D.P. and Bartol, K.M. (2003) Virtual HR: The Impact of Information Technology on the Human Resource Professional, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63/2, 159179. Haines III, V.Y. and Lafleur, G. (2008) Information Technology Usage and Human Resource Roles and Effectiveness, Human Resource Management, 47/3, 525-540. Hendrickson, A. R. (2003) Human Resource Information Systems: Backbone Technology of Contemporary Human Resources, Journal of Labor Research, 24/3, 381-394. Kaufman, B. E. (1996) Transformation of the Corporate HR/IR Function: Implications for University Programs, Labor Law Journal, August, 540-548. Lin, L. H. (2011) Electronic Human Resource Management and Organizational Innovation: the Roles of Information Technology and Virtual Organizational Structure, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22/2, 235–257. Lippert, S.K. and Swiercz, P.M. (2005) Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) and technology trust, Journal of Information Science, 31/5, 340-353. 254 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Luck, B. (2010) Innovation of Technology: Business for a New Century, www. scribd. com/doc/27947709/Innovation-of-Technology-in-Business-Slides, (01. 01. 2012). Meisinger, S.R. (2005) The Four Cs of the HR Profession: Being Competent, Curious, Courageous, and Caring About People, Human Resource Management, 44/2, 189-194. Quinn, R.W. and Brockbank, W. (2006) The Development of Strategic Human Resource Professionals at BEA System, Human Resource Management, 45/3, 477-494. Ruta, C. D. (2005), The Application of Change Management Theory to HR Portal Implementation in Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations”, Human Resource Management, 44/1, 35-53. Schoonover, S.C. (2003) Human Resource Competencies for the New Century, www. schoonover. com/pdf/HR_Competencies_for_the_New_ Century_Final. pdf, (11. 28. 2010). Strohmeier, S. (2007) Research in e-HRM: Review and Implications, Human Resource Management Review, 17, 19-37. Tafti, A., Mithas, S and Krishnan, M.S. (2009) Complementarities Between Information Technology and Human Resource Practices in Knowledgework, WISE 2009. Ulrich, D. (1997) HR of the Future: Conclusions and Observations, Human Resource Management, 36/1, 175-197. Ulrich, D. (1998) A New Mandate for Human Resources, Harvard Business Review, JanuaryFebruary, 124-134. Ulrich, D., Brockbank, W., Yeung, A.K. and Lake, D.G. (1995) Human Resource Competencies: An Empirical Assessment, Human Resource Management Journal, 34, 473495. Ulrich, D., Younger, J. and Brockbank, W. (2008) The Twenty-First Century HR Organization, Human Resource Management, 47/4, 829-850. www. comparehris. com/HRIS-overview/, (24. 01. 2012). Yeung, A.K. (1996) Competencies for HR Professionals: An Interview with Richard E. Boyatzis, Human Resource Management, 35/1, 119-131. 255 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1122 Title A name given to the resource The Impact Of Information Technology On Human Resource Practices And Competencies Author Author Ömer , Faruk Ünal Abstract A summary of the resource. Information Technology (IT) as a structural factor and instrument transforms architect of organizations, business processes and communication, and is increasingly integrated into human resource management (HRM). While IT has impacts on human resource (HR), at the same time managers, employees, customers and suppliers increase their expectancies for HR functions. The importance of knowledge and human capital make extra suppression on HR functions and new competencies for HR professionals are expected. In this research, the impacts of Information Technology (IT) on HR practices and competencies of HR professionals are studied. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/dd61f2a15782a8543c9bc6a8f03b0ff6.pdf 10253e11260e8a3bf17acaadb73a8c0d PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Customers Loyalty in BH Airlines Ozlen, Kursad, Obralic Merdzana,Cenanovic Tarik, Ozlen Serife, Kalajdzic, Emina International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, E-mails: kozlen@ibu.edu.ba, mobralic@ibu.edu.ba, tarikcenanovic@yahoo.com, serifeozlen@hotmail.com Abstract Loyalty is an important issue for the sustainability of business of the companies. Relationships with the customers should be built well in order to achieve their satisfaction and consequently loyalty. Furthermore, the airlines sector has its own specific circumstances to be considered in order to earn the customer satisfaction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine and measure customers’ loyalty to BH Airlines. The research is empirical. Two hundred people who travel from different parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in the survey. In responding to the questionnaire, the participants gave their opinions about the rate of work of the company; the rate of costumer's use of BH Airlines; the level of satisfaction with the services that this company offers; and their attitude toward this company. The collected survey was analyzed descriptively and the results were accordingly discussed. The results of the study can be a useful resource for future research and help better practical implementation of IT tools in the sector. Keywords: Loyalty, BH airlines, sustainability 1 INTRODUCTION The progress of airlines has a great significance for a country development. In order to be successful, airline companies must have originally loyal customers and a good market share. Crucial factors to be ordered in gaining the loyalty of customers are users’ satisfaction, trust and observed values. Customer loyalty is achieved by following and noting the needs of consumers which the firm must meet in order to gain their loyalty and thus afford the progress and development. The aim of this study is to find out the relationship between B&H Airlines and its customers, starting with the investigation of their familiarity with the operations of the company and then checking the frequency of its use during the flights. Moreover, their satisfaction with the services company offers them and how they feel about this company will be identified. 26 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The survey was prepared to find out the company's rate of work, the rate of costumers' use of BH Airlines, the level of satisfaction with the services that the company offers and their opinion about the company. 2 Literature Review 2.1.Loyalty in air sector Loyalty in air sector depends on fulfilling completely the needs of customers in order to attract them. There are two types of customers, the ones who are loyal to the low-cost airline concept, and the ones who continue to prefer the traditional flag carriers. For airlines, customer loyalty has become the most important element in their strategies in their competitive marketplace. Oliver (1997) defines loyalty as the highest level of commitment, implying the transition from a favorable predisposition (affective loyalty) for repeated purchase commitment (conative loyalty) as a prior step to the action of purchase. Oliver (1997) offers four levels of costumers’ loyalty: The first and the weakest link of loyalty is cognitive, because loyalty is based on functional elements, such as price, quality or the points program that can always be trumped by a competitor. The second level is the affective one, based on the feelings and emotions generated on the customer by the company or brand. The third state is the loyalty which causes a behavior related to repurchase or to recommendation. The final level is the behavioral loyalty that implies specific behavior, and is a consequence of the previous three levels. Airline loyalty programs have sought conative loyalty, offering prizes and price discounts, but according to Oliver (1997), true loyalty begins with the affective phases, when strong emotional ties between customer and company are established (Moliner et al., 2007). The principal antecedents of loyalty that have been identified are satisfaction, trust and perceived value (Singh and Sirdeshmukh, 2000). Satisfaction has been considered as the principal postulate of loyalty meaning that if costumers are completely satisfied it leads us to conclude that they will be loyal, but if the satisfaction is just in the certain extent, they will use it just in case when the point has a great importance. Satisfaction is a comparison between the results of the different transactions made and prior expectations. As a consequence of these experiences, when the level of satisfaction is low, the customer’s level of loyalty to the airline will suffer. When the consumer experiences an increase in satisfaction, his loyalty also increases. Therefore, it can be concluded that the users' satisfaction with an airline is directly influenced by users’ satisfaction in general. Trust is another indicator of loyalty. Trust appears when one party trusts in the reliability and integrity of the other party to the exchange (Singh and Sirdeshmukh, 2000; Ulaga and Eggert, 2006). The users' airline loyalty is directly and positively influenced by users' trust. The third point of loyalty is a noted value, so the costumers’ loyalty is influenced by the noted values or important parts for certain groups. 27 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In general, perceived value is defined as the judgment or evaluation made by the customer of the comparison between the advantages, or the utility obtained from, a product, service or relationship and the perceived sacrifices or costs (Zeithaml, 1988). The most recent conceptualization considers perceived value as a multidimensional construct, incorporating an emotional component and a social one (Sweeney and Soutar, 2001; Sa´ nchez et al., 2006). A direct relationship between perceived value and loyalty has been defined by previous researchers. Therefore, when the value offered by an airline to its users’ increases, latter’s loyalty increases as well (Sirdeshmukh et al., 2002; Sa´nchez et al., 2006). According to this, costumers’ loyalty consists of three main parts: users’ satisfaction, trust and observed values. 2.2.Air Bosna - BH Airlines BH Airlines was founded on 12 August 1994 as Air Bosna. On 29th October 2008, Bosnian government announced that Turkish Airlines had been picked as the best bidder in an auction for BH Airline’s shares. BH Airlines is operating scheduled services, charter passenger services and small cargo services. With its home base at the Sarajevo International Airport, the airline is the flag carrier of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The airline is jointly owned by the government of the Federaton of Bosnia and Herzegovina (50.93%), Turkish Airlines (49%) and Energoinvest (0.07%). Considering the fact that Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in transition that recently emerged from war (started in 1993, ended in 1996), the establishment of the airline was a major step towards its progress. Financial support and good organization of this company were required to scroll the main needs. Mayor strength of BH Airlines Company is that this airline is the only national flag carrier. It provides cheaper service than other companies in some areas. Its weaknesses is the lack of government support, sometimes understanding of passengers, the lack of planes, people are a little bit uncertain about domestic agency and strong competition. 3.Research Methodology A survey study was conducted to examine and measure customers’ loyalty to BH Airlines. The survey was chosen as a preferred research method due to timeliness, low cost and convenience factors. The survey questions were set to find out the profiles of costumers who prefer foreign airlines, to understand costumers’ expectations of airline services and to relate this to their preferences for foreign or BH Airlines, to identify the fundamental service dimensions of costumers using the airline, to measure the average satisfaction level of passengers flying with this domestic company and to observe costumers loyalty. All questionnaire items used to measure these constructs were adapted from the prior studies and had proven validity and reliability. The questionnaire consisted of a mixture of closed and open-ended questions. The responses were captured on five-point Likert scales with end points 1 — strongly agree and 5 — strongly disagree. Open-ended questions were used to acquire basic demographic information. 28 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Subjects for this study were costumers of B&H Airlines. A total of 200 people participated in the current study. Survey forms were distributed to the participants during working hours by one of the authors. It took between 10 and 15 minutes to answer all survey questions. Then, the participants’ responses were collected, encoded, entered into the computer file and analyzed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program. The results of the analyses performed are presented in the following section. 4.Results The percentage of people using air transport in general is small. Percentage in the survey showed it. The most surprising result that we got from the first question where respondents gave their opinion on an airline sufficiency in B&H. 60% of respondents are not agree that only one airline is sufficient. Others answered "YES" or even commented that there should not be any, but however it turned out quite the opposite. It is not certain whether it was the result of the logic “more is always better” or really thinking about the number of airlines. Summary results are presented in Figure 1. Figure 1 Only one airlines is enough in B&H When the destinations are considered, agreement and disagreement levels are observed to be almost the same. However, a very common answer was “How will I travel with BH Airlines when you do not offer travelling to this destination?” So, customers will really appreciate increasing the number of destinations and working as much as possible on numerous flights (Figure 2). Figure 2 satisfaying 29 Destinations offered by BH airlines are �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The way that the passengers select the airline they will travel with, was also one of the questions of the survey. 61% of the participants said that they choose the cheapest airline (Figure 3). Figure 3 How often do you choose to travel with BH airlines because of price Another question was related to whether the prices that BH Airlines provides are affordable enough. It turned out that the users are not very happy about it. 30% of the participants responded negatively, whereas many of them didn’t exactly know how to respond, so they remained neutral in the field. This implies that a relatively small percentage who considers the importance of prices is seemed to be satisfied. Very large percentage of customers is found to be satisfied with the services of BH Airlines. A small percentage was those who are unhappy with all these categories of services: the comfort of flight and aircraft, kindness of staff, food and field service of BH airlines (Figure 4). The positive ratio is a very good indicator that the firm has high goals and strives to survive and thrive despite the poor support of government and its instability. Figure 4 Airlines ground services Despite the weak support of the government, the survey showed that B&H Airlines achieved certainly a big support of the citizens and its users. Besides, 88% of participants agree that the B&H Airlines is very important for the development and progress of B&H (Figure 5). 30 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 5 Existence of BH airlines for B&H 75% of the participants said that they will use it whenever they need to get on a flight and 71% said that they will be glad to recommend it to others (Figure 6). Figure 6 Would you recommend BH airlines to others? The best indicator of customers’ loyalty was the question about how often they actually travel with B & H Airlines. 68% of respondents circled always, very often or sometimes. So, only 30% of participants are those who do not really prefer to travel by this airline, which is currently good, although it can be better (Figure 7). Therefore, we can say that there are a lot of things to do in this young and promising company to increase the number of consumers even more. Figure 7 How often do you travel with BH airlines? 31 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 5. CONCLUSION This study examined and measured customers’ loyalty to BH Airlines. The findings showed that loyalty is an important issue for the sustainability of business of the companies. Loyalty is important in any business, but with a perishable product like an airline seat, it is particularly important to the airline industry. Customer loyalty programs are an integral part of all major airlines. There are three main principal of costumers’ loyalty: users’ satisfaction, trust and observed values. Relationships with the customers should be built well in order to achieve their satisfaction and consequently loyalty. The findings showed that the principal antecedent of conative loyalty is affective loyalty, irrespective of the type of company, but there are differences in the antecedents of loyalty between the low-cost and the conventional operators. Thus, in a low-cost company the quality of service and the monetary price are the key elements for the passenger’s satisfaction, while in the conventional airlines the professionalism of the personnel and staff plays a more important role. All the details of the processes must be analyzed precisely in order to reach the passengers’ satisfaction and positive attitude toward the company. This can reinforce satisfaction which will lead to a trust and affective loyalty. Some people refused participate in the survey because they have never traveled by plane. The reason for it is the prices of air transport which is not affordable to their budget. Finally, these findings provide a basis for further research that would address current limitations and extend research to other adoption issues in varying tasks, contexts and participants. REFERENCES BH airlines, (2012). The http://www.bhairlines.ba/local/ web site of BH Airlines on date 22.04.2012. Daily newspapers Dnevni Avaz (2012). BH Airlines. http://www.scribd.com/doc/49850746/ Dnevni-avaz-broj-5567-2-3-2011. Konwise E., (2010). How to Master Airline Loyalty Programs. FlightCaster. http://lifehacker .com/5647117/how-to-master-airline-loyalty-programs Lorraine G., (2005). Lessons in Loyalty: How Southwest Airlines Does It - An Insider's View. Auburn, WA, U.S.A. M. K.,(20 11). Decision of the day: Turk became the director of BH Airlines, Daily newspapers Dnevni Avaz, 23. May 2011. Report of Financial Statements BH Airlines (2009). The web site was chacked on 21.04.2012. Robert G., (2009). Graham Coates and Mike Nicholson „Understanding and profitably managing customer loyalty“ Durham University, Durham, UK. Ured Za Reviziju Institucija u FBIH, (2010). Javnog preduzeća “B&H Airlines, Sarajevo. http://www.saifbih.ba/javni-izvj/j-pred/pdf/Izvj_JP_BH_Airlines_2009.pdf 32 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Wikipedia, (2012). The main information about BH Airlines in B&H. http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/B%26H_Airlines. Appendix Measurement of costumers’ loyalty to BH Airlines Name and Surname Survey for project from statistics Gender Where do you live? What age group are you in? 12-17 18-21 22-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 & over Government/Military Self employed Travel industry Salesperson/Buyer Student Retired Your Occupation? Teacher/Professor What is the way you choose the airline you will travel with? a) I choose the cheapest airline b) I'm looking for one that offers a proven good service and comfortable flights c) It is completely unimportant, I don't bother myself with that d) I fly with airline that is included in my tour package Did you know? That BH Airlines is the only national flag carrier? YES NO That in December 2008 was signed an agreement about purchasing 49% shares of BH Airlines by Turkish Airlines? YES NO Only one airline is enough in Bosnia. Destinations offered by BH Airlines are satisfying. Prices offered by BH airlines are accessible. 33 STRONGLY AGREE 1 AGREE NEUTRAL DISAGREE 2 3 4 STRONGLY DISAGREE 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo How often... ALWAYS VERY OFTEN SOMETIMES Do you travel by plane? 1 2 Do you travel with BH Airlines? You are satisfied with services of BH Airlines? 1 2 1 Choose to travel with BH Airlines because of price? Employees adhere to professional standards of conduct. Comfort of the aircraft and flight is... Kindness of employees is... Food on board is... Airlines ground services (ticketing, baggage handling, check-in, etc.) is... NEVER 3 ALMOST NEVER 4 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 5 EXCELLENT 1 VERY GOOD 2 GOOD 3 FAIR 4 POOR 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 COMPLETELY IMPORTANT IMPORTANT NEUTRAL NOT IMPORTANT COMPLETELY UNIMPORTANT Existence of BH Airlines for the development of Bosnia and Herzegovina is... 1 2 3 4 5 Government support for development and progress of this company is... 1 2 3 4 5 DEFINITE LY PROBABL Y MIGHT OR MIGHT NOT PROBABLY NOT DEFINITELY NOT How likely are you to use this airline whenever you're in position? 1 2 3 4 5 Would you recommend it to others? 1 2 3 4 5 34 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1360 Title A name given to the resource Customers Loyalty in BH Airlines Author Author ÖZLEN, M. Kürşad OBRALIĆ, Merdžana Tarik, Cenanovic Ozlen, Serife Kalajdzic, Emina Abstract A summary of the resource. Loyalty is an important issue for the sustainability of business of the companies. Relationships with the customers should be built well in order to achieve their satisfaction and consequently loyalty. Furthermore, the airlines sector has its own specific circumstances to be considered in order to earn the customer satisfaction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine and measure customers’ loyalty to BH Airlines. The research is empirical. Two hundred people who travel from different parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in the survey. In responding to the questionnaire, the participants gave their opinions about the rate of work of the company; the rate of costumer's use of BH Airlines; the level of satisfaction with the services that this company offers; and their attitude toward this company. The collected survey was analyzed descriptively and the results were accordingly discussed. The results of the study can be a useful resource for future research and help better practical implementation of IT tools in the sector. Keywords: Loyalty, BH airlines, sustainability Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/765e11c32fe1af9ba3cc690b35e27fef.pdf 7cc11f22c02b0dbe68f06022538f5bda PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Davenport, T. (2007). Competing on analytics, The new science of winning. Conference Report, Harvard Business School Publishing Herschel, R., & Jones, N., (2005). Knowledge management and business intelligence: importance of integration, Journal of knowledge management ORACLE. (2008). Gaining Competitive Advantage through Enterprise Planning Retrieved November 21, 2011 from www.oracle.com The Concours group. (2007). Business Analytics: Six questions to ask about information and competition. Boardroom imperative Wang, H., & Wang, S. (2008). A knowledge management approach to data mining process for business intelligence. Industrial Management and Data Systems Yeoh, W., & Koronios, A. (2010). Critical success factors for Business Intelligence Systems. Journal of Computer Information Systems Km Applications In Bosnian Managerial Practices Ozlen Kursad, Mahmutović Zehra, Mekić Ensar, Herić Emina International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E –mails: kozlen@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Knowledge Management has emerged globally to facilitate sustainability of the organizations as a result of competitive environment. Organizational learning not only asserts and promotes organizational outcome and improved performance, but also plays a significant role in achieving innovation and overall satisfaction through internalization; staff engagement, staff motivation and empowerment, leadership and configuration. This paper focuses primarily on its application within Bosnian managerial practices. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the presence of Knowledge Management within 246 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Bosnian managerial practices, its intensity, influences on organizational strategy, and benefits as well as outcomes coming from it. As a result of literature review, a 7-point Likert scale survey was developed and the survey was distributed to the companies by emailing, otherwise companies were visited directly. The companies vary from private to public, in different areas of business performance. The respondents have different positions through bottom to the top management. The data gathered were examined descriptively and the results are discussed accordingly. Keywords: knowledge management, strategy, decision making, motivation, benefits 1.INTRODUCTION Over the years, knowledge management research, its implications and benefits have achieved great popularity. So far, in the twenty- first century knowledge is widely recognized as the most important single factor in creating and sustaining more effective organizational performance (Li Hua, 2010). What is evident in this approach is that the effective creation of knowledge depends upon knowledge transfer, knowledge sharing and organizational learning. Many organizations nowadays are approaching knowledge as a primary source of their success, employee engagement and satisfaction. On the other hand, there are many of others which are refusing to import knowledge based plans into their overall strategy, and in that way are becoming reluctant to change. Modern organizations make knowledge management (KM) an explicit part of their strategy in order to utilize the knowledge and experiences of individuals within the organization. The underlying assumption for KM in an enterprise context is that the enterprise’s productive function consists of work to transform organizational knowledge into outcomes in order to obtain organizational benefits (Burstein and Linger et. al 2003). From this perspective, KM is a part of organizational value chain and presumed to have a positive impact on the organization. This paper will examine knowledge management application in local community of Bosnian managers. Since Bosnia and Herzegovina is relatively small country with a struggling economy and in many political disputes over years already, we are willing to see how Bosnian white and blue collar employees perceive knowledge management, whether they apply it in their strategy, how open they are to implement this approach in order to improve the overall quality and efficiency of their businesses. 247 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1.1.Literature Review A review of the knowledge management literature was conducted using standard electronic databases. The literature review has been focused on 15 articles which are considered to be representatives of the most relevant literature for the study (Table 1). However, besides those articles, there was instant usage of KM book (Handžić & Zhou, 2003). Table 1 Summary of relevant articles Furthermore, a number of relevant case and theoretical studies from Europe, America and Asia are documented. Frize et. al (2005) describe a KM framework for ethical decision making support. Their article is based on creating value in health-care organizations through KM applications. In their article, authors state that “While relatively little attention has been paid to the use of knowledge management for ethical decision support, a few comparable 248 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo decision tools have been under development for the NICU environment”. Mills and Smith (2010) approached KM from more organizational perspective. They said that “For many organizations achieving improved performance is not only dependent on the successful deployment of tangible assets and natural resources but also on the effective management of knowledge. As such, investments in knowledge management continue to increase dramatically from year to year”. Rouse (2002) Conley and Zheng (2009) as well as Coakes et al (2009) more specifically approached KM implications in terms of decision making, organizational success and improvement. 2.Research methodology 2.1.Variables Identified research variables as a result of literature review are shown in Table 2. The survey questions have been developed according to the variables. Table 2 List of variables 1. Knowledge enablers refer to the organization environment and communication technology within the organization. 2. Technology facilitates KM processes through the organisation. 3. Motivation. Each organization within its overall strategy considers one part related to motivating its employees to obtain best work results. In relation to that certain incentives, rewards or benefits can be provided in order to make difference between peak and weak performers. Knowledge management does not fall anywhere behind requiring certain motivation maintenance in order to stay present in the company. Related to that our interest was to determine if organization is applying knowledge management in its strategy, how much of interest is showing, or more precisely what efforts are allocated to maintain it through high motivation of employees, and stuff. 4. KM Assets. Every enterprise should first of all realize how important it is to "know what they know" and be able to make maximum use of the knowledge. They need to know what their KM assets are, and how to manage and make use of these assets to get maximum return. 249 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Most traditional company policies and controls focus on the tangible assets of the company and leave unmanaged their important knowledge assets. But the fact is that KM assets in business environments are quite more important than tangible assets including financial assets and etc., because they represent a useful mechanism for gaining the competitive advantage. 5. KM Adoption. To succeed in organisational KM strategy and to meet the business objectives of the implementation, it is imperative to ensure adoption of the system within the user base. The focus of the implementation should be on increasing and maintaining the usage of the system in terms of number of users participating, increasing the number of transactions on the system and improving the quality of the transactions. There are a lot of challenges faced through the adoption of KM, so the current research considered the variable regarding the adoption of KM. Benefits: There can be populated a long list of benefits which KM and its adoption within the organization provide. In this study, benefits from KM have been categorized as personal benefits and organizational benefits. 6. Personal Benefits. When all the people in an organization understand what they already know, what they need to know and what they don't yet know about something for their tasks, then people can collaborate better to reach their goals. Individuals will get more accomplished because of the knowledge shared within a group, and groups can collaborate better because they have a common goal and a clear starting point. The benefits of knowledge management can take a company struggling with the information processing cycle and productivity and therefore make it a much more efficient and success-oriented workplace. 7. Organisational Benefits. Benefits on the organizational level include overall inclined productivity and output, better innovation and implementation of new ideas and better customer service. 2.2.Sample Space The survey was conducted on several private and public organizations in different industries per see. Banks are not put into the basket, since they are the branches of the banks from abroad. Mainly high rank employees in organizational chart such as supervisors, presidents of board committee, auditors and CEOs were targeted. On the other hand, the other level employees were also surveyed. The surveys were distributed by e-mailing several companies and asking whether they found the survey appropriate to fill out. A response rate of 76% (152/200) was achieved from distributed surveys. One experienced difficulty is that the awareness of KM in general. Hence brief explanations about KM, its pros and cons are given to the respondents. Another challenge was that lack of 250 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo trust towards this kind of surveys which require giving certain internal information about company (even though that they are not from financial nature). Furthermore, the survey was distributed both on English and Bosnian language respectively. Findings 2.3.Demographics Demographics part includes respondent’s gender, their positions within the department, and their education levels. Respondents were half from males and half from females (Figure 1). Figure 1 Gender of the Respondents The education levels of the respondents are found out to be extremely high. There are only three high school graduates. Almost one third has master degrees and twelve have PHD degrees. Table 3 Education Levels of the Respondents The positions of the respondents were grouped according to their similar characteristics. While grouping them, ILO standards have been considered (Budlender, 2003). Nearly half of the respondents have managerial roles within the organisations. There are 47 lecturers who are working in two private international universities in BiH. 251 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 4 Positions of the Respondents The surveyed respondents are asked to state the current KM implementation phase in their organisations. They could choose more than one option among the given alternatives. According to the results, 30 organisations are detected to have no KM strategy. 58 organisations have developed KM strategies but they did not or couldn’t start the strategies. On the other hand, almost one third (49) of the respondents stated that their organisations have started to implement their KM strategies. 32 of them commented that knowledge share can be successfully employed in their departments within the organisations. Additionally, 27 of them believe that KM practices have become a part of their organization’s corporate culture. Furthermore, 35 respondents think that the organisational internal environment is suitable for KM to emerge. However, 24 of them don’t think that it is not valid for their external environment. 252 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 2 KM Implementation Phases of the Surveyed Companies According to Table 5, it can be identified that the environment for knowledge sharing is slightly suitable. Therefore, there is a very little amount of knowledge share. Table 5 KM Enablers 253 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo As observed from Table 6, the companies are investing slightly on technology. So, the organisations have weak technologies to support KM activities through the organisation. Table 6 Technology Motivational issues seem to be extremely weak through the organizations to implement KM (Table 7). Table 7 Motivation When the assets for KM is considered, the organizations are identified that they do not give importance to KM assets (people, organizational capital, customer relationship, etc.) and therefore they don’t have satisfactory level of KM embodied with the organization (Table 8). 254 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 8 KM Assets As observed from Table 9, the organizations have slightly adopted KM processes. Table 9 KM Adoption The respondents slightly feel that they get benefit from KM applications. On the other hand, they seem to adopt and as a result of this adoption they seem happy with the benefits (Table 10). 255 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 10 Personal Benefits The respondents are less optimistic about organizational benefits compared to personal benefits. But they are still slightly agreed that KM applications are beneficial for the organizations (Table 11). Table 11 Organizational Benefits 3.Discussion The overall variables are shown in Table 12. The results suggested a slight agreement in general. It can be understood from the results that KM issue in BiH is in its early phases. Therefore, it needs more attention to develop KM implementation strategies. First of all, a knowledge enabling environment within and outside the organisations should be developed. 256 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Technology tools to facilitate KM processes can be used more. On the other hand, the motivation to implement KM is very weak. So it needs more attention. Otherwise it may be difficult to adopt KM solutions. Furthermore, the results implied that the organisations should enrich their knowledge assets. Finally, if all the conditions are satisfied, it is clear that both the organisations and the individuals will increase their benefits. Table 12 Overall Variables 4.CONCLUSION In practice, the knowledge management function has been improved by the internet and information technology within and outside the organization (Barney, 1991; Davenport and Prusak, 1998). Therefore, it has become essential to coordinate different information coming from different parts of the world and knowledge workers (Amar, 2002; Coakes et. al, 2009). The current study realized that in order to perform KM effectively, organizations have to learn how to manage KM as a function rather than as a technical skill. The first step in this process is to devise a management strategy for carrying out KM and if the strategy is wellunderstood so that everyone in the organization can seek guidance from it pertaining to the various aspects of management, such as the social and cultural. It is taken for granted here that a system incorporates both social and technical elements. In a nutshell, it can be understood that KM in Bosnia and Herzegovina is emerging yet. Future research may evaluate the value of each type of knowledge exchange and thus demonstrate the best composition of a successful knowledge management strategy for different organizations according to the social, cultural, economic and political composition and placement. 5.Directions for Future Research The interest of Knowledge management research is expected to substantially increase. In the current study, the concentration was on the Knowledge management application in BiH managerial practices. The results have provided useful information considering the awareness about the importance of KM in BH companies and to which extent Knowledge management is implied. This study points to several key areas that require further analysis. For example, 257 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo subsequent research might involve conducting a longitudinal study of organizational culture and knowledge transfer, providing a more empirical causal link between these two constructs. Along these same lines, a longitudinal case study might involve actual manipulation of organizational knowledge. Another potential research may attempt to find out the strategies to maximize knowledge management practices in BiH. Also there could be conducted researches which would more deeply explain the connection between Knowledge management practices with the other organizational key parts. REFERENCES Barbosa, J. G. P., Gonçalves, A. A., Simonetti, V. and Leitão, A. R. (2009). A Proposed Architecture for Implementing a Knowledge Management System in the Brazilian National Cancer Institute. BAR, Curitiba, 6(3), art. 5, p. 247-262 Budlender, D. (2003). Improving occupational classifications as tools for describing labour markets: A summary of recent national experiences. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from www.ilo.org: http://www.ilo.org/integration/resources/papers/WCMS_081752/lang/en/index.htm Burstein, F. and Linger, H. (2003). Supporting post-Fordist work practices: A knowledge management framework for supporting knowledge work. Information Technology & People, 16(3), pp.289 – 305 Chen, S.C., Yang, C.C., Lin, W.T., Yeh, T.M., and Lin, Y.S. (2007). Construction of key model for knowledge management system using AHP-QFD for semiconductor industry in Taiwan. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 18(5), pp.576 – 597 Coakes, E., Amar, A.D. and Granados, M. L. (2010). Knowledge management, strategy, and technology: a global snapshot. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 23(3), pp.282 – 304 Conley, C. A. and Wei, Z. (2009). Factors critical to knowledge management success. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(3): 334-348. Corrao, S., Arcoraci, V., Arnone, S., Calvo, L., Scaglione, R., Di Bernardo, C., Lagalla, R., Caputi, A. P. and Licata, G. (2009). Evidence-Based Knowledge Management: an approach to effectively promote good health-care decision-making in the Information Era. Internal and Emergency Medicine, 4(2), 99-106, Driessen, S., Huijsen, W. O. and Grootveld, M. (2007). A framework for evaluating knowledge-mapping tools. Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), pp.109 – 117 Frize, M., Yang, L., Walker, R. C. and O’Connor, A. M. (2005). Conceptual Framework of Knowledge Management for Ethical Decision-Making Support in Neonatal Intensive Care. Information Technology in Biomedicine, 9 (2), pp. 205 - 215 258 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Gasson, S. and Shelfer, K. M. (2007). IT-based knowledge management to support organizational learning: Visa application screening at the INS. Information Technology & People, 20(4), pp.376 - 399 Handzic, M., & Zhou, A. Z. (2005). Knowledge Management: An Integrative Approach, Chandos Publishing, Oxford, UK. Meso, P., Troutt, M. D. and Rudnicka, J. (2002). A review of naturalistic decision making research with some implications for knowledge management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 6(1), pp.63 – 73 Mills, A.M. and Smith, T.A. (2011). Knowledge management and organizational performance: a decomposed view. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(1), pp. 156-171. Rizzi, C., Ponte, D. and Bonifacio, M. (2009). A new institutional reading of knowledge management technology adoption. Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(4), pp.75 – 85 E-commerce in Bosnia &Herzegovina Ozlen Serife, Obralic Merdzana, Cickusic Emir, Ejupi Dzenis, Dzaferovic Emir International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E –mails: serifeozlen@hotmail.com, mobralic@ibu.edu.ba Abstract With the rising of e-commerce in the past few years, distinct buying patterns and preferences have emerged for specific groups and other demographics. Since e-commerce is still a relatively new phenomenon in B&H, our goal was to collect enough information and measure those patterns in order to understand how consumers connect with the new technology. This paper lays the foundation with brief introduction to definition of e-commerce, followed by history timeline of e-commerce evolution and some important trends and factors which are generally known to have influence on people’s attitude toward online shopping. This is then followed by their general perceptions and preferences of online shopping including product and payment option selection. Each of these e-commerce “generalities” is compared to the information achieved as a result of collected surveys whose respondents are from different regions of Bosnia & Herzegovina. Furthermore, it will also investigate the favorable as well as negative website characteristics 259 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1174 Title A name given to the resource Km Applications In Bosnian Managerial Practices Author Author ÖZLEN, M. Kürşad MAHMUTOVIC, Zehra MEKIĆ, Ensar MEKIĆ, Emina Abstract A summary of the resource. Knowledge Management has emerged globally to facilitate sustainability of the organizations as a result of competitive environment. Organizational learning not only asserts and promotes organizational outcome and improved performance, but also plays a significant role in achieving innovation and overall satisfaction through internalization; staff engagement, staff motivation and empowerment, leadership and configuration. This paper focuses primarily on its application within Bosnian managerial practices. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the presence of Knowledge Management within Bosnian managerial practices, its intensity, influences on organizational strategy, and benefits as well as outcomes coming from it. As a result of literature review, a 7-point Likert scale survey was developed and the survey was distributed to the companies by emailing, otherwise companies were visited directly. The companies vary from private to public, in different areas of business performance. The respondents have different positions through bottom to the top management. The data gathered were examined descriptively and the results are discussed accordingly. Keywords: knowledge management, strategy, decision making, motivation, benefits Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7530cac4312f636c23eeb23689ffdf35.pdf 9e9668ed7ab74e6b45d44ebfef796c6e PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo E-Government in a Bosnia and Herzegovina Municipality Ozlen Kursad, Smajic Edin, Ozlen Serife International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, E –mails: kozlen@ibu.edu.ba, esmajic@ibu.edu.ba, serifeozlen@hotmail.com Abstract For the last ten years, e-life has grown up rapidly contingent upon the development of high speed technology and turbulent world economy. One of e-life applications is e-government that revolutionary changed the way things were done and procedures were conducted. In this study, the notion of e-government is examined and some concepts about contents, purposes, functions and definitions of e-government are given. The evolution of the idea is studied in light of its practical repercussions. In this paper, E-Government implementation through one of Bosnia and Herzegovina municipalities will be researched. A survey-based study is applied to empirically test the EGovernment implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina administration. The survey was evaluated descriptively. The conclusion and the discussion respectively provide the results of the survey and address the future research areas with all its limitations. Keywords: E-Government, survey, descriptive analysis 1.INTRODUCTION For the last decades, technology has substantially improved and expanded. Technological applications and widespread use of technological tools, have affected human being life and structure of organizations. The functions of cities and their share in human being life started to change with technological improvements by the Industrial Revolution started in 1870s. Information and communication technologies which have improved fast for the last 50 years have changed all aspects of the life (commerce, production, work, education, home life, law, management styles, etc.). This change triggered innovation and change in the public management styles like in governments and municipalities (Coruh, 2008). Today, one of the most common technological applications is the World Wide Web (WWW) and computers. The usage of the World Wide Web (WWW) and computers provide the 215 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo organizations to introduce themselves, to give information about the structure of the organization, to make announcements, to do operations through net, etc. These activities can be performed in a shorter period of time, with less staff, and can reach more people. Especially smaller, intelligent and flexible organizations based on productive economies instead of scale economies have appeared with Information Technologies. Therefore, to control the autonomous and local management style organizations, based on Information, was chosen instead of hierarchical and bureaucratic management systems. Expansion of Internet and computer networks has removed the coordination and control problems of these autonomous units (Marin, 2004). Coordination and collaboration are very important for the organizations to be successful. These are actually, the reasons of the existence of the organization. The organizations should use the improvements to achieve these goals. The expectations of the society force the organizations for the improvements. The adaptation of the public for the development in a short period of time and increased expectation for digital service, from the government, has increased the speed of transition to internet phase. According to Steidel (2003), the effect of “Digital Revolution” has increased growingly in American's daily lives. The citizens now can reach a lot of services which could only be dreamed before a few years ago. The expectations of the citizens, using electronic services in their daily lives, have been changed. The governmental offices have realized this situation to use the chance which has been created by the change in transaction methods among the citizens (Steidel, 2003). Creating a service environment by using electronic network systems by government has developed the definition of e-government. 2. What is E-Government? There is no common definition of e-government (electronic government, also known as egov, digital government, online government or in a certain context: transformational government). Briefly, e-government has been referred to as the application of Internet-based technologies to the commercial and non-commercial activities of the government (OECD, 1998). Broadly, e-government is defined as the different ways in which governments and public managers contact and interact with their citizens through their Web sites, but also other Internet uses (e-mail or IRC), and different tools, like video conferencing, touch-tone data entry, CD-ROM, private intranets, or satellites and antennas (Criado et al., 2002). It can also be defined as: . . . the use of information technologies (such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) by government agencies that have the ability to establish the relations with citizens, businesses, and the other arms of government. These technologies can serve a variety of different users, better delivery of government services to citizens, improved 216 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo interactions with business and industry, citizen empowerment through access to information, or more efficient management of the government. The final benefits can be less corruption, increased transparency, greater convenience, revenue growth, and/or cost reductions (World Bank Group, 2003). E-Government is the presentation of the services given by the government in an electronic environment. By this way, governmental services can be delivered to the citizens very easily, effectively without interrupted and in a qualified, fast, and safe way. The understanding of egovernment has taken the place of bureaucratic and classic government notions. And it aims every organization and individual to reach the government by using systems of information technologies (http://edevlet.turksat.com.tr). E-Government as understood from the name is electronic government. By this project, some services and applications of the government can be completed over the internet. By this means, besides providing an improved and fast service to the citizens, organizations and corporations, it is also a time and money saving system (http://edevlet.turksat.com.tr). The citizens have also responsibilities to the government. Therefore, e-Government is performing mutually all the duties and responsibilities between the government and citizens on digital environment in a reliable and continuous way (http://www.digitaldevlet.org). Ever since the Clinton’s presidential administration began to popularize the idea of reinventing government in the United States, citizens had increased expectations for how information technology (IT) could help to make government more efficient and to improve services. In 1993, Vice President Gore gave an effort to explore how the internet could be employed in the services of the government to revolutionize and reengineer historically bureaucratic processes, and his report, “Reengineering through Information Technology”, reflects the key role of business process reengineering (BPR) on these early efforts (US Government, 1993). As he stated: . . . the idea of reengineering by using the technology is critical. We didn’t want to automate the old and worn processes of government. Information technology (IT) was before and is now the great enabler for reinvention. It allows us to rethink, in fundamental ways, how people work and how we serve customers (Gore, 1997). 2.1.What is the scope of e-government services? E-Government projects aim to form a better expansive understanding of a government structure. E-Government is focused on the works of government except “e”. Basic fundamental components of the notion are e-company, e-corporation, and e-citizen. Each of them tries to improve the e-notion inside and they will be affected from each other and therefore will be more powerful. As a result, e-government can be constructed (http: www.digitaldevlet.org). 217 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2.2.Why is e-Government? There is a need to question the objectives, applications, and benefits and worse outcomes of the applications. Therefore, the objectives of e-government may be: (1) Transparency of the government; (2) To provide a fast, effective, and efficient mechanism for the government; (3) To incorporate all the citizens at every level of the management; (4) To provide the share of the knowledge; (5) To provide easy life to the citizens; (6) To establish a better environment for the Decision Makers to make fast and right decisions, etc. After the implementation, then the expected benefits may be: (1) Time consumption can be decreased; (2) The costs will be decreased and the efficiency will be increased; (3) The satisfaction will be improved; (4) Economic improvement will be supported; (5) Life standards will be higher; (6) Individuals’ share will be better; (7) Dependence on paper and its use can be lesser; (8) The public information that the citizens want to achieve, can be reached from anywhere and in a faster way. Therefore the people’s failures can be decreased; (9) Decisions for both the public and the citizens can be faster and easier; (10) The citizens' requests can be considered easily; (11) The relations between the government and the citizens can be improved. And a reliable environment can be created; (12) When the citizens reach right information in a short period of time, the trust for the government can be higher (The Premiership of Turkey (Başbakanlık), 2002). The ICTs impact on public administration is accepted as one of the emergent issues among the public management styles. In spite of few academic researches on e-government, in one of his seminal articles Hood (1995) suggested that the term informatization may not be elegant, but it fulfills a need. The term is used to denote the diffusion of computers connected through telecommunication networks as a part of newest fundamental technology of public administration. The past research indicates that various e-government initiatives have been undertaken, and have had varied success degrees to achieve the desired outcomes and benefits (Bellamy, 1999). It has also found that there are significant differences between public and private organizations. Therefore, some necessary steps should be taken to reinvent government and achieve e-government success (Gulledge and Sommer, 2002). E-government provides various opportunities for city, county and state governmental units to facilitate their operational efficiency and improve their influences to satisfy the needs of citizens. E-government forces organizations to think about specific constituencies, their problems and their life events to improve solutions through organizational boundaries to address specific needs of their customers (Fagan, 2006). Studies describing e-government initiatives that serve a range of constituencies include the applications of: government-tocitizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-employee (G2E), and government-to-government (G2G) (Fagan, 2006; Erdal, 2004). Government to citizen (G2C): The applications such as death and birth information, the procedures related to marriage, transactions of registration for land, finding jobs, searching 218 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo easily all the services which the government provides (much of the citizens are not aware of these services), health services, (e.g., arranging an appointment with the doctor or to see the blood analysis online), requesting to governmental offices and searching for requests results, and so on. Government to Business (G2B): Following the operations of import and export, taxation services, auctions announcements, making announcements to encourage the companies in a short period of time, customs related transactions, bill payments, are some of G2B applications. Government and employee relations (G2E): The communication of the government with its employees through electronic systems is used to regulate the work hours, to give the information about salary and insurance, to announce staff seminars, and other announcements (job, death, marriage, etc.) Relations among the units of the Government (G2G): Government should use internet as a fast communication tool to provide a continuous relation not only with the environment but also with its units. In case of an interruption on a service, the other municipality offices can be aware of this event. E-government concept has been improved much in many parts of the world. The Government's response to the Australian public's growing reliance on online government information services, such as australia.gov.au, as the preferred medium for interacting with government is one of the successful e-government applications (Nairn, 2007). Almost all local government institutions, besides internet based applications, have constructed their web-sites (for commercial use, touristic and local information and services, discussion boards and action groups) as well as by establishing videotext systems, electronic kiosks, and intelligent-card systems, they have provided an information environment for public systems. And they have targeted to increase their service quality and to provide integration among them. They have opened the local communities for public use by establishing connections among society centers, public libraries, and schools through internet (Velibeyoğlu, 2004). Although, e-government concept has improved much, there are some problems on both the government side and the stakeholders’ side. In most parts of the world, for many reasons the concept of e-government hasn’t succeeded yet, even, in England. A research study finds out that there are a large number of English adults who are ready, willing and able to use echannels, potential early adopters of e-government. On the other hand take-up is low, because e-channels’ awareness is low. One solution to increase the take-up process is to run purposeful marketing communication campaigns. The gross potential for take-up market is about 17.5 million above the age of 15 in England (Mellor, 2006). There are significant differences among stakeholder groups based on their types of organizational membership. Stakeholders of local governments are quite less optimistic to 219 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo achieve their goals, and worried more about a variety of organizational, technological, and financial barriers (Zhang, Dawes and Sarkis, 2005). Local administrations are citing both what they have done so far and technical problems which they have met. They are:          development (roads, hospital, school, mosque, etc) municipal police (fines, public health, clean-up, etc) fire brigade (forest fires, etc) infrastructure (water, waste-water, solid waste) environment (open-space area, parks, forestation) Disaster management (earthquake, flood, soil erosion etc.) local taxes (information on rates and application) health services public education (http://www.yerelnet.org.tr/yyaem/about_us.php) While converting the old system into an e-Government system, the primary steps to be taken can be ordered as: Legal background: The related legal regulations should be done. Technological background: The infrastructure of technological background should be created and the applications should be started rapidly. Financing e-Government: To finance the government in preparing classical budgeting methods should be left and the new models should be developed. Human: Adapting and training the society to the planned and considered systems, and the Change Management should be run. Service Background Development: The efficient and effective technologies which the users can benefit should be determined and the needed structure should be constructed. Forming The Service Mechanism: An active information share system among all egovernment units should be formed and the content should be constituted. Confidence and Security: e-Government services should store the information of the users in a safe environment, and the users should be made sure that the security principles are regularly performed. Construction of a Coordination Center: This is one of the most important priorities. All the public units should be managed from a single Coordination Center and a Government Portal should be constructed (The Premiership (Başbakanlık), 2002). 3.Research Methodology A survey study was performed on one of the fastest growing BiH municipalities. The target population in the municipality was determined by the responsible person in the municipality. 220 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Therefore the study was restricted to the number of 35 respondents. The respondents are all selected from the top level positions within the municipality. Ten of the respondents were men. According to the survey results, it is obvious that there is an expectation of the citizens from the municipality to use E-Government applications. On the other hand, the support of the federal and local administrations seems weak. The respondents in the municipality believe that the municipality can afford E-Government activities with an additional budget and the municipality has an available technologic infrastructure to run E-Government applications. However, they slightly agree that the municipality needs help of a consulting company to execute an E-Government project (Table 1). Table 1 E-Government Enablers and Barriers The staff in the municipality accepts the need for an E-Government application and they agree that it was a helpful tool to support the work. Furthermore, they believe that the municipality wants to implement E-Government projects (Table 2). Table 2 Executive Support The staff has almost strong belief that E-Government projects can save the money and time, shorten work in progress time and supplement, facilitate learning, knowledge sharing, empowering and common vision of the municipality, help the municipality on its announcements (Table 3). 221 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 3 Productivity of E-Government Projects It has been strongly shown in the study that E-Government projects are believed to be helpful on managerial issues such as the integration of the departments, the quality of integrated information, effective and efficient decision making capabilities, the synchronization between the units, the control of processes, keeping the data secure, transparency of the works, incorporating the citizens in every level of the management, etc. (Table 4). Table 4 Influences of E-Government Activities on Management E-Government projects can also be helpful on improving the transactions of municipality and citizen, government, business and municipality staff (Table 5). 222 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 5 E-Government Projects and Governmental Transactions The respondents strongly agree that there are some difficulties which the municipality might have during E-Government projects such as legal, technological, financial, training of both staff and citizens, developing an active information share system among the units, information security, building a single coordination center, e-channel awareness of the citizens, etc. (Table 6). Table 6 Difficulties in E-Government Implementations 4. Discussion While it was believed that the e-government will be suitable only for wealthy nations and that the progress to reach developing world will last for a very long time the internet revolution has proven otherwise. The use of electronic solution has troubled every nation from Vanuatu to Mali, from Switzerland to Bosnia to Swaziland. They all aspire to improve their services by using electronic means because, for many, their survival depends on those services. The worst opponents at the outset of the internet emergence have become the advocates of the electronic services and electronic solutions generally simply because they realized that this approach and technology is not only unavoidable but also it is a key to success despite all 223 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the weaknesses. Hence, those who embraced it and effected the change survived all others simply perished. Big nations and their central governments take this issue very seriously and aspire to improve their e-governance in all affairs and in all levels. The developing ones also aspire to implement and make use of new technologies in their administrations. However, this is rather a process in the making and its end results are neither visible nor finite. Thus, if tackled properly e-governance can make a real difference and may secure survival to some governments but it can also elevate one nation over the other or others as in the case of Singapore or some Scandinavian countries. 5. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This paper best illustrate that e-government is equally important in the USA, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina or any other country. Despite the political, economic, social, technological, legal and human issues and problems, e-governance enhances the operations of the administration and brings its services closer to the end-users rather conveniently. The literature review not only brings the definition and shows the importance of the Electronic government but it also proves that the e-government greatly improves various relationships such as: G2C, G2B, G2E, G2G… It also provides an insight that great many leaders stress the importance of the electronic governance and administration as in the case of Clinton and Gore per se. The research findings show that albeit the difficulties in getting appropriate support from higher authorities, this local Bosnian government shows high respect for new technologies and new processes in their environment although it may trigger unpleasant change to some of them. Unfortunately, although all the heads of the departments and their assistants filed the questionnaire the number of respondents amounted only to 35. Further research should be undertaken to examine the wider scope of the stakeholders in order to see the response of the users and the higher levels of the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The authors agree that the e-government is a great opportunity for small and developing nations such as Bosnia and Herzegovina with its complex and multi level governments where in practice some parts of the government simply look detached from the other. Being a small country in terms of geography and its population it makes it easier to implement the egovernment provided that there is a will from the government’s head. In the case of this very municipality this will is rather obvious. 224 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo REFERENCES Bellamy, C. (1999). Joining-up government in the UK: towards public services for an information age. Australian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 58 No. 3, pp. 89-103 Coruh (2008). Bilişim Teknolojisi, Ekonomisi ve Toplumu. Evde, Okulda, İşyerinde ve Kentte Yaşantımız Nasıl Değişiyor?, Ankara. Criado, J.I., Hughes, O.E. and Teicher, J. (2002). E-government and managerialism: a second revolution on public management. VI International Symposium on Public Management, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, 8-10 April. Erdal, M. (2004). Electronik Devlet, www.turkiyegov.tr Fagan, M. H. (2006). Exploring city, county and state e-government initiatives: an East Texas perspective. College of Business and Technology, University of Texas, Tyler, Texas, USA Gore, A. (1997). “Introduction”, The Report of the National Performance Review. Government Information Technology Services Board, Access America, available at: http:// govinfo.library.unt.edu/accessamerica/docs/intro.html. Gulledge, T.R. and Sommer, R.A. (2002). Business process management: public sector implications. Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 364-76 Hood, C., 1995, “Emerging issues in public administration”, Public Administration, Vol. 73 No. 2, pp. 165-83. http://edevlet.turksat.com.tr http://www.digitaldevlet.org http://www.yerelnet.org.tr/yyaem/about_us.php Marin, (2004). Elektronik Küresel Mekânlar, Tele-Koloniler Ve Türkiye’deki Kentler. http://www.bilgiyonetimi.org/ Mellor, N. (2006). E-citizen: Developing research-based marketing communications to increase awareness and take-up of local authority e-channels. Aslib Proceedings Nairn, G. (2007). Driving innovation into e-government. Information Age (Australia) OECD, (1998). Information technology as an instrument of public management reform. www.oecd.org/puma Steidel, (2003). EYALET VE YEREL YÖNETİM, Değişikliğe Uyum Sağlamak, A.B.D. DIŞİŞLERİ BAKANLIĞI ELEKTRONİK DERGİSİ, Demokrasi Konuları, EKİM 2003 CİLT 8 SAYI 2 The Premiership of Turkey (Başbakanlık). (2002). Bilgi Toplumuna Doğru: Türkiye Bilişim Şurası Taslak Raporu. Türkiye Bilişim Şurası, Ankara,s.212 225 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo US Government. (1993). Reengineering through information technology”, Accompanying Report of the National Performance Review, Office of the Vice President, September, available at: http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/reports/it.html. Velibeyoğlu, K. (2004). Bilgi Teknolojileri destekli kentsel gelisme stratejileri. Yapi ve Kentte Bilisim, Ankara World Bank Group. (2003). A definition www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/ egov/definition.htm. of e-government. Zhang, J., Dawes, S., and Sarkis, J. (2005). Exploring stakeholders' expectations of the benefits and barriers of e-government knowledge sharing. Journal of Enterprise Information Management An Assessment on Evolution of Regional Development Concept Ulu Emriye1, Kiymalioğlu S. Umit2 1Akdeniz University Alanya Business Faculty, Alanya, Turkey 2Akdeniz Univesity Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Antalya, Turkey E – mails: emriyeulu@akdeniz.edu.tr, umitk@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract Associating the terms, knowledge, innovation and learning, with development is not a new process. The innovation as the primary source of competitive advantage in capitalist economies had been postulated firstly in Marx and Schumpeter’s ideas. But in parallel with evolution process of development theories and studies, addressing the concepts on regional level and within the framework of sustainability is a new process. It is seen apparently that interest in “region” concept has a considerable place in development studies from the early 1990s. Now regions are seen as opened identitites and are exposured to the effects of international competition directly. Right at this point, the development efforts of lagging regions by “cut and copy” transfer practice of the development models and policy instruments of advanced regions have lost their meanings. Prior development models which used to focus on physical infrastructure and capital endowment have been replaced with internal models emphasizing the accumulation of intellectual capital and intangible assets. Key source of competitive advantage is defined as the capacities of regions to support 226 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1171 Title A name given to the resource E-Government in a Bosnia and Herzegovina Municipality Author Author ÖZLEN, M. Kürşad Abstract A summary of the resource. For the last ten years, e-life has grown up rapidly contingent upon the development of high speed technology and turbulent world economy. One of e-life applications is e-government that revolutionary changed the way things were done and procedures were conducted. In this study, the notion of e-government is examined and some concepts about contents, purposes, functions and definitions of e-government are given. The evolution of the idea is studied in light of its practical repercussions. In this paper, E-Government implementation through one of Bosnia and Herzegovina municipalities will be researched. A survey-based study is applied to empirically test the EGovernment implementation in Bosnia and Herzegovina administration. The survey was evaluated descriptively. The conclusion and the discussion respectively provide the results of the survey and address the future research areas with all its limitations. Keywords: E-Government, survey, descriptive analysis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/756ac2a769854656bb34b047a4ad9c38.pdf 64046db4ac6fe7333101ff7e5dcb2e35 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Business Intelligence Systems in BiH Ozlen Kursad, Peskic Belma,Dedovic Aida, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E –mails: kozlen@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Organizations today are in a great need in using some tools to sustain their existence. BI systems are used to facilitate all the important organizational processes and changes through the organizations in order to achieve their overall goals. Purpose: This paper illustrates the usage of BI systems within a vast variety of organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The special attention was paid on measuring the role of BI analytics and tools which represent key components of BI system. Methodology: The review of literature from 2005 till today served as a basis for developing the survey. The survey was conducted and the results were descriptively analysed. Findings: Results show that BI systems are not well-known among employers and employees, so their usage is on the low level within companies in B&H. Keywords: BI system, BI analytics and tools, B&H 1.INTRODUCTION In today’s business worlds with planning, organizing, and processing activities and full of information, there has been a need for emerging systems which permit legally gathered and publically available data for extraction and analysis into ‘business intelligence analytics’, in order to provide support for management in better decision-making, the process which aims towards moving from status-quo, improving business processes, and cost and time saving. These systems are called Business Intelligence (BI) systems, and they are developed with an aim to stop illegal reporting activities within the economy. The BI systems can be implemented within any company, which is eager to use 100% of the all data available in the market, but needs to be extracted and analyzed for talented and eager decision makers to use and it and therefore achieve benefits. The goal of this paper is to present the usage of BI systems and its key components by emphasizing on the companies and organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), where 236 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo there are restricted resources, high environmental uncertainty, decomposition of the value chain, the customers who are hard to retain, and aggressive international competitors. Furthermore, this paper will illustrate in which degree companies manage knowledge through the usage and implementation of BI tools. 1.1.Literature Review Stated simply, the main tasks of a BI system include “intelligent exploration, integration, aggregation and multidimensional analysis of data originating from various information resources”. Implicit in this definition, data is treated as a highly valuable corporate resource, and transformed from quantity to quality. As a result, massive data from many different sources of a large enterprise can be integrated into a coherent body to provide ‘360 degrees’ view of its business (Yeoh and Koronios, 2010). Hence, meaningful information can be delivered at the right time, at the right location, and in the right form to assist individuals, departments, divisions or even larger units to facilitate improved decision making (Yeoh and Koronios, 2010). BI model is connected with database and all other external data gathered from different sources, in order to provide historical, current, and future views of business operations. The BI system is a cycling activity (Figure 1) including planning and managing, collection and division of the tasks, data processing and making business intelligence analytics, and therefore the distribution of the final information. Figure 1 BI cycle The managerial view of business intelligence (BI) is about the presentation of the right information to the right people at the right time to facilitate their decision making capabilities and to ultimately improve enterprise performance. The technical view of BI usually centers on the process of, or applications and technologies for, gathering, storing, analyzing and providing access to data to improve business decisions (Bose, 2009). These enable the organizations to integrate databases in data warehouses, which represent the core of a welldeveloped BI system. 237 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Typical BI technologies include business rule modeling, data profiling, data warehousing, online analytical processing, and data mining (DM). The central theme of BI is to fully utilize massive data to help organizations gain competitive advantages (Wang & Wang, 2008). On the other hand, linking it with knowledge management (KM) which represents a set of practices of the creation, development, and application of knowledge to enhance organizational performance (Wang & Wang, 2008), BI and KM improve information usage within the organization. KM and BI, while differing, need to be considered together as necessarily integrated and mutually critical components in the management of intellectual capital (Herschel & Jones, 2005). But BI relies on traditional tools of well-organized data while KM importance lies in its five (The Concours group, 2007) categories: management, culture, structure positions and responsibilities, IT, and metrics. Both of them should be integrated to promote organizational learning and effective decision making. Competitive pressures have dramatically changed the business landscape, forcing organizations to rethink their decision making and operation styles (CSC, 2008). Today, in the same time it is hard to have and sustain a competitive advantage, keep your shareholders aligned with your goals, find a new ways to perform the company business, and have a strong financial performance. The only option for organizations is to do more with a less, and to manage that by implementing BI systems, to enhance decision-making capabilities and shareholders’ value. Underlying most management decisions are assumed relationships and patterns such as: large customers are more profitable than small customers; “deluxe” products are more profitable than “standard” offerings; training will improve quality or safety; etc. Today, it is assumed that employee learning and growth improve internal process efficiency and effectiveness and therefore customer satisfaction leading to better shareholder returns. DM and statistical analysis techniques are the vehicles for understanding these “cause and effect” relationships (CSC, 2008). The usage of tools such as Balanced Scorecard, the strategic performance management tool, and technologies such as DM and statistical analysis help managers to develop frameworks from simple analyses to complex internal processes, e.g. from analyses of customer behavior to product development, maintenance, quality, and etc. Today, Business analytics is a simple idea with complex ramifications to leverage the collected wealth of data to create new powerful ways to perform and compete. Business analytics is the new frontier of management science and practice (The Concours group, 2007). BI analytics are used mostly for knowledge discovery, leveraging information and business data, driving business decisions, improving performance and for innovation. The organizations will excel it where they want to compete and have full strength. The quality of organizational innovative services and company products don’t matter. Instead, the capability of an adequate planning structure in place to achieve full performance is important. By allowing enterprises to allocate their most precious (and finite) resources (money and people) in response to changing conditions and objectives, today’s enterprise planning solutions facilitate a dynamic planning process that both promotes best business 238 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo practices and generates new ones. These solutions provide enterprise planning tools for the organizations to maximize their resources and manage their business strategies (ORACLE, 2008). All these demonstrate that without planning tools management would not be able to predict future organizational performance changes. Through the use of planning tools, managerial and organizational decisions can be performed better on every level by focusing on analysis of information in order to capitalize on business opportunities, optimize resources, and link goals with operational plans. Nowadays, with available technologic capability, corporations can address many of their most complex business problems and competitiveness (The Concours group, 2007). Competing on analytics entails analytics through the organization and makes analytics and fact-based decisions key elements of corporate business strategy. Analytics has to be translated into day-to-day action, and putting analytics into meaningful action requires both vision and execution (Davenport, 2007). The technology is in a huge progress and competitors are always exploring the new ways to analytically compete and gain greater business capability to enhance organizational performance, and become more successful in financial and technological terms. The executives and employees are willing to adapt changes and start analytics as quickly as possible. They can realize the payoffs, as analytical competitors, and then they become leaders in their industries in any possible term. Many corporations compete on the basis of their ability to initiate, expand, and maintain relationships with customers. Indeed, customer relationship management is a high potential domain for business analytics, especially the techniques of predictive modeling (The Concours group, 2007). The aim of data analysis is to know more about company’s customers, in order to best serve them. The organizations are measuring and managing customer relationship through valuation, ‘targeting’, retention or customization. All these improve the optimization of customer relationship. Most companies today have sufficient amounts of data, but lack of their integration and quality. Without qualified data, the needed analytical analysis cannot be created (The Concours group, 2007). The companies must have high quality technologies to support BI analytics through which data can be manipulated, because business takes an action based on its analyses. The nature of the top benefits and challenges make it clear that today’s technology purchasers demand comprehensive and integrated BI and performance management solutions to be able to overcome challenges related to data integration from multiple sources and data quality (AS, 2007). 2. Research Methodology As a result of literature review, the identified variables are formed as follows: (1) BIA (Business Intelligence Analytics), (2) Management Planning Tools, (3) Organisational competitiveness, (4) Technology, (5) CRM (Customer Relationship Management, and (6) 239 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Competitor’s Analytics. Each group includes four statements. To measure the identified statements, a 5-point Likert scale survey was improved and conducted to be able to identify whether organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina use BI systems, and if so do they manage by using those tools to reach their maximum. 2.1.The Sample Space The participants were kindly asked to fill the demographics information part and to answer the questions in the survey to be able to observe the real situation in their company. The survey was conducted in person, particularly with each person, and online. On average it took 10 minutes per person to read, think, and give the proper answer. The importance of this survey lies in the results that will illustrate the real image of companies in B&H, which are technology-oriented in their industries with emphasis on innovation, and that the studies related to this topic were not conducted before in B&H. 2.2.Demographics The survey was completed by 165 respondents. The respondents are from 73 different private, public and governmental organizations. One third of the respondents were females (Table 1). Table 1 Gender of the respondents The mean age of the respondents is 40.15, which means there is an experienced sample (Table 2). Table 2 Age The positions of the respondents are varying (Table 3). It may be important to note that the majority of the respondents are managers (managers and academic administrators). Academic personnel and officers follow them by 18,8% and 17,6%. 240 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 3 Respondent positions The survey was conducted in various types of organizations. Table the sample is represented by the respondents from Limited Companies (Ltd.) (46.7%) (77 respondents), followed by Academic Institutions (27.3%), where 45 persons were questioned. Governmental organisations are represented by 23 respondents (17.6%). Furthermore, from banking and finance there were 12 respondents (7.3%). Table 4 Type of Organisations 2.3.Descriptive Statistics The results about BIA section provide a fair support for the statements (Table 5). 241 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 5 BIA agreement level of respondents According to Table 6, the managements of organizations are using very little tools to facilitate their planning, and there is a lack of management support on analytical functions. Table 6 Management Planning Tools agreement level of respondents The respondents slightly agreed about their organizations being competitive (Table 7). 242 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 7 Organisational Competitiveness agreement level of respondents The companies are observed to be using fairly good technologies (Table 8). Table 8 Technology agreement level of respondents The organizations are giving slight importance to the relationships (Table 9). Especially, they have very fair capabilities to detect consumer behavior. Table 9 CRM agreement level of respondents According to Table 10, the respondents are neutral on the statement that their competitors are using some BI tools, but they don’t consider that their competitors’ analytical capabilities 243 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo were in a challenging level. Therefore, they do not think that their company’s performance can be influenced by the competitors’ technologies. Table 10 Competitor Analytics agreement level of respondents In table 11, it can be seen that the respondents slightly agreed that their competitors jump ahead with analytical capabilities. Table 11 All sections agreement level of respondents 3.Discussion The studies and findings show that B&H companies do not use business analytics for knowledge discovery. Furthermore, their management does not realize the importance of BI analytics which are used to drive business decisions, to improve organizational performance and to create innovative structures. It is not sure if organizations use management planning tools to predict future changes, and to make better decisions on every level. Furthermore, the executive of analytical function in management position is not the one that is the closest to business processes, and competitive optimization according to the results of the survey. The companies do not choose to compete on the basis of organizational competitiveness, even if it represents a way to keep organizations viable and successful. The certainty lies in that the management of company and the shareholders are aligned with company’s goals. Most companies use sufficiently integrated technology with the aim to measure business performance, but they do not have the technologies in place to support business intelligence 244 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo analytics in the area of business management. The improvement in company performances cannot be seen in terms of technology, and in the same manner they do not use qualified data to be manipulated through existing technologies. The Customer Relationship Management of the companies is able to initiate, expand, and maintain relationship with their customers. Some of the companies, even in a small portion, manage customer relationship through the “targeting” that may lead them to significant revenue growth, and others are using “valuation” to manage the asset value of their customer relationship. Throughout this survey, it is revealed that many organizations do not use early warning systems to detect changes in customer’s behavior that indicates service or retention issue, even if this could help them to try to retain their customers. The conclusion led to discovery of the effects that the choices of competitor's analytical tools on the company performance in the market may have, and in that way may give them powerful means to be successful in financial terms. The results indicate that respondents do not have qualified information to estimate whether their competitors use analytics to evaluate their efforts in terms of improvement of business objectives. 4.CONCLUSION The final conclusion is that there is a growth in BI market requiring from organizations in B&H to be furnished with BI systems that will give their management support in better decision-making aiming towards improvement and innovation, and in the same time enabling them allocation of resources, better composition of value chain, lower degree of environmental uncertainty, and most of all fair competition with international companies. Regarding the directions for future studies, it can be underlined that any kind of study is welcomed in this field. There is no enough information regarding it and very few studies to have the BI picture in B&H. REFERENCES AS. (2007). Implementation of Business Intelligence and Performance Management Tools and Solutions. SAS Bose, R. (2009). Advanced analytics: opportunities and challenges, Industrial Management and Data Systems. Emerald Group Publishing Limited CSC. (2008). Retrieved November http://assets1.csc.com/management_consulting 245 21, 2011 from www.csc.com: �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Davenport, T. (2007). Competing on analytics, The new science of winning. Conference Report, Harvard Business School Publishing Herschel, R., & Jones, N., (2005). Knowledge management and business intelligence: importance of integration, Journal of knowledge management ORACLE. (2008). Gaining Competitive Advantage through Enterprise Planning Retrieved November 21, 2011 from www.oracle.com The Concours group. (2007). Business Analytics: Six questions to ask about information and competition. Boardroom imperative Wang, H., & Wang, S. (2008). A knowledge management approach to data mining process for business intelligence. Industrial Management and Data Systems Yeoh, W., & Koronios, A. (2010). Critical success factors for Business Intelligence Systems. Journal of Computer Information Systems Km Applications In Bosnian Managerial Practices Ozlen Kursad, Mahmutović Zehra, Mekić Ensar, Herić Emina International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E –mails: kozlen@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Knowledge Management has emerged globally to facilitate sustainability of the organizations as a result of competitive environment. Organizational learning not only asserts and promotes organizational outcome and improved performance, but also plays a significant role in achieving innovation and overall satisfaction through internalization; staff engagement, staff motivation and empowerment, leadership and configuration. This paper focuses primarily on its application within Bosnian managerial practices. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the presence of Knowledge Management within 246 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1173 Title A name given to the resource Business Intelligence Systems in BiH Author Author ÖZLEN, M. Kürşad Abstract A summary of the resource. Organizations today are in a great need in using some tools to sustain their existence. BI systems are used to facilitate all the important organizational processes and changes through the organizations in order to achieve their overall goals. Purpose: This paper illustrates the usage of BI systems within a vast variety of organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The special attention was paid on measuring the role of BI analytics and tools which represent key components of BI system. Methodology: The review of literature from 2005 till today served as a basis for developing the survey. The survey was conducted and the results were descriptively analysed. Findings: Results show that BI systems are not well-known among employers and employees, so their usage is on the low level within companies in B&H. Keywords: BI system, BI analytics and tools, B&H Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1f41c674151ab0828c317268a255e53d.pdf 91c23d22498e70e2871d8bf9e7e52a8c PDF Text Text REFERANCES Vavouraki A. I. Putnis C. V. Putnis A. and Koutsoukos P. G. (2008) An Atomic Force Microscopy study of the growth of calcite in the presence of sodium sulfate, Chemical Geology, 253, 243–251. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite (2012). Fernandes H.R. Tulyaganov D.U. and Ferreira J.M.F. (2009) Preparation and characterization of foams from sheet glass and fly ash using carbonates as foaming agents, Ceramics International, 35, 229–235. de Sousa E. Rambo C.R. Hotza D. Novaes de Oliveira A.P. Fey T. and Greil P. (2008) Microstructure and properties of LZSA glass-ceramic foams, Materials Science and Engineering A, 476, 89–97. Hasheminia S. Nemati A. Eftekhari Yekta B. and Alizadeh P. (2012) Preparation and characterisation of diopside-based glass–ceramic foams, Ceramic interanational, 38, 20052010. Scheffler M. and Colombo P. (2005) Cellular Ceramics: Structure, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications, wiley-vch verlag gmbh&co. , Weinheim. Bernardo E. Cedro R. Florean M. and Hreglich S. (2007) Reutilization and stabilization of wastes by the production of glass foams, Ceramics International, 33, 963–968. Liao Y.C. and Huang C. Y. (2012) Glass foam from the mixture of reservoir sediment and Na2CO3, Ceramics International, 38, 4415–4420. Sustainable Urbanization And Ecocities Çiçek Eda, Demirkiran Özlem, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkiye E-mails: edacicek@sdu.edu.tr,ozlemdemirkiran@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Nowadays, fears about leaving a liveable world to next generations are increased. While sources are decreasing rapidly, demands are increasing more swiftly. In order not to restrict next generations‘ right to live, some measures must be taken. At this point, sustainable urbanization concept came forward. Therefore the governments brought ecocities to agenda. In this study, the phenomena of urbanization, sustainability, sustainable urbanization are examined briefly. Problems caused by urbanization are detected. And the ecocity approach that implemented for the realization of sustainable urbanization is discussed. Lastly, sample ecocities from different places are dealt with. 292 �Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable Development, Urbanization, Sustainable Urbanization, Ecocity 1.INTRODUCTION Urban settlement dates back to five thousands of years before present day. Along with the population growth and industrial revolution, migration from the countryside to the cities increased greatly and this brought out the phenomenon of rapid and unplanned urbanization. This kind of urbanization brought about conclusions such as troubles faced for the use of resources, increasing environmental pollution, global warming and extinction of some plants and species. Due to the fact that resources in nature are not limitless and their uncontrolled use leads the world to the deprivation of resources rapidly, sustainability approach which is based upon balanced use of current resources occurred. The term ‗sustainability‘ came up first at the conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972.In the conference, the capacity of the environment and the rights of the future generations were emphasized and the relation of economic and social development with environment was realized. In 1987, sustainable development was identified in a report called ‗Our Common Future‘ arranged by Earth and Environmental Development Commission. According to this, sustainable development is to meet today‘s needs without restricting the abilities and possibilities of future generations oriented toward covering their needs. Sustainable development has brought with sustainable urbanization as well. Unplanned growth of cities leads to serious destruction not only on the natural environment but also on the human nature. A successful sustainable urbanization is possible on condition that both physical and social sustainability studies are accomplished in integration with each other. Cities have continually been destroying nature due to the lack of recycling technologies, unplanned settlement and desire for constructing houses to green areas, air pollution and unhealthy infrastructure. This also reveals the importance of physical sustainability. As a result of the quests and efforts oriented toward physical sustainability of cities, the idea ‗Ecocity‘ emerged. Ecocity is a city designing and application approach in which human, city and environment issues are handled in relation and interaction with each other. The word (ecocity) was first used in 1987 by Richard Register in his book ‗ Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities For a Healthy Future‘. In Ecocity design, some principles such as reducing the effect of cities on environment, the use of renewable energy sources, the lowest level of waste production and the use of renewable energy sources have been taken into consideration. Dongtan and Tianjin in China and Masdar cities in Abu Dhabi desert are a few samples being built with Ecocity logic. In this study, sustainable urbanization phenomenon and ecocity approach put into effect for the realization of this phenomenon will be discussed. 2.CITY AND URBANIZATION CONCEPT The term ―city‖ might be identified in different ways according to the areas it has been used. In general, cities are settlements the cultural activities, management structure, intrasocial 293 �relations and population density of which differ from country sides where living sources of the population is out of agriculture and stock raising (Şentürk, 2008). Urbanization, in its narrow meaning, means the increase in the number of cities and the population who live in the cities. Yet, it is wrong to identify urbanization only with the increase of population. While urbanization in demographical sense means the migration of the population from the country sides and agricultural areas to the cities, urbanization in economic sense is the move of the population working on agriculture and stock raising, mainly industry, toward sectors out of agriculture. As for urbanization in socio-cultural sense, it means adopting of the population the norms and living standards of cities becoming cities demographically and economically as a style, living it, that is to say, to become urbanized (Ulusoy, Vural 2007). Urbanization phenomenon is a complex process in which sociological, technological, economic and political factors affect each other. Via the effect of these factors, urbanization has not been realized in the same style in every region of a country. 3.PROBLEMS CAUSED BY URBANIZATION Urbanization phenomenon, appearing as a result of the population increase and industrialization, has brought along many problems as well. In additional to socio-economic effects of urbanization such as stress, noise, rising in rental prices, it also has negative effects on environment such as air pollution, water pollution etc. We can examine the problems brought by urbanization in four sections (Ulusoy, Vural, 2007). The initial one out of these is the cost of population increase (Getting crowded). The cost of getting crowded caused by dense population in cities is on a level that can not be neglected. For instance, that millions of people change places continually in central transport lead both to loss of time due to the traffic jam and waste of fuel oil. In addition, the stress experienced causes the fall of productivity and decrease in production in conclusion. Secondly, the excessive rise in rental prices. Housing crisis caused by dense population paves the way for building site speculation right along with causing an increase in rental prices. Unjust incomes of building site speculators could not be taxed sufficiently; income distribution has been affected negatively as a result. Thirdly, the houses put up quickly without proper permissions. Owing to improper housing in cities brought by haphazard growth and deformations occurring on aesthetic appearance of the city are such samples. In the solution of problem of the houses put up quickly without proper permissions, decisive attitude of the politicians is also needed in addition to technical, administrative and financial precautions. The final one is the increase of costs. Immeasurable and excessive growth in cities and increasing costs all bring a supplementary burden both economically and financially. That is to say, while communication difficulties in local administrations exceed a certain magnitude, dense bureaucracy and the number of staff increasing as a result of political pressures drop productivity, it leads to an increase in costs gradually. In the solution of these problems caused by urbanization, several methods have been suggested. While some parts of these are called the reducing of dense population in cities and the movement for preventing expansion (development of cities), some studies suggest constructing new cities. 294 �4.SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION In the process of moving from agriculture to industry in developing countries, sustainable urbanization phenomenon makes itself felt as well. Gradually increasing problems of outskirts, appearing of infrastructure problems as a result, increase in the rates of crimes, lack of education and health services etc. all make cities places that cannot be lived by degrees (Gürlük, 2001) Sustainability concept was identified in Bruntland Report published by United Nations Environment and Development Commission in 1987. According to this definition, sustainability means to be able to meet the needs of current generations without making a concession from the needs of future generations (Ertan, 2007). Sustainability concept has entered into scientific studies through sustainable development concept. For that reason, one should initially examine the meaning of sustainable development concept in order to identify and apply sustainable urbanization and sustainability concepts in all other fields. Sustainability in every field is directly related to this concept (Ertan, 2007). Sustainable development concept was initially adopted by Earth Protection Strategy dated 1980. Later on, it has been identified with the concept of sustainability in a report in 1987. Additionally, Rio Summit, Agenda 21 Document and World Businessmen Council have adopted sustainable development concept in their policies and applications (Ertan, 2007). Sustainability concept began to be used widely in many areas such as security, energy, city planning etc. in the years of 1990. It was put forward as an alternative way of application in the solution of problems occurring out of mutual interactions of concept, economy and environment (Ertan, 2007). One of the most significant problems of sustainability is excessively increasing population. For meeting the needs of the increasing population, the need for supplementary service in cities reveals the definition of sustainable development on its own. This concept which envisages a full integration of environmental, economic and social goals meets the needs of present generation and covers being taken notes of the demands of future generations to natural sources as well (Bursa Yerel Gündem 21 1997-99 Raporu, 1999). For the realization of sustainability, four important approaches exist: 1. Eliminating poverty and deprivation. This situation draws the attention of poor persons who have no remedy but to destroy the environment. 2. Development which does not drop environmental quality. This situation provides the continuation of the removal of poverty. 3. Widening the idea of the necessity of attempts the centre of which is human. 4. Combining economy and ecology at decisions in every stage, in other words, realization of institutional change (Richardson, 1995). Sustainability urbanization consists of harmonious and balanced growth of the city with ecological system in a way to be reflected toward future. This understanding aims at leaving cultural, historical and natural inheritance to future generations in addition to living in a humanely urban environment of societies today (Ertan, 2007). The most important problem occurring on this stage is at which rate the sustainability of cities could be realized. Because, 295 �horizontal and vertical growth of cities lead to damages both in nature and human‘s nature dependent upon the recovery of living conditionals. The presence of sustainable urbanization is possible on condition that both physical and social sustainability are integrated with each other (Şentürk, 2008). For providing the continuation of physical sustainability; one should prevent unplanned construction, save up infrastructure investments providing vertical growth of cities not horizontal, prevent building houses to green areas, change the transport system (using transport by sea or tubes instead of highway vehicles) and use recycling technologies in every field. Social problems experienced by city human must be removed through social sustainability (disappearance of contemporary relations among humans, becoming ghetto, the existence of street gangs). According to Gow Pidwirny, in order to become sustainable, a city should attempt to implement the following practices: (Gow and Pidwirny, 1996) - Reduce Urban Sprawl: To meet the necessity for housing of a constantly increasing population urban areas should grow upwards rather than outwards. In order to achieve this, development must shift from single detached homes to multi-storey houses that more than one family live. - Conserve Natural Habitats: Lots of species live in habitats like wetlands and marshes. Wetlands are important in controlling flooding and filtering out water pollutants and sediments and trees and other forms of vegetation help to purify air. - Develop Areas With Respect to Environmental Protection: When an area is developed natural features should be taken into consideration. Urban development should be continued in areas which are not vulnerable to erosion or other types of natural hazards. Cultivated areas should be protected. - Provide Ample Green Space for Urban Citizens: Growing trees in the city can improve air quality, moderate climate, stabilize soils and provide habitat for bird species, etc. Plants that grown in rooftops and window sills serve to supplement food sources, provide habitat for wildlife species, and are aesthetically pleasing. - Encourage Water and Energy Conservation: People consuming too much water and energy urban areas. In order to diminishing problems of supply and environmental degradation, the conservation of these two resources should be promoted. - Discourage the Use of Motor Vehicles: Motor vehicles, require a lot of energy, contribute to air pollution and require large amounts of land for roads and parking lots. By designing a sustainable city that is compact with most things within walking distance, reduces dependency on motor vehicles. Using fewer vehicles decrease energy consuming, reduces air pollution, and saves land. - Initiate Recycling Programs to Reduce Waste: Many different types of wastes products are produced in large quantities in cities. Recycling is possible for them. Sewage effluents, solid waste, and hazardous waste can be also be recycled for other uses. 296 �5.ECOCITY Although city areas cover only 2% of earth, they consume four third of the sources. For instance, the city of London needs 125 times more earth of its area so as to meet its own consumption. According to many environmentalists, cities are the main source of many environmental problems such as pollution and carbon dioxide oscillation. The solution is to protect the rest part of nature and to start building cities with a new understanding. According to specialists, city understanding needs a radical change. For that, environmentally friendly cities that meet its own consumption with its self production must be created (Habitat). In any way; governments, planners, architects and engineers have begun to realize this idea and have started to search new ways for environmentally friendly cities. Their approach depends on two main principles: recycling of anything possible and minimizing the use of cars. As well as developing energy-activated buildings, it has been paid attention to arrange integrated working and living areas in a way to form common environments in cities instead of increasing mass transport and dividing into settlement, trading and industrial areas. Ecocity concept has occurred as a result of efforts and quests oriented toward the sustainability of cities. It is a city designing and application approach in which human, city and environments are taken into consideration in relation and interaction with each other. The first source of the word used is the book called ―Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities For A Healthy Future‖ by Richard Register published in 1987. Four main elements take place on the basis of Ecocity. These are; making soil, water and air alive and keeping heat under supervision (Şen, 2008). Ecocity approach is based on two main principles the basic goal of which is to protect nature and elevating the quality of life standard in developing countries; recycling anything possible and reducing the use of automobile to minimum. However, building productive buildings about the use of energy; developing designs paying attention to climate factor; widening mass transport and approaches such as making working residential areas close to each other instead of dividing the city into residential area, trading area or industrial area (Cyprus Newspaper, 2010). One of the cities aimed to be built with Ecocity logic in the world is the city of Dongtan in China. The city, just outside of Shangai, has been thought to be built on Chong-ming island which is on the bed of Yangzi river. According to the project, the ecocity is going to produce zero carbon as it is self-sufficient on the issues of energy and water. This settlement to be built on Chong-ming island had been used for agriculture beforehand and there was an important park for birds. Via the plan, transforming some parts of the agricultural areas into forest and making the whole agriculture organic has been aimed. In the city, producing energy out of agricultural wastes and wind tribunes and recycling of wastes have been planned. In the project, by giving permission only to electrical vehicles in the city centre, it has been thought that transport would be provided by buses and water taxis working with solar energy and hydrogen (Zaman, 2009). The building of wind tribunes began in 2006 but only 10 wind tribunes have been set so far, the first stage of which is thought to have been completed in the year 2010. The project could not reach at the desired target. Another ecocity planned to be built in China is Tjanjin which is going to be a product of China-Singapoure partnership. Tianjin Eco-city, which is going to shelter totally 350.000 persons under its body, stresses strongly the balance of residential towers rising among valleys, walking tracks and green areas and the features of landscape design. As for urban 297 �transport infrastructure of Tianjin is going to be solved with light railway system at a great ratio. The regions will be integrated into each other through light railway system. This, at the same time, is an application to drop carbon oscillation in the city. In addition to the use of dense landscape and green areas, in the scope of the project, many sustainable technologies, mainly an effective infrastructure system, oriented toward accumulating solar energy wind energy and rainwater. The project is still in charge (http:/www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/index.htm, http://www.yapi.com.tr) Another environmentally friendly city is Masdar set in Abu Dhabi desert by United Arab Emirates. The building of the city to cover 7 km2 area in total for 50.000 persons began in February, 2008. The city to host both trading centers and little industrial businesses has been aimed to be completed in 2016. Through ―Masdar Initiative‖ developed with supports of American Massachusetts Technology Institute (MIT), a city with clean energy has been envisaged. Railway system is to be used instead of cars. The energy need (82% solar energy) of the city is to be met with a system recycling the food wastes (17%) by burning and wind tribunes (1%). In the city, the distance of closest local transport vehicles has been designed to be 200m at most. As for the public inhabiting the city where vehicles with petrol are forbidden to enter the city, persons are going to wander around with private vehicle or mass transport systems using clean energy (Zaman, 2009). Rapid Transport System (PRT) is going to be composed of an electrical vehicle without 2500 drivers in which four persons could travel 150.000 journeys by following the receptors extending along the railways down the pedestrian walk. The cars, the buildings and everything else is expected to be powered by solar photovoltaic panels on the rooftop of every building, solar thermal power plants (which use the sun to heat liquids that spin turbines and generate electricity) and waste-to-energy plants (CNN, 2008). Sea water refining system is going to provide some water of 5000m3 and 60% of the water to be used is going to be recycled. Trees to provide clean air and desert wind to the streets are going to be settled round the city strategically and when thrown into the litter, vacuum pipe is going to sweep it to a central area and some thrash decomposed there is to be re-gained (Zaman, 2009). 6.CONCLUSION Sudden and scary climate changes and the issue of environmental damage experienced today have become more visible and sensitive in great walks of society. In fact, limitless consumption of limited sources to create for future generations was on agenda since 1970‘s. However, large scale measures taken on the levels of government suit to closer duration of time. In this frame, the concepts ―sustainability‖, ―sustainable development‖ and ―sustainable urbanization‖ that are connected to each other for leaving a more livable world to future generations have been started to be pronounced. The application of these three concepts which cannot be envisaged different from each other will be possible on the level of urbanization with environmental new cities mentioned as ecocities. Despite the fact that it has not been completed yet, ecocity projects, still in charge, are promising applications that can partly remove the ecological problems of future generations if they succeed. 298 �BIBLIOGRAPHY ―Building the world‘s cleanest city‖, CNN, March 7, 2008, http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/05/news/international/gunther_masdar.fortune/, access time: 24.04.2012. ―Geleceğin şehirleri: Eko-kent‖, Zaman, January 8 http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=801144, access time: 24.03.2012. ―Yeni, Yeşil Kentsel Gelişim Modeli: Tianjin http://www.yapi.com.tr/Haberler/yeni-yeşil-kentsel-gelisim-modeli-tianjin-ekokenti_85805.html?Sayfa=1, access time: 24.04.2012. 2009, Eko-Kenti‖ Bursa Yerel Gündem 21 1997-99 Raporu. (1999) Bursa. Ertan, K.A. (2007) ―Sürdürülebilir Kent‖, Kent ve Politika Antik Kentten Dünya Kentine, Editör: Ayşegül Mengi, İmge Kitapevi, Eylül. Gow, T. and Pidwirny, M. (1996) Land Use and Enviromental Change in the ThompsonOkanagan: Urbanization, http://www.livinglandscapes.bc.ca/thomp-ok/envchanges/land/ch4.html#4.4, access time: 19.04.2012. Gürlük, S. (2001) ― Sürdürülebilir Kentleşme Olgusu Ve Cumalıkızık Örneği‖ Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 19, Sayı: 1-2, Bahar-Yaz Dönemi Nisan, http://homepage.uludag.edu.tr/serkan/sustainable.pdf. http://www.habitat.org.tr/ekokent.html, access time: 20.03.2012. ―Sürdürülebilir Yaşam Örneği: Ekokent‖, October 4, http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/print.php?news=103202, erişim tarihi: 20.03.2012. 2010, http://www.tianjinecocity.gov.sg/index.htm, access time: 24.04.2012. Richardson, M. (1995) Güneydoğu Anadolu‘nun Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Potansiyeli, Tes-Ar Yayınları, No: 15, Ankara. Şen, M. (2008) ―Sürdürülebilir Kentleşmenin Odağı: Ekokentler‖, Yerel Üzerine Aykırı Yazılar, Okutan Yayınları, Haziran. Şentürk, H. (2008), ―Sürdürülebilir Kentleşme‖, Merkezden Yerde Siyaset. Okutan Yayıncılık, Ocak. Ulusoy, A. and Vural, T. (2007) ―Kentleşmenin Sosyo Ekonomik Etkileri‖, Yerel Siyaset Dergisi, Haziran. 299 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1259 Title A name given to the resource Sustainable Urbanization And Ecocities Author Author Çiçek , Eda Abstract A summary of the resource. Nowadays, fears about leaving a liveable world to next generations are increased. While sources are decreasing rapidly, demands are increasing more swiftly. In order not to restrict next generations‘ right to live, some measures must be taken. At this point, sustainable urbanization concept came forward. Therefore the governments brought ecocities to agenda. In this study, the phenomena of urbanization, sustainability, sustainable urbanization are examined briefly. Problems caused by urbanization are detected. And the ecocity approach that implemented for the realization of sustainable urbanization is discussed. Lastly, sample ecocities from different places are dealt with. Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable Development, Urbanization, Sustainable Urbanization, Ecocity Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General)