124 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/72cf6887fce5339a4e7a32dcfe35bd6d.pdf 9f0bd614e7ddfab9c3702297d0c508c2 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Competition Strategies In Accommodation Enterprises İlker Çarikçi,İbrahim Çetintürk Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mails: ilkercarikci@sdu.edu.tr,ibrahimcetinturk@sdu.edu.tr Abstract In this research, the competition strategies applied by accommodation enterprises to provide a competitive advantage are considered in terms of Porter’s (1980) generic strategy. The current literature has been reviewed and it has been found that the studies on this issue are inadequate. Porter’s competitiveness model and competition strategies are explained in the first part of the study. In the second part, the competition strategies applied by accommodation enterprises are analyzed. Keywords: Accommodation Enterprise, Strategy, Competition Strategies. 1. INTRODUCTION The need for determining an ideal strategy for the enterprise is increasing day by day in the sectors in which the enterprises maintain their operations in 21th century global economy and competitive environment. The competition strategy in a sector that is quickly affected from the world conjuncture and that is unlimited such as tourism; is possible with the development of long term and decisive competition strategies rather than random decisions and developments (Bahar and Kozak, 2005:149,150). Factors such as the compelling competition in the accommodation sector, the changeable and inelastic structure of demand and the high level of the rate of employee assignment require the enterprises to have a competition process that can comply with the dynamic and changeable conditions continuously and rapidly. (Kaya, 2010:27). In the study made by Yamin, Gunasekara and Mavondo, the relation between the generic strategy, competition advantage and organization performance is examined (Yamin et al, 1999:161). There are three general strategy approaches that will be successful to exclude other rivals in the sector. These are overall cost leadership strategy, differentiationstrategy, focusing strategy (Porter, Translated by: Gülen Ulubilgen,2000:43,44). Figure 1: Three generalcompetition strategies 411 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo DIFFERENTIA TION Incomparability perceived by the receiver OVERALL COST FOCUSING Cost Efficient LEADERSHIP Position Only in a certain section Porter, Translated by: Gülen Ulubilgen,2000:43,44). The hotel enterprises composing the basis of tourism sector in our day define several strategies to gain competitive advantage by getting differentiated from their rivals. Accommodation enterprises can apply one or more of Porter’s Generic competition strategies to gain competitive advantage in the tourism sector. In this study, the competition strategies applied by accommodation enterprises to gain competitive advantage is evaluated in terms of Porter’s (1980) generic strategies. 2. COMPETITION STRATEGIES The word strategy was formed with the combination of “stratus” (army) and “ago” (managing, guiding) words of Ancient Greek. While some authors claim that the word is lexicalized from the Latin “stratum” word etymologically, it means road, line, and watercourse. The lexical meaning of strategy is “to provide action uniformity for a purpose, to send, to guide, to take” (Karabıyık, 2005:11,12; Kaya, 2010:28). The best strategy for a certain company is a completely unique structure that reflects its specific conditions. Beside this, we can define three general strategies consistent in it to form a position that can be defended at the most general level and long term and to exclude the rivals in a sector. Overall cost leadership, differentiation and focusing (Porter, Translated by: GülenUlubilgen,2000:43,44). The companies have started to apply different competition strategies with the increasing competition. This situation makes it hard for the companies to survive against compelling competition conditions while increasing the dynamism of the enterprise in the sector. The general strategies approach of Porter is the approach to exclude the companies in the sector (Özkan, 2007:58). Three strategies that are consistent in their selves have been determined to gain long term competitive advantage in a sector and maximum income according to Porter (Akgündüz, 2007:33). Overall cost leadership,aims to decrease the total costs to minimum and gain an advantage in comparison to the rivals by strictly controlling cost and general expenses in every stage of product, service and production of the enterprise.Differentiation, is gaining of an important competitive power by the enterprise by differentiating the product, service, price or marketing method it offers. Focusing is a strategy in which the enterprise aims to gain competitive power by focusing on a specific intermediary group, region or geographical 412 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo market rather than the whole of the international tourism market (BaharandKozak, 2005:150,151). 2.1. Overall Cost Leadership Strategy This strategy is related with the low-cost production and income over the sectoral average provided by the enterprise (ÜlgenandMirze, 2007:258). The material costs of food and beverage sales is an issue attached much importance in the hotel management sector around the world. The calculation of the cost of food and beverage sold is same in hotel management sector as in all other sectors. Accommodation enterprises can achieve cost leadership especially with a successful cost control. 2.2. Differentiation Strategy In this strategy, the enterprise achieves higher income in comparison to its rivals by offering its products and services in a different way and in higher prices than the other similar products and services (ÜlgenandMirze, 2007:258). The enterprise tries to be the only company that has exclusive features for its customers in its sector and to obtain some features that are considered important by the customers by exceeding the expectations of the customers in the differentiation strategy. Differentiation is composed of several properties distinguishing the product from the others, the flashiness, design, safety, quality and durability of the product and the additional customer services (Eren, 2000:289,290). The results of the study “The Effect of the Inner Design of Hotel Bedrooms on PerceptionBehavioral Performance of the Users by Yıldırım,Akalın and Çağatay” have clearly asserted that the differences in the inner design of two classic hotel bedrooms have an important effect on the perception-behavioral performance of the customers. According to this, it is seen that although the dimensional size of Example A (23,98 m2) is smaller than of the Example B (26,04 m2), it is perceived more positively due to its inner design characteristics( Yıldırım, AkalınandÇağatay, 2008:182). It is understood in the study that the different inner design in hotel rooms cause difference on the perception of customers. 2.3. Focusing Strategy Focusing strategies are composed of low cost and cost focus strategies performed for limited part of customers and differentiation and differentiation strategies composed of limited customer target. The most important features of the companies that implement focusing strategies are their desire to be among limited customer target (Eren, 2000:296,297). The enterprises that focus on the product and services that are oriented for the target customer group selected by the enterprises and that can meet their requirements can limit the platform on which the competition strategies are to be implemented and increase the effectiveness of their strategies (ÜlgenveMirze, 2007:267).Target market strategies (Russian market, German 413 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo market etc) can be an example of the focusing strategies implemented by the accommodation enterprises. 3.COMPETITION STRATEGIES IN ACCOMMODATION ENTERPRISES Accommodation industry is composed of accommodation, food and beverage operations (Kasavanaand Brooks, 1991:3). The needs such as accommodation, food and beverages benefited by the tourists during their journey take place among the necessities. Today accommodation enterprise management is defined as an industry that expands all over the world with its producers and customers (KandampullyandSuhartanto, 2000:346). Today, change for a hotel management is formed according the competitive environment it takes place in and the competition strategies it develops to survive in this environment. The most important features that distinguishes the tourism which is gaining importance day by day from the other sectors is that it is service-weighted and consequently the product of tourism is invisibly abstract (Coşar, 2008:47). Many hotel managers make research to determine the best strategy to increase the performance of their enterprise (Fernando et al.,2005:22). It is understood in Table 1 that generally differentiation strategy, then cost leadership and focusing strategy is emphasized in the generic competition strategy researches of Porter (1980) that take place in the literature related with accommodation enterprises (FevziandOkumuş, 2009:240). Table 1: Researches on the competition strategies of accommodation enterprises Researcher(s) Results Kim nad Oh (2004) Hotel managements should use three strategies to be successful in the competition strategies. Dube and Reneg (1999) Focusing on a strategic position in the market and differentiation strategy is recommended. Chathoth and Olsen (2005) Low cost, product ranging and focusing on the market strategies are recommended. Oral and Kurgun (1998) It is recommended that pricing without concession from quality can be used as competition strategy. Robert and Share (1996) Pricing, sales development, marketing planning and active human resources management is recommended. Hunt (1995) and Poon (1989) Beden-Fuller Differentiation strategy is recommended. Specializing and differentiating strategies are recommended. (Fevzi and Okumuş, 2009:241,242). 414 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The growing role of enterprises having activities in tourism in the economy of the country and the high profit margin provided by the tourism sector to the enterprises has caused an increase in the number of hotel managements and formation of a competitive environment. Due to these reasons, the enterprise should keep its costs minimum and adjust its prices according to the other enterprises that have activities in the same sector (DidinandKöroğlu, 2008:114). Touristic enterprises can have advantages against their rivals by decreasing their cost through management, system and technologies they will use in the product and service production (Oral andKurgun, 1998:23).Cost leadership means the superior competition by minimizing the costs in the enterprises. As increasing the profitability of the enterprises does not only mean high price policy, decreasing the costs in the enterprise is also used as the control of general expenses. UsalandKurgun (2003) define as fixed and variable costs when considering the costs in tourism enterprises. In the technical estimation method which is one of the methods used in distinguishing the costs, the hotel housekeeping chief always follows the material used in relation with it his/her part and the changes in the costs related with them. So he/she can determine the fixed costs that are not related with occupancy rate in the enterprise. Again in pricing for cost which is among the pricing methods applied in the enterprise, the sales price is composed by adding a percentage rate to the cost of the product. The highest expense item following the personnel expenses in the enterprises is the food and beverage expenses. In this framework, the regular cost control operations performed in the kitchen and service department provide allow competition in decreasing the costs of the enterprise and in better conditions. Hotels should make differentiations and make innovative income-generating implementations to have competitive advantage both among each other and against rival destinations. Recently a new product or service is composed almost every day in hotel management. Accordingly the life of the current product and services are shortened. The hotel managements should compose a unit or a department related with innovative implementations in the enterprise, ask for the opinions of its guests and employees, closely follow the innovations in the sector and always make innovations to catch these developments (DurnaandBabür, 93,94). Enterprises should compose the differences that distinguish them from their rivals. The enterprises should prefer services that are demanded by the customers and not offered by the rival enterprises when determining the product differences. For example an enterprise targeting young people can make a difference by offering “romantic vacation” Uygur, (2007) has discussed the product differentiation for enterprises as differentiating with physical features, differentiating with settlement place, differentiating with personnel, differentiating with service and differentiating with image. Differentiating with physical feature is that the enterprise has an architectural structure unique to it. Differentiation of boutique hotels from other enterprises with their architecture, design and decoration is an example for this type of differentiation. In differentiating with service, the processes composing the tourism marketing combined components are discussed. Purchasing of a unique service by the customer in the hotel can be an example. In differentiating with personnel, as tourism enterprises are labor-intensive facilities the kindness, elegancy, respectful-careful-reliable attitudes of the personnel can be considered among the factors affecting the preference of the 415 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo guests of the same enterprise again and again. Differentiating with settlement place, one of the reasons that the enterprises in Belek county of Antalya are more preferred than the enterprises in the other centers of attraction (Side, Alanya, Kaş, Kemer) is the position (being close to the airport and the centre of the city). In differentiating with image, the emotional tie between the enterprises and their customers and the position of the enterprise among the recommended enterprises can be given as example. Touristic enterprise can have competitive advantage by focusing on certain market shares rather than choosing the whole market as target. Oral andKurgun (1998) has collected the strategies for focusing on a specific market under four main titles in the study they performed:     Being the leader of the market, Maintaining the market share, Enlarging the market share, Following the market. Focusing can be used in choosing the targets which is the least defenseless or in which the rivals are the weakest (Porter, Translated by: Gülen Ulubilgen,2000:43,44). 4. RESULT The highest expense item following the personnel expenses in the enterprises is the food and beverage expenses. In this framework, the regular cost control operations performed in the kitchen and service department provide allow competition in decreasing the costs of the enterprise and in better conditions. Enterprises should compose the differences that distinguish them from their rivals. The enterprises should prefer services that are demanded by the customers and not offered by the rival enterprises when determining the product differences. Touristic enterprise can have competitive advantage by focusing on certain market shares rather than choosing the whole market as target. In case a there is an intense competition in the market of accommodation, the managers of the enterprises firstly should give more importance to composing unique product in the sector, observing labor intensely, strict cost and general expense control, dividing the target market as geographical/regional, differentiating the product and service and focusing on markets in which the rivals are in the weakest position to be the leader. REFERENCES AKGÜNDÜZ Yılmaz, (2007), Otel İşletmelerinin Uyguladıkları Rekabet Stratejileri: İstanbul’da Faaliyet Gösteren 5 Yıldızlı Otel İşletmeleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Turizm İşletmeciliği Anabilim Dalı, Çanakkale. 416 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo BAHAR, O. ve KOZAK, M., (2005), Uluslararası Turizm ve Rekabet Edebilirlik,Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık. COŞAR Yeşim, (2008), Otel İşletmelerinde Rekabet Üstünlüğünü Etkileyen Faktörler: Yöneticiler Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 19, Sayı 1,. DİDİN Saliha ve Çağrı Köroğlu, (2008), Konaklama İşletmelerinin Satışlar Maliyetler Bakımından Rekabet Edebilme Durumu ve Gelecekten Beklentileri, ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 4, Sayı 7, ss. 111-120. DURNA Ufuk, Serap Babür, Otel İşletmelerinde Yenilik Uygulamaları, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 3 - Sayı 1, ISSN:1309-1522 EREN Erol, (2000), Stratejik Yönetim İşletme ve Politikası, Beta Basım, İstanbul. FERNANDO J. Garrigos-Simon; Daniel PalaciosMarques; YeamduanNarangajavanaCompetitiveStrategiesandPerformance in Spanish HospitalityFirms, (2005), International Journal of ContemporaryHospitality Management, ISSN 0959-6119, Cilt 17, Yayın 1, pp. 22 – 38 KANDAMPULLY JayandHsin-Hui Hu, (2007), HoteliersNeedToManageİmageToRetainLoyalCustomers, International Journal ContemporaryHospitalityManagament, Vol.19, No:6. Do of KARABIYIK Hörüşen, (2005), Rekabet Stratejileri ve Türk Bankacılık Sektörü Uygulaması, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Zonguldak. KASAVANA Michael L. ve Richard M. Brooks, (1991), Managing Front Office Operations,EducationalInstitute, Library of CongressCataloging inPublication Data, The United States of America. KAYA İsmet, (2010),Konaklama İşletmeciliğinde Stratejik Yönetim Süreci: Kavramsal Bir Yaklaşım, KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 12 (18): 27-35, ISSN: 1309 9132 ORAL Saime ve Hülya KURGUN, (1998), “Turizm Sektöründe Rekabet Stratejileri”, Uluslararası Turizm Pazarında Rekabet Stratejisi Aracı Olarak Fiyatlama, Erciyes Üniversitesi Matbaası, Kayseri. OKUMUŞ Fevzi ve AVCI Umut (2008), Turizm İşletmelerinde Çağdaş Yönetim Teknikleri, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara. ÖZKAN R.Bilgen, (2007), Rekabet Stratejileri Ve Örnek Bir Sektör Analizi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İktisat Anabilim Dalı İktisat Teorisi Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul. PORTER Michael E. Çeviren:GülenUlubilgen, (2000), Rekabet Stratejisi, Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul. 417 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo USAL Alparslan and Osman Avşar Kurgun, (2003), Turizm İşletmelerinde Maliyet Analizleri, Detay Yayıncılık, 2. Baskı, Ankara. UYGUR Selma Meydan, (2007), Turizm Pazarlaması, Nobel Yayın, 1.Basım, Ankara. YAMİN Shahid, FelixMavonda, Gunasekaran, (1997) A study of competitivestrategy, organisationalinnovationandorganisationalperformanceamongAustralianmanufacturingcompa nies, Int. J. ProductionEconomics" 52, 161 172 YILDIRIM Kemal, Aysu AKALIN, Kubulay ÇAĞATAY, (2008), Otel Yatak Odalarının İç Mekân Tasarımının Kullanıcıların Algı-Davranışsal Performansı Üzerine- Etkisi,Politeknik Dergisi, Cilt:11 Sayı: 2 s.175-185. The Historical Dynamics Of Modernizm: A Critical Perspective Hüsamettin İnaç1,Selami Erdoğan2 1 Political Sciences and International Relations, Dumlupinar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Turkey 2Public Administration Department, Dumlupinar University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Turkey Abstract In recent decades, the modernism and modern socio-political analysis has been subjected to criticism in many respects. The ideas of the global, post-modern and post-industrial societies attempted to legimitize themselves over the criticism of the modern approach towards the economic, social, political and philosophical parameters of modern version. Due to the fact that the institutions, models, matrixes pertaining with the modern realm faded away one after the other, challenging and confrontation with modernizm was popularized. Nevertheless, many critical series of analysis remained as deficient, abortive and defective studies because many researchers had not adequate information and awareness about the dynamics of the modernism which was shaping the main character of modernism. Yet modernism just as the other movements of thought was directly relevant, related and bound to the time and space which produce them. In the light of this understanding, we attempted to elaborate the main historical dymanics and the socio-political ground which the modernizm had been created. We hope that this study demonstrates the intrinsic and essential trajectory which the 418 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1137 Title A name given to the resource Competition Strategies In Accommodation Enterprises Author Author İlker, Çarikçi Abstract A summary of the resource. In this research, the competition strategies applied by accommodation enterprises to provide a competitive advantage are considered in terms of Porter’s (1980) generic strategy. The current literature has been reviewed and it has been found that the studies on this issue are inadequate. Porter’s competitiveness model and competition strategies are explained in the first part of the study. In the second part, the competition strategies applied by accommodation enterprises are analyzed. Keywords: Accommodation Enterprise, Strategy, Competition Strategies. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/efe882f3fc7fba2eeb30756f84f93121.pdf dd8b19ee9d44647a225463096b694a16 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Estimating The Number Of Daily Patient Applications By Using Artificial Neural Networks İbrahim Güngör1, Sezgin Irmak1, Mehmet Özer Demir2 1Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Business, Alanya/Antalya, Turkey 2Akdeniz University, Alanya Faculty of Engineering, Alanya/Antalya, Turkey E-mails: igungor@akdeniz.edu.tr, sezgin@akdeniz.edu.tr, mozerdemir@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract This study is aiming at estimating the patient volumes of hospitals by using artificial neural networks. In order to train the artificial neural network models in this study, historical patient applications data from a Turkish hospital were used. All patient applications counted as daily numbers during three years and dependent variable of our study (patient_count) is derived. A different approach used in this study and instead of a single independent variable (which is time), four different time periods were used as input variables of the artificial neural network models. These input variables were day of month, day of week, month, and year. Several artificial neural network models have been generated and compared with each other by their predictive performance measures. The best predictive artificial neural network architecture has an estimation accuracy of 94.22 percent. This artificial neural network model has an input layer with four neurons, an output layer with one neuron, and only one hidden layer with nineteen neurons. The arithmetic mean of patient application in a day is 755.93 (S.d.=486.60). Mean error of the artificial neural network model is -0.047 and mean absolute error is 105.64. The linear correlation between the actual values and the predicted values of the number of patients is 0.918. Keywords: artificial neural networks, decision support systems, modeling, estimation, hospital management. 1. INTRODUCTION The study of artificial neural networks was inspired by attempts to simulate biological neural systems. Analogous to human brain structure, an artificial neural network is composed of an interconnected assembly of nodes and directed links (Tan et al., 2006). Artificial neural networks have been used in many types of applications and research studies in different areas. These areas including computer security systems, business management, decision making, finance, tourism, chemistry, transportation, medical applications and so on. Artificial neural networks can do classification, pattern recognition, optimization, estimation, and time series prediction tasks. All these tasks can be used for getting valuable information for business decision making and planning purposes. 119 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Healthcare sector is a critical service sector that is highly people oriented and very intensive. Therefore forecasting is very important to plan next month’s, next week’s, and next day’s personnel or operations. One of the top important variables to forecast is the number of patient applications to the hospitals. In this study artificial neural networks are used for estimating the number of daily patient applications to a hospital. There are three types of neural networks, which are differentiate into input variables, are examined in this study. In the first one, only time index value was used as an input variable. In the other one, day of year, day of week, month, season, and year were used as input variables. Then the results of these two networks were compared. 2. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS Artificial neural networks are one of the most accurate and widely used forecasting models (Khashei & Bijari 2010) that are used extensively to model complex relationships between input and output data sequences, and to find hidden patterns in data sets. An artificial neural network is a computational model that emulates the essential features and operations of biological neural networks (Pintér 2011). The human brain consists primarily of nerve cells called neurons, linked together with other neurons via strands of fiber called axons. Axons are used to transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another whenever the neurons are stimulated. A neuron is connected to the axons of other neurons via dendrites, which are extensions from the cell body of the neuron. The contact point between a dendrite and an axon is called synapse. Neurologists have discovered that the human brain learns by changing the strength of the synaptic connection between neurons upon repeated stimulation by the same impulse (Tan et al. 2006). 2.1. The Structure of an Artificial Neuron Every neuron in an artificial neural network represents an autonomous computational unit and receives inputs a series of signals that dictate its activation. Following activation, every neuron produces an output signal. All the input signals reach the neuron simultaneously, so the neuron receives more than one input signal, but it produces only one output signal. Every input signal is associated with a connection weight. The weight determines the relative importance the input signal can have in producing the final impulse transmitted by the neuron. The weights are adaptive coefficients that, in analogy with the biological model, are modified in response to the various signals that travel on the network according to a suitable learning algorithm. A threshold value, called bias, is usually introduced. Bias is similar to an intercept in a regression model (Giudici 2005). The components of an artificial neural network neuron are shown in Figure 1. 120 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo bias W0 Σ : Combination function f : Activation (or transfer) function W1 Inputs W2 Σ f Output Wn Figure 1. Components of an Artificial Neuron (Irmak 2009) The combination function commonly uses the standard weighted sum which is the summation of the input attribute values multiplied by the weights that have been assigned to those attributes, to calculate a value to be passed on to the transfer function. The transfer function applies either a linear or non-linear transformation to the value passed to it by the combination function. The hidden layer then employs this transfer function in moving data to the output nodes (Kros et al. 2006). The types of activation functions have very important influences on the learning speeds, classification correct rates and non-linear mapping precisions of artificial neural networks (Daqi & Genxing 2003). 2.2. The Architecture of Artificial Neural Networks Although researchers have studied numerous different neural network architectures, the most successful applications of neural networks have been multilayer feed-forward networks. These are networks in which there is an input layer consisting of nodes that simply accept the input values, and successive layers of nodes in the next layer. The last layer is called the output layer. Layers between the input and output layers are known as hidden layers. A feedforward artificial neural network is a fully connected network with a one-way flow and no cycles (Shmueli et al. 2007). Artificial neural networks have been extensively applied in various fields of science and engineering. It is mainly because feed-forward neural networks have universal approximation capability (Wang & Xu 2010). Single hidden layer feedforward network is the most widely used model form for time series modeling and forecasting (Zhang et al. 1998). Architecture of a feed-forward artificial neural network with a single hidden layer is given in Figure 1. 121 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo x1 x2 w1, 5 w1, w1, 6 7 h5 h6 y x3 x4 w4, 5 Input layer w4, 6 w4, 7 h7 Hidden layer Output layer Figure 2. A Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network (Walczak 2012) Feed-forward artificial neural networks with one hidden layer are mathematically expressed in a simplified form as where for 0 ≤ j ≤ n, bj ∈ R are the thresholds, wj ∈ Rs are the connection weights, cj ∈ R are the coefficients, ⟨aj ⟩ is the inner product of wj and , and σ is the activation function of the network. In many fundamental network models, the activation function is the sigmoidal function of logistic type (Anastassiou 2011). 3. ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF PATIENTS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS This study is aiming at estimating the patient volumes of hospitals by using artificial neural networks. In order to train the artificial neural network models in this study, historical numbers of patient data from a Turkish hospital were used. Data gathered from main database of the hospital. All patient applications during 3 years counted as daily numbers and dependent variable of our study (patient_count) is derived. This daily time series data set was used along with day, month, year, and day of week variables. In the first model, only time index value used as an input variable. The best artificial neural network architecture of this model has one neuron in the input layer, three neurons in only 122 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo one hidden layer, and one neuron in the output layer. The prediction accuracy of this network is 82.94%. The mean absolute error of this network’s predictions is 383.76 while the mean number of patient applications to the hospital is 755.93. Day of week variable was added to the second artificial neural network model in order to represent the changes in the different days of a week, especially the dramatic changes between the weekdays and the weekend. The final topology of this model has eight neurons in the input layer, three neurons in the hidden layer, and one neuron in the output layer. This model has 91.67% prediction accuracy and 139.18 mean absolute error. The error rate is considerably lower than the first model. The reason is that, this model has an ability to represent the fall in the number of patient applications in the weekends. The third model of this study has four variables that they may represent significant changes in patient numbers in a year. These variables are year, month, day, and day of week. This model has four neurons in the input layer, nineteen neurons in one hidden layer, and one neuron in the output layer. The final network of this model has the highest prediction accuracy that is 94.22 percent, and the lowest error rate. Mean absolute error of this model is 105.64 and the linear correlation between the actual values and the predicted values of the number of patients is 0.918. The third model of this study is the best predictive artificial neural network model to predict the next days’ patient application volumes to the hospital. Table 1 summarizes the results of the artificial neural network models. Table 1. The Results of Artificial Neural Network Models Model No ANN Topology Input Variables Prediction Accuracy (%) Mean Absolute Error (MAE) Linear Correlation (r) Model-1 1:3:1  Time Index 82.943 383.760 0.197 Model-2 8:3:1  Time Index  Day of Week 91.669 139.186 0.893 Model-3 4:19:1     94.223 105.643 0.918 Year Month Day of Month Day of Week A total of 1095 days’ data were used for training the neural network models. Generally time series forecasting could be made up to ten percent of the number of data points. In this study 1095 days’ data were used for predicting 120 days’ number of patient applications. Actual values of patient applications were gathered from hospital database. The actual values and the 123 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo predicted values of three artificial neural network models are given in Figure 3. As seen from the figure, the predictions of the first model represent the trend but do not reflect daily distinctions. The predictions of the third model best fit to the actual values. Figure 3. Actual Numbers of Patient Applications and the Predicted Values 4. CONCLUSION The main strength of artificial neural networks is their high predictive performance. Their structure supports capturing very complex relationships between predictors and a response (Shmueli et al. 2007). In this study time points were used as predictors to estimate patient volume of a hospital. Estimating the future volumes of patients is an important issue for decision making processes of hospital and healthcare sector managers. Three types of artificial neural network models were generated in this study. The third model which has four input neurons as day of month, day of week, month, and year, showed better predictive results. This result is strongly related to the structure of artificial neural networks. Because artificial neural networks have flexible structures that capture very complex relationships, they can show better results when detailed input information are given to the artificial neural network model. More detailed studies can be implemented to reveal sophisticated information about the predictive performances of artificial neural networks. REFERENCES Anastassiou, G. A. (2011). Multivariate Sigmoidal Neural Network Approximation. Neural Networks (24), 378-386. 124 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Daqi, G. & Genxing, Y. (2003). Influences of Variable Scales and Activation Functions on the Performances of Multilayer Feedforward Neural Networks, Pattern Recognition (36), 869-878. Giudici, P. (2005) Applied Data Mining: Statistical Methods for Business and Industry, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England. Khashei, M. & Bijari, M. (2010). An Artificial Neural Network (p,d,q) Model for Time Series Forecasting. Expert Systems with Applications (37), 479-489. Kros, J. F., Lin, M., & Brown, M. L. (2006). Effects of the Neural Network s-Sigmoid Function on the KDD in the Presence of Imprecise Data, Computers & Operations Research (33), 3136-3149. Irmak, S. (2009). Veri Madenciliği Yöntemleri ile Sağlık Sektörü Veritabanlarında Bilgi Keşfi: Tanımlayıcı ve Kestirimci Model Uygulamaları (Knowledge Discovery in Health Sector Databases by using Data Mining Methods: Applications of Descriptive and Predictive Models), Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey. Pintér, J. D. (2012). Calibrating Artificial Neural Networks by Global Optimization. Expert Systems with Applications 39(1), 25-32. Shmueli, G, Patel, N. R., & Bruce, P. C. (2007). Data Mining for Business Intelligence: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications in Microsoft Office Excel with XLMiner, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA. Tan, P.-N., Steinbach, M., & Kumar, V. (2006). Introduction to Data Mining, Pearson, Addison-Wesley, Boston, MA, USA. Walczak, S. (2012). Methodological Triangulation using Neural Networks for Business Research, Advances in Artificial Neural Systems, 1-12. doi:10.1155/2012/517234 Wang, J. & Xu, Z. (2010). New Study on Neural Networks: The Essential Order of Approximation. Neural Networks (23), 618-624. Zhang, G., Patuwo, B. E., & Hu, M. Y. (1998). Forecasting with Artificial Neural Networks: The State of the Art. International Journal of Forecasting (14), 35-62. 125 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1105 Title A name given to the resource Estimating The Number Of Daily Patient Applications By Using Artificial Neural Networks Author Author İbrahim Güngör, Güngör Abstract A summary of the resource. This study is aiming at estimating the patient volumes of hospitals by using artificial neural networks. In order to train the artificial neural network models in this study, historical patient applications data from a Turkish hospital were used. All patient applications counted as daily numbers during three years and dependent variable of our study (patient_count) is derived. A different approach used in this study and instead of a single independent variable (which is time), four different time periods were used as input variables of the artificial neural network models. These input variables were day of month, day of week, month, and year. Several artificial neural network models have been generated and compared with each other by their predictive performance measures. The best predictive artificial neural network architecture has an estimation accuracy of 94.22 percent. This artificial neural network model has an input layer with four neurons, an output layer with one neuron, and only one hidden layer with nineteen neurons. The arithmetic mean of patient application in a day is 755.93 (S.d.=486.60). Mean error of the artificial neural network model is -0.047 and mean absolute error is 105.64. The linear correlation between the actual values and the predicted values of the number of patients is 0.918. Keywords: artificial neural networks, decision support systems, modeling, estimation, hospital management. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/bbdb08c3ce79f7f2bc9c20807a606cbc.pdf 97a40ae592fa53b1cedbe071617ae418 PDF Text Text 8. Velde, V.D., Nevens, S., Hee, F.V., Steenberghe, P.V., Quirynen, D.; 2008, GC-NS analysis of breath odor compounds in liver patients, Journal of chromatography b-analytical Technologies in the biomedical and life sciences vol:875 issue:2 ,344-348 9. Merler, S., C. Furlanello, B. Larcher and A. Sboner, 2001. Tuning Cost Sensitive Boosting and its Application to Melanoma Diagnosis, In MCS 2001, Cambridge, UK, 2096: 32-42. 10. Pardo, M. and G. Niederjaunfner, 2000. Data Preprocessing Enhances the Classification of Different Brands of Espresso Coffee with an Electronic Nose. Sensors & Actuators B, 69. 11. Shilbayeh, N.F. and M.Z. Iskandarani, 2004. Quality Control of Coffee Using an Electronic Nose System. Am. J. Applied Sci., 1: 129-135. 12. Persaud, K.C.; Dodd, G. Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose. Nature 1982, 299, 352-355. 13. Casalinuovo IA, Di Pierro D, Coletta M, and Di Francesco P. 2006. Application of electronic noses for disease diagnosis and food spoilage detection. Sensors 6:1428–1439. Enzyme Supplementation to Soybean Based Diet in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Effects on Growth Parameters and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Digestibility İbrahim Diler 1,Hüseyin Sevgili 2 ,Yılmaz Emre 2,Halit Bayrak 1 1 Department of Aquaculture, Süleyman Demirel University, 32100, Isparta-TURKEY 2 Mediterranean Fisheries Research, Production and Training Institute, P.O190, Antalya, Turkey E-mail: ibrahimdiler@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The aim of the this study was to examine the effects of the diets based on Soybean Meal (40%) supplemented with exogenous enzymes on growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and reduce environment pollution waste output of nitrogen and phosphorus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Trout groups (initial weight 87.00±1,5) method of random plots with 3 replications of 50 fish/pond with the ratio of 1050 fish in the concrete ponds. Diets consisted of 25% fish meal (FM) and 40% dehulled hexane extracted soybean meal (SBM) in control group (C0) and diet supplemented with protease enzyme (PRT; 2g/kg-1), diet supplemented with enzyme cocktail (MIX; cellulose, xylanase, endo-ß-1,3:1,4-glucanase; 2g/kg-1) and diet supplemented with pyhtase enzyme (PHY; 2g/kg-1). About of growth performance were found while condition factor (1,21-1,23) were statistically similar (p>0.05), however specific growth rate, SGR, (1,118-1,340) and feed conversion ratio, FCR, (1,26-1,30) were obtained significantly different among groups (p<0,05). PRT and PHY groups significantly improved SGR and FCR better than control group. In this study, showed the highest nitrogen apperent digestibility coefficient, ADC (85,49±1,98) in PRT group while, the poorest value obtained (72,82±0.01) C0 group 369 �respectively (p<0,05). Also the best (58.57±0.49) and lowest (42.85±1.98) ADC was obtained PHT and C0 groups for phosphorus respectively (p<0,05). Keywords: rainbow trout, enzyme, growth performance, nitrogen, phosphorus, digestibility 1.INTRODUCTION Natural feed additives as referred to the use of enzymes; made in the areas of biotechnology and animal feed baits, intensive research has become common parallel developments in nowadays (Nir and Senköylü 2000). Developments in biotechnology, with a significant effect in feeding the fish is quite expensive but can be substituted for fish meal with plant-based raw materials to be used in a more effective and beneficial, increasing digestibility, reduction factors of antinutritional have opened new horizons in the use of these feeds as effective. The most appropriate herbal product.is soybean meal feed raw materials of vegetable origin that can be used instead of fish meal in fish feeds affordability, availability and nutritional value in the markets. The addition of enzyme increases of nutrition value, because of non-starch polysaccharide in soybean meal feed value limited (Deguara et al. 1999, Hardy 2000, Hardy and Gatlin 2002, Cho and Bureau 2003). Enzyme with the use of lower-priced raw materials from more expensive raw materials used in equal and sometimes better performance (Deguara et al. 1999, Nir and Senköylü, 2000). Feed manufacturers are prefers dry and granular enzymes, because of its importance in terms of homogeneous distribution of enzyme activity instead of liquid enzyme preparations (Collier and Hardy 1986, Inbor 1990). Usually the most limiting factor in plant development is phosphorus in freshwater and is nitrogen in the seas. The majority of phosphorus in vegetable feed ingredients commonly used (50-80%), phytic acid or phytate-bound form is found and undigestibility by the monogastric animals. Such animals hasn‘t got any enzymes to break down phytate and phosphorus reveals, adding has been sufficient amount of the phytase enzyme feed stuffs in the structure of phytate phosphorus digestibility remain free (Lantzsch 1989, Sugiura et al. 2000, Sugiura et al. 2001, Saçaklı 2002). Microbial phytase enzyme is effective in reducing environmental pollution by fecal excretion of phosphorus caused, depending on the form of phytic phosphorus in feedstuffs monogastric animal diets vegetarian diet significantly increases of evaluation. (Gibson and Ulah 1990, Graham and Inborr 1993, Gordon and Roland 1997). Discarded and retained in reducing the level of nitrogen and phosphorus levels are the key strategies in the ration protein level needed to keep the fish, the energy: protein and amino acid digestibility of high raw materials (Vergara et al. 1996, Sugiura and Hardy 2000, Cho and Bureau 2003). In fish fed is observed and improvement in performance additon of enzymes addition increased the digestibility of the nutrients, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio and a marked improvement (Tandler and Kolkovski 1992, Deguara 1998, Deguara et al. 1999, Ayhan et al. 2008). The aim of this study, with the addition to fish feed as protease enzyme, enzyme cocktails and phytase enzyme, more efficient use of raw materials of vegetable origin, fresh water fish feaces and discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus excretion, thus reducing the environmental pollution, increase growth performance, feed conversion to raise the utilization efficiency. 370 �2.MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish and texperimental design: Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, initial weigh 87,0±1,5g), used in the experiment were obtained from the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock, Institute of Mediterranean Fisheries Research, Production & Training, Kepez Unit, Antalya. As a triplicates the design with 4 groups of 50 fish per group for a total of 600 pieces of fish are grouped according to the random subdivision method. Trial; a 6,3 m3 capacity were 4 pieces of concrete ponds. Each concrete pond was seperated equal to 2,1 m3 in capacity for three section. Feed materials: Feeds in the experiment were prepared at feed prepare units in the institution. Utilization rate of feedstuffs used in the experiment and prepared feeds and nutrient contents in the feed are given in Table 1. As a dietary supplement protease enzyme, the enzyme cocktail and phytase enzyme were used. Trial feed grinding-mixing-ratios given in Table 1 was passed through a pelletizing operations. The ration was obtained and pelletted, 50 kg.hour-1 capacity in dry press-pellet machinery. Feeds were stored at +4°C the cooling cabinet. During the experiment, the total feed intake and feed digestibility with biometric measurements were analyzed. In feed and feaces has been analysed dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash by Weende Analysis and phosphorus analysis according to the method of Vanadat (AOAC, 1995). The digestible energy values calculated in MJ.kg-1 (New, 1987). Chromic oxide, and digestibility of feed and feaces for analysis and the growth performance and value were determined by Steffens 1989; Goddard 1996). Table 1. Ingerdients, nutrient composition, growth performance and digestibility of experiment trial 1 -1 I N G R E D I E N T S, (g.kg ) Fish meal Soybean meal Full fat soybean meal Blood meal Wheat middlings Menhaden oil 2 Vitamin premix 3 Mineral premix 4 Vitamin C Choline 5 Pellet binder 6 7 Chromic oxide Antioxidant 8 9 Allzyme Vegpro Roxazyme-G 10 Ronozyme-P 11 TOTAL Nutrition composition Dry matter, % Crude protein, % Crude oil, % Crude cellulose, % 371 DIETS C0 1 PRT1 MIX1 PHY1 25 40 9,.22 5 9,23 7 2 1 0,3 0,15 0,4 0,4 0,3 25 40 9,12 5 9,13 7 2 1 0,3 0,.15 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,2 25 40 9,12 5 9,13 7 2 1 0,3 0,.15 0,4 0,4 0,3 25 40 9,12 5 9,13 7 2 1 0,3 0,.15 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,2 100,00 100,00 100,00 0,2 100,00 92,33 44,85 13,36 3,25 92,92 44,72 12,45 3,25 91,94 42,81 13,52 3,25 93,54 43,14 11,89 3,25 �Crude ash, % Metabolizable energy, (MJ. kg –1) Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Lysine, % Methionine+cystine, % Growth Performance Initial Weight (g)43 Final 6Weight (g) SGR 7 FCR CF 8 Digestibility ADC Dry matter % 12 ADC Protein % 12 13,74 14,.39 1,09 1,45 3,17 1,50 76,0±11,5 208,0±5,0b 1,118±0,02b 1,29±0.01a 1,21±0,01 15,15 14,.39 1,09 1,45 3,17 1,50 11,38 14,39 1,09 1,45 3,17 1,50 12,29 14,39 1,09 1,45 3,17 1,50 76,1±0,5 75,0±2,5 75,0±1,5 211,0±1,5a 206,0±5,5ab 206,0±5,5ab 1,340±0,02a 1,122±0,02ab 1,290±0,02ab 1,26±0.01b 1,30±0,01a 1,27±0.01b 1,23±0.01 1,22±0,04 1,23±0,04 63,79±0,49bc 68,73±1.52c 61,58±0,03b 66,92±0,52a 85,03±0,75ab 87,42±l,17c 86,96±0,55b 87,21±0,46a ADC Nitrogen % 12 72,82±0.15b 85,491.98c 69,711.19b 78,950.68a ADC Phosphorus % 12 42,85±0.58a 48,77±2.01a 45,69±0.48a 58,57±0.49b 1 Data (mean±SD) with different letters within a row are significantly different (p<0.05). 2 C0: Control group, no added enzyme, PRT: Protease group: 2%o protease; MIX: Mix group : 2%o enzyme cookteyl; PHT: Phytase group : 2%o phytase 3 Vitamin mixture; Included of per kg; 18.000 IU A, 2000 IU D, 200 mg E, 12 mg K, 150 mg B2, 20 mg B1, 0,05 mg B12, 20 mg pyridoxine, 10 mg panthotenic acid, 220 mg niacine, 120 mg inositol, 5 mg folic acid, 0,5 mg biotine, 2000 mg choline. 4 Mineral mixture: Included of per kg: 70 mg zinc, 60 mg mangenese, 60 mg magnesium, 4 mg ferro, 2 mg copper, 1.5 mg iode, 0.5 mg cobalt, 0.05 mg selenium. 5 Vitamin C, Hoffman La-Roche Inc. 6 Choline, Ufuk Kimya İlaç San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti Istanbul. 7 Lignosulphanate, 8 Cr2O4, Merck 9 Buthylhidroxitoluoen, (powder form) 10 Allzyme Vegpro, All-Tech Inc. 11 Roxazyme G, Hoffman La-Roche Inc. 12 Ronozyme-P, Hoffman La-Roche Inc. 13 Body weight of initial (WI) 14 Body weight of final (WF) 15 Specific growth rate, SGR (%/day) = ((Ln final body weight – Ln initial body weight)/days) x 100 16 Feed conversion ratio, FCR = dry feed intake (g) / weight gain (g). 17 Condition factor = (W/L3) x 100 18 Apparent Digesitbility Coefficient (ADC) = 100 – (100 x ((Cr2O3 in diet, % / Cr2O3 in feaces, %) x (nutrient in feaces, % / nutrient in diets, %)) Experimental process: Total duration of the experiment, was carried out in 14 weeks including 2 weeks of adaptation time. During the experiment, a biometric measurements were made every two weeks. During the trial, daily feed intake is calculated depending on the temperature of the water and total live weight from 1.5 to 3%. Feeding was 2 times per day (09:00am, 16:00pm). Each fish in the tank every two weeks weighed in bulk. Trial groups from 14.5 to 18.5°C change in water temperature, dissolved oxygen 7.84 ± 0.46 mg.L-1, 7.78 ± 0.06 pH, ammonia and nitrite 0001 0:01 to 0:10 mg.L-1 was determined to be. The study of natural fotoperyot (15 daylight: 9 nightlight ) were applied. Digestive work: 15 days trial period at the end of the experiment the fish groups fed in the milking stools on a daily basis via the -20°C until analyzed were collected and incubated freezer. After analysis of nutrient digestibility in feed and feces rates calculated Apparent Digestibility Coefficient, ADC (Steffens 1989; Goddard 1996). 372 �Statistical analysis: The results of the trial groups were analysed by one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) with Duncan's multiple comparison tests used to determine the groups which are responsible for the difference, made with SAS 5.0 statistical package. Significance was tested at the p=0,05 level and homogeneity of variance was performed by Levene test and variance was found to be homogenous (Orhan et al., 2004). 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1.Growth performance in trial groups Data on body weight gain and performance criteria of the trial groups given in Table 1. Table 1 According to the Tablo 1 in terms of initial live weight there was no difference statistically significant (p>0.05) but at the end of the experiment statistically significant difference between groups (p<0.05). Thus, specific growth, SGR, in data, the best value protease (PRT, 1.340±0,02) and phytase (PHY, 1.290±0,02) group was obtained. The lowest value by SGR phytase (C0 1.1150,02) group was obtained (Table 2, p<0,05). In terms of feed conversion ratio the best (lowest) value was obtained protease (PRT, 1.26±0,01) group and the worst (highest) of the mix group (MIX 1,30±0,01) (Table 1, p<0,05). Condition factor (CF)were obtained the best value PRT (1,23±0,01) and PHY, 1,23±0,04) groups, while the lowest in C0 group (1,20±0,01) (Table 1, p<0.05). Deguara‘s (1998) study was obtained avg. 50g. seabream fish were added fish meal 26% +soybean meal 32% of the study, 26% basic diets trial groups by 0,01% protease+alphagalactosidase enzyme with low pH and high pH protease+alpha-galactosidase enzymes. Study in terms of live weight than the control group with low pH protease+alpha-galactosidase enzyme supplemented group of about 18 g. while providing a increasing, a high pH protease+alpha-galactosidase enzyme according to the control group was obtained from 10 g good growth. 25%+40% soybean meal based on fish meal similar to the results of the trial group with Deguara's study protease (PRT) and phytase (PHY) enzyme-supplemented groups, the growth has been between 4-6 g live weight than the other groups (Table 1). Deguara's (1998) study, the control group in terms of specific growth rate of 0.53% protease+alphagalactosidase enzyme to grow, but with low pH and high pH group, 0.77% protease+alphagalactosidase enzyme group,% 0.71 a value of was obtained. In this study about of SGR, the control group (C0) 1.12% although, the best growth of the protease (PRT, 1.34%) and phytase (PHY, 1.29%) groups, a similar growth trend was observed (Table 1, p<0,05). Deguara‘s (1998) study were obtained control group in terms of feed conversion coefficient of 2.62, but with low pH value, enzyme protease+alpha-galactosidase group of high pH protease+alphagalactosidase enzyme group, 2.18 and 2.46 value. Yan et al., (2001) in their study, 12.4g The channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), addition of phytase (0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 unit.kg-1) fed, 0.57% 0,16% usefull of total phosphorus between, there was no effect in weight gain, but feed consumption was higher than in the control group reported. In our study by feed conversion coefficient, PRT (1,26) and PHY (1,27) groups enzyme-supplemented groups, particularly the control (1,29) group to a more positive level that is lower than for other groups were obtained (Table 1, p<0,05). Similarly Jahan et al (2001), carp and tilapia fingerlings diets in combination karbonhidrase and protease enzyme has an additional 19% increase in weight and mirror carp, more increased 5% in FCR, more value 16% in SGR and had improved, while 9% tilapiada stated that the weight gain. Our study is based on the values 373 �of the FCR and protease enzymes, especially phytase supplemented groups provided a positive contribution to the utilization of the feed can be said. This is because the fish with vegetable protein sources by means of the enzyme phytase phytic phosphat considered to be useful in making the result can be assumed. Terms of condition factor Deguara (1998)'s study in gilthead seabream fish was obtained, in control group, 1.42 value, in alpha-galactosidase enzyme with low pH protease group, 1.49 value and a high pH protease+alpha-galactosidase, group 1, 44 value. In our study, trout condition factor ranged from 1.21 to 1,23 value (Table 1, p<0,05). 3.2.Nitrogen-phosphorus digestibility (ADC) in trial goups In terms of the value of nitrogen digestibility in the trial groups were obtained the high digestibility of 85.49% protease (PRT)and the lowest digestibility 69.71% enzyme cocktail (MIX) group. The control group (C0) with 72.82% in the second last. In the same way by phosphorus digestibility among groups with the highest digestibility value of 86.58% phytase (PHY) 74.99% and lowest value in the control group (C0)74,99% (Tablo 1, p<0.05). Digesitbility (%) Digesitbility (N-P and Protein, %) 400 300 200 100 ADC- P 48,77 58,57 42,85 45,69 72,8285,4969,7178,95 66,9268,7361,5863,79 85,0387,4286,9687,21 0 C0 PRT MIX PHY Trial of Groups ADC- N ADC Dry matter ADC Protein, Fig 1. Digestibility nitrogen-phosphorus and dry matter-protein in experimental diets (%) Digestibility of nitrogen were mesured at feed and feaces in experimental groups, which is one of the media in order to determine what percentage of the amount of nitrogen and fecal nitrogen values. If you need to compare the groups in terms of enzyme-supplemented groups less than the control group to be noted that levels of nitrogen excretion (Table 1). Ramseyer and Garling (1998) reported without any additives in fish feeds were assessed 30% of the nitrogen by the body and discarded of 70% in feaces and urine, and feeding was assessed 32% of the phosphorus by the body and discarded of 68% with the urine and feaces. In our study, nitrogen values of between 6,41% - to 6,63% in feed. Based on measurements of nitrogen derived from nitrogen digestibility were obtained minimum percent of 69.72±0.01 in control group (C0) while, the addition of percent of 83,2±1,98 PRT and 81,25±0,68 in PHY supplemented group. Generrally in rainbow trout need to 0.5 to 0.8% of digestible phosphorus in feed, but should be find approximately 1,5 times more phosphorus in that value (Ketola and Harland 1993;Ketola and Richmond 1994; Garcia-Ruiz and Hail 1996). Phytate in the same way, the 374 �total phosphorus in plant protein sources 70% of the phytate phosphorus monogastric animals (fish) are considered very low (Lall, 1991). Phytate phosphorus; channel fish, trout and salmon (Ketola and Richmond 1994), redseabream (NRC,1993) and carp phytase enzyme can not be assessed adequately. This is why the commercial phytase enzyme by the addition of vegetable protein sources in fish feed for fish, the phosphorus becomes evaluated (Riche and Brown, 1996). In feeding studies have found by Lanari et al. (1998) 2% rate of phosphorus excretion in the control group, 1,8g.kg-1 of phytase supplemented group and 0,89g.kg-1 was found. In the same study, 115,.3 g. trout fish of 33% soy trout feed 1000 IU/kg of added phytase enzyme was added at the end of the study group, 9.52% phosphorus digestibility (control group: 58.01%; phytase enzyme group: 68.1% (p<0.01) an increase. Schafer et al. (1994) investigeted by the juvenile carp fish 25%, suggests that the excretion of phosphorus phytase supplemented group. However Deguara (1998) has founded 45.66% of the phosphorus digestibility in the control group, but with low pH value, protease+alphagalactosidase enzyme group, 59.52% and 53.68% as a group of high pH protease+alphagalactosidase. In our study, phosphorus obtained 1.44 to 1.53% in feed while the experimental group (Table 1) by measurements digestibility of phosphorus were identified in the control group was percent of 42.85 while, percent of 48.77 in the protease and percent of 58.57 as phytase group (p<0,05). In plant-based feed find the phosphorus, while which is available at a limited level for the fish to be in the form of phytic acid (Sugiura and Hardy, 2000; Cheng and Hardy, 2002; Lall 1991), but Riche and Brown (1999) and Satoh et al (2003) according to by the studies, the plant protein sources rations based on the availability of more high phosphorus showed, this feed is shown as a control group to include more low phophorus and calcium. While many studies of enzyme supplementation of diets are usually small, such as fry or fingerlings while achieving positive results in individuals, Degura (1998) and this study shows that the big fish in a similar positive results are obtained. Fixing only the performance of these positive results, but also allows the use of fish meal diet, less level. However, similar studies are needed anyway. As a result of, in the raw materials of herbal origin digesitbility of phythin phosphat better to increase of fish feed nitrogen and phosphorus to take advantage of an additional increase of the protease and phytase enzymes, enzyme-supplemented groups had higher rates of nitrogen and phosphorus retention (ie, a higher rate digestibility by the fish's body) in this study were determined. In the same way in aqauculture, environmental pollution is responsible for the largest food nitrogen and phosphorus into the water excretion rate of feaces from the addition of protease, and phytase enzyme were found to be lower in groups. This would mean reducing the parameters of the results of pollution from aquaculture feed. 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Inborr J.(1990) Practical application of feed enzymes, Feed International, October, 16-27. Jahan, P., Watanabe, T., Satoh, S., Kiron, V. (2001) Formulation of Low Phosphorus Loading Diets for carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), Aquaculture Research, 32, 361-368. Ketola H.G. and Harland B.F. (1993) Influence of phosphorus in rainbow trout diets on phosphorus discharges in effluent water. Trans am Fish Soc, 122, 1120-1126. Ketola, HG, Richmond ME (1994) Requirement of Rainbow Trout for Dietary Phosphorus and Its Relationship to the Amount Discharged in Hatchery Effluents, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 123(4) 587-594. Lall S. (1991) Digestibility, metabolism and excretion of dietary phosphorus in fish, In, Cowey CB, Cho CY, (Eds): Nutritional Strategies and Aquaculture Wastws. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Nutritional Strategies in Management of Aquaculture Wastes, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 21-36. Lanari D, D'Agora E, Turri C. (1998) Use of nonlinear regression to evaluate the effects of phytase enzyme treatment of plant protein diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Aquaculture, 161, 345-356. Lantzsch H.J. (1989) Einführung und Stand Verfügbarkeit des Phosphors beitn Schwein. Fachausschss Futterphosphate, 53-77. der In: Diskussion zur intestinalen Industrieverband Agrare. V., New M. (1987) Feed and Feeding Fish and Shrimp: A Manual on the Preparation and Presantation of Compound Feeds for Shrimp and Fish in Aquaculture, FAO, ADCP, Rep. 87/26, Rome-Italy. Nir I, Senköylü N. (2000) Sindirimi Destekleyen Yem Katkı Maddeleri, Tekirdağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yemler ve Hayvan Besleme Bölümü, 41-75. NRC (1993) Nutrient Requirements of Fish. National Academy Press, Washington. DC, USA, Orhan H, Efe E, Sahin M. (2004) SAS software with statstical analyses, Tuğra Press, Isparta. ISBN: 975-270-435-2. Ramseyer L.J. and Garling D.L. (1998) Fish nutrition and aquaculture waste management, URL: http://aquanic.org/public/state/il-iii/ccs/garling.pdf. Riche M. and Brown P.B. Availability of phosphorus from feedstuffs fed to rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Aquacultııre, 142 (1996) pp.269-282. Riche, M. and Brown, P. B. (1999) Incorporation of Plant Protein Feedstuffs into Fish Meal Diets for Rainbow Trout Increases Phosphorus Availability, Aquaculture Nutrition, 5,101105. ROCHE (2001) Roxazyme-G, Ronozyme-P, Roche Müstehzarları Sanayi, A.Ş., P.O Box, 16, 80640, Levent-Istanbul-TURKEY, URL: www.roche-com Sacakli, P. (2001) Kanatlılarda fıtat fosforunun önemi ve fıtaz kullanımı, KATKI, Interkim Kimya Sanayi Ith. Ihr. Tic. A.ş. Public. Vol.5, 13, 2-4. 377 �Satoh, S., Hernández, A., Tokoro, T., Morshita, Y., Kiron, V., Watanabe, T., Comparision of Phosphorus Retention Efficiency between Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed a Commercial Diet and a Low Fish Meal Based Diet, Aquaculture, 224 (2003) pp.271-282. Schafer A, Koppe W.M, Meyer-Burgdorff K.H, Günther K.D. (1994) Effects of a microbial phtase on the utilisation of native phosphorus in a soybean meal based diet in carp. Proc. of the 2nd Inter. Symposium on Nutritional Strategies in Management of Aquaculture Waste, 24-27 April 1994, Aalborg, RK., Univ.of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 32-33. Steffens W. Principles of Fish Nutrition, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1989, p.384. Sugiura S.H. and Hardy R.W. (2000) Enviromentally Friendly Feeds, Ed: R.Stickney, Encyclopedia of Aquaculture, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New-York, 5, 299-310. Sugiura S.H, Dong F.M, Hardy R.W. (2000) A new approach to estimating the minimum dietary requirements of phosphorus for large rainbow trout based non-fecal excretions of phosphorus and nitrogen. Journal of Nutrition, 130, 865-872. Sugiura S.H, Gabaudan J, Dong F.M, Hardy, R.W. (2001) Dietary microbial phytase supplementation and the utilization of phosphorus, trace minerals and protein by rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fed soybean meal-based diets. Aquaculture Research, 32, 7, 583-592. Tandler A. and Kolkovski S. (1992) Rates of Ingestion and Digestibility as Limiting Factors in the Successful Application of Microdiets in Gilthead Seabream, Sparus aurata, Larvae, Journal of Aquaculture, Bamidgeh, 44, 4, 128-129. Vergara I.M, Robaina L, Izquerdo M, De La Higuera M. (1996) Protein sparing effect of lipids in diets for fingerlings of gilthead sea bream. Fisheries Science, 62, 624-628. Yan F, Kersey J.H, Waldroup P.W. (2001) Phosphourus requirements of broiler chicks three to six weeks of age as influenced by phytase supplementalion, Poultry Sci. 80, 455-459. Researches on Protection, Propagation and Sustainable Usage of Native Bulbous Plants of Turkey Özgül Karagüzel1, İbrahim Baktır2, Deniz Hazar3, Gülden Yılmaz2 1 Western Mediterranean Research Institute, Antalya 2Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Antalya 3Akdeniz University, Kumluca Vocational School, Antalya E-mail: tezkara@yahoo.com Abstract Over 1000 flowering bulbous plants are naturally grown in Turkey. Flowering bulbs exportation has been in effect for years from Turkey. In recent years, exportation has been under strict control, it has been realized according to yearly given quota by The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestocks. Even though the present regulations and status, negligable 378 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1270 Title A name given to the resource Enzyme Supplementation to Soybean Based Diet in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Effects on Growth Parameters and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Digestibility Author Author İbrahim , Diler Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of the this study was to examine the effects of the diets based on Soybean Meal (40%) supplemented with exogenous enzymes on growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and reduce environment pollution waste output of nitrogen and phosphorus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Trout groups (initial weight 87.00±1,5) method of random plots with 3 replications of 50 fish/pond with the ratio of 1050 fish in the concrete ponds. Diets consisted of 25% fish meal (FM) and 40% dehulled hexane extracted soybean meal (SBM) in control group (C0) and diet supplemented with protease enzyme (PRT; 2g/kg-1), diet supplemented with enzyme cocktail (MIX; cellulose, xylanase, endo-ß-1,3:1,4-glucanase; 2g/kg-1) and diet supplemented with pyhtase enzyme (PHY; 2g/kg-1). About of growth performance were found while condition factor (1,21-1,23) were statistically similar (p>0.05), however specific growth rate, SGR, (1,118-1,340) and feed conversion ratio, FCR, (1,26-1,30) were obtained significantly different among groups (p<0,05). PRT and PHY groups significantly improved SGR and FCR better than control group. In this study, showed the highest nitrogen apperent digestibility coefficient, ADC (85,49±1,98) in PRT group while, the poorest value obtained (72,82±0.01) C0 group respectively (p<0,05). Also the best (58.57±0.49) and lowest (42.85±1.98) ADC was obtained PHT and C0 groups for phosphorus respectively (p<0,05). Keywords: rainbow trout, enzyme, growth performance, nitrogen, phosphorus, digestibility Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a455d14de69ac48d7a5a6938f65e4db7.pdf 2b15cb99a5969744a34d5c039c97b5cd PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Green Technologies And Strategies The Detarmination Of The Direction Of Wind According To The Years İbrahim Aydın, Selim Sarper Yılmaz Celal Bayar University, Vocational Collage, Machine Programme Manisa, Turkey E-mails: ibrahim.aydin@bayar.edu.tr, selim.yilmaz@bayar.edu.tr Abstract Renewable energy sources are seen as an important source in meeting the requirement of energy increasing gradually. One of these most outstanding renewable energy sources is the wind energy whose technology and usage develops most rapidly. To be able to make use of the wind energy effectively, it should be cared that the dominant wind speed direction should be open enough in surrounding. In this direction, to benefit from these wind tribunes more effectively the wind measures must be done the montage of these tribunes should also be done taking into consideration of these dominant open directions. In this study, the wind measurements have been done hourly for five years and consequently the dominant wind direction have been found out as North Northeast (NNE) and East Southeast (ESE). At the same time, it has also been figured out at the end of the study that there is absolutely no change in the direction of the wind where it blows dominantly during these five years. In this direction, it has been seen that there is no effective change in the direction of dominant winds accordingly in years in that area and a year of measurement would be highly enough to determine the dominant wind direction in the area. Keywords: Renewable energy, wind energy, wind direction, wind tribune, wind speed. 1. INTRODUCTION Renewable energy resources are seen as an important source with an increasing interest all over the world in covering the energy requirement owing to the fact that the environmental problems increase every other day and the fossile energy sources gradually decrease (Özerdem, 2003). Due to the fossil resources decreasing day by day and the environmental problems increasing , renewable energy resources are met with an increasing interest all over the world and seen as significant sources in meeting the need for energy. The wind energy whose usage and technology develop most quickly among these renewable energy resources comes on top of all (Kose and Ozgur, 2004). When that wind energy is both local source and clean and nature-friendly is taken into consideration, that it has an important part in solving the problems of our day can be seen (Kose, 2004). When 1 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo all these factors are taken into account, trying to compensate the needs with renewable energy resources will both reduce the environmental pollution and increase the life span of reserves by limiting the usage amount of fossil resources which have been decreasing every other day. Consequently, research on these matters should continually be strengthened and supported (Aydin, 2008). In this study, the wind measurements have been done hourly for five years and consequently the dominant wind direction have been found out as North Northeast (NNE) and East Southeast (ESE). At the same time, it has also been figured out at the end of the study that there is absolutely no change in the direction of the wind where it blows dominantly during these five years. In this direction, it has been seen that there is no effective change in the direction of dominant winds accordingly in years in that area and a year of measurement would be highly enough to determine the dominant wind direction in the area. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1.Wind Calculations In order to be able to make correct calculations in a measuring station, the locations of the equipments within the measuring stations and the distance between them are crucial (Ozgur, 2006). These equipments consist of measuring poles, sensors and data storage units. In measuring stations, the ideal height of the upper anemometer should be 30 meters above the ground and 20 meters above the lower anemometer. The direction control apparatus should be placed 1.5 meters lower than the upper anemometer (Sen, 2003). In order to design, plan and operate the wind energy systems, it is crucial to know all the characteristics of the winds in detail. Long lasting reliable data are necessitated so as to determine the positioning of turbines and the potential of wind energy (Nogay and Taskin, 2000). Wind velocity calculations are the most significant and crucial measurings for determining the annul energy savings, stabilizing the performance and investing the sources of winds (Ackerman and Soder, 2002). In order to benefit from the wind energy efficiently, the detailed reports of the wind characteristics should be provided in a particular location. In order to determine the wind potential of a specific zone, the calculations of the zone mentioned should be provided at least for a whole year. However, A larger period than a year will provide you with more accurate assessments. 2.2. The Situation of the Wind Energy in the Province of Manisa The distribution of the wind stations among the districts in Manisa is displayed in the figure 1. According to this drawing, the total installed power had reached for 293.80 MW till the October of 2011 in Manisa. In Turkey, since the January of 2011, 15 wind stations have been installed, reaching an overall of 72 in the whole country. Akres-Akhisar wind station in Bekirler village in Manisa-Akhisar formed by the Best-Karesi Energy Company was opened in 11.09.2011. With the joining of 45 MW installed power in Akhisar into the overall cycle, the installed energy of Turkey has reached 1600 megawatts, 2 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo while Turkey’s investment has reached 1.6 billion Euros. Manisa forms almost %18.36 of Turkey with its 293.80 MW. And this is a very high proportion. Fig. 1: The distrıbutıon of the wind stations among the distrıcts in Manisa (Aydin, 2012) 3. RESULTS 3.1. Measuring the Directions of Dominating Winds in Manisa Measuring in which directions the winds are moving predominantly is a crucial matter in determining the locations of turbines. As a result of hourly measurements in Manisa for five years, the moving directions and velocity rates of 8760 winds have been stated. These measure rates obtained with the aid of Manisa Region Directorship of Meteorology have been exhibited in Excel and by using this software, it has been possible to determine how many hours, at what directions and velocity the winds have been blowing for a year. These results have been evaluated in Excel and the wind rose displayed in the drawing ‘Figure 2-3-45’ has been acquired. As a result of the wind measuring results conducted in Manisa, the dominating wind direction has been stated as (NNE) North East North and (ESE) East South East. It has been concluded that during the installation of the system, it would be more appropriate to pay attention to leaving this particular direction through which the wind velocity is predominant open in order to benefit more from the turbine. In this direction, it has been seen that there is no effective change in the direction of dominant winds accordingly in years in that area and a year of measurement would be highly enough to determine the dominant wind direction in the area. 3 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig. 2: Wind Rose(2005) Fig. 3: Wind Rose (2006) Fig. 4: Wind Rose (2007) 4 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fig. 5: Wind Rose (2008) (Aydin, 2012) 4. CONCLUSION In this study, the wind measurements have been done hourly for five years and consequently the dominant wind direction have been found out as North Northeast (NNE) and East Southeast (ESE). At the same time, it has also been figured out at the end of the study that there is absolutely no change in the direction of the wind where it blows dominantly during these five years. In this direction, it has been seen that there is no effective change in the direction of dominant winds accordingly in years in that area and a year of measurement would be highly enough to determine the dominant wind direction in the area. REFERENCES Özerdem, B., The Development and the Future of Wind Energy Practices in Turkey, 9th Energy Congress Turkey, World Energy Council Turkish National Commitee, 65-73 s, Izmir,2003. Köse, R., Özgür, M.A., Research of Wind Energy Potentials in Dumlupınar University Campus, DPU Science Journal, Issue 5, 187-196 s, Kütahya, 2003. Köse, R., An evaluation of wind energy potential as a power generation source in Kütahya, Turkey, Energy Conversion and Management, 45:1631-1641 p,2004. Aydın, İ., Gaining Electricity with A Small Powerful Autonomous Wind Energy Circulation, MA Thesis, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, 2008. Özgür, M.A., Statistical Analysis of Wind Characteristic and Its Feasibility for Electricity Production Kütahya, Dissertation, Osman Gazi University, Eskişehir, 2006. Şen, Ç., Meeting Gokceada’s Need for Electric Energy with Wind Energy, MA Thesis, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, 2003. Noğay, S., Taşkın, S., Power Performence on Wind Turbines, Measurements of Noise and Velocity, 3rd National Clean Energy Symposium, Volume I, s385. İstanbul, 2000. 5 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ackerman T., Söder, L., An Overvief of Wind Energy - Rewiews Status 2002, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rewiews, Vol. 6, 67-128 p.,2002. AWS Scientific Inc., Wind resource assessment handbook, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1997. Aydın, İ., Yılmaz, S.S., The determination of dominant wind speed to increase efficiency of wind energy in Manisa province, 1st International Conference on Architecture and Urban Design, 19-21 April., Tirana-Albania, 2012. Environmental Welding: The Friction Stir Welding Selim Sarper Yilmaz1, Bekir Sadık Ünlü2, İbrahim Aydin2 1Celal Bayar University, Vocational High School, Department of Machinery, 45020, Manisa, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, 45040, Manisa, Turkey E-mails: selim.yilmaz@cbu.edu.tr, bekir.unlu@cbu.edu.tr, ibrahim.aydin@cbu.edu.tr Abstract In this study, microstructural and mechanical properties of pure aluminum joined by friction stir weldingusing different parameters were investigated. Hardness, tensile, bending and impact mechanics tests were applied to the welded samples.In addition, optical and SEM tests were carried out. The effects of the welding progress rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated in these materials.Then, the optimal conditions for friction stir welding were determined for pure aluminum. Keywords:Friction stir welding, aluminum alloy, microstructure, mechanical properties. 1. INTRODUCTION Aluminum metal and its alloys are economical and attractive material due to their superior mechanical properties. These features include the appearance, lightness, ease of production, physical and mechanical properties and corrosion strength. Aluminum is known for two mechanical properties; namely, lightness and corrosion resistance. The weight of aluminium is approximately a third of the same volume steel, aluminum, copper or brass and its specific gravity is 2.7 g/cm3. Aluminum has an excellent atmosphere, water, salt water, oil 6 corrosion resistance against and many chemicals. the In � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1220 Title A name given to the resource Green Technologies And Strategies The Detarmination Of The Direction Of Wind According To The Years Author Author İbrahim , Aydın Abstract A summary of the resource. Renewable energy sources are seen as an important source in meeting the requirement of energy increasing gradually. One of these most outstanding renewable energy sources is the wind energy whose technology and usage develops most rapidly. To be able to make use of the wind energy effectively, it should be cared that the dominant wind speed direction should be open enough in surrounding. In this direction, to benefit from these wind tribunes more effectively the wind measures must be done the montage of these tribunes should also be done taking into consideration of these dominant open directions. In this study, the wind measurements have been done hourly for five years and consequently the dominant wind direction have been found out as North Northeast (NNE) and East Southeast (ESE). At the same time, it has also been figured out at the end of the study that there is absolutely no change in the direction of the wind where it blows dominantly during these five years. In this direction, it has been seen that there is no effective change in the direction of dominant winds accordingly in years in that area and a year of measurement would be highly enough to determine the dominant wind direction in the area. Keywords: Renewable energy, wind energy, wind direction, wind tribune, wind speed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/56e4f3a785dac3d5efb7536778e525aa.pdf 0fbc8c01c21ac1c40205b6ec54d1cc96 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Oxford Unıversıty Press, http://web.undp.org/globalpublicgoods/TheBook/globalpublicgoods.pdf (12.04.2012) 1999, KINDLEBERGER C.P., International Public Goods Without International Government, The American Economic Review, Vol:76, No:1, Page:1-13, 1986, aktaran AKYOL S., S. ULUTÜRK, Küresel Kamu Malları: Hegemonya Ve İstikrarın Küresel Ekonomi Politiği, 21. Türkiye Maliye Sempozyumu (Kamu Maliyesinde Güncel Gelişmeler), Antalya, 10–14 Mayıs 2006. OECD (1), Development: Aid to developing countries falls because of global recession, http://www.oecd.org/document/3/0,3746,en_21571361_44315115_50058883_ 1_1_1_1,00.html (24.04.2012) OECD (2), Dac Global Relations Strategy, http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/ displaydocumentpdf/?cote=DCD/DAC(2011)36/FINAL&doclanguage=en (24.04.2012) ÖZDEMİR Biltekin, Küresel Kirlenme Sürdürülebilir Ekonomik Büyüme Ve Çevre Vergileri, Maliye Dergisi, S:156, Ocak-Haziran 2009, http://212.174.133.188/calismalar/maliye_dergisi/yayinlar/md/156/01.Biltekin.Ozdemir.pdf (02.04.2012) SARAÇOĞLU Fatih, Özgür ŞAHAN, Tobin Vergisi Ve Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği S:55, Ekim-Aralık 2004, http://www.sayistay.gov.tr/yayin/dergi/icerik/der55m4.pdf (04.04.2012) SUSAM Nazan, “Kamu Maliyesinde Sınır Ötesi Bir Kavram: Küresel Kamusal Mallar”, EÜHFD, CXII,S.1-2, 2008, http://hukuk.erzincan.edu.tr/dergi/makale/2008_XII_12.pdf (04.04.2012) TEKİN Ahmet, İstiklal Y.VURAL, Global Kamusal Malların Finansman Aracı Olarak Global Vergi Önerileri, S.12, 2004, http://www.sosyalbil.selcuk.edu.tr/sos_mak/makaleler/ Ahmet%20 TEKİN%20-%20İstiklal%20Y.%20VURAL/323-337.pdf (06.04.2012) WOEHLKE James A., Trends in Taxation, LLM, CPA, is counsel and director of the technical services division for the NYSSCPA and technical editor (taxes) of The CPA Journal, http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2000/0200/f142000.html (05.04.2012) Investigating the Relationship between Corporate Culture and Job Satisfaction in Financial Sector: Case for Banks İbrahim Akın Altun, Mehmet Özer Demir Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Alanya Engineering Faculty, Kestel/Alanya. E-mails: akinaltun@akdeniz.edu.tr, mozerdemir@akdeniz.edu.tr Abstract There is a consensus that organizational culture affects outcomes both for the organization and the individual. Researchers examined the impact of organizational culture on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, turnover and retention. Although it is generally accepted that organizational culture affects job satisfaction little empirical research has been 188 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo conducted to provide evidential support, especially in financial sector. This paper examines organizational culture’s effect on job satisfaction in banking sector. We assume that organizational culture is the factor that influences job satisfaction and search the relationship between them. The research took place in Antalya with 102 respondents working in various banks located in Antalya. Keywords: Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction, Financial Sector, Banking 1. INTRODUCTION Organizational culture is an important theme in the business and management literature as organizational culture is considered to have the potential to affect organizational and individual outcomes such as productivity, performance, commitment, self confidence, and job satisfaction, resulting organization’s financial performance. Although it is generally accepted that organizational culture affects job satisfaction little empirical research has been conducted to provide evidential support (Detert et al. 2000; Schein 1996). Researchers examined the impact of organizational culture on outcomes including organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and propensity to remain with (or leave) the organization (Shore et al. 1995; Tsui et al. 1997; Lee and Mathur, 1998; Brief, 1998; Shaw et al., 1998). The relationship between organizational culture and outcomes like commitment, job satisfaction, turnover and retention etc. is widely researched; however most of the studies have been conducted in the U.S.A, and in Anglo-American cultural context. Regarding this issue, the need to broaden the research of relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction beyond the cultural boundaries of Anglo American countries arises (Choi et al., 2008). The study aims to research the link between organizational culture and job satisfaction in the banking sector, in Turkey. 1.1.Organizational Culture Organizational culture is defined as “a pattern of shared basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that have worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems” (Schein, 1992, p.9). It has also been defined as "the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization" (Charles and Gareth, 2001). Organizational culture is a set of shared mental assumptions that guide interpretation and action in organizations by defining appropriate behavior for various situations. The paradigm, control systems, organizational structures, power structures, symbols, rituals and routines, stories and myths can be used to describe or have influence on organizational culture (Johnson, 1988). Although some authors claim that organizational culture is markedly different from organizational climate (Thumin, 2011), this paper approaches organizational climate and organizational culture to be similar, as if they are the different names of the same concept. Effects of organizational culture on the outcomes both for the organization and the individual are widely researched, however there still remains blur because “the interrelationships among these aspects of organizational culture and employee outcomes are rather complex. For example, job stress has been identified as both directly and indirectly influencing employee 189 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo wellbeing and organizational commitment (Jamal, 1990; Mannheim & Papo, 2000; Tao et al., 1998), with well-being directly related to organizational commitment (Baba, Jamal, & Tourigny, 1998; Weaver, 2002). Whereas organizational commitment is a frequently identified predictor of job satisfaction (Freund, 2005; Yoon & Thye, 2002), there is some evidence of a reciprocal relationship between these employee outcomes (Farkas & Tetrick, 1989) with job satisfaction influencing organizational commitment as well as an interaction between job satisfaction and intent to leave, with organizational commitment (Popoola, 2005).” (Alıntı Liora Findler, Leslie H. Wind, Michálle E. Mor Barak, The Challenge of Workforce Management in a Global Society: Modeling the Relationship Between Diversity, Inclusion, Organizational Culture, and Employee Well-Being, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment, Administration in Social Work, Vol. 31(3) 2007. P.69). 1.2.Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction can be defined as a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of employee’s job, an affective reaction to employee’s job or an attitude towards employee’s job. Job satisfaction is recognized as a multifaceted construct that includes both intrinsic and extrinsic job elements, that is, employees expect their job to provide a mix of features (such as pay, promotion, or autonomy). Although, the range and importance of the preferences vary across individuals, job satisfaction is achieved when the accumulation of met expectations becomes sufficiently large (Egan et al., 2004). Leadership behaviors related to inspiring teamwork, challenging tradition, enabling others, setting examples, and rewarding high performance are found to have significant effects on job satisfaction, subjective fit with organizational culture has been established as a significant predictor of employee job-related attitudes like job satisfaction as well (Caplan et al., 1980). Egan et al. (2004, p.284) suggest that “job satisfaction, as a work-related outcome, is determined by organizational culture and structure”. The relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction is examined by Zavyalova and Kucherov (2010) and direct correlation between organizational culture and overall job satisfaction is found. Meeusen et al. (2011), also found relationship between organizational climate (organizational culture) and job satisfaction. Relationship between organizational learning culture, job satisfaction, and organizational outcome variables is studied in IT sector in the United States and found that learning organizational culture is associated with job satisfaction and turnover intention was found to be negatively influenced by organizational learning culture and job satisfaction (Egan et al., 2004). It is also stated in the study that job satisfaction is higher when promotion opportunities are higher. One of the most current studies researching relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction is performed by Khan et al. (2011) in the banking sector in Pakistan. Although results are found to depend on individual to individual, supervisor support and open communication are found to have effect on job satisfaction, whereas, rules and policies, rewards and benefits have no impact. Dirani (2009) studied organization culture, organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the Lebanese banking sector, however found no significant effect. Relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction is also studied in Turkey; Yahyagil (2005) researched organizational fit and work related attitudes of the employees (job satisfaction), Kök (2006) studied job satisfaction and organizational commitment, Duygulu and Eroğlu (2006) studied effects of organizational culture on job satisfaction in automotive 190 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo sector context, Gül et al. (2008) studied relationships between job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover and performance in health services. 2.MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1.Sample and Research Instrument Research data collection tool is developed using previous studies on organizational culture (20 items) and job satisfaction (23 items), all are 5 point Likert type items, and 10 demographics. Data is collected from banking sector employees, a total of 102 respondents are covered in the study. The study is limited to employees working in banks in Antalya. Organizational Culture There are two main perspectives in relation to the measurement of organizational culture, the quantitative and qualitative approaches (Su et al., 2009). The quantitative approach maintains that culture can be objectively determined and measured with numerous instruments having been developed to examine organizational culture (including the Culture Gap Survey (Kilmann and Saxton 1983), the Corporate Culture Survey (Glaser 1983), the Organizational Beliefs Questionnaire (Sashkin 1984), the Organizational Culture Inventory (Cooke and Lafferty 1989), and the Organizational Culture Profile (O’Reilly et al. 1991)). The qualitative approach assesses organizational culture through observation thereby facilitating a more detailed insight into the prevailing culture. This paper approaches organizational culture from quantitative point of view. The research instrument approaches organizational culture as a multi dimensional construct and aims to capture existence of training opportunities, relations with supervisors, colleagues etc. (Hofstede et al., 1990). Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is also measured using the same approach used to measure organizational culture. The instrument used to measure bases on literature and assumes that the job satisfaction is a multi faceted concept, thus captures different dimensions related with job satisfaction (Gordon et al. 2010). 2.2.Validity and Reliability of the Measurement Instrument In order to test reliability of the research scale Cronbach’s alpha is calculated both for organizational culture and job satisfaction scales (Table 1 and Table 2). Cronbach’s alpha value calculated for organizational scale is 0,899. Cronbach’s alpha calculated for job satisfaction scale is 0,945. Both values calculated represent high reliability. Table 1. Cronbach’s Alpha for Organizational Culture Cronbach's Alpha N of Items ,899 18 Table 2. Cronbach’s Alpha for Job Satisfaction Scale 191 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cronbach's Alpha N of Items ,945 19 In order to ensure validity of the scales, previously validated scale items are adopted. To test construct validity of the scales we have conducted exploratory factor analysis. Rotated component matrix with varimax rotation is given in Table 3. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrate a five-dimension structure. Five dimensions explain %69,677 of the total variance. Dimensions are named as Supervisory, Advancement, Colleagues, Socialization and Fringe benefits. Table 3. Factor Analysis for Organizational Culture Scale Dimensions Supervisory Items Supervisory1 ,855 Supervisory2 ,776 Supervisory3 ,740 Supervisory4 ,586 Supervisory5 ,582 Advancemen t Advancement1 ,830 Advancement2 ,780 Advancement3 ,644 Colleagues Colleagues1 ,821 Colleagues2 ,703 Colleagues3 ,565 Colleagues4 ,537 Socialization Fringe benefits Socialization1 ,736 Socialization2 ,715 Socialization3 ,630 Socialization4 ,622 Fringe benefits1 ,763 192 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Fringe benefits2 Variance (%) Explained 38,486 ,716 12,129 6,923 6,263 5,876 In order to ensure validity of the job satisfaction scale, previously validated scale items are adopted. To test construct validity of the scale we have conducted exploratory factor analysis. Rotated component matrix with varimax rotation is given in Table 4. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrate a three-dimension structure. Three dimensions explain %67,880 of the total variance. Dimensions are named as Overall Performance, Work security and Promotion. Table 4. Factor Analysis for Job Satisfaction Scale Dimensions Items Overall Performance Overall Performance1 ,848 Overall Performance2 ,813 Overall Performance3 ,792 Overall Performance4 ,610 Overall Performance5 ,588 Overall Performance6 ,565 Overall Performance7 ,548 Overall Performance8 ,528 Work security Work security1 ,779 Work security2 ,769 Work security3 ,719 Work security4 ,657 Work security5 ,616 Work security6 ,571 Promotion Promotion1 ,849 Promotion2 ,811 Promotion3 ,743 193 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Promotion4 ,631 Promotion5 ,565 Variance Explained (%) 52,016 10,024 5,840 In the following analysis the factor structure obtained using exploratory factor analysis are used. Arithmetic means of item scores are calculated for each dimension, and arithmetic mean values calculated are put into analysis. 2.3.Analysis In order to examine organizational culture and job satisfaction relationship, regression analysis is conducted. As both constructs are multi dimensional, three regression equations are calculated for each job satisfaction dimension accepted as the dependent variable, and organizational culture dimensions as the independent variables. Regression Analysis 1: In order to examine organizational culture dimensions’ effect on overall performance dimension regression analysis is conducted. Regression equation and regression analysis tables (Table 5 and Table 6) represent that regression equation is statistically significant at 0,001 level. R2, which is interpreted as the variation explained by the regression equation is calculated as 0,525, represents a moderate explaining power. Table 5. Determination Coefficient Calculated Model R R Square Adjusted Square 1 ,724a ,525 ,500 R Std. Error of the Estimate ,59253 Table 6: Regression Analysis Model 1 Sum Squares of df Mean Square F Sig. ,000 Regression 37,192 5 7,438 Residual 33,704 96 ,351 Total 70,896 101 194 21,187 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 7: Regression Equation Coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Coefficients B Std. Error Beta (Constant) ,709 ,412 Supervisory ,091 ,108 Advancement ,064 Colleagues Sig. 1,722 ,088 ,073 ,844 ,401 ,085 ,072 ,756 ,452 ,358 ,094 ,395 3,812 ,000 Socialization ,196 ,096 ,187 2,041 ,044 Fringe_benefits ,127 ,059 ,182 2,152 ,034 Regression equation 1: Organizational cultures effect on overall performance Performance= (0,091)Supervisory +(0,064)Advancement (0,196)Socialization + (0,127)Fringe_benefits + 0,709 (0,401) (0,034) (0,452) + (0,001) (0,358)Colleagues + (0,044) (0,088) Regression equation examines the relationship between overall performance as the dependent variable and organizational culture dimensions (Supervisory, Advancement, Colleagues, Socialization and Fringe Benefits) as independent variables. Although regression equation is found to be significant, not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect on overall performance. Thus, what regression equation tells us is that Colleagues (0,358, p<0,001), Socialization (0,196; p<0,05) and Fringe benefits (0,127, p<0,05) have positive effect on overall performance. Colleagues’ effect on overall performance is found to be having the most effect where socialization and fringe benefits have lower effects. The regression analysis can be interpreted as organizational culture has an effect on overall performance, however not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect and not all dimensions have equal effect. Colleagues dimension is found to have the most effect on overall performance. Regression Analysis 2: In order to examine organizational culture dimensions’ effect on work security dimension, regression analysis is conducted. Regression equation and regression analysis tables (Table8 and Table 9) represent that regression equation is statistically significant at 0,001 level. R2, which is interpreted as the variation explained by the regression equation is calculated as 0,531, represents a moderate explaining power. 195 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Tabl 8. Determination Coefficient Calculated Model R R Square Adjusted Square 1 ,729a ,531 R Std. Error of the Estimate ,507 ,64748 Table 9. Regression Analysis Model Sum Squares of df Mean Square F Sig. ,000b Regression 45,657 5 9,131 Residual 40,246 96 ,419 Total 85,903 101 21,781 Table 10. Regression equation coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Coefficients B Std. Error Beta (Constant) ,939 ,450 Supervisory -,085 ,118 Advancement -,046 Colleagues Sig. 2,087 ,040 -,062 -,717 ,475 ,093 -,047 -,493 ,623 ,590 ,103 ,592 5,757 ,000 Socialization ,152 ,105 ,132 1,450 ,150 Fringe_benefits ,153 ,064 ,199 2,377 ,019 Regression equation 2: Organizational cultures effect on work security Work Security= (-0,085)Supervisory +(-0,046)Advancement + (0,590)Colleagues + (0,152)Socialization + (0,153)Fringe_benefits + 0,939 (0,475) (0,019) (0,623) (0,001) (0,150) (0,040) Regression equation examines the relationship between work security as the dependent variable and organizational culture dimensions (Supervisory, Advancement, Colleagues, 196 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Socialization and Fringe Benefits) as independent variables. Although regression equation is found to be significant, not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect on work security. Thus, what regression equation tells us is that Colleagues (0,590, p<0,001) and Fringe benefits (0,153, p<0,05) have positive effect on work security. Colleagues’ effect on work security is found to be having the most effect while fringe benefits have lower effects. The regression analysis can be interpreted as organizational culture has an effect on work security, however not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect and not all dimensions have equal effect. Colleagues dimension is found to have the most effect on work security. Regression Analysis 3: In order to examine organizational culture dimensions’ effect on overall performance dimension regression analysis is conducted. Regression equation and regression analysis tables (TableX and Table X) represent that regression equation is statistically significant at 0,001 level. R2, which is interpreted as the variation explained by the regression equation is calculated as 0,351, represents a low explaining power. Tabl 11. Determination Coefficient Calculated Model R R Square Adjusted Square 1 ,593a ,351 ,318 R Std. Error of the Estimate ,85445 Table 12: Regression Analysis Model Sum Squares of df Mean Square F Sig. ,000b Regression 37,972 5 7,594 Residual 70,088 96 ,730 Total 108,060 101 10,402 Table 13: Regression equation coefficients Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Coefficients B Std. Error Beta (Constant) ,108 ,594 Supervisory ,151 ,156 Advancement ,007 ,123 197 Sig. ,181 ,857 ,098 ,965 ,337 ,006 ,058 ,954 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Colleagues ,252 ,135 ,225 1,860 ,066 Socialization ,079 ,139 ,061 ,567 ,572 Fringe_benefits ,315 ,085 ,366 3,713 ,000 Regression equation 3: Organizational cultures effect on promotion Promotion = (0,151)Supervisory +(0,007)Advancement (0,079)Socialization + (0,315)Fringe_benefits + 0,108 (0,337) (0,000) (0,954) + (0,066) (0,252)Colleagues + (0,572) (0,857) Regression equation examines the relationship between promotion as the dependent variable and organizational culture dimensions (Supervisory, Advancement, Colleagues, Socialization and Fringe Benefits) as independent variables. Although regression equation is found to be significant, not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect on promotion. Thus, what regression equation tells us is that only Fringe benefits (0,315, p<0,001) have positive effect on promotion. The regression analysis can be interpreted as organizational culture has an effect on promotion, however not all organizational culture dimensions have significant effect. The only organizational culture dimension having effect on promotion is fringe benefits. 3.DISCUSSION There are two main perspectives in relation to the measurement of organizational culture and job satisfaction; the quantitative and qualitative approaches. According to the quantitative approach, organizational culture and job satisfaction can be objectively determined and measured with instruments having been developed. On the other hand, according to the qualitative approach organizational culture and job satisfaction can be observed through observation. This paper approaches organizational culture and job satisfaction from quantitative point of view. The research approaches organizational culture and job satisfaction as multi dimensional constructs and aims to capture the relationship between them. The research proposes a model that job satisfaction is a consequence of organizational culture, thereby job satisfaction is considered as dependent, and organizational culture as independent variables. In order to test the relationship, regression analysis is conducted. In order to demonstrate the relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction, we have calculated three regression equations, one for each of job satisfaction dimensions. Analysis shows that organizational culture has statistically significant effect on job satisfaction, however, determination coefficients (R2) calculated do not refer to high explained variance. It may be possible to claim that organizational culture effects job satisfaction, but, factors other than organizational culture also effects job satisfaction. The first regression equation researches the relationship between organizational culture dimensions and overall performance. Results support evidence for relationship between organizational culture and overall performance, however not all organizational culture dimensions effect job satisfaction. Meanwhile, dimensions having statistically significant 198 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo effect on job satisfaction has different levels of effects, either. Results show that colleagues dimension has the biggest effect on job satisfaction. The second regression equation researches the relationship between organizational culture dimensions and work security. Regression equation is statistically significant, that organizational culture has effect on job satisfaction. But regression analysis results are surprising, that colleagues dimension’s effect on work security dimension is found to be having the most effect while fringe benefits have lower effects. Colleagues dimension is found to have the most effect on work security. This finding can be interpreted as congruent with Turkish culture; Turkish culture is found to be not individualistic but collectivist that relationships have the main importance in their professional lives. We claim that employees depend on their colleagues for work security, in Banking Sector in Turkey. The third regression equation researches the relationship between organizational culture dimensions and promotion dimension. Although regression equation is found to be significant, only Fringe benefits dimension have positive effect on promotion. 4.CONCLUSION Organizational culture and job satisfaction are widely researched subject areas. However, the relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction still supports surprising findings. The paper’s findings suggest that colleagues dimension, which captures the relationships between people in the working place, has the most important effect on job satisfaction dimensions except for promotion dimension, which captures payment and promotion opportunities. Results can be interpreted as the job satisfaction of the employees working in the banking sector is effected mostly by their colleagues. Although colleagues dimension has the highest regression equation coefficients, fringe benefits dimension, which also captures payment/salary, is the only dimension having, weak but steady, effect on the entire job satisfaction dimensions. We conclude our study with the claim that although fringe benefits have an overall effect, colleagues dimension has the biggest influence on job satisfaction in the banking sector in Turkish society. The study is limited with 102 respondents working in Antalya, in Turkey. Future studies should be performed with more respondents. Also, analysis results support evidence for existence of other than organizational culture having effect on job satisfaction, which should be considered in the future studies. REFERENCES Caplan, R.D., Cobb, S., French, J.R.P. Jr., Harrison, R.V., and Pinneau, S.R. Jr. (1980). Job Demands and Worker Health: Main Effects and Occupational Differences. University of Michigan: Institute for Social Research. Charles W.L.H. and Gareth R.J., (2001). Strategic Management. Houghton Mifflin. Choi, Y.S., Martin, J.J. and Park, M. (2008). Organizational Culture and Job Satisfaction in Korean Professional Baseball Organizations, International Journal of Aprplied Sports Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 2, 59-77. Dirani, K.M. (2009). Measuring the learning organization culture, organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the Lebanese banking sector. Human Resource Development International. Vol. 12, No. 2, 189–208. 199 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Duygulu, E. ve Eroğluer, K., (2006). Örgüt Kültürünün Çalışanların İş Doyumuna Etkisi: Bir Firma Uygulaması. D.E.Ü.İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi Cilt:21, Sayı:2, 1-21. Egan, T.M., Yang, B. and Bartlett, K.R. (2004). The Effects of Organizational Learning Culture and Job Satisfaction on Motivation to Transfer Learning and Turnover Intention. Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 15., No. 3. Findler, L., Wind, L.H. and Barak, M.E.M. (2007). The Challenge of Workforce Management in a Global Society: Modeling the Relationship Between Diversity, Inclusion, Organizational Culture, and Employee Well-Being, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment. Administration in Social Work, Vol. 31(3), p.69. Gordon, V., Osgood, J.L., and Phillips, J. (2010). Municipal Cierics: Examining A lyiodei of Job Satisfaction, Public Personnel Management, Vol. 39, No. 4, 327-352. Gül, H., Oktay, E. ve Gökçe, H. (2008). İş Tatmini, Stres, Örgütsel Bağlılık, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti ve Performans Arasındaki İlişkiler: Sağlık Sektöründe Bir Uygulama. Akademik Bakış, SAYI 15, 1-11. Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D.D. and Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring Organizational Cultures; A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases. Administrative Science Quarteriy, 35, 286-316. Johnson, G. (1988). Rethinking Incrementalism. Strategic Management Journal, Vol 9. pp7591. Khan, V., Mariyum, A., Pasha, N. and Hasnain, A. (2011). Impact of Organization Culture on the Job Satisfaction of the Employees (Banking Sector of Pakistan). European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, Issue 35. Kök, S.B. (2006). İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılığın İncelenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 20, Sayı: 1. Meeusen, V.C.H., van Dam, K., Brown-Mahoney, van Zundert C.A.A. J. and Knape H.T.A. (2011). Work Climate Related to Job Satisfaction Among Dutch Nurse Anesthetists. AANA Journal, Vol. 79, No. 1. Newton, C.J. and Jimmieson, N.L. (2009). Subjective fit with organizational culture: an investigation of moderating effects in the work stressor-employee adjustment relationship. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 20, No. 8, 1770–1789. Shein, E. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership: A Dynamic View. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Su, S., Baird, K. and Blair, B. (2009). Employee organizational commitment: the influence of cultural and organizational factors in the Australian manufacturing industry. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 20, No. 12, 2494–2516. Thumin, F.J. and Thumin, L.J. (2011). The Measurement and Interpretation of Organizational Climate. Cambridge University The Journal of Psychology, 145 (2), 93–109. Yahyagil, M.Y. (2005). Birey Ve Organizasyon Uyumu ve Çalışanların İş Tutumlarına Etkisi. Öneri, Cilt 6., Sayı 24, 137-149. Zavyalova, E. and Kucherov, D. (2010). Relationship between organizational culture and job satisfaction in Russian business enterprises. Human Resource Development International Vol. 13, No. 2, 225–235. 200 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1295 Title A name given to the resource Investigating the Relationship between Corporate Culture and Job Satisfaction in Financial Sector: Case for Banks Author Author İbrahim , Akın Altun Abstract A summary of the resource. There is a consensus that organizational culture affects outcomes both for the organization and the individual. Researchers examined the impact of organizational culture on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, turnover and retention. Although it is generally accepted that organizational culture affects job satisfaction little empirical research has been conducted to provide evidential support, especially in financial sector. This paper examines organizational culture’s effect on job satisfaction in banking sector. We assume that organizational culture is the factor that influences job satisfaction and search the relationship between them. The research took place in Antalya with 102 respondents working in various banks located in Antalya. Keywords: Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction, Financial Sector, Banking Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5388e292703591b76966dfffaf6ef513.pdf 1d924d9fa533e1683eb54378f5438692 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MertS.,KaluçE. (2003). Sürtünme karıştırma kaynağında kullanılan takımlardaki gelişmeler.TMMOB Makine Mühendisleri Odası Kaynak Teknolojisi IV.Ulusal Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 103-ll5 (in Turkish) http://tech.plymouth.ac.uk/sme/UoA30/ Weld_Microstructure.PDF Investigation Of Fracture Toughness Of Calcium Phosphate Coating Treated Onto Ti6A14V Substrate İbrahim Aydın1, Hakan Cetinel2, Ahmet Pasinli3 1Celal Bayar University, Vocational Collage, Machine Programme Manisa, Turkey 2Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Manisa, Turkey 3Ege University, Vocational Collage, Machine Programme İzmir, Turkey E-mails: ibrahim.aydin@bayar.edu.tr, hakan.cetinel@bayar.edu.tr, ahmet.pasinli@ege.edu.tr Abstract In this study, we aimed to investigate the fracture toughness of the calcium phosphate (CaP) coating, that was formed with Vickers indentation method, by the new method with the new patent. The activation process was done with NaOH + H2O2 on the Ti6Al4V material surface. Elasticity module, hardness values and coating thickness of the CaP coating that is formed by activation process was calculated. SEM micrographs and EDS analysis were gathered of the coating. Fracture toughness was determined by Vickers indentation. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. Keywords: Calcium phosphate, coating, vickers indentation, fracture toughness Ti6Al4V. 1. INTRODUCTION Titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) hip prosthesis is a material used in orthopedic implant production just as widely as bone plates and bone screws (Hench, 1991). Hydroxiapatite (HA) coatings are used in Ti6Al4V alloys in implant materials in 14 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo order to increase the biocompatibility. Phosphate based HA that forms the inorganic structure of the human bone and teeth is being used in dentistry since 1970 [Li at all, 2002; Kokuba at all, 1999). The most important property of HA is its excellent biological compatibility. HA forms a direct chemical bond with sclerenchyma. In placing the HA particles or posed blocks to bones; the new tissue forms in 4 to 8 weeks (Bajpai, 1990). HA pored structure, as the cells grow into the pores, helps the tissues grow into the implants. Also, acting as a canal system, pores in the HA structure help blood and other important body fluids reach the bone structure. HA has an absorption rate of 5-10% a year. Studies show that HA implants are first covered with fibrovascular tissues, and the grown lamella in the tissue turns into bone (Yetkin, 2001). Osteoconductive properties of HA helps in attaching to the bone. Also HA is known to have powerful chemical bonding tendencies for bone proteins (Bajpai, 1985). Body reactions are minimum because of the non-toxic properties of HA (Capello at all, 1997). There are many methods for HA coating. Kokuba et al. were the first to be able to coat HA on different biomaterials in synthetic body fluids (SBF) (Taş and Bhaduri, 1999). Tas by changing the values that are prepared by SBF, obtained calcium HA ceramic dust at the high chemical homogeneity and purity in pH 7.4 and 37 0C biomimetic conditions (Pasinli at all, 2008). Different methods such as “R-curve” and “Indentation Fracture Toughness” (on Vickers hardness device) are used in determining fracture toughness. “Vickers Indentation” method is prefered, as it is easier for sample preparation and conduction of the study than the other methods (Neil, 1983; Kim and Kim, 1990). Zhang et al. (Zhang at all, 2008), Mohammadi et al. (Mohammadi at all, 2007) and Bharati et al. (Baharati at all, 2009), calculated fracture toughness values on hidroxyapatite flourated, plasma-sprayed and hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti6A14V, respectively by using Vickers Indentation method. In this study, CaP coatings were produced by patented two different activation processes including NaOH + H2O2 solutions (Pasinli at all, 2010). Elasticity modules, hardness values and coating thicknesses of the CaP coatings were measured. Fracture toughness values were calculated by using Vickers indentation method. It was concluded that coatings produced by the patented new method had higher fracture toughness values. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Preparation and characterization of the coatings Biocompatible CaP coatings were deposited onto Ti6Al4V as substrate dimension in 10 x 10 x 1.2 mm. The chemical composition of titanium alloy is shown in Table 1. TABLE 1. Chemical composition of Ti alloy substrate (Pasinli at all, 2010) 15 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Element (wt %) N 0.0030 C 0.0050 H <0.0005 Fe 0.1000 O 0.0900 Al 6.2100 V 3.8700 Y <0.0010 Others <0.3000 Ti Balance Firstly, Ti6A14V substrates were washed by detergent water, purified water, and lastly acetone. In activation process, purified materials were held in 100 mL 5M NaOH + 0.5 mL H2O2 (30%) solution and 100 mL 5 M NaOH solution in 60 0C for 24 hours, separately. Then they were washed with purified water and dried in 40 0C for 24 hours. In CaP coating process, implant materials pretreated in the solution that was prepared as pH 7.4 with lactic acid/lactate buffer according to SBF values as in Table 2. Meanwhile, fresh SBF fluid was emitted in with peristaltic pump 150 mg/day. At the end of the process, materials were washed with purified water and dried in 60 0C for 24 hours. TABLE 2. Preparation of 2.5 X Lac-SBF (total 2.5 L) (Pasinli at all, 2010) Reagents Amount (g) CaCl22H2O 2.2973 MgCl26H2O 0.7625 0.9325 12.0533 1.1125 0.1775 5.6708 10.4573 KCl NaCl Na2HPO42H2O Na2SO4 NaHCO3 Na-lactate 1.385) (70-72%, Lactic acid (1 M) 16 d:1.375- 40.0 (mL) �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo XRD analyses were performed in order to characterize the coatings. SEM images and IR spectrums were obtained from the coated surfaces. Thicknesses of the coatings were measured by using optical microscopy and image analysis techniques. 2.2. Mechanical properties In Vickers indentation technique, a certain load is applied onto coating surface by a diamond pyramid tip. Cracks form in the corners of the indentation track. Diagonal lengths of the mark and the size of the crack are measured and the fracture toughness is calculated with the help of Equation 1 (Ponton and Rawlings at all, 1989). 9.80 N of force was applied on the coating for 10 seconds by using HVS-1000 Digital Display Microhardness Tester as seen on Figure 1a. As a result, Vickers hardness value determined and the lengths of cracks were measured. The crack seen on Figure 1b appeared and the (C) distance of this crack was measured. Fracture toughness values of the coatings are calculated by using Equation 1 (Mohammadi at all, 2007; Baharati at all, 2009): K IC E   H  1/ 2  P  C 3/ 2    (1) According to the Equation 1, P is load, E is Young’s modulus measured by using Shimadzu DUH-211 Dynamic Ultra Microhardness Tester, HV is Vickers hardness value and C is crack length (Figure 1b). The α value was taken from the literature as 0.016 (Dukino and Swain, 1992; Chen and Bull, 2006; Shikimaka and Grabco, 2008). FIGURE 1. (a) “P” Applied load on the coating and (b) “C” crack length at the coating. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Characterization of the coatings The thicknesses of the CaP coatings on the Ti6Al4V substrates were measured as 65 μm for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. Figure 2 shows the SEM micrograph of coating surfaces treated and Figure 3 shows the existence of Ca, P, Ti and V elements on the coating composition determined by EDS analyses. 17 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo FIGURE 2. SEM micrographs of the CaP coating FIGURE 3. EDS analysis of the CaP coating 3.2. Mechanical properties Table 3 shows Young’s modulus and Vickers hardness values of the CAP coatings determined by using Shimadzu DUH-211 Dynamic Ultra Microhardness Tester and HVS-1000 Digital Display Microhardness Tester, respectively for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. Additionally, average immersion depths and standard deviation values are shown on Table 3. TABLE 3. Young’s modulus and Vickers hardness of the coatings and average depth (μm) and standard deviation (μm) in ultra microhardness tests. Coating E (GPa) CaP coating on NaOH+H2O2 treated 5.26 substrates 18 HV (GPa) Average(μ m) Standard Deviation (μm) 1.18 17.04 1.61 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In Figure 4, the load-depth curves obtained by using Shimadzu DUH-211 Dynamic Ultra Microhardness Tester can be seen for the NaOH + H2O2 activation process. FIGURE 4. The load-depth curves of the CaP coatings on NaOH+ H2O2 treated substrate. Loads applied on coating materials with HVS-1000 Digital Display Microhardness Tester device and lengths of the resulting cracks (C) and calculated fracture toughness (K1C) values are shown in Table 4. 9.807 N load was applied on coating materials. The crack length (C) on CaP surface was 83.69 μm for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. TABLE 4. Applied load, crack length and fracture toughness values of the coatings Coating P (N) CaP coating on NaOH+H2O2 treated 9.807 substrates C (μm) K1C (MPam1/2) 83.69 0.43 Fracture toughness (K1C) values of the CaP coatings were calculated as 0.43 MPa m1/2 for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes by using Equation 1. On their studies, Mohammadi et al. and Bharati et al. have calculated the fracture toughness values of plasma-sprayed HA coatings on Ti6A14V substrates [13] and fracture toughness values of HA coating on Ti6A14V materials, respectively. Similar to ours, Zhang et al. have found the fracture toughness values (K1C) of HA flourideted coating on Ti6A14V substrate to be, ~0.12 MPa m1/2, ~0.26 MPa m1/2 and 0.31 MPa m1/2. 19 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, fracture toughness (K1C) values of the newly patented CaP coatings are determined as 0.43 MPa m1/2 for NaOH + H2O2 activation processes. At the end of this study CaP coatings on the Ti6Al4V substrates produced by new patented activation methods have higher fracture toughness values than that of the coatings of Zhang et al. REFERENCES Hench LL. J Am Ceram Soc 1991;74:1510. Li, F., Feng, L., Cui, F.Z., Li, H.D., Schubert, H. A Simple biomimetic method for Calcium phosphate coating. Surf Coat. Tech. 154 (2002) 88-93. Kokubo, T., Kim, H.M., Miyaji, F., Takadama, H., Miyazaki, T. Ceramic- metal and ceramic- polymer composites prepared by a biomimetic process. Comp. Part A: App. Sci. and Man., 30 (1999) 405-409. Bajpai, P.K., 1990. Ceramic Amino Acid Composites for Repairing Traumatized Hard Tissues. In: Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics, vol.II: Ca-P and HA Ceramics. Yamamuro, T., Hench, L.L., and Wilson-Hench, J., Eds. p. 255-270, CRC Pres, Bato Raton, FL, 1990. Yetkin, H., 2001. Ortopedi ve Travmatolojide Biomateryaller. 8th Biomedical Science and Technology Symposium (BİOMED8), IL02, METU Ankara/TURKEY, September 5-8, 2001. Bajpai, P.K., Fuchs, C.M., 1985. Development of a hydroxyapatite bone grout. In: proceedings of the firet annual scientific session of the academy of surgical research. San Antonio, Texas, Hall, C.W. Ed. p. 50-54, Pergamon Pres, New York, NY, 1985. Capello, W.N., D'Antonio, J.A., Finberg, J.R., Manley, M.T., 1997. HA-coated total hip femoral components in patients less than fifty years old., Jour. of Bone Joint Surg., 79A, 1023-1029, 1997. Tas, A.C., Bhaduri, S.B. Rapid coating of Ti6Al4V at room temperature with a calcium phosphate solution similar to 10 x SBF, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 19 (1999) 2573- 2579. Pasinli, A., Yıldız, H., Çelik, E., Aksoy, R.S., 2008, Mechanical Properties of Calcium-Phosphate Coatings on Ti6Al4V Implant Materials by Biomimetic Method, Electronic Journal of Machine Tecnologies, (4) 1-10, 2008. Neil, N.A., Raw materials for refractories SiC and Si3N4, Ceramic Engineering Science and Proceeding, 1983,4[1-2], 186-193. Kim, D.H. and Kim,C.H., Toughening behaviour of silicon carbide with additions of yttria and alumina, Journal of American Ceramic Society,1990,73,1431-1434. Zhang, S., Wang, Y.S., Zeng, X.T., Khor, K.A., Weng, W., Sun, D.E,Evaluation of adhesion strength and toughness of fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings. Thin Solid Films 516 (2008) 5162–5167. 20 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Mohammadi, Z., Ziaei-Moayyed, A.A., Mesgar, S.M, Adhesive and cohesive properties by indentation method of plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings. Applied Surface Science 253 (2007) 4960–4965. Bharati, S., Soundrapandian, C., Basu, D., Data, S,Studies on a novel bioactive glass and composite coating with hydroxyapatite on titanium based alloys: Effect of γ-sterilization on coating. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 29 (2009) 2527–2535. Pasinli, A., Yuksel, M., Celik, E., Sener, S., Tas, C.A., 2010. A new approach in biomimetic synthesis of calcium phosphate coatings using lactic acid-Na lactate buffered body fluid solution. Acta Biomaterialia 2010: DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.013. (WO/2009/145741) Calcium Phosphate Coating of Ti6Al4V by a Na-Lactate and Lactic Acid-Buffered Body Fluid Solution - Pub. No.: WO/2009/145741 International Application No.: PCT/TR2009/000052 Applicants: Pasinli, A., Yuksel, M., Havitcioglu, H., Tas, A.C., Aksoy, R.S., Celik, E., Yildiz, H., Toparli, M., Canatan, A., Sener, S. Ponton, C.B., Rawlings, R.D., Vickers indentation fracture test. Part 1 Review of literature and formulation of standardized indentation toughness ewuations, Mater SCI Tech Ser,1989,Vol.5,Pages:865-872, ISSN:0267-0836. Dukino, D. R. and Swain, M. V., Comparative measurement of fracture toughness with berkovich and vickers indenters. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 1992, 75, 3299–3304. Chen, J. and Bull, S. J., Assessment of the toughness of thin coatings using nanoindentation under displacement control. Thin Solid Films, 2006, 494,1–7. Shikimaka, O. and Grabco, D., Deformation created by Berkovich and Vickers indenters and its influence on surface morphology of indentations for LiF and CaF2 single crystals. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2008, 41, 1–6. 21 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1222 Title A name given to the resource Investigation Of Fracture Toughness Of Calcium Phosphate Coating Treated Onto Ti6A14V Substrate Author Author İbrahim, Aydın Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, we aimed to investigate the fracture toughness of the calcium phosphate (CaP) coating, that was formed with Vickers indentation method, by the new method with the new patent. The activation process was done with NaOH + H2O2 on the Ti6Al4V material surface. Elasticity module, hardness values and coating thickness of the CaP coating that is formed by activation process was calculated. SEM micrographs and EDS analysis were gathered of the coating. Fracture toughness was determined by Vickers indentation. At the end of this study, fracture toughness (K1C) value for the CaP coating on Ti6A14V that was activated by NaOH+ H2O2 was found to be 0.43 MPa m1/2. Keywords: Calcium phosphate, coating, vickers indentation, fracture toughness Ti6Al4V. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed S Agriculture (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1f951dacffe294cf9d07921713ba5be9.pdf 49ebeb2fbe45bf3392ffb4aeaada6ee9 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Leckie , J. Bull, R. & Vrij, A. (2006). The development of a scale to discover outpatients’ perceptions of the relative desirability of different elements of doctors’communication behaviours. Patient Education and Counseling 64, 69–77. Leckie, J., Bull, R. & Vrij A., (2006). The development of a scale to discover outpatients’ perceptions of the relative desirability of different elements of doctors’ communication behaviors. Patient Education and Counseling, 64, 69–77. Sanchez, M.M. (2001). Effects of assertive communication between doctors and patients in public health outpatient surgeries in the city of Seville (Spain). Social Behavior and Personality 29 (1), 63-70. Street, R.L. Jr., Gordon, H. & Haidet, P. (2007). Physicians’ communication and perceptions of patients: Is it how they look, how they talk, or is it just the doctor? Social Science & Medicine 65, 586–598. Veldhuijzen, W., Ram, P.M., van der Weijden, T., Wassink, M.R. & Van der Vleuten, C.P.M. (2007). Much variety and little evidence: a description of guidelines for doctor-patient communication. Medical Education 41, 138–145. Weiner, S.J., Barnet, B., Cheng, T.L. & Daaleman, T.P. (2005). Processes for Effective Communication in Primary Care. Annals of Internal Medicine Vol. 142, No: 8. Within The Concept Of Sustainable Tourism, Certification And Eco-Labelling Systems In Accommodation Management: The Case Of Alanya/Manavgat Özyurt Paşa Mustafa1, Üngüren Engin1, Kalipçi Mehmet Bahadır2, Guclü, Caner1 1Faculty of Business, Alanya, Turkey 2Manavgat Vocational School Abstract Tourism sector which has started to increase in size since the second half the 19th century has become an important industry in the world due to its economic and social effects.Tourism’s economic profits have caused to not only management support but also local and national support in promoting tourism’s development and investments. However, this fast and planless growth has caused to bad results. The attention has been drawn to the fact that natural sources are being using up fast and that has brought new tourism terms and alternative tourism types which are compatible with nature. Under the roof of sustainable tourism, tourism which is sensitive to environment and local cultures has predicted that all tourism types can be sustainable if the specific rules are followed. Sustainable tourism’s essential 84 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo principle is to save cultural and environmental values and try to provide planned and controlled growth. Also, it tries to make sustainable tourism a concrete concept. Certification and eco-labelling systems are used to measure with concrete data. Varying in purposes and extent, certification and eco-labelling systems show the good and bad sides of businesses about environmental awareness, hygiene, social responsibility, security, energy consumption, waste management and staff education. And it gives information to customers about management. Besides, it is seen that businesses use this as a marketing tool. The aim of this study is to specify the certification and eco-labelling systems used in tourism managements and present the reasons why they obtained these certification systems, and determine whether certification systems show changes according to management types. Alanya and Manavgat districts of Antalya have been chosen as an application area. Population is four and five star hotels operating in Alanya and Manavgat. Research has been done by reaching one manager in each population with questionnaire technique. Obtained data has been analysed with SPSS packet program. Keywords: Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Certification and Eco-Labelling Systems, Accommodation Management, Green Marketing, Alanya, Manavgat, 1. INTRODUCTION The rapid development of tourism, after World War II, into a formidable industry has been argued to be as a result of increases in household income that subsequently afforded families more discretionary income to be spent on leisure. Other factors such as paid holiday, a better educated population that is willing to learn and explore and increased business travel have also been identified (Oriade and Evans, 2011: 70). According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), international arrivals worldwide have more than doubled since 1990, rising from 435 million to 675 million in 2000, and to 940 million in 2010. In 2011, the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) expects it to contribute almost US$6 trillion to the global economy, or 9% of global gross domestic product (GDP) (WTTC, 2011: 2). The fact that tourism industry has grown fast in the world brought many positive results as well as many negative results. It is well known that, the unplanned and excessive growth of tourism industry has caused many effects such as; air, water, and soil pollution, the loss of cultural traditions, and decreasing plant diversity and so on. 2. TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM CONCEPT World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as; Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future (Cernat and Gourdon, 2007: 1). In general, sustainable tourism is a form of development, which protects the environments of which human being interacted and ecological periods and biological diversity are sustained and all the resources 85 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo in the visited region are managed to be able to meet the economical, social and aesthetics needs of people and tourists (Özbey, 2002: 8). Sustainable tourism is a form of production which is not the victim of growing society and culture but benefits from this growth (Kahraman ve Türkay, 2004: 88). Sustainable tourism concept has emerged from the notion of Sustainable Development, which has developed in the second part of the 20th century. (Berno and Bricker, 2001: 3). Many meetings started under the leadership of United Nations to stop the increasing environment pollution and unplanned growth with the industrialization during 60s and 70s (Sarkım, 2008: 3). The report titled "Our future" by World Environment Organization in 1987 has identified basic principles of sustainable investment and sustainable tourism concept (Tekeli, 2001: 39). The main goal of sustainable tourism is to contribute to the region's economy and social life constantly without harming the environment society, history, natural and cultural properties (Karaca, 2002: 677). The basic principle of sustainable tourism concept aiming to rise the satisfaction level of tourist and economical contribution to locals were given below (CESD, 2007: 6); To create economic continuity in the destinations and tourism enterprises to benefit in long term. To create local development by providing the highest level of contribution to the tourism destination. Generating employment by increasing other business lines. Providing social equity by supplying it social and economic benefits. Preparing a secure, satisfactory and unproblematic place Providing an active role during the tourism planning for locals and deciding period. Respecting historical places, local culture and traditions. Minimizing air, water and soil pollution. Providing the continuity of biological diversity. Paying attention to used recycling materials to that we can protect the environment. While alternative tourism types are being come up, studies show that environmental consciousness is rapidly increasing and developing among tourists. The survey by travel foundation in 2009 has shown that 67% of English tourists are disturbed by the affects of mass tourism on environments; however, this is not the first factor while choosing their holiday destination. Also, the same survey results have shown that British tourists started to be disturbed by the negative effects of tourism to the environments belonging to the places they travel, 23% worry about the climate changes, 24% choose authentic experiences due to these concerns, and 9% completely prefer certificate of green facilities. 86 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo According to a survey by Dodds and friends, among the participants, 95% of the tourists in Indonesia and 79% of the tourists in Thailand, who are mainly from Sweden, Britain, and Canada stated that they are willing to pay extra sum if it would help to protect the environment. Also, 87% of the visitors in Indonesia and 84% in Thailand stated that they could pay $2 extra, the proportion, which consists of people who can pay more than $10 is 42% in Indonesia and 25% in Thailand. According to a survey by Malta Tourism Authority 80% of the participants who visited Malta are susceptive about environmental issues, 47% of it stated they chose paid attention to that while choosing their hotels. Besides, the participants stated that they were willing to pay 8% extra to stay at a hotel which is environment friendly. 3. ECO-LABELS / CERTIFICATE SYSTEMS Certification is specific standards which has written assurance of product, process, facilities and service (CESD, 2007: 7) Certification is one of the tools that motivate tourism businesses to improve their economic, social and environmental performance, while being rewarded, in tangible or intangible way, for these achievements (Remus, vd., 2009: 331). They usually address three main aspects, namely: 1) environmental performance of companies, operations and destinations; 2) product quality; and 3) corporate social responsibility of operations. (WTO, 2003: 1). The reasons why tourism establishments use certification and eco-label systems are lined below (CESD, 2007: 10-11) ;      To increase the quality and performance of the facilities and staff, To do the right things to protect the environment and local societies. To reduce the expenses. To create a marketing advantage Distinguishing the difference of faked environmentalist establishments.. According to the results of a survey about 4 and 5 star hotels in Ankara by Ünlüönen and friends (2011) has shown that hotel managements, which have system management documents, got these documents mostly as they see them a kind of prestige, image, competitiveness factors. So, it can be emphasized that the establishments, which have these certificates and documents, see these documents as a mean of providing competitiveness advantage and creating positive image. According to the results of a survey by Millar and Baloglu (2011) the customers who choice their rooms pay attention whether the room has environmental friend room certificate. Giving stars to the hotels is accepted as the first certification sample in tourism. This precautions not only majors the quality of touristic product but also it gives an assurance in terms of health, hygiene and security (CESD, 2007: 7-8). Many national and international certificate and eco-label systems have been started to use in tourism industry after increasing importance of sustainable tourism concept. Some of them are which are quite important were given below; 87 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo          Blue Flag Green Globe Travelife Green Leaf ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems Green Key Green Seal Nordic Swan Green Star 4. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE The main purpose of this study is to specify the certification and eco-labelling systems used in tourism managements and present the reasons why they obtained or not these certification systems. Alanya and Manavgat districts of Antalya have been chosen as an application area. Population is four and five star hotels operating in Alanya and Manavgat. Research has been done by reaching one manager in each population with questionnaire technique. In order to design the survey the theoretical and empirical studies of the related litarature ( Ünlüönen ) were examined. The questionnaire consists of three parts. Before managers filled in questionnaires face to face interviews were undertaken with them. Due to the research done in the winter it was not possible to reach each hotel. According to the study, which were done by Cevirgen and Üngüren (2012) was determined that, 85% of all hotels operating seasonally in region. Therefore, the research was conducted with 24 hotels. The instrument questions answered on a 1-10 likert scales labeled “strongly disagree” (1) and “strongly agree” (10). SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistical methods were used in this study. Percentage and frequency analysis was applied to the data. The informations of hotels obtained on the eco-label certification and documentation as a result of the frequency and percentage analysis were tabulated with frequency and percentage distributions. 5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS The results related to information of hotels such as hotel type, pension type, are indicated in Table 1. The number of 5 star hotels is 20 (83%), and the rest is 4-star hotels (17%). Out of 20 five-star hotel, 11 (55%) of them showed activity all year round, 9 (45%) or them operate seasonally. 4 star hotels enterprises the entire seasonally. Table 1: Periods of activity of Hotels in the Scope of Research Hotel Type Period of Activity 5 Stars 4 Stars Total Seasonal n 9 4 13 Full year 88 % n % 45,0% 11 55,0% 100,0% 0 ,0% 54,2% 11 45,8% �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Total n % 20 100,0% 4 100,0% 24 100,0% Pension types applied by the hotels are given in Table 2. Applied research within 24 hotels using the all inclusive system. In addition, 3 (15%) of five star hotels, and 1 (25%) of 4-star hotels are implemented half-board system. Full-board system is only 1 (5%) applied by the hotel, bed and breakfast system is implemented by any hotels. Hotels 5 Star 4 Star Total n % n % n % Table 2: Types of Covered Pension Applied Hotels Pension Types BB HB FB Yes No Yes No Yes No 0 20 3 17 1 19 0% 100,0% 15,0% 85,0% 5,0% 95,0% 0 4 1 3 0 4 0% 100,0% 25,0% 75,0% ,0% 100,0% 0 24 4 20 1 23 0% 100,0% 16,7% 83,3% 4,2% 95,8% AI Yes 20 100,0% 4 100,0% 24 100,0% No 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Distributions regarding to the tourist nationalities to the hotels are shown in Table 3. German tourists have the biggest share in five star hotels with an average of 50%, with an average of 28% receive 4th rank in 4 star hotels. The average is around 20% of Russians, in 5 star hotels, and this ratio comes 50% in 4 star hotels. We’ve found that the Scandinavian tourists have an average of 18% in 5 star hotels, in 4 star hotels, this ratio increases to 32%. Anticipating the tourists prefer 4 star hotels from the United Kingdom, 5 star hotels are the average of 9%. As a result, the 5 star and 4 star hotels vary depending on the nationalities of their customers. Hotel 5 Star Hotel 4 Star 89 Table 3: Distribution of Tourists According to the Hotels Stars Nationalities N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation German % 18 % 10 % 90 % 49,66 % 26,92 Russian % 12 % 5 % 50 % 19,25 % 13,76 Scandinavia % 9 %2 % 50 % 17,66 % 19,01 Netherlands % 12 % 5 % 60 % 15,25 % 14,76 United Kingdom % 4 %4 % 20 % 8,75 % 7,54 Ukrainian % 4 %3 % 10 % 6,50 % 4,04 Poland % 4 %1 % 10 % 6,00 % 3,91 Other % 12 % 5 % 50 % 21,50 % 15,91 Nationalities N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Russian % 1 %50 %50 %50 . Scandinavia % 2 %30 %35 %32,50 %3,53 Poland % 1 %30 %30 %30,0 German % 3 %20 %35 %28,33 %7,63 Netherlands % 2 %20 %30 %25,00 %7,07 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo United Kingdom % Ukrainian % Other % 0 0 2 %10,00 %10,00 %10,0000 ,00 Table 4 shows that, according to the type of hotels owned the Quality and Standard Documents and own them new requirement durations. ISO 9001 Quality Management System used by (10) 5 star hotels and (1) 4 Star Hotel and a total of 11 (45%) the Standard Certificate of Quality has been the most commonly used with the hotels. ISO 22000 Food Safety System used by 7 (30%), ISO 10002 Customer Satisfaction Management System used by 6 (25%) 5 star hotels. ISO 14001 Environmental Management System and ISO 18001 the Occupational Health and Safety Management Certificates used by 3 (12%) 5 Star hotels. Looking at the Quality and Standard Certificates, new requirements period, the documents use of ISO 14001 Environmental Management System and ISO 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Certificate with an average of 6.5 years has been in use for a long time Table 4: Duration of Quality and Standard Certificate Ownership by Hotel Type Hotel Quality Certificate N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation ISO 9001 duration 10 1,00 9,00 4,90 3,17 ISO 14001 duration 3 3,00 9,00 6,33 3,05 ISO 18001 duration 3 3,00 9,00 6,33 3,05 5 Star ISO 22000 duration 7 1,00 9,00 4,00 3,31 ISO 10002 duration 6 1,00 2,00 1,33 ,51 Hotel Quality Certificate N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation 4 Star ISO 9001 duration 1 1,00 1,00 1,00 Table 5 shows that hotels eco-label and is being used for documents and show that them how. None of 4 Star hotels use any eco-label system, 5 star hotels two (8%) of them, while the implementation of the Green Star and White Star, 1 (4%) of them use the Travelife system. As a result, certification and eco-labeling systems are widely applied in five star hotels. Table 5: Duration of the Eco-Label Certification Ownership by Hotel Type Hotel Eco-Label Certificate N Minimum Maximum Mean Gren Star duration 2 1,00 2,00 1,50 White Star duration 2 1,00 3,00 2,00 5 Star Travelife duration 1 1,00 1,00 1,00 None 20 Hotel Eco-Label Certificate N Minimum Maximum Mean 4 Star None 4 - Std. Deviation ,70 1,41 Std. Deviation - The questions in table 6 have been asked to businesses to learn their ideas about eco-labelling and certification systems of their competitors. While 5-star hotels give 7.55 points out of 10 to the idea that competitors use eco-labelling and certification systems to provide a competitive advantage, this rate increases to 8.50 at 4-star hotels. In the option of their being sensitive to environment, while 5-star hotels average is 7.40, 4-stars hotels average decreases 90 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo to 5.75. While 4-star hotels think their competitors use eco-labelling and certification systems as they provide marketing convenience, this rate decreases to 7.57 at 5-star hotels. Tablo 6: The Reasons of Competitors’ Having Eco-Labelling and Certification Documents Suggestions Otel n x Minimum Maximum 1.To Get Competitive Advantage 5 Star 20 7,55 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 8,50 4,00 10,00 2.To Be Sensitive to Environment 5 Star 20 7,40 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 5,75 3,00 10,00 3.To Have a Positive Image 5 Star 20 7,75 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 8,00 4,00 10,00 4.As They are Wanted by Customers 5 Star 20 7,05 2,00 10,00 4 Star 4 7,50 5,00 10,00 5.To Get Marketing Advantage 5 Star 19 7,57 2,00 10,00 4 Star 4 9,25 9,00 10,00 6.As They are cared by Agencies 5 Star 20 7,75 2,00 10,00 4 Star 4 8,50 7,00 10,00 7.To Increase Employees’ Performance 5 Star 20 6,85 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 6,00 5,00 7,00 8.To Improve Employees’ Motivation 5 Star 20 6,90 1,00 10,00 4 Star 4 6,25 5,00 8,00 1: strongly disagree 10: Strongly agree Table 7 shows businesses’ ideas about eco-labelling and certification systems. While 5-star hotels agree on the idea that certification systems help to protect environment with 8.45, this rate falls 6.75 at 4-star hotels. Although the statement “It is important for customers” is accepted by 4-star hotels with a high rate of 8.75, only 1 out of 4 has certification system and this shows the conflict between statement and application. While 5-star hotels agree on the statement that certificate systems improve staff qualifications, this rate falls to 7.00 at 4-star hotels. “eco-labelling affects the prestige and image of businesses positively” is accepted by 5-star hotels with 9.15 and by 4 star hotel with a high rate of 9.00. However, the number (5) of eco-labelling of 4 and 5 star hotels shows a conflict at this point. Tablo 7: Businesses’ Ideas About Eco-Labelling And Certification Systems Suggestions Otel Certifications n x Min Max. 1. They Help to Get a Positive Prestige 5 Star 20 9,10 5 10 and Image 4 Star 4 10,00 10 10 2. They Increases Sales Eco-Labelling n x Min Max. 20 9,15 6 10 4 9,00 8 10 10 9 10 10 10 4. They Help to Take Marketing Advantages 5 Star 4 Star 5 Star 4 Star 5 Star 4 Star 20 4 20 4 20 8,00 7,25 8,70 8,75 8,40 2 5 3 8 2 10 10 10 10 10 20 4 20 4 20 7,90 7,00 8,30 8,25 8,15 4 8,25 7 10 4 7,00 5 5. They are Important for Travel Agencies 5 Star 4 Star 20 8,00 4 8,00 2 7 10 10 20 7,45 1 4 7,00 7 3. They Are Important for Visitors 91 2 5 4 7 4 9 10 7 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6. They Help to Protect the Environment 5 Star 4 Star 20 8,45 5 10 20 8,70 3 10 4 6,75 3 10 4 8,50 7 10 7. They Positively Affect to Businesses’ Productivity 5 Star 4 Star 20 8,25 3 10 20 7,70 1 10 4 8,00 7 9 4 9 8. They Help to Increase Employees’ Quality 5 Star 4 Star 20 8,55 3 10 20 7,50 1 10 4 7,00 5 9 4 7,25 5 10 9. They Increase Employees’ Motivation 5 Star 4 Star 20 7,15 1 10 20 6,65 1 10 4 5 8 4 9 6,25 7,75 7 6,75 5 1: strongly disagree 10: Strongly agree 6. RESULT As a result of study, it has been seen that certification systems are used (30) more than ecolabeling (5) at hotels. Also, 5-star hotels have more certification systems and eco-labeling than 4-star hotels. The most used certification systems have been ISO9001 Quality Management System (10), ISO22000 Food Security System (7), and ISO10002 Customer Satisfaction Management System (6). It has been observed that the hotels have been using the certificate systems for about 3 years. In the end of the study, it has been revealed that businesses see certificate and eco-labeling systems as an element of prestige and image and they think these documents are important for customers. In spite of this, as businesses don’t have enough certificate and eco-labeling systems in obtained results, this brings out an inconsistent situation. Besides, businesses have stated that certification and eco-labeling systems don’t have much effect on the motivation of employees. 4-star hotels have stated that their competitors use eco-labeling and certificate systems as they provide a marketing convenience. It has been revealed that hotels are inadequate especially about eco-labeling. As the term of sustainability has been gaining importance recent years, businesses have to give importance to eco-labeling. Businesses can’t be expected to be indifferent to environmental sensitivity which has been becoming important among customers. REFERENCES Berno, T., & Bricker, K. (2001). Sustainable Tourism Development:The Long Road From Theory To Practice. International Journal of Economic Development, 3 (3). Cevirgen, A. And Üngüren, E. (2012). Alanya Bölgesi Konaklama Sektörü İhtiyaç Analizi Raporu, http://www.altsovoctest.org/ Cernat, L., & Gourdon, J. (2007). Is The Concept Of Sustainable Tourism Sustainable?. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Publication, New York. 92 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo CESD, (2007). A Simple User’s Guide to Certification for Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism. A Publication of The Center for Ecotourism and Sustainable Development, 3th Edition, Washington. Dodds, R., & Graci, S., R., & Holmes, M. (2010). Does the Tourists Care? A Comparison Of Tourists in Koh Phi Phi, Thailand and Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18 (2), 207-222. Kahraman, N., & Türkay, O. (2004). Turizm ve Çevre, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara. Karacan, A., R. (2002). Çevre Ekonomisi ve Politikası, Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları İİBF, İzmir. Millar, M., & Baloglu, S. (2011). Hotel Guests’ Preferences For Green Guest Room Attributes. Cornell Hospitality Quaterly, 52 (3), 302-311. Özbey, F., R. (2002). Sustainable Tourism Development In Globalization Progress. Globalization and Sustainable Development, International Scientific Conference, Book:4, pp.135-150,Varna 1-3 Remus, H., & Ovidiu, T., M., & Puinu, N., (2009). Ecorom- Indicators System Proposal of Quality Certification in Ecotourism. Amfiteatru Economic,11 (26, 330-338. Said, C., B., & Vella, R. (2009). Tourists’ Perceptions On Environmental Issues. Malta Tourism Authory, Malta. Sarkım. M. (2008). Değişen Seyehat Eğilimleri ve Turizm Politikaları. 2.Ulusal İktisat Kongresi, İzmir. Tekeli İ. (2001). Sürdürülebilirlik Kavramı Üzerine İrdelemeler, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Yayınları, Ankara. Ünlüönen, K., & Kızanlıklı, M., M., & Arslan, E. (2011). Otel İşletmelerindeki Eko-Etiket ve Sistem Yönetim Belgelerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. 12.Ulusal Turizm Kongresi Kitabı, 446-457. WTO, (2003). Recommendations to Governments For Supporting And/Or Establishing National Certification System For Sustaianable Tourism. Madrid, 2003, http://sdt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/certification-gov-recomm.pdf WTTC, (2011). Travel&Tourism 2011. http://www.wttc.org/site_media/uploads/downloads/traveltourism2011.pdf http://www.turob.com/haber.aspx?id=12437 93 London. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1101 Title A name given to the resource Within The Concept Of Sustainable Tourism, Certification And Eco-Labelling Systems In Accommodation Management: The Case Of Alanya/Manavgat Author Author Özyurt , Paşa Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. Tourism sector which has started to increase in size since the second half the 19th century has become an important industry in the world due to its economic and social effects.Tourism’s economic profits have caused to not only management support but also local and national support in promoting tourism’s development and investments. However, this fast and planless growth has caused to bad results. The attention has been drawn to the fact that natural sources are being using up fast and that has brought new tourism terms and alternative tourism types which are compatible with nature. Under the roof of sustainable tourism, tourism which is sensitive to environment and local cultures has predicted that all tourism types can be sustainable if the specific rules are followed. Sustainable tourism’s essential principle is to save cultural and environmental values and try to provide planned and controlled growth. Also, it tries to make sustainable tourism a concrete concept. Certification and eco-labelling systems are used to measure with concrete data. Varying in purposes and extent, certification and eco-labelling systems show the good and bad sides of businesses about environmental awareness, hygiene, social responsibility, security, energy consumption, waste management and staff education. And it gives information to customers about management. Besides, it is seen that businesses use this as a marketing tool. The aim of this study is to specify the certification and eco-labelling systems used in tourism managements and present the reasons why they obtained these certification systems, and determine whether certification systems show changes according to management types. Alanya and Manavgat districts of Antalya have been chosen as an application area. Population is four and five star hotels operating in Alanya and Manavgat. Research has been done by reaching one manager in each population with questionnaire technique. Obtained data has been analysed with SPSS packet program. Keywords: Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Certification and Eco-Labelling Systems, Accommodation Management, Green Marketing, Alanya, Manavgat, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d40eceb64d0da85c0c478f4d57fb33b7.pdf 52bb253af39a2b579b7c2cc519bf771e PDF Text Text Frank A, A. A., 2010. UCI Available at: [http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml] Machine Learning Repository. Jekova, Bortolan, G. & Christov, I., 2008. Assessment and comparison of different methods for heartbeat classification, ScienceDirect, 30. Medical Engineering & Physics, Issue 30, pp. 248-257. Magenes, G., Pedrinazzi, L. & Signorini, . M., 2004. Identification of fetal sufference antepartum through a multiparametric analysis and a support vector machine. San Francisko, s.n. Minsky, M. & Papert, S., 1969 . Perceptrons. Cambridge: MIT Press. Nielsen PV, S. B. N. C. N. J., 1987. Intra- and inter-observer variability in the assessment of intrapartum cardiotocograms.. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 11 January, 203(5), pp. 421-424. Palomäki, O., Luukkaala, T., Luoto, R. & Tuimala, R., 2006. Intrapartum cardiotocography: the dilemma of interpretational variation.. Journal of Prenatal Medical, pp. 298-302. Rosenblatt, F., 1988 . The perception: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Cambridge, MA, USA : MIT Press . Van Geijn, H., 1996. Developments in CTG analysis. Baillière's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, June, pp. 185-209. An Overview of Metal Oxide Semiconducting Sensors in Electronic Nose Applications Özgür Örnek1, Bekir Karlık2 1International Burch University, Department of Information Technology 2Mevlana University, Department of Computer Engineering E-mails: oornek@ibu.edu.ba; bkarlik@mevlana.edu.tr Abstract Accurate analysis of electronic nose depends on several factors such as sensor types, pattern recognition algorithm, ambient temperature and humidity. The sensor is one of the important factors for effectively and accurately odor measurement of electronic nose. This study aimed to propose the advantages and disadvantages of MOS metal oxide semiconduting sensors, 506 �one of the most used sensors, by analyizing performance, structure, operation principles of them. Consequently we aimed to extract beneficial information about electronic nose studies based on MOS sensors. 1.INTRODUCTION In recent years, electronic noses have been widely used in various fields such as quality control of foods and beverages, public safety, air protection and medical applications. Major advances in information and gas sensor technology could enhance the diagnostic power of future bio-electronic noses and facilitate global surveillance models of disease control and management Odor Category such as [1-7]: • Detailed Description Of Odor (Disease, Marker Chemical, Breath, Sweet) • Fruity; alcoholic (Alcohol abuse, phenol exposure, Ethanol, Phenol) • Minty, wintergreen (Patient covering alcohol abuse, Menthol, wintergreen) • Fruity; pear-like (Chloral hydrate poisoning, Chloral hydrate) • Dried malt, burnt sugar, yeast-like (Methionine malabsorption) • Violets (Turpentine poisoning, Turpentine) • Sweet mouth (Portacaval shunt, portal vein thrombosis, diphtheria, Musty) • Rancid butter (Hypermethioninemia) • Rancid butter, fishy, musty (Tyrosinosis, tyrosinemia) • Musty fish, raw liver, new-cut clover (Hepatic failure, Mercaptans) • Feculent (Intestinal obstruction, esophageal diverticulum, Foul) • Foul, putrid (Lung abscess, intranasal foreign body, Bad breathe, Infection: teeth, nose, tonsil, stomach, esophagus) • Ozaena, very foul odor (Infection or cancer of nose or sinuses) • Severe bad breath (Trench mouth, amphetamine abuse) • Garlic (Phosphorous, arsenic, malathion poisoning) • Rotten eggs (Hydrogen sulfide poisoning) • Pungent, unpleasant, heavy (Schizophrenia; trans-3-methyl-2-hexanoic acid, Other) • Bitter almond 507 �Electronic nose is a detection system which consists of a multisensor array with partial specifity and appropriate pattern recognition software, capable of idetifying and recognizing odors [8]. Electronic Nose mimics the human sense of smell by generating a unique response to each odorant. The system detects the odour by an array of sensors and transduces the gaseous molecules into electrical signals. Electronic nose measurement is influenced by certain factors, such as sensor type, pattern recognition system, humidty and temperature of ambient. Using an appropriate sensor type for any chemical odorant or mixture extremely effects measurement accuracy of e-nose. In this study, we have investigated Metal Oxide Semiconducting - MOS sensors, which are widely used in many VOC analysis applications. We have aimed to propose strength and weakness of MOS sensors by analyzing their structure and operating factors. Sensors in an array are the main components of the electronic nose. Because the sensitivity and specifity of sensors mostly influence accuracy of detecting and recognizing of odorants. The role of sensors in electronic nose is human receptors. When an odor is presented to the sensors, they generate a unique response to the odor to be considered as a signature or characteristic of the odor. Each sensors reflects unique response to the odor. The responses of each sensors comprise the characteristic of the odor. The output of odor sensors is then filtered and converted to the digital form by a transducer. Then, the digital output is processed for classification and recognizition by pattern recognition algorithm. Schematic view of electronic nose can be seen in Figure 1 [9]. Figure 1. A shematic view of Electronic Nose System 2.Principles of Sensor System In their widely accepted definition, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) define the sensor that "a chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information, ranging from the concentration of a specific sample component to total composition analysis, into an analytically useful signal. The chemical information, mentioned 508 �above, may originate from a chemical reaction of the analyte or from a physical property of the system investigated" [10]. Chemical sensors typically are composed of two main parts, a receptor and a transducer. The receptor converts chemical information into a form of signal, which can be measured by the transducer. Basically, the gas sensor operates interacting between gas molecules and sensorcoated or sensing materials which enable electrical current passing through the sensor. The modulated electrical current then is converted to a recordable signal [11]. There are many different types of electronic nose sensors ranging from metal-oxide gas sensors (MOS), metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET), conducting polymer gas sensors, acoustic wave gas sensors, quartz crystal microbalance sensors (QCM), surface acoustic wave devices (SAW), field-effect gas sensors, electrochemical gas sensors, pellistors, fiber-optic gas sensors. As well as sensor technology, the type of sensing material influences measurement of gas molecules of odors. They are categorized in regard to additive doping materials, the type and nature of the chemical interactions, the reversibility of the chemical reactions and running temperature. The generic types of sensors involved with its sensing element are summarized in Table 1. [12] Table 1. Types and mechanisms of common electronic-nose gas sensors Sensor Type Sensing Material Detection Principle Acustic sensors: Quartz crystal microbalance (QMB); surface acoustic wave (SAW) Organic or inorganic film layers Calorimetric; catalytic bead pellistor mass change (frequency shift) temperature or heat change Metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors catalytic metals (MOSFET) modified conducting Conducting polymer sensors polymers Electrochemical sensors solid or liquid electrolytes Fluorescence sensors Fluorescence-sensitive detector Infrared sensors IR-sensitive detector Metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) Optical sensors 509 electric field change resistance change current or voltage change fluorescent-light emmissions Infrared-radiation absorbtion doped semi-conducting metal resistance change oxides (SnO2, GaO) photodiode, light-sensitive light modulation, �optical changes Transducer devices in electronic-nose sensors have various types which are based on certain principles, such as electrical measurements, including changes in current, voltage, resistance or impedance, electrical fields and oscillation frequency as well as measurements of mass changes, temperature changes or heat generation. The light characteristics such as changes in light absorbance, polarization, fluorescence, optical layer thickness, color or wave length are utilized as transducing priciple for measuring optical sensors. Sensor performance is measured by a set of parameters. Certain important parameters and their behaviors can be defined as [13]:         Sensitivity: It is a change of measured signal per analyte concentration unit that has been more and more attention, and many studies have been conducted to enhance the sensitivity of sensors. Selectivity: It refers to capabilities of the sensor’s response towards a group of gas analytes or a single one. Stability: This parameter defines the ability of the sensor that provides reproducible results for a certain period of time. Detection limit: The parameter is utilized to state the lowest concentration of the analyte that can be detected by the sensor under given conditions, particularly at a given temperature. Response time: It is the time that involves for measurement of gas analyte. Recovery time: It is the time that occurs during recovering to the sensor’s initial or baseline value. Life cycle is the period of time that denotes the maximum time over continuously operating of the sensor. Operating temperature: The temperature with minimum and maximum values for effecitive analysis. For reliable and ideal measurement of an analyte, the sensor should meet certain parameteres. These parameters are high sensitivity, dynamic range, selectivity and stability; low detection limit; good linearity; small hysteresis and response time; and long life cycle. 510 �3.Structure of Metal Oxide Sensors (MOS) Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) was a first developed sensor array, which detected 20 odours[14]. MOS sensors are relatively simple electronics featured by high sensitivity (in the order of parts per billion ppb), low cost, high speed response. The MOS sensors consist of sensing element, sensor base and sensor cap. Figure 2a and 2b illustrates a basic structure of MOS sensor [15]. The sensing element contains a sensing material and a heater. According to the target odorant or gas, different materials such as Tin dioxide (SnO2), Tungsten oxide (WO3) are used as a sensing element. The gas molecules, known also Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) interact with a doped semiconducting material deposited between two metal contacts over a resistive heating element, which operates from 200 °C to 400 °C. Once a VOC passes over the doped oxide material, the resistance between the two metal contacts changes according to the concentration of the VOC. The registered signal depends on the change of resistance produced by the gas flow during the measurement [16]. Figure 2.a) Structure of the MOS Sensor Figure 2.b) General form of MOS Sensor (Courtesy of Capteur Sensors and Analysers) 3.1. Advantages of MOS sensors Metal-oxide sensors are widely used in many sensor based applications, e.g. electronic noses. The MOS sensors are known as the most used sensors in the market because: 1. MOS sensors responds to a wide range of compounds such as oxidizing compounds (zinc-oxide, tin-dioxide, titanium-dioxide, iron oxide) and some reducing compounds, mainly nickel-oxide or cobalt-oxide [17] 2. MOS sensors are characterized by high sensitivity (sub-part per billion ppb levels for some gases) to the oxidizing and some reducing compounds. 511 �3. Compared to other analytical instruments, MOS are far more inexpensive. 4. MOS sensors have a short response time to the analytes. 5. With its small size, MOS sensors are compatible with intregrating into analyzing instrument. 6. Since MOS sensors are relatively simple electronics they are easily fabricated. 7. MOS sensors have ability to operate in high temperature and pressure. 8. They have long lasting life to operate. 3.2. Disadvantages of MOS Sensors Despite many advantages of MOS sensors, there are some challenges to overcome. These are: 1. High selectivity of MOS sensors influences the analysis. Because they are sensitive simultaneously to wide range of reducing and oxidizing gases. For instance, a typical carbon monoxide (CO) sensor may respond significantly to hydrogen, ethylene, and isobutylene. When these gases are presented, the sensor would response as CO presence, which may not be true. It is very difficult to achieve an absolutely selective metal oxide gas sensor in practice, and most of the MOS sensors have cross-sensitivity at least to humidity and other vapors or gases. 2. MOS sensors cannot operate at high temperature. Because MOS sensors are less sensitive with high temperature. Thus, the sensitivity of sensors reduces with high temperature. 3. Operation of MOS requires more power compared to the of others as a result of working at high temperature. 4. MOSs are susceptible to humidity causing drift on analysis. 5. Accuracy rate of gas analysis is low compared to the other analyzing instruments. 6. Their low stability and long range drift are imptortant issue. This causes uncertain results and the need to frequently recalibrate or replace sensors [18]. 4.MOS Sensors in Applications Since 1962, several studies have been conducted on gas analysis based on metal oxide semiconducting sensors. It is diffucult to review all studies about MOS sensors due to high number of studies on them. We were able to briefly propose a literature review based on MOS sensors applications. 512 �In 1962, Saiyeama et. al. first introduced MOS sensors using zinc oxide thin film layers[19]. After this time, several studies conducted using different doping and sensing materials. In 1982, the first sensor array were designed using MOS sensors which detected 20 gases [14]. As the discovery of the hundred VOCs existed in human breath, MOS sensor arrays have been used to detect disease diagnosis such as lung, liver, asthym failures. Through numerous studies on diseases diagnosis from breath analysis, we were able to report some of the outstanding studies about MOS sensors. Blatt et. al. concluded remarkable detection results of lung cancer diagnosis using MOS sensors[20]. In another research, Guo et. al. conducted a study on diagnosis on diabetes, renal disease, and airway inflammation using mos sensor array, and they resulted that breath analysis can be employed for early diagnosis of many diseases [21]. MOS sensors have been used extensively to measure and monitor trace amounts of environmentally important gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. In another study, the human body armpit could be detected by MOS sensors [22]. With the power of neural network as pattern recognition Bucak and Karlik evaluated performance of the application developed for hazardous odor recognition using OMX-GR electronic nose equipped with a MOS sensor [6]. They achieved hundred percent success rate of classification for hazardous odor recognition system based. Using a novel fuzzy clustering neural network algoritm, Karlik and Yuksek conducted a real time odor analysis by an electronic nose instrument sensed by a MOS sensor [9]. They concluded that based on a neural network, electronic nose with MOS sensor could be used to recognize odor compounds. 5. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we aimed to give general perspective about MOS sensors. To achive this, this study observed operation principles, measurement parameters, sensing material of MOS sensors. Despite its some drawbacks for analysis, the results reflect that MOS sensors are reliable and prominent materials for odor analysis. It can widely be employed as an array sensors in electronic nose applications. The classification performance of an e-nose device is highly dependent upon the quality of the features extracted from its sensors’ dynamic response. Although some improvement in an e-nose device was achieved in terms of increasing classification performance, reducing the number of sensors, combining multiple classifiers for dissimilar odor datasets, and extending application to odor mixture analysis, further improvements are necessary if an e-nose is to become a smarter and smaller device. Ideally, if the response of the sensor to an odor is consistent to the same odor over time (reproducibility), high classification performance can be easily obtained from simple classifier algorithms. However, reproducibility is not achieved in practice because of the interaction of the odor with the sensor’s surface and several 513 �interfering environmental factors, such as temperature and relative humidity which results in an inconsistent sensor’s response[23]. Consequently, reliability of e-nose device could be improved by further developing sensor technologies. REFERENCES A.K. Pavlou, et al., 2002. Use of an electronic nose system for diagnoses of urinary Tract. Infections, Biosens. Bioelectron. 17(10), 893-899. P. Boilot, et al., 2000. Detection of bacteria causing eye infections using a neural network based electronic nose system. in Electronic Nose and Olfaction, Gardner, J. W.; Persaud, K. C., editors; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 189-196. Karlık, B. and Bastaki Y., 2004. Bad Breathe Diagnosis System Using OMX-GR Sensor and Neural Network for Telemedicine. Clin. Informat. and Telemed. v.2, pp. 237-239. Wamane, P. and Gharpure, D. C., 2000. Detection of perfumes using gas sensors and artificial neural networks,” Journal of the Instrument Society of India, vol. 30, pp. 284–290. Wyszynski, B., Yamanaka, T., Nakamoto, T., 2005. Recording and reproducing citrus flavors using odor recorder, Sens. Actuators B, vol. 106, pp. 388-393. Bucak İ.Ö. and Karlık, B., 2009. Hazardous Odor Recognition by CMAC Based Neural Networks. Sensors, 9 (9), pp. 7308-7319. Karlık, B. and Cemel Ş. Ş., 2012. Diagnosing Diabetes From Breath Odor Using Artificial Neural Networks. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 32(2), pp. 331-336. Gardner, J. and Bartlett, P., 1994. A Brief history of electronic noses. Sensors and Actuators, vol. 18, nos. 1–3, pp. 211–220. Karlık, B. and Yüksek, K., 2007. Fuzzy Clustering Neural Networks for Real Time Odor Recognition System”, Journal of Automated Methods and Management in Chemistry, Dec. 2007 Article ID 38405, doi:10.1155/2007/38405 Hulnnicki, A., Clab, A., Ingm.in, К., 1991. Pure & Appl. Chcm. 63, 1247, 1991 Gardner, J.W., Bartlett, P.N., 1999. Electronic Noses. Principles and Applications; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, pp. 221-245. Wilson D.A. and M. Baietto. 2009. Applications and Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies. Sensors 9:5099-5148 Bochenkov, V. E. and Sergeev, G. B., 2010. Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Stability of GasSensitive Metal-Oxide Nanostructures, American Scientific Publishers, 2010, Vol. 3, pp. 3152) Persaud, K. and Dodd, G., 1982. Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose. Nature, 299, 352-355 514 �http://www.figaro.co.jp/en/item2.html Pardo M., Sberveglieri G., 2004. Electronic olfactory systems based on metal oxide semiconductor sensor arrays, In Material Research Society Bullettin, vol. 29, no 10 Mielle, P., 1996, Electronic noses: towards the objective instrumental characterization of food aroma. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 7, 432-438. Gas Sensors Based on Inorganic Materials: An Overview by K. R. Nemade, pp.1-13 Seiyama, T.; Kato, A.; Fujiishi, K.; Nagatani, 1962. M. A new detector for gaseous components using semiconductive thin films. Anal. Chem., 34, 1502–1503. Blatt, R., Bonarini, A., Calabro, E., Della Torre, M., Matteucci, M., and Pastorino, U., 2007. Lung cancer identification by an electronic nose based on an array of MOS sensors,” in Neural Networks, IJCNN 2007, pp. 1423–1428. Guo D, Zhang D, Li N, Zhang L, Yang J., 2010. A novel breath analysis system based on electronic olfaction. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 57(11):2753-63. Wongchoosuk, C., Lutz, M., Kerdcharoen, T., 2009. Detection and classification of human body odor using an electronic nose. Sensors, 9: 7234-7249. Nakamoto, T., Nakahira, Y., Hiramatsu, H., Moriizumi, T., 2001. Odor recorder using active odor sensing system, Sens. Actuators B, vol. 76, pp. 465-469. 515 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1210 Title A name given to the resource An Overview of Metal Oxide Semiconducting Sensors in Electronic Nose Applications Author Author Özgür , Örnek Abstract A summary of the resource. Accurate analysis of electronic nose depends on several factors such as sensor types, pattern recognition algorithm, ambient temperature and humidity. The sensor is one of the important factors for effectively and accurately odor measurement of electronic nose. This study aimed to propose the advantages and disadvantages of MOS metal oxide semiconduting sensors, one of the most used sensors, by analyizing performance, structure, operation principles of them. Consequently we aimed to extract beneficial information about electronic nose studies based on MOS sensors. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/97b14f377def86265b955536eb7e3dcc.pdf 2aaac6e7628ba9d72f50b778697d5d31 PDF Text Text Yüzbaşıoğlu, S., Varol, Ö., 2004. A new Autumn-flowering Crocus from SW Turkey. –The Plantsman, New Series, Vol. 3, Part 2:104-106. Breath Analysis of Hepatic Patients Using Electronic Nose Özgür Örnek International Burch University, Department of Information Technology E-mail: oornek@ibu.edu.ba Abstract Hepatic coma, also known as hepatic encephalopathy, is loss of consciousness as a result of liver failure. Hepatic coma represents the final stage of hepatic encephalopathy - grade IV, a progressive brain dysfunction due to accumulation of substances toxic to the brain. Hepatic coma can rapidly progress and may ultimately lead to death. Therefore, early diagonosis of hepatic coma is consirerably crucial for patients‘ life. If not, patients with hepatic coma can die in few days. In this study, I have proposed to overview early diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by breath analysis using electronic noses which are regarded as rapid, inexpensive way of gas detection. Keywords: Electronic nose, hepatic coma, sensor arrays, neural Networks. 1.INTRODUCTION Hepatic coma is loss of consciousness as a result of liver failure. The brain is poisoned by toxic substances due to failure of the liver functionality. The toxic substances are generated after accumulation of some byproducts of metabolism in the blood. The severity of encephalopathy is subdivided into four grades. Grade I and II are subtle symptom of brain. In grade III, significant brain damage occurs. Hepatic coma represents the final grade - grade IV of the brain dysfunction that toxic substances are collected in the brain. At this stage, the entire brain is damaged and the patient with hepatic failure becomes unconscious and is unable to respond to painful stimuli (hepatic coma). Ultimately, it may cause death. [1] Studies have revealed that in patients with advanced stages of encephalopathy resulting froim chronic liver failure, ammonia, regarded as toxic substance, levels in the brain may rise more than twentyfold [2]. Blood tests show an increase in ammonia levels, which is a marker the degree of accumulation of toxins in the brain as well. For the essence of patients health, early diagnosis of hepatic coma is vital. If early intervention is not committed, hepatic encephalopathy can rapidly progress and become an acute emergency condition regarded as coma causing death in a few days. Current methods of diagnosis of the hepatic coma such as computed tomography scans are time-consuming, expensive, and involve invasive confirmation. The needs of rapid and 363 �inexpensive methods have led researchers to find new techniques on the hepatic coma symptoms. Electronic nose is a device formed by an array of sensors which is capable of highly sensitive for detecting and identifyig VOC‘s. Various studies have been conducted to identify various diseases using electronic nose with common pattern recognition algorithms. This study suggested that an electronic nose would detect and identify hepatic encephalopathy at advanced grades on the basis of the complex smellprints of numerous VOC‘s in exhaled breath from patients with hepatic encephalopathy The breath of a healthy person gives a different pattern than that of a one with failure. This difference could be detected and classified by the electronic nose and an appropriate pattern classification algorithm such as Neural Network and SVM. The main objective of this paper is to suggest that it is possible to recognize individuals affected by advanced stage of hepatic encephalopathy called hepatic coma, analyzing the olfactory signal of their breath by the use of an electronic nose with an appropriate classification algorithm. 2.VOC’s as a Biomarker of Certain Diseases Since 1971, it has been well known that hundreds of VOCs are present in the human breath [3], and that some of these compounds are biomarkers or indicators with certain diseases. Metabolic changes within hepatic failure can lead to changes in the production of different volatile organic compounds [4] which may be detected in the samples of exhaled breath. Over the last two decades, many studies on breath analysis by combined gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) have been conducted that several hundreds of different compounds in human breath was found. They reported that some volatile compounds in the breath are associated with certain diseases. For example, in the breath of patients with liver cirrhosis mercaptans and aliphatic acids were identified[5] while in the breath of uremic patients dimethyl- and trimethylamine were found [6]. Similarly, ammonia, manganase and mercaptans quantity in the blood are accepted as biomarkers of hepatic coma or hepatic failure. In addition, alkanes are present in the lung cancer and formaldehyde in the breast cancer; the presence of isoprene in human breath is correlated to blood cholesterol levels; and patients with Type 1 diabetes have excess acetone in their breath. [7] 3.The VOCs in the patients with liver disease Dimethyl sulfide, acetone, 2-pentanone and 2-butanone are considerably high level in the breath of liver patients. These chemical compounds are the reason of bad smell of the breath. Sulfur containing compounds are produced by disfunctioned metabolism of sulfur containing amino acids in the transamination body system. Normally, the amount of these compounds in blood and alveolar breath are low. Dysfunction of liver increases the level of these compounds, which have a characteristic smell, like the smell of rotten cabbage. The increased levels of the ketones acetone, 2-pentanone and 2-butanone are regarded to be the result of hepatic insuline resistance, a common disorder in patients with hepatic steatosis and end stage liver disease. Insuline resistance leads to an increase of triglycerides and free fatty acids and ketones are formed during lipolysis. Moreover, in a study with rats, the 364 �amounts of these compounds increase because of the inhibition of certain enzymes in the liver.[8] The correlation between a biomarker and a specific disease is often multi-fold. A breath compound can be a biomarker of about more than one disease or metabolic-disorder. And one particular disease or metabolic disorder can be identified by more than one chemical compounds. Table 1 shows correlation certain diseases and compounds. Table 1. 35 established biomarkers and their physiological symptoms.[7] Biomarkers Metabolic Disorders / Diseases Acetone (OC(CH3)2) Lung cancer, diabetes, dietary fat losses, congestive heart failure, brain seizure Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) Alcoholism, liver related diseases, lung cancer Ammonia (NH3) Renal diseases, asthma Butane (C4H10) Tumor marker in lung cancer Carbon monoxide (CO) Oxidative anaemias Carbon disulphide (CS2) Schizophrenia, coronary, and artery diseases Carbon dioxide (CO2) (13C-Isotopes) Oxidative stress Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) Liver related diseases Ethane (C2H6) Vitamin E deficiency in children, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress Ethanol (C2H5OH) Production of gut bacteria Ethylene (C2H4) Lipid peroxidation, ultra violet radiation damage of skin 365 stress, respiratory infection, �Hydrogen (H2) Indigestion in infants, intestinal upset, colonic fermentation H/D isotope Body water Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) Asthma Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in children affected with cystic fibrosis 8-Isoprostane Oxidative stress Isoprene Blood cholesterol Methane (CH4) Intestinal problems, colonic fermentation Methanethiol (CH3SH) Halitosis Methanol (CH3OH) Nervous system disorder Methylated amines Protein metabolism in body Methyl nitrate (CH3NO3) Hyperglycemia in Type 1 diabetes Nitrogen monoxide (NO) Asthma, bronchiectasis, rhinitis, lung diseases Nitrotyrosine (C9H10N2O5) Asthma Oxygen (O2) Respiration Pentane (C5H12) Peroxidation of lipids, liver diseases, schizophrenia, breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis Pyridine (C5H5N) Periodontal disease Sulfur compounds Hepatic diseases and malordor, lung cancer hypertension, Hydrocarbons (Toulene (C6H5CH3), Benzene (C6H6), Heptane (C7H16), Lipid peroxidation, lung cancer, oxidative Decane (C10H22), Styrene (C8H8), stress, airway inflammation Octane (C8H18), Pentamethylheptane (C12H26)) 366 �4.Electronic Nose An electronic nose is an instrument which is composed of an array of electro chemical sensors with partial specificity and an appropriate pattern recognition system, is able to detect and identify simple or complex odors. Electronic noses have been mainly used for quality control applications in the food, beverage, and cosmetics industries, military, and medical applications. As an odor is presented to the electronic nose, certain sensors are sensitive to the odor; therefore they respond to certain volatile componds. This combination of varied responses from the array of sensors constitutes the characteristic of the particular applied odors. After presence of analyte the output of the odor sensors is extracted, amplified, filtered, and converted into digital form by transducion electronics. Compared to traditional analysis techniques, electronic noses have certain motivations. The main motivation for electronic noses is capable of inexpensive, rapid, real-time as well as portable and reproducible measurements of volatile compounds. However, a universal electronic nose has not been built yet, which is capable of identifying or discriminating any gas sample type with high efficiency and for all possible applications. Because it is highly depends on the selectivity and sensitivity limitations of electronic nose sensor arrays for particular analyte gases. Therefore, electronic noses are not univerally utilized for every application of the gas samples. A proper electronic nose for a particular application should meet an evaluation of mecanism. 5.The Biological Nose The human olfactory system comprises variety of chemical sensors, known as receptors, and automated pattern recognition incorporated into the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex in the brain [9, 10]. A receptor type alone can not identify a specific odor. It is the set of receptors composed of pattern recognition that can detect and identify each odor. Fig.3 shows the main components and function of the human olfactory system and its sensory components. Once odor molecules are presented to the olfactory receptors stimulating an electro-chemical response that is transmitted through the crib form plate to the olfactory bulb and ultimately the olfactory cortex. The olfactory receptors (sensors), the olfactory bulb (signal pre-processing), and the olfactory cortex (odor identification) are the major olfactory components in human olfaction system. 367 �Figure 3. Human Olfaction Sensing System [11] 6.Sensor Technologies on Electronic Nose Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) was the first developed sensor array, which detected 20 odours [12]. By the technological development sensor arrays are created from six up to 32 sensors with different materials, detecting thousands of smells. This equipment varies different types of sensors interacting with volatiles: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs), Quartz Crystal Microbalances (QCMs), the Surface Acoustic Waves (SAWs), Conducting Organic Polymer Sensors (CPs), Intrinsically Conducting Polymers (ICPs) and optical fiber bundles . Modern electronic noses (e-noses) can be constructed with more than one type of sensor in them. [13] 7.CONCLUSION Up to date, many papers on medical research using electronic nose have been studied. Neural network is the appropriate pattern recognition method for identifying patients with hepatic failure and healty individuals. As medical sensing samples are non linear, the most appropriate classificatiton method is neural which can train and test non linear medical samples in a short time with high accuracy compared to other algorithms. One of key factor for sensing odor is using the appropriate sensor. After a long time research, it is believed that polymer film coated sensors are more suitable for the medical diagnosis usin electronic noses. As a result electronic noses are prominent system as non invasive method of medical diagnosis. The studies have been shown that with appropriate sensor arrays and corresponding pattern recognition, electronic nose can be widely used for many diseases. Therefore, for early detection of hepatic coma, patients with hepatic failure can be efficiently analyzed by electronic nose for detection and identification. REFERENCES 1. http://www.nmihi.com/h/hepatic-coma.htm 2. Butterworth, R. F., Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: A new look at ammonia. Metabolic Brain Disease 17: 221-227, 2002 3. Pauling, L.; Robinson, A.B.; Teranishi, R.; Cary, P. Quantitative analysis of urine vapor and breath by gas-liquid partition chromatography. Proc. Nath. Acd. Sci. USA 1971, 68, 2374-2376 4. Mazzone, P., Hammel, J., Dweik, R., Na, J., Czich, C. Laskowski, D., & Mekhail, T., Lung Cancer Diagnosis by the Analysis of Exhaled Breath with a Colorimetric Sensor Array. ,2007 5. Kaji, H., Hisamura, M., Sato, N., Murao, M., 1978. Clinica Chimica Acta 85, 279 6. Simenhoff, M., Burke, J., Saukkonen, L., ordinario, A., Doty, R., 1977, New England Journal of Medicine, 297,132. 7. Wang, C., Sahay, P., 2009, Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques: Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits, Sensors ISSN 1424/8220 368 �8. Velde, V.D., Nevens, S., Hee, F.V., Steenberghe, P.V., Quirynen, D.; 2008, GC-NS analysis of breath odor compounds in liver patients, Journal of chromatography b-analytical Technologies in the biomedical and life sciences vol:875 issue:2 ,344-348 9. Merler, S., C. Furlanello, B. Larcher and A. Sboner, 2001. Tuning Cost Sensitive Boosting and its Application to Melanoma Diagnosis, In MCS 2001, Cambridge, UK, 2096: 32-42. 10. Pardo, M. and G. Niederjaunfner, 2000. Data Preprocessing Enhances the Classification of Different Brands of Espresso Coffee with an Electronic Nose. Sensors & Actuators B, 69. 11. Shilbayeh, N.F. and M.Z. Iskandarani, 2004. Quality Control of Coffee Using an Electronic Nose System. Am. J. Applied Sci., 1: 129-135. 12. Persaud, K.C.; Dodd, G. Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose. Nature 1982, 299, 352-355. 13. Casalinuovo IA, Di Pierro D, Coletta M, and Di Francesco P. 2006. Application of electronic noses for disease diagnosis and food spoilage detection. Sensors 6:1428–1439. Enzyme Supplementation to Soybean Based Diet in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Effects on Growth Parameters and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Digestibility İbrahim Diler 1,Hüseyin Sevgili 2 ,Yılmaz Emre 2,Halit Bayrak 1 1 Department of Aquaculture, Süleyman Demirel University, 32100, Isparta-TURKEY 2 Mediterranean Fisheries Research, Production and Training Institute, P.O190, Antalya, Turkey E-mail: ibrahimdiler@sdu.edu.tr Abstract The aim of the this study was to examine the effects of the diets based on Soybean Meal (40%) supplemented with exogenous enzymes on growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility and reduce environment pollution waste output of nitrogen and phosphorus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Trout groups (initial weight 87.00±1,5) method of random plots with 3 replications of 50 fish/pond with the ratio of 1050 fish in the concrete ponds. Diets consisted of 25% fish meal (FM) and 40% dehulled hexane extracted soybean meal (SBM) in control group (C0) and diet supplemented with protease enzyme (PRT; 2g/kg-1), diet supplemented with enzyme cocktail (MIX; cellulose, xylanase, endo-ß-1,3:1,4-glucanase; 2g/kg-1) and diet supplemented with pyhtase enzyme (PHY; 2g/kg-1). About of growth performance were found while condition factor (1,21-1,23) were statistically similar (p>0.05), however specific growth rate, SGR, (1,118-1,340) and feed conversion ratio, FCR, (1,26-1,30) were obtained significantly different among groups (p<0,05). PRT and PHY groups significantly improved SGR and FCR better than control group. In this study, showed the highest nitrogen apperent digestibility coefficient, ADC (85,49±1,98) in PRT group while, the poorest value obtained (72,82±0.01) C0 group 369 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1269 Title A name given to the resource Breath Analysis of Hepatic Patients Using Electronic Nose Author Author Özgür , Örnek Abstract A summary of the resource. Hepatic coma, also known as hepatic encephalopathy, is loss of consciousness as a result of liver failure. Hepatic coma represents the final stage of hepatic encephalopathy - grade IV, a progressive brain dysfunction due to accumulation of substances toxic to the brain. Hepatic coma can rapidly progress and may ultimately lead to death. Therefore, early diagonosis of hepatic coma is consirerably crucial for patients‘ life. If not, patients with hepatic coma can die in few days. In this study, I have proposed to overview early diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by breath analysis using electronic noses which are regarded as rapid, inexpensive way of gas detection. Keywords: Electronic nose, hepatic coma, sensor arrays, neural Networks. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8f11ac607ee7928cbc9fa617ed4aeac6.pdf 33e58fdbbd4c94711e94595e8f1b4fd7 PDF Text Text China India The UAE Notes: In the U.S., CT was the only sector that received more VC in 2009 compared to 2008, which experienced a 52% increase to $2.7 billion (Zaborowski2009). 5ii While the CT market has been growing since the 1970s (solar panels and wind energy have had a small but loyal consumer), investment in this sector is taking off in recent years (Gangemi2007). iii The well-known Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 to 24 months, driving exponential growth rate of computing power. Over the past 40 years, Moore's Law has been found to be remarkably accurate. For instance, the number of transistors on a single chip increased from 2,300 on the 4004 chip developed in 1971 to 42 million on the Pentium IV processor developed in 2000 (Hamilton, 2001). Moore (2001) was confident that his law 'will be true for another 20 years'. A corollary of Moore's Law is that the cost of computing declines by about 35% every year (Palem 2001). iv This framework draws upon Ahmad and Hoffmann (2008). Unit Root Properties Of Energy Consumption And Production In Turkey Özgür Polata1,Enes E. Uslub2, Hüseyin Kalyoncuc3 1Department of Economics, Dicle University, Diyarbakır/Turkey. 2Turkstat Expert, Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, Turkey Necatibey c. Yucetepe m. No:114 Ankara, Turkey 3 Department of International Trade, Meliksah University, Kayseri/Turkey E-mails: opolat@dicle.edu.tr , enesuslu@tuik.gov.tr, hkalyoncu@meliksah.edu.tr Abstract In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is 5 Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Public Finance 233 �rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the LS test with one structural break. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in Transportation sector are found to be non-stationary, which indicates that the impacts of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of variables. Keywords: unit root, energy production, energy consumption, structural break, Turkey 1.INTRODUCTION The unit root properties of energy variables for the formulation and implications of economic policies are crucial in several aspects, especially on structural transitions from shocks in energy markets towards key macroeconomic variables (Mishra et al., 2009; Narayan and Smyth, 2007). Impact of shocks on energy variable can be permanent or transitory according to its unit root properties. If the energy variable is stationary, impact of shocks will be transitory and long short term. On the other hand, if the energy variable is not stationary, the impacts of shocks will be permanent and have a long memory. Hendry and Juselius (2000) indicate that economic variables can inherit unit root properties from related economic variables and can in turn transmit this property to other related variables. They argued that relationship between economic variables can spread unit root properties throughout the economy. In this context, knowledge of unit root properties of an energy variable is of importance, since this property can be inherited by related macroeconomic variables. The impact of energy demand on economic activity can be serious. The literature has shown that energy price shocks, via their substantial impact on energy consumption, have significant impacts on output (Chang and Wong, 2003; Du et al., 2010; Hamilton, 1996, 2007; Huang et al., 2005; Jayaraman and Choong, 2009; Jiménez-Rodríguez, 2008; Lardic and Mignon, 2008; Lee et al., 2001; Lorde et al., 2009; Zhang, 2011), inflation (Berument and Taşçı, 2002; Chang and Wong, 2003; Cologni and Manera, 2008; Cuñado and Pérez de Gracia, 2003; Du et al., 2010; Ewing and Thompson, 2007), unemployment (Carruth et al., 1998; Chang and Wong, 2003; Doğrul and Soytas, 2010; Rafiq et al., 2009), employment (Papapetrou, 2001), stock market (Arouri et al., 2011; Basher et al.; Filis et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2005; Papapetrou, 2001; Park and Ratti, 2008; Sadorsky, 1999), investment (Rafiq et al., 2009), the budget deficit (Rafiq et al., 2009), exchange rate (Ayadi, 2005; Basher et al.; Chen and Chen, 2007; Narayan et al., 2008a; Özturk et al., 2008), interest rate (Lowinger et al., 1985; Park and Ratti, 2008), exports (Chiou-Wei and Zhu; Faria et al., 2009; Zhang, 2011), fluctuations in business cycle (Kim and Loungani, 1992) and money supply (Zhang, 2011). Besides shocks on energy demand, Hamilton (2007) showed that disruptions on energy supply can also have significant impact on economic activity by presenting a model based on CobbDouglas production function relating output (Y) produced by a firm to inputs of labour (L), capital (K) and energy use (E) as below: Y  F ( L, K , E ) (1) The profits (π) of the firm can be calculated as follows:   PY  WL  rK  QE (2) 234 �Where P is the price of output per unit, W is the nominal wage paid for labour, Q is the nominal cost of energy used in the production process and r is the nominal rate of rented capital. The maximum energy price for a price-taking and profit-maximizing firm will be at a level where marginal product of energy is equal to its relative price: FE ( L, K , E)  Q / P (3) Where FE(L,K,E) is the partial derivative of F(.) regarding E. The following equation will be obtained in case both sides of the equation (3) are multiplied by E and divided by Y:  ln F /  ln E  QE / PY (4) Eq (4) indicates that the elasticity of output regarding change in energy consumption used in the production process can be derived from the cost of the energy expenditure in total output. Disruptions in energy production will affect energy prices and a change in energy prices used in production process will also have a significant impact on output of an economy as shown in Eq (4). Therefore, shocks on non-stationary energy production series will be permanent and affect economic activity perpetually , while shocks on stationary energy production series will be transitory and affect economic activity temporarily, via transmission mechanism (Narayan et al., 2008b). The unit root properties of energy variables are of importance for forecasting these variables. Accurate forecasts are crucial for energy planning and policy formulation. Future values of a stationary energy variable can be forecasted based on its past behavior (Chen and Lee, 2007), while past data about a nonstationary energy variable are useless in forecasting (Mishra et al., 2009). Stationarity of energy consumption can be due to a multitude of factors. Hsu et al. (2008) suggested that abundance of energy resources, less energy consumption, introduction of new environmental laws by governments and middle income level may lead to stationarity of energy consumption. The goal of this study is to analyze the unit root properties of energy consumption and production in Turkey by employing a Lagrange Multiplier based unit root test without structural break proposed by Schmidt and Phillips (1992) (SP) and a unit root test considering one structural break proposed by Lee and Strazicich (2004) (LS) and two structural breaks proposed by Lee and Strazicich (2003) (LS). If the time series of the variable to be tested for the unit root properties has structural breaks, conventional unit root tests cannot reject the unit root hypothesis reducing the power of the test (Perron, 1989). Monte Carlo simulations point that statistical performance of LS is better than other alternatives (Narayan et al., 2010). This study is the first to investigate the unit root properties of energy production and sectorial energy consumption in Turkey. The next section briefly summarizes the literature on studies investigating the unit root properties of energy consumption and production. Section 3 describes data used in the analysis. Section 4 summarizes the unit root tests used in this study. Section 5 presents results of the unit root test. Section 6 discusses main findings and implications of the results for policy formulation and implication. 2. Brief Overview of the Literature Although there have been numerous studies analyzing the unit root properties of energy consumption series, only a handful of studies have investigated energy production. Barros et al. (2011) examine the time series behavior of oil production for 13 OPEC member countries and find that oil production series have mean reverting persistence with breaks identified in 235 �10 out of the 13 countries examined. The results of the study indicate that the impact of shocks on oil production in these countries will be persistent in the long run for all countries. Narayan et al. (2008b) analyze the unit root properties of crude oil production for 60 countries by conducting panel data unit root tests with and without structural breaks between 1971 and 2003. The results of tests without a structural break are inconclusive, while the results of test with one structural break are conclusive and indicate the stationary structure of crude oil and natural gas liquids production series. Maslyuk and Smyth (2009) test for non-linearity and unit root in crude oil production by using a threshold autoregressive model with an autoregressive unit root. They used monthly crude oil production for 17 OPEC and non-OPEC countries between January 1973 and December 2007. The results of their study show the presence of threshold effects on the crude oil production and unit root for 11 of the countries in both regimes and a partial unit root for the others. In contrast to the dearth of studies investigating unit root properties of energy production series, there are numerous studies on unit root properties of energy consumption. Narayan and Smyth (2007) employ univariate and panel data unit root tests to analyze the stationarity properties of per capita energy consumption of 182 countries for the period of 1979 to 2000 by using annual data. The results of univariate unit root test indicate that the series of 56 countries are nonstationary at the 10% level or better. The panel data unit root test indicate that there is overwhelming evidence about stationary of energy consumption. Chen and Lee (2007) investigate the stationarity of energy consumption per capita for 7 regional panel sets for the period of 1971 to 2002 by employing panel unit root testing procedure, and find that all regional-based panels of energy consumption per capita are stationary. A substantial literature review about the unit root properties of energy consumption can be found in Chen and Lee (2007), Hsu et al. (2008) and Aslan and Kum (2011). 3. Data and Econometric Methodology Energy production data are obtained from TURKSTAT (Turkish Statistical Institution) and energy consumption data are obtained from Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR) of Turkey. The periods of analysis are determined by data availability. All data used in this study are transformed to natural logarithmic form prior to unit root tests. The LS unit root test is based on Lagrangian Multiplier (LM) for trending data. Lee and Strazicich (2003, 2004) extended Schmidt and Phillips (1992) methodology by considering structural breaks. The form of the test allows endogenous determination of two structural breaks under both the null and alternative hypotheses for a change in both the level and trend. Yt   Zt   St 1   t , Z  1, t , D , D , DT , DT (1)    ,  , d , d , d , d  1t 2t 1t 2t is a vector of exogenous variables, 1 2 3 4 where t is a parameter vector of Zt and the subsequent dummies, which allow two time changes in the level and trend, are as follows: 1 t  TBj  1 t  TBj   D jt   and DT jt   0 t  TBj  1    0 t  TBj  1 t  TBj  1 236 , j  1, 2. (2) � x  Y1  Z1 and St  Yt  x  Zt where  are coefficients in the regression of Yt on Zt . The null and alternative hypotheses are: H0 :   1    0 vs H1 :  1    0 (3) To determine the location of the breaks ( a grid search as follows:   (1  TB1 / T , 2  TB 2 / T ) ) LS procedure utilizes LM  inf      (4) Break points are where the corresponding test statistic is minimal. Results The results for the unit root tests without structural break and with one and two structural breaks are presented in Table 1. Three distinct unit root tests are used in this study to distinguish the impacts of structural break(s) on the energy series. We considered breaks at level and trend of the series. The number of lags is determined according to the general to specific method up to specific number of maximum lag6 running by t-statistics significance at the 10% significance level. According to the results of unit root tests without structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. In case of one structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by LS test. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found stationary. This series is stationary around deterministic trend with breaks. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, and coal, total energy consumption in the transportation sector and consumption of petroleum in the transportation sector are found to be non-stationary. According to the results, structural breaks in energy variables of Turkey should be taken into consideration when the unit root properties are examined. If the time series of the variable to be tested have structural breaks, conventional unit root tests cannot reject the unit root hypothesis due to weak power (Perron, 1989). Our results verify the theory that the number of rejection of unit root null hypothesis declines when the number of structural breaks is increased. Table 1: Results of unit root tests Series PHC PGL PLT PWD PPM PCL PNG PEY k 0 0 2 8 8 0 8 9 SP t statistics -1.52 -2.12 -1.45 -0.73 1.83 -1.99 -2.16 -0.45 k 6 3 2 9 7 9 8 9 LS - one break t statistics TB -3.87 1999 -3.58 2006 -3.44 1991 c -4.20 1990 -3.37 1988 b -4.73 1994 a -6.65 1994 -3.68 1987 k 6 9 3 6 7 8 2 9 LS - two breaks t statistics TB1 -5.04 1983 a -8.71 1987 a -6.35 1987 b -5.79 1984 c -5.40 1988 a -6.46 1988 a -16.39 1988 -4.51 1944 6 Source of the selected data’s: State Statistical Office of Macedonia, www.stat.gov.mk and the Ministry of Finance of RM, www.finance.gov.mk 237 TB2 1993 2006 2001 1996 1994 1994 2003 1973 �CHC CGL CLT CWD CPM CCL CNG CEY IND IND_PET IND_ECT IND_NGS TPT TPT_PET TPT_ECT OSC OSC_PET OSC_ECT RES RES_PET RES_ECT ACL ACL_PET ACL_ECT NEY 0 3 9 2 6 9 8 11 0 5 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 8 1 0.14 -1.94 -1.93 -0.53 -0.93 -1.80 c -3.13 -0.08 -2.22 -1.72 1.45 -1.53 -1.68 -2.56 -2.07 -1.40 -1.15 -0.98 -1.46 -1.07 -1.11 -1.64 -2.73 -1.94 a -3.74 0 2 9 5 10 10 5 11 5 9 0 4 0 3 9 0 1 9 0 9 9 4 7 8 2 -2.33 a -5.74 -3.87 c -4.26 c -4.30 -2.94 a -5.76 b -4.68 b -5.03 -4.14 -3.98 -3.19 -4.11 c -4.25 -3.95 -2.53 b -4.78 -3.94 -2.42 b -4.97 -3.95 -3.61 c -4.48 b -4.95 b -5.01 1966 1989 1998 1989 1991 1989 1987 1981 2000 2003 1985 1993 1997 1997 2002 2001 2000 1985 2001 1993 1985 1995 1994 1992 2003 7 2 9 10 6 5 2 11 5 9 5 6 8 8 6 6 2 9 6 9 9 7 7 9 3 b -5.39 a -6.88 -4.62 b -6.18 -4.65 -5.06 a -9.17 -4.87 b -5.69 a -6.41 b -5.97 a -8.61 -4.68 -5.15 a -6.99 a -8.54 a -7.47 a -6.40 a -8.44 a -11.48 a -7.02 a -6.82 c -5.39 b -5.64 a -6.60 1968 1975 1979 1972 1965 1975 1988 1981 1991 1989 1984 1994 1987 1987 1986 1982 1996 1982 1982 1987 1982 1993 1993 1994 1997 1993 1987 1999 1990 2002 1993 1990 1989 2000 1994 2000 1999 1991 1991 2002 1999 2000 1995 1999 1993 1995 2006 1999 2006 2003 Notes: k indicates the number of lags. a, b and c denote significance at the 1% 5% and 10% level, respectively. TB denotes time breaks. 6. CONCLUSION Specification of unit root properties of energy consumption and production is crucial for energy policy formulations and implications. The impact of shocks on energy variables with a stationary process will be temporary and long short term, while impact of shocks on energy variables with a nonstationary process will be permanent and have a long memory. In this study, the unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate the unit root properties of energy production and sectorial energy consumption in Turkey. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using the unit root tests based on LM without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. In the case of one structural break, the unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by LS test. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend with breaks. The production of hydraulic, the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal, electricity, total energy consumption and petroleum consumption in the transportation sector are found to be nonstationary, which indicates that the impact of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of these results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of the variables. Therefore, the economic impact of energy stabilization and conservation policies will be temporary in Turkey. The results of this study, which found that most of the variables are stationary, are consistent the consensus about stationarity of energy variables found in 238 �numerous other studies (Narayan et al., 2010). In addition, the historical data on these stationary variables can be taken into account to forecast the future values of these variables. REFERENCES Arouri, M.E.H., Lahiani, A., Nguyen, D.K., 2011. Return and volatility transmission between world oil prices and stock markets of the GCC countries. Economic Modelling 28, 18151825. Aslan, A., Kum, H., 2011. The stationary of energy consumption for Turkish disaggregate data by employing linear and nonlinear unit root tests. Energy 36, 4256-4258. Ayadi, O.F., 2005. Oil price fluctuations and the Nigerian economy. OPEC Review 29, 199217. Barros, C.P., Gil-Alana, L.A., Payne, J.E., 2011. An analysis of oil production by OPEC countries: Persistence, breaks, and outliers. Energy Policy 39, 442-453. 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The chemical indicators of water quality such as salinity, specific gravity, Ph, ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate, Alkalinity, Copper, Calcium, and Magnesium are vital for the marine organisms. Further, the essential components are an aquarium made from acrylic, special heating systems , the consideration of overall lighting, metal halide, higher output fluorescent, standard fluorescent, incandescent, natural sunlight, filtration and live rocks. 241 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1250 Title A name given to the resource Unit Root Properties Of Energy Consumption And Production In Turkey Author Author Özgür , Polata Abstract A summary of the resource. In this study, unit root properties of total and sectorial energy production and consumption series of Turkey are investigated. This study is the first to investigate unit root properties of Turkish energy production. The unit root null hypothesis for energy variables are tested by using unit root tests based on LM considering without structural break and with one and two structural breaks. The results of the unit root test without structural break show that the unit root hypothesis is rejected only for consumption of natural gas. The unit root hypothesis is rejected for 15 out of the 33 series by the LS test with one structural break. When two structural breaks are taken into account, 25 out of the 33 series are found to be stationary around a deterministic trend. The production of hydraulic and the consumption of lignite, electricity, petroleum, coal and electricity, total energy and petroleum consumption in Transportation sector are found to be non-stationary, which indicates that the impacts of innovations on these variables will be permanent. The policy implication of the results suggests that the impacts of shocks on energy consumption and production will be temporary and not have a long memory for most of variables. Keywords: unit root, energy production, energy consumption, structural break, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General)