12 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ca0d71a1fc79b8e568c34d9448c0821d.pdf a8ea38183be18f40d6b0aedf6bfe45fc PDF Text Text IZVORNI NAUČNI RAD Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku A Notion and Forms of International Criminal Justice Assistance with Special Emphasis on Rights of Suspects and the Accused in an Extradition Proceeding Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci, redovni profesor e-mail: tbubalovic@pravri.hr Sažetak: Jedan od oblika međunarodne saradnje država u borbi protiv kriminaliteta jest i pružanje uzajamne pravne pomoći u krivičnim stvarima. Međunarodna krivičnopravna pomoć podrazumijeva skup različitih radnji i mjera, koje preduzimaju pravosudna i druga državna tijela s ciljem ostvarenja saradnje država u vršenju krivičnog pravosuđa. Ta saradnja odvija se na osnovu međunarodnih i domaćih pravnih propisa. S obzirom na sve veću brojnost tih propisa, danas se sve više govori o „pravu međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći“, koja postaje sve izgrađenije i prepoznatljivije pravno područje. Ključne riječi: međunarodna saradnja, međunarodna krivičnopravna pomoć, oblici uzajamne međunarodne pomoći u krivičnim stvarima, prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih osoba. Osnovni međunarodni dokumenti o pružanju međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći su: Evropska konvencija o izručenju sa dopunskim protokolima (1957), Evropska konvencija o uzajamnoj pomoći u krivičnim stvarima sa dodatnim protokolima (1959), Evropska konvencija o međunarodnoj validnosti krivičnih presuda (1970) i Evropska konvencija o prenosu postupaka u krivičnim predmetima (1972). Glavni domaći pravni propis u BiH je Zakon o međunarodnoj pravnoj pomoći u krivičnim stvarima (ZMPPKS). Uz navedene pravne propise, važna su i osnovna načela međunarodne krivičnopravne saradnje: identitet norme, uzajamnost (reciprocitet), ekstradibilnost, načelo locus regit actum i načelo ne bis in idem. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.14706/DO15212 Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 JEL klasifikacija: K14, K33 Historija članka Dostavljen: 01.10.2014. Recenziran: 19.11.2014. Prihvaćen: 12.01.2014. 35 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović Prema ZMPPKS, međunarodna pravna pomoć odvija se u četiri osnovna oblika: a) „mala“ međunarodna krivičnopravna pomoć (u užem smislu), b) izručenje (ekstradicija) osumnjičenih, optuženih i osuđenih osoba, c) ustupanje i preuzimanje krivičnog gonjenja i d) priznanje i izvršenje stranih sudskih odluka. Najznačajniji i najsloženiji oblik međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći je izručenje (ekstradicija). Postupak izručenja je detaljno normiran i u domaćem (ZMPPKS) i u međunarodnom pravu (bilateralni i multilateralni ugovori). Važan aspekt ove saradnje su i prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih osoba, prije svega u ekstradicionom postupku, u koja spadaju: pravo na obavijest o tome zbog čega se i na osnovu kojih dokaza traži njihovo izručenje, pravo na branitelja, pravo prisustva radnjama u postupku izručenja, pravo na pravedno i humano postupanje, pravo na žalbu protiv odluka o izručenju, te neka druga prava. Ta prava trebaju biti jamstvo zakonitog, pravičnog i humanog postupanja domaćih i međunarodnih pravosudnih i drugih tijela u svim oblicima pružanja međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći, posebno onim u kojima se ograničavaju ili privremeno oduzimaju osnovna ljudska prava i slobode. Bosna i Hercegovina je prihvatila sve relevantne međunarodne konvencije u tom području. Pored toga, navedenim domaćim zakonom je na adekvatan način uredila sva bitna pitanja međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći u skladu sa međunarodnim standardima. 36 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku Abstract: One of the forms of international cooperation among States in fighting against criminality is to provide for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. International criminal justice assistance includes a set of different actions and measures undertaken by judicial and other state bodies in order to achieve the cooperation among States to exercise criminal justice system. This cooperation takes place on the basis of international and national legislation. Due to the increasing number of these regulations, the phrase “Law on International Criminal Justice Assistance” could be increasingly used today which is therefore becoming completely formed and recognizable legal field. Fundamental international documents on providing for international criminal justice assistance are: the European Convention on Extradition with additional protocols (1957), the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters with additional protocols (1959), the European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal Judgments (1970) and the European Convention on the Transfer of Proceedings in Criminal Matters (1972). The main domestic legal act in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the Act on International Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (ZMPPKS). In addition to these already mentioned legal acts, basic principles of international criminal justice cooperation are also very significant: identity of norm, reciprocity, ability of extradition, the principle locus regit actum and the principle ne bis in idem. Keywords: international cooperation, international criminal justice assistance, forms of international mutual assistance in criminal matters, the rights of suspects and accused persons. JEL Classification: K14, K33 http://dx.doi.org/ 10.14706/DO15212 Article History Submitted: 01.10.2014. Resubmited: 19.11.2014. Accepted: 12.01.2014. According to ZMPPKS, international legal assistance is divided into four fundamental forms: (a) “small” international criminal justice assistance (in the narrow sense), (b) extradition of suspects, the accused and convicted persons, (c) transfer and over the case in criminal proceedings, and (d) the recognition and enforcement of foreign judicial decisions. The most important and the most complex form of international criminal justice assistance is extradition. Extradition procedure is normatively regulated in detail in national (ZMPPKS) as well as in international law (bilateral and multilateral treaties). Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 37 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović An important aspect of this cooperation are the rights of suspects and accused persons, primarily in extradition procedure which include: the right to information about why and on what evidence the extradition is requested, the right to counsel, the right to be present during actions in the process of extradition, the right to fair and humane treatment, the right to appeal against decisions on extradition, and some other rights. These rights should be a guarantee of legal, fair, and humane treatment of domestic and international judicial and other authorities in all aspects of providing international criminal legal assistance, particularly in those that restrict or temporarily deprive someone of basic human rights and freedoms. Bosnia and Herzegovina has accepted all relevant international conventions in this area. In addition, the mentioned domestic act adequately regulates all important issues of international criminal justice assistance in accordance with international standards. 38 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku 1. Pojam i značaj međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći Jedan od oblika međunarodne suradnje država je i kaznenopravna suradnja u borbi protiv kriminaliteta. Ona se odvija uzajamnim pružanjem međunarodne pravne pomoći u kaznenim stvarima.1 Potreba za provođenjem ovog oblika međunarodne suradnje uvjetovana je sve većom rasprostranjenosti i učestalosti činjenja teških kaznenih djela koja prelaze državne granice. Naime, kriminalitet više nije problem samo jedne države već je danas, u doba globalne komunkacije ljudi i dobara, teško rješiv problem čitave međunarodne zajednice. U rješevanju organiziranog i transnacionalnog (prekograničnog, umreženog) kriminala moraju se uključiti, pored nacionalnih tijela kaznenog progona i suđenja, i pravosudna tijela drugih država s ciljem pronalaženja i uhićenja počinitelja kaznenih djela, osiguranja dokaza za kazneni postupak, poduzimanja određenih procesnih radnji na teritoriju druge države (npr. saslušanje žrtve ili svjedoka) te pomoć prilikom izvršenja izrečenih kaznenopravnih sankcija. Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć podrazumijeva skup različitih radnji i mjera koje poduzimaju pravosudna i druga državna tijela s ciljem ostvarenja suradnje država u vršenju kaznenog pravosuđa.2 Međunarodna kaznenopravna suradnja može se odrediti i kao skup pravila kojima se uređuje postupanje tijela kaznenog postupka u poduzimanju radnji na zahtjev tijela druge države.3 Konačni cilj te suradnje je uspješnija borba protiv prije svega organiziranog i prekograničnog kriminaliteta odnosno ostvarivanja prava na kažnjavanje počinitelja tih kaznenih djela.4 Suradnja država u navedenom pravcu odvija se u više pravaca, ovisno o tome što se njome želi postići: pomaganje u provođenju kaznenog postupka, ili pomoć pri izvršenju već izrečene kaznene sankcije, ili jedno i drugo. Ta suradnja može se sastojati i u 1 O pojmu međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći, detaljnije v. Bubalović, T. – Pivić, N., Krivično procesno pravo – Posebni dio, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Zenici, 2014., str. 247 - 250., SijerčićČolić, H., Krivično procesno pravo – knjiga II, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 2012., str. 247., Simović, M. N. - Simović, V. M., Krivično procesno pravo II – Posebni dio, 2. izdanje, Istočno Sarajevo, 2011., str. 365-366, Sladoje, N., Međunarodna pravna pomoć u krivičnim stvarima, Pravo i pravda, 12/2004, Sarajevo, str. 281-286. 2 Usp. Krapac, D., Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć – Uvod u teoriju međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći, Zagreb, 2006 ., str. 3. i dalje, Sijerčić-Čolić, H., KPP II, 2012., str. 247., Bubalović, T. – Pivić, N., KPP II, 2014., str. 248. 3 Tako, Pavišić, B. – Bubalović, T., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u Rijeci, Rijeka, 2013., str. 125. 4 Više o tome: Bavcon Lj. et al., Međunarodno kazensko pravo, Ljubljana, 1997., str. 138; Krapac, D., op. cit. u bilj. 2, str. 3., Stojanović, Z., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Beograd, 2008., str. 199-200. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 39 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović poduzimanju pojedinih procesnih radnji s ciljem pribavljanja dokaza, zbog čega se govori i o „procesno-dokaznom“ karakteru međunarodne kaznenopravne suradnje.5 Iz navedenog proizlazi iznimno veliko značenje ustanove međunarodne kaznenopravne suradnje, jer se samo pružanjem međusobne institucionalne i operativne (procesne) pomoći može uspješno boriti protiv svih oblika organiziranog i transnacionalnog kriminaliteta. Suradnja država u kaznenim stvarima može biti unutarnja ili međunarodna. Unutarnja se odnosi na suradnju tijela kaznenog postupka iste države, a međunarodna (vanjska) na suradnju pravosudnih i drugih državnih tijela između više država. Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć može biti aktivna i pasivna. Aktivnu pravnu pomoć pruža zamoljena država, a pasivna pravna pomoć je na strani države moliteljice. Ona može biti primarna i sekundarna. Primarna pomoć slijedi prije okončanja kaznenog postupka,6 a sekundarna u postupku izvršenja kaznenopravne sankcije.7 Međunarodna kaznenopravna suradnja može biti univerzalna i regionalna, a po svome obimu dvostrana i višestrana.8 Prema subjektu, međunarodna kaznenopravna suradnja podrazumijeva suradnju: tijela kaznenog progona, sudova te tijela izvršenja kaznenih sankcija. U pravnoj teoriji se međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć prije svega dijeli na onu u užem i širem smislu. Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć u užem obuhvaća radnje i mjere kaznenog postupka koje poduzimaju domaći sudovi na molbu strane države ili strani sudovi na molbu domaće države.9 Postupak pružanja međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći u užem smislu ima za cilj pomaganje u vođenju stranog kaznenog postupka.10 Kaznenopravna pomoć u užem smislu se nekada označava kao „mala“ kaznenopravna pomoć.11 Kaznenopravna pomoć u širem smislu obuhvaća ostale 5 Tako, Škulić, M., Krivično procesno pravo, Pravni fakultet u Beogradu, Beograd, 2010., str. 532. Tradicionalni oblici primarne međudržavne kaznenopravne saradnje su: „mala“ međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć, prijenos kaznenog postupka i izručenje radi suđenja. 7 Sekundarna međunarodna kaznenopravna suradnja obuhvaća oblike suradnje poslije završenog postupka (post judicium): izručenje radi izvršenja kazne ili druge mjere, izvršenje strane kaznene presude i vršenje nadzora nad uvjetno osuđenim i uvjetno otpuštenim osobama. 8 Usp. Pavišić, B. – Bubalović, T., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2013., str. 126. 9 Zlatarić, B. – Damaška, M., Rječnik kaznenog prava i postupka, Zagreb, 1966., str. 160; Simović, M. N. - Simović, V. M., KPP II, 2011., str. 368-373. 10 Simović, M. N. - Simović, V. M., KPP II, 2011., str. 368. 11 Sijerčić-Čolić, H., KPP II, 2012., str. 251. 6 40 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku vidove suradnje među državama i označava se kao „velika“ kaznenopravna pomoć.12 Međunarodna suradnja država u kaznenim stvarima odvija se na osnovu međunarodnih ugovora koji mogu biti bilateralni i multilateralni.13 U pravilu, međunarodnim ugovorima uređuju se načelna pitanja, kao što su uvjeti za izručenje osumnjičenih, optuženih ili osuđenih osoba te razlozi (osnove) za izvođenje kaznenoprocesnih radnji na teritoriju druge države. Sam način i forma poduzimanja pojedinih radnji u pravilu je uređena domaćim propisima. Pri tome treba naglasiti da i u pitanjima međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći međunarodno pravo uvijek ima prednost pred unutarnjim pravom, što znači da je primjena unutarnjeg prava supsidijarna. S obzirom na sve veću brojnost međunarodnih pravnih propisa, uz nacionalne pravne izvore, danas se sve više govori o „pravu međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći“, koje postaje sve izgrađenije i prepoznatljivije pravno područje.14 Osnovni međunarodni dokumenti o pružanju međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći su: Europska konvencija o izručenju sa dopunskim protokolima (1957),15 Europska konvencija o uzajamnoj pomoći u kaznenim stvarima sa dodatnim protokolima (1959), Europska konvencija o međunarodnoj validnosti kaznenih presuda (1970), Europska konvencija o prijenosu postupaka u kaznenim predmetima (1972) te Europska konvencija o transferu osuđenih osoba (1983). Većina nacionalnih zakonodavstava je ratificirala navedene ali i druge konvencije u tom području. Osnovni unutarnji (domaći) pravni propis u BiH je Zakon o međunarodnoj pravnoj pomoći u kaznenim stvarima (ZMPPKS).16 Na taj način BiH je 12 Škulić, M., KPP, 2010., str. 531. O drugim oblicima međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći, v. Bejatović, S., KPP, 2008., str. 547. 13 O tim ugovorima, detaljnije: Sijerčić-Čolić, H., Evropsko krivično pravo – regionalna pravna pravila o kaznenom postupku, Pravo i pravda, 1/2008, Sarajevo, str. 20-26. 14 Više o tome: Satzger, H., Internationales und Europaisches Strafrecht, Baden-baden, 2005., str. 26. Pravila o međunarodnoj kaznenopravnoj suradnji u nedavnoj prošlosti bila su najvažnije područje koje je uređivalo međunarodno kazneno pravo. Ta je materija bila uređena nacionalnim pravilima namijenjenih postupanju u stvarima s inozemnim obilježjem. Međunarodna suradnja danas se proširuje i na međunarodne kaznene sudove, posebno na Međunarodni kazneni sud (MKS). Usp. Josipović, I. et al., Stalni međunarodni kazneni sud, Zagreb, 2001., Bejatović, S., Međunarodna krivičnopravna pomoć i Međunarodni krivični sud, Beograd, 2007. 15 Europska konvencija o izručenju zajedno s dva Dodatna protokola u BiH je objavljena u „Sl. glasniku BiH“ - Međunarodni ugovori, broj 4/2005. 16 Zakon o međunarodnoj pravnoj pomoći u kaznenim stvarima (ZMPPKS) - Sl. Glasnik BiH, 53/09. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 41 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović u okviru svoga unutarnjeg prava kroz navedeni državni zakon na potpun način uredila sva bitna pitanja međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći.17 2. Načela međunarodne kaznenopravne suradnje Najvažnija načela međunarodne kaznenopravne suradnje su: (a) identitet norme, (b) uzajamnost (reciprocitet), (c) specijalnost, (d) ekstradibilnost, (e) načelo locus regit actum i (f) načelo ne bis in idem.18 Ova se načela ne primjenjuju u jednakom obimu i na isti način kod svih oblika međunarodne kaznenopravne saradnje. Identitet norme podrazumijeva da kazneno djelo mora biti kažnjivo u obje države koje su subjekti suradnje, odnosno da je djelo povodom kojeg se zahtijeva određena međunarodna pomoć, predviđeno kao kazneno djelo i u državi moliteljici i u zamoljenoj državi (idem delictum). Ovo načelo ima posebno značenje u onim vidovima kaznenopravne suradnje u kojima se mogu ugroziti ili povrijediti osnovna prava i slobode pojedinca (npr. izručenje, prijenos kaznenog postupka).19 Reciprocitet (ili uzajamnost) u međunarodnom kaznenom pravu predstavlja jamstvo jedne države drugoj da će u istim ili sličnim slučajevima postupiti jednako prema državljaninu te druge države, što znači da se može očekivati da će država moliteljica izvršiti sličnu zamolnicu domaćih pravosudnih tijela. Specijalnost u području provođenja međunarodne kaznenopravne suradnje podrazumijeva vezanost postupanja za određeno kazneno djelo i određenu osobu. To znači da zamoljena država može postupati samo u odnosu na kazneno djelo za koje ima odobrenje (zahtjev) države moliteljice i samo u odnosu na osobu na koju se odnosi zahtjev. Ekstradibilnost (izručivost) u biti znači da je izručenje moguće samo za određena 17 Bosna i Hercegovina je, gledano regionalno, već sklopila dvostrane (bilateralne) ugovore sa Republikom Hrvatskom (Sporazum između Bosne i Hercegovine i Republike Hrvatske o pravnoj pomoći u građanskim i kaznenim stvarima („Službeni glasnik BiH - Međunarodni ugovori, 11/2005) i Republikom Srbijom (Ugovor između Bosne i Hercegovine i Republike Srbije o izmjenama i dopunama Ugovora između Bosne i Hercegovine i Srbije i Crne Gore o međusobnom izvršavanju sudskih odluka u kaznenim stvarima od 26. II. 2010.). 17 O tim načelima detaljnije v. Pavišić, B. – Bubalović, T., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2013., str. 128., Degan, V. Đ – Pavišić, B., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2005; Krapac, D., Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć, Zagreb, 2006., str. 37. 18 O tome: Škulić, M., KPP 2010., str. 533-534. 19 Više o tome: Pavišić, B. – Bubalović, T., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2013., str. 128. 42 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku kaznena djela. Načelo locus regit actum omogućava da se međunarodna kaznenopravna suradnja ostvaruje primjenom domaćih pravila. Za validnost radnji pravne pomoći mjerodavno je domaće pravo. Načelo ne bis in idem znači zabranu da se nekoj osobi ponovno sudi ili da se ona ponovno kazni za kazneno djelo za koje je već pravomoćno osuđena ili oslobođena u skladu sa zakonom. Ova zabrana osim u nacionalnom pravu, vrijedi i u međunarodnom pravu.20 U teoriji se kao opća načelna pravila pružanja međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći najčešće navode ona koja se odnose na: (a) uređivanje postupka povodom kojeg se zahtijeva i ostvaruje pravna pomoć, (b) određivanje nadležnih tijela za pružanje te pomoći, (c) formu i sadržaj zamolnica za pravnu pomoć, (d) pretpostavke pružanja međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći, (e) ostala opća pravila pružanja međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći (npr. ona o primjeni načela uzajamnosti, zaštiti podataka, jeziku, troškovima postupka i dr.).21 3. Oblici međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći Najvažniji i najuređeniji oblici međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći su: „mala“ međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć (u užem smislu); izručenje (ekstradicija); prijenos kaznenog postupka; priznanje i izvršenje strane kaznene presude; prijenos nadzora nad uvjetno osuđenim i uvjetno otpuštenim osobama.22 U novijim izvorima spominje se i: privremeno oduzimanje imovine stečene kaznenim djelom; prikupljanje i razmjena podataka te regionalni i subregionalni pravosudni sporazumi.23 4. Zakonsko uređenje međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći u Bosni i Hercegovini Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć u Bosni i Hercegovini uređena je Zakonom o međunarodnoj pravnoj pomoći u kaznenim stvarima (u daljnjem tekstu: 20 V. čl. 4. Protokola 7 uz EKLJP, čl. 14. MPGPP, i čl. 20. Statuta MKS. O tome: Škulić, M., KPP 2010., str. 533-534. 22 Prema: Pavišić, B. – Bubalović, T., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2013., str. 126. 23 Degan V. Đ. - Pavišić, B., Mađunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2005., str. 281-286., Bassiouni, Ch., Introduction to Interantional criminal Law, Bruxelles, 2002., str. 426. O pojmu i vrstama međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći v. Simović, M. N. - Simović, V. M., KPP II, 2011., str. 368-404. 21 Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 43 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović ZMPPKS).24 Tim je zakonom uređen način i postupak pružanja međunarodne pravne pomoći u: (a) kaznenim stvarima, ako međunarodnim ugovorom nije drugačije određeno ili ako međunarodni ugovor ne postoji, (b) prekršajnim postupcima pred sudovima ili upravnim tijelima u pogledu prekršaja za koje su prema propisima u BiH predviđene zatvorske ili novčane kazne i (c) u odnosu na međunarodne sudove i druge međunarodne organizacije čiji je član Bosna i Hercegovina, kad je to određeno međunarodnim ugovorom (čl. 1. ZMPPKS).25 5. Područje primjene i oblici međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći Prema čl. 8. ZMPPKS, međunarodna pravna pomoć obuhvaća: (1) opće vidove pravne pomoći i (2) posebne vidove pravne pomoći. Opći vidovi pravne pomoći najčešće se određuju kao „mala“ međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć. Posebni vidovi pravne pomoći su izručenje (ekstradicija) osumnjičenih, okrivljenih i osuđenih osoba; ustupanje i preuzimanje kaznenog gonjenja te priznanje i izvršenje stranih sudskih odluka. Iz navedene zakonske odredbe proizlazi da u domaćem pravu postoje četiri osnovna oblika pružanja međunarodne pravne pomoći u kaznenim stvarima: (1) „mala“ međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć (u užem smislu), (2) izručenje (ekstradicija) osumnjičenih, okrivljenih i osuđenih osoba, (3) ustupanje i preuzimanje kaznenog gonjenja i (4) priznanje i izvršenje stranih sudskih odluka.26 Za svaki od navedenih oblika međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći detaljno su propisana osnovna načela, uvjeti, pretpostavke i način njihova provođenja. 24 Zakona o međunarodnoj pravnoj pomoći u kaznenim stvarima (ZMPPKS), Sl. Glasnik BiH, 53/09. Država moliteljica je država iz koje nadležno pravosudno tijelo podnosi zamolnicu. Zamoljena država je država čijem se nadležnom pravosudnom tijelu dostavlja zamolnica. Domaće pravosudno tijelo su sudovi i tužiteljstva koji su posebnim zakonom određeni za pružanje međunarodne pravne pomoći, kao i sva tijela koja prema ovom zakonu mogu tražiti međunarodnu pravnu pomoć. Strana pravosudna tijela su strani sudovi i druga tijela koji su prema pravu zamoljene države nadležni za postupanje u kaznenim i prekršajnim stvarima. 26 U kaznenom zakonodavstvu Bosne i Hercegovine ova je materija na nižim nivoima vlasti (FBiH, RS, BD BiH) uređena i drugim zakonskim propisima. 25 44 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku 6. Opća načelna pravila o međunarodnoj pravnoj pomoći prema ZMPPKS Zahtjev za međunarodnu pravnu pomoć podnosi se u formi zamolnice, koja mora biti prevedena i na jezik države moliteljice. Zamolnica mora imati pisanu formu i sadržavati sve bitne podatke kako bi se po njoj moglo postupiti. Zamolnice domaćih pravosudnih tijela za međunarodnu pravnu pomoć, u pravilu, dostavljaju se stranim pravosudnim tijelima posredstvom nadležnih ministarstava. Iznimno, domaće pravosudno tijelo može zamolnicu za međunarodnu pravnu pomoć dostaviti direktno stranom pravosudnom tijelu, kad je takav način komuniciranja predviđen međunarodnim ugovorom. U hitnim slučajevima, kad je to predviđeno međunarodnim ugovorom, zamolnice za međunarodnu pravnu pomoć mogu se dostavljati i primati posredstvom Međunarodne organizacije kriminalastičke policije (INTERPOL-a). O zamolnici stranog pravosudnog tijela odlučuje nadležno domaće pravosudno tijelo prema domaćim propisima, osim ako zakonom ili međunarodnim ugovorom nije drugačije određeno (čl. 4 - 6. ZMPPKS). Zakon je posebno propisao fakultativne i obligatorne osnove za odbijanje zamolnice stranog pravosudnog tijela. Tako, prema čl. 9. ZMPPKS nadležno domaće pravosudno tijelo može odbiti zamolnicu (fakultativna osnova) za međunarodnu pravnu pomoć: (a) ako bi udovoljavanje zamolnici bilo u suprotnosti s pravnim poretkom Bosne i Hercegovine ili bi moglo nanijeti štetu njenom suverenitetu ili sigurnosti, (b) ako se zamolnica odnosi na djelo koje se smatra političkim kaznenim djelom ili djelom povezanim s političkim kaznenim djelom i (c) ako se zamolnica odnosi na vojna kaznena djela. Međutim, zamolnica se neće odbiti za kaznena djela protiv čovječnosti i drugih dobara zaštićenih međunarodnim pravom, kao i pokušaji izvršenja ovih kaznenih djela, te saučesništvo u izvršenju ovih kaznenih djela. Prema čl. 10. ZMPPKS, nadležno domaće pravosudno tijelo mora odbiti zamolnicu (obligatorna osnova) za međunarodnu pravnu pomoć: (a) ako je za isto kazneno djelo okrivljena osoba iz materijalnopravnih razloga oslobođena od krivnje ili je protiv nje obustavljen postupak, ili ako je oslobođena od kazne, ili ako je sankcija izvršena ili se ne može izvršiti prema pravu države u kojoj je donesena presuda, (b) ako se protiv okrivljene osobe u Bosni i Hercegovini vodi kazneni postupak zbog istog kaznenog djela, osim ako bi izvršenje zamolnice moglo dovesti do odluke o puštanju okrivljene osobe na slobodu i (c) ako bi kazneno gonjenje ili izvršenje sankcije prema domaćem zakonodavstvu bilo isključeno zbog zastarjelosti. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 45 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović Prema načelu uzajamnosti (reciprociteta), zamolnici za međunarodnu kaznenopravnu pomoć pravosudnog tijela države s kojom Bosna i Hercegovina nema zaključen ugovor o međunarodnoj pravnoj pomoći, bit će udovoljeno samo ako se na osnovu garancija koje je dala država moliteljica može očekivati da bi ta država izvršila sličnu zamolnicu domaćih pravosudnih tijela (čl. 12. ZMPPKS). 7. Pojedini oblici međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći prema ZMPPKS 7.1. „Mala“ međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć Zakon podvodi „malu“ međunarodnu kaznenopravnu pomoć, koja se još naziva i kaznenopravna pomoć u užem smislu, pod „opće vidove međunarodne pravne pomoći“. „Mala“ međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć podrazumijeva međunarodnim i unutarnjim pravilima uređen oblik međunarodne suradnje u poduzimanju radnji i mjera povodom kaznenog djela na temelju molbe tijela druge države prije, tokom i nakon kaznenog postupka.27 Ona je najčešći oblik međunarodne suradnje država u borbi protiv kriminaliteta. Najznačajniji međunarodni izvor „male“ međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći je Europska konvencija o međusobnom pružanju pravne pomoći u kaznenim stvarima (1959) 28 i njezina dva dodatna protokola (1978, 2001). U tom području suradnje važnost imaju i Preporuka VE (1987) 1 o europskoj međudržavnoj suradnji u kaznenim stvarima te Preporuka (1999) 6 o poboljšanju praktične primjene europskog sporazuma o slanju zahtjeva za pravnu pomoć. Statut Međunarodnog kaznenog suda za bivšu Jugoslaviju (MKSJ) i Statut stalnog Međunarodnog kaznenog suda (MKS) također sadrže načelna pravila o pružanju ovih oblika međunarodne pomoći. Tako, prema čl. 9. st. 2. Statuta MKSJ, taj sud ima primat u vođenju kaznenih postupaka u odnosu na nacionalne sudove, a prema čl. 18. tog Statuta države članice dužne su pružati pomoć Tužilaštvu MKSJ u pokretanju i vođenju tih postupaka, posebno u poduzimanju procesnih radnji na njihovom teritoriju. I čl. 29. istog Statuta propisuje da su države dužne surađivati sa MKSJ u istragama i gonjenju osoba optuženih za djela iz njegove nadležnosti i bez odlaganja izvršiti svaki njegov zahtjev koji bi se odnosio na identifikaciju i pronalaženje osoba, pribavljanje dokaza, 27 Usp. Krapac, D., Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć, Zagreb, 2006., str. 95. i 96; Bubalović, T. – Pivić, N., KPP II, 2014., str. 256., Pavišić, B. – Bubalović, T., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2013., str. 130; Sijerčić-Čolić, H., KPP II, 2012., str. 251. 28 Eng. European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters - ETS 30. 46 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku lišavanje slobode i pritvaranje, te njihovu predaju tom sudu.29 Prema čl. 86. Statuta MKS (Rimski statut) države su dužne surađivati sa MKS u istragama i gonjenju kaznenih djela iz nadležnosti tog Suda. Prema čl. 13. ZMPPKS, „mala” međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć obuhvaća izvršenje pojedinih procesnih radnji, kao što su: dostavljanje poziva osumnjičenom, optuženom, svjedoku, vještaku, osobi lišenoj slobode ili drugom učesniku u kaznenom postupku; dostavljanje akata, pisanih materijala i drugih predmeta koji su u vezi s kaznenim postupkom u državi moliteljici; privremeno oduzimanje predmeta; predaja privremeno oduzetih predmeta državi moliteljici; saslušanje optuženog, svjedoka i vještaka; uviđaj, pretres prostorija i osoba; zapljena i kontroliranje isporuka; nadzor i telefonsko prisluškivanje; razmjena određenih informacija i obavještenja; kao i druge radnje koje se mogu pojaviti u kaznenom postupku koje zahtijevaju međunarodnu pravnu pomoć, a nisu u suprotnosti sa zakonom. To su tzv. opći vidovi međunarodne pravne pomoći. Zakon poznaje i poseban oblik pružanja te pomoći. Tako, ako je riječ o kaznenom djelu koje spada u tzv. prekogranični kriminal, nadležno tužiteljstvo u BiH može zaključiti sporazum s nadležnim tijelima strane države o formiranju zajedničkog istražnog tima (joint investigation teams) radi vođenja zajedničke kaznene istrage na teritoriji jedne ili više država ugovornica (čl. 24. ZMPPKS BiH). Za „malu“ međunarodnu kaznenopravnu pomoć ne zahtijeva se uvijek identitet norme, zbog same prirode ovog oblika suradnje država ali i zbog toga što se tim radnjama pomoći u pravilu ne zahvaća u područje osnovnih ljudskih prava. Nasuprot tome, u okviru pružanja ove vrste pomoći važi načelo locus regit actum, što znači da procesne radnje poduzete od strane zamoljene države u skladu s njezinim zakonima, imaju formalnopravnu važnost i u državi moliteljici. 7.2. Izručenje (ekstradicija) Izručenje (ekstradicija)30 je najsloženiji oblik međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći, koja se sastoji u predaji tražene osobe stranoj državi s ciljem omogućavanja pokretanja i vođenja kaznenog postupka ili izdržavanja kaznene sankcije.31 Postupak 29 Usp. Sijerčić-Čolić, H., KPP II, 2012., str. 253. Izručenje treba razlikovati od protjerivanja, deportacije, otmice, lišenja slobode i fizičkog dovođenja neke osobe iz inozemstva. 31 O tome: Bavcon, Lj. et al., Međunarodno kazensko pravo, Ljubljana, 1997., str. 151. O pretpostavkama za izručenje v. Odluku Ustavnog suda BiH, AP 244/2005, od 9. II. 2006. i odluku 30 Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 47 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović izručenja32 je detaljno normiran i u domaćem i u međunarodnom pravu (bilateralni i multilateralni ugovori).33 Izručenje se zasniva na načelu: aut judicare aut tradere (ili sudi, ili izruči). Izručenjem se sprječava počinitelj kaznenog djela da izbjegne kazneni postupak ili izvršenje kaznenopravne sankcije.34 Izručenje je moguće nakon provedenog odgovarajućeg zakonskog postupka i donesene zakonite odluke.35 Najvažniji međunarodni dokument o izručenju je Europska konvencija o izručenju (1957)36 i njezini dodatni protokoli (1975, 1978).37 Ta je Konvencija po pravnoj snazi iznad svih dvostranih ugovora o izručenju (čl. 28. ZMPPKS), što znači da ugovorne strane mogu međusobno zaključiti bilateralne ili multilateralne ugovore samo ako nisu u suprotnosti s ovom Konvencijom. Time se isključuje primjena različitih rješenja predviđenih dvostranim ugovorima ili nacionalnim pravima.38 Posebno značenje u ekstradicionom postupku imaju Preporuka (1996) 9 o praktičnoj primjeni Europske konvencije o izručenju i Preporuka (1984) 12 o stranim zatvorenicima.39 U procesnopravnom smislu, izručenje (ekstradicija) je formalni, zakonom propisani postupak u kojem se na temelju zaključenog pravnog posla između dvije države zahtijeva izručenje određene osobe drugoj državi na osnovu zakona s ciljem ESLJP, Ph. B. Franklin vs. UK. 7729/76 od 17. XII. 1976. O identitetu norme kao bitnoj pretpostavci izručenja, v. odluku Vrhovnog suda RH, II-8 Kr.268/01, od 16. V. 2001. O razlozima isključenja izručenja, v. odluku Vrhovnog suda Srbije, Kž-385/77. 32 O uređenju ekstradicionog postupka u uporednom pravu, v. Vasiljević, T., Sistem krivičnog procesnog prava, Beograd, 1981., str. 739. 33 Usp. Sijerčić-Čolić, H., KPP II, 2012., str. 262. 34 Pod izručenjem treba razumjeti i predaju predmeta kojima je kazneno djelo počinjeno (instrumenta sceleris) i predmeta na kojima je ono počinjeno ili koji su nastali kaznenim djelom (producta sceleris). O tome: Pavišić, B. – Bubalović, T., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2013., str. 147. 35 Usp. Škulić, M., KPP 2010., str. 536-544. 36 Eng. European Convention on Extradition - ETS 024. 37 Europska konvencija o izručenju od 13. XII. 1957. stupila je na snagu 18. IV. 1960, te dopunski protokoli od 15. X. 1975. i 17. III. 1978. - prvi dopunski protokol je stupio na snagu 20. VIII. 1979, a drugi 5. VI. 1983; ovi su dokumenti u BiH na snazi od 24. VII. 2005. 38 Tako, Tomašević. G., Temeljni instituti međunarodnog kaznenog procesnog prava, Zbornik radova PF Split, 41/2004, 205. 39 O pravnim izvorima Europske unije, detaljnije v. Meškić, Z. – Samardžić, D., Pravo Evropske unije I, Sarajevo, 2012., str. 168-253. 48 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku vođenja kaznenog postupka ili izvršenja izrečene kaznene sankcije.40 S tim u vezi, izručenje može biti aktivno – na strani države koja traži izručenje (država moliteljica), i pasivno izručenje – na strani države od koje se traži izručenje (zamoljena država).41 Izručenje kao pravni posao među državama primarno je uređen međunarodnim ugovorima a supsidijarno unutarnjim pravom (primjenom načela reciprociteta).42 Osnovna načela izručenja su: (a) reciprocitet, (b) identitet norme (obostrana kažnjivost), (c) specijalitet i (d) ekstradibilnost.43 Načelo reciprociteta znači da zamoljena država svoju pozitivnu odluku o izručenju uvjetuje s identičnim postupanjem i istom odlukom države moliteljice u sličnom slučaju. Načelo identiteta norme znači da kazneno djelo povodom kojeg se traži izručenje mora biti kažnjivo i u državi moliteljici i u zamoljenoj državi (obostrana kažnjivost). Načelo specijaliteta znači da država moliteljica može kazneno goniti i kazniti izručenu osobu samo za ona kaznena djela izvršena prije podnošenja zahtjeva za izručenje, a ne i za druga kaznena djela. Načelo ekstradibilnosti znači da je izručenje moguće samo u pogledu onih kaznenih djela koja su kao takva bila unaprijed određena međunarodnim ugovorom ili unutarnjim pravom, što znači da ta kaznena djela moraju biti „izručiva“ (ekstradibilna).44 U uporednom pravu, postupak izručenja uređuje se kao: (a) isključivo sudski, (b) isključivo administrativni ili (c) mješoviti, sudsko - administrativni postupak.45 Ekstradicioni postupak u BiH, uređen Zakonom o međunarodnoj pravnoj pomoći u kaznenim stvarima, mješoviti je sudsko - administrativni postupak. 40 Izručenje (ekstradicija) se u teoriji još određuje kao: „poseban međunarodnopravi pravni posao“, „poseban sudski akt“, „akt međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći“, „akcija predaje učinioca kaznenog djela; prema: Simović, M.N. - Simović, V.M., KPP II, 2011., str. 383-384. 41 Pavišić, B. – Bubalović, T., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2013., 148. 42 O tome: Degan, V. Đ. – Pavišić, B., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2005., str. 345. O pojmu i vrstama ekstradicije (ugovorna i zakonska), v. Bejatović, S., KPP, 2008., str. 551; Radulović, D., Krivično procesno pravo, Podgorica, 2002., str. 464. 43 Više o tome: Bavcon, Lj. et al., Međunarodno kazensko pravo, Ljubljana, 1997., str. 154-155; Krapac, D., Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć, Zagreb, 2006., str. 36., Konaković, S., Pojam i suština ekstradicije, u: Ljudska prava, 3-4/2006, Sarajevo, 2006. 44 O tome: Krapac, D., Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć, Zagreb, 2006, str. 36; Sijerčić-Čolić, H., KPP II, 2012., str. 262. 45 Tako, Vasiljević, T., Sistem krivičnog procesnog prava SFRJ, Beograd, 1981., str. 437. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 49 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović Prema čl. 32. ZMPPKS, izručenje osumnjičenih, odnosno optuženih ili osuđenih stranih državljana iz Bosne i Hercegovine u drugu državu vrši se prema odredbama domaćeg zakona ako međunarodnim ugovorom nije drugačije određeno. Postupak predaje osumnjičenih, odnosno optuženih osoba protiv kojih se vodi kazneni postupak pred međunarodnim kaznenim sudovima uređuje se posebnim zakonom. Prema čl. 33. st. 1. ZMPPKS, izručenje stranaca drugoj državi može biti dopušteno radi: (a) kaznenog gonjenja ili (b) izvršenja pravomoćno izrečene kazne zatvora. Izručenje je moguće samo za kaznena djela kažnjiva i prema zakonima Bosne i Hercegovine i prema zakonima države moliteljice (načelo identiteta norme), za koja je predviđena kazna zatvora od najmanje jedne godine. Izručenje radi izvršenja pravomoćno izrečene kazne zatvora dopušteno je ako trajanje izrečene kazne ili njezin preostali dio koji se treba izvršiti iznosi najmanje četiri mjeseca. Članak 34. ZMPPKS propisuje stroge uvjete za izručenje tražene osobe drugoj državi, posebno navodi smetnje za to izručenje koje mogu biti vezane uz: državljanstvo počinitelja, vrstu kaznenog djela,46 vrstu postupka i vrstu odnosno prirodu sankcije. Postupak izručenja osumnjičenih, optuženih ili osuđenih stranaca pokreće se po zamolbi strane države (države moliteljice) koju podnosi diplomatskim putem ili direktno Ministarstvu pravde Bosne i Hercegovine, ako je to predviđeno međunarodnim ugovorom. Uz molbu za izručenje podnose se potrebni dokumenti predviđeni međunarodnim ugovorom (čl. 35. ZMPPKS). Primljenu zamolbu za izručenje i dostavljenu dokumentaciju Ministarstvo pravde Bosne i Hercegovine odmah prosljeđuje Tužiteljstvu Bosne i Hercegovine. Tužiteljstvo Bosne i Hercegovine ispituje je li molba podnesena u skladu sa zakonom, pa ako utvrdi da je uz molbu dostavljena potrebna dokumentacija, prosljeđuje je bez odgađanja Sudu Bosne i Hercegovine na rješavanje. Sud Bosne i Hercegovine, rješavajući po molbi strane države za izručenje, ispituje i odlučuje da li su ispunjene zakonske pretpostavke za izručenje. Ako nadležno vijeće tog Suda nađe da nisu ispunjene zakonske pretpostavke za izručenje, donijet će rješenje kojim se odbija molba za izručenje. Ovo se rješenje potom dostavlja vijeću Apelacionog odjeljenja Suda Bosne i Hercegovine, koje može, po saslušanju tužitelja Tužiteljstva Bosne i Hercegovine, to rješenje: potvrditi, ukinuti ili preinačiti. Pravomoćno rješenje kojim se odbija 46 Kaznena djela koja podliježu izručenju određuju se ili: (a) enumeracijom (nabrajanjem pojedinih kaznena djela) ili (b) generalnom klauzulom (određivanjem općih kriterija za koja je kaznena djela moguće izručenje). 50 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku izručenje dostavlja se stranoj državi posredstvom Ministarstva pravde Bosne i Hercegovine. Ako vijeće Suda Bosne i Hercegovine nađe da su ispunjene zakonske pretpostavke za izručenje stranca, utvrdit će to rješenjem. Protiv tog rješenja ima se pravo žalbe vijeću Apelacionog odjeljenja Suda Bosne i Hercegovine, u roku od tri dana od dana prijema rješenja. Ako vijeće Apelacionog odjeljenja Suda Bosne i Hercegovine povodom žalbe na rješenje nađe da je žalba neosnovana i da su ispunjene zakonske pretpostavke za izručenje stranca ili ako protiv prvostupanjskog rješenja vijeća ne bude podnesena žalba, predmet se dostavlja ministru pravde Bosne i Hercegovine koji odlučuje o izručenju. Konačno rješenje o izručenju donosi ministar pravde Bosne i Hercegovine (čl. 47. ZMPPKS). Ako je vijeće Suda Bosne i Hercegovine pravomoćnim rješenjem utvrdilo da su ispunjene pretpostavke za izručenje stranca, ministar pravde Bosne i Hercegovine, nakon uvida u cjelokupni ekstradicioni spis, donosi rješenje kojim se dopušta ili ne dopušta izručenje stranca. Protiv tog rješenja ne može se izjaviti žalba. Ministar pravde Bosne i Hercegovine može odbiti izručenje ako su u pitanju kaznena djela za koja je domaćim zakonom predviđena kazna zatvora do tri godine ili ako je strani sud izrekao kaznu zatvora do jedne godine. U slučaju da ministar pravde Bosne i Hercegovine odbije izručenje osobe za koje je Sud Bosne i Hercegovine pravomoćnim rješenjem utvrdio da su ispunjene pretpostavke za izručenje, Tužiteljstvo Bosne i Hercegovine može pokrenuti upravni spor (čl. 46. st. 4. ZMPPKS). Rješenje ministra pravde Bosne i Hercegovine kojim je dopušteno izručenje stranca dostavlja se državi moliteljici, Uredu za saradnju s INTERPOLOM i Graničnoj policiji Bosne i Hercegovine.47 Prema odredbi čl. 57. ZMPPKS, ako se protiv osobe koja se nalazi u drugoj državi vodi u Bosni i Hercegovini kazneni postupak ili ako je osobi koja se nalazi u stranoj državi domaći sud izrekao kaznu zatvora, ministar pravde Bosne i Hercegovine, na obrazloženi prijedlog tijela koje vodi postupak, može podnijeti molbu za izručenje te osobe. Ako osoba čije se izručenje traži, bude izručena u Bosnu i Hercegovinu, moći će se kazneno goniti, odnosno prema njoj će se moći izvršiti kazna samo za kazneno djelo za koje je izručenje dopušteno, osim ako se osoba odrekla tog prava, a država koja ju je izručila nije postavila takav uvjet. Prava osumnjičenih, optuženih i osuđenih osoba u ekstradicionom postupku. Svaka država, kao najviši suveren u društvu, ima pravo kažnjavanja (ius puniendi) onih građana, domaćih ili stranih, koji krše općeprihvaćene društvene norme 47 Zakon poznaje i pojednostavljeno izručenje (čl. 52. ZMPPKS) te tzv. ponovno izručenje (čl. 53. ZMPPKS). Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 51 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović ponašanja. To pravo uključuje propisivanje kaznenih djela i kaznenopravnih sankcija za te delikte, vođenje kaznenog postupka te izricanje osude i kazne krivim počiniteljima tih kaznenih djela. Poseban oblik kaznenog postupanja je i postupak pružanja međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći, uređene domaćim i međunarodnim propisima. Važan aspekt toga postupka su i prava osumnjičene, optužene ili osuđene osobe u tom postupku. Iako su ta prava primjenjiva u svim oblicima postupanja, ona najviše dolaze do izražaja u ekstradicionom postupku, kao najsloženijem i najosjetljivijem postupku. U ta prava prije svih spadaju: (a) pravo na pravodobnu i potpunu obavijest o tome zbog čega se i na osnovu kojih optužbi traži njezino izručenje, (b) pravo na pouku o njihovim pravima, (c) pravo na davanje iskaza o kaznenom djelu povodom kojega se traži uzručenje, (d) pravo na izabranog branitelja, ali i branitelja po službenoj dužnosti, (e) pravo na procesnu zaštitu osoba u postupku pružanja međunarodne pravne pomoći, (f) pravo prisustva radnjama koje prethode izručenja, (g) pravo na zadržavanje u pritvoru najkraće moguće vrijeme, (h) pravo na davanje suglasnosti za pojednostavljeno izručenje, (i) pravo na pravedno i humano postupanje u tom postupku, (j) pravo na žalbu protiv odluka o izručenju, te neka druga prava.48 7.3. Ustupanje i preuzimanje kaznenog progona Ustupanje i preuzimanje kaznenog progona je samostalan oblik međunarodne kaznenopravne suradnje u kojem jedna država, za kazneno djelo počinjeno na njezinom teritoriju, prenosi kazneni postupak pod određenim zakonskim uvjetima na drugu državu.49 Naime, u slučajevima kada stranac učini kazneno djelo na teritoriju druge države, najčešće je racionalno i opravdano da se kazneni postupak protiv njega vodi u državi njegova prebivališta. Taj oblik suradnje naziva se prijenos kaznenog postupka (transfer of criminal proceedings).50 Bitna načela ovog oblika suradnje su identitet norme, uzajamnost (reciprocitet) i pravilo ne bis in idem. Najvažniji međunarodni dokument o ustupanju i preuzimanju kaznenog gonjenja je Europska konvencija o prenošenju postupaka u kaznenim stvarima 48 Više o tome: Simović, M. - Blagojević, M., Međunarodno kazneno pravo , Banja Luka, 2007., Kaseze, A., Međunarodno kazneno pravo , Beograd, 2005. 49 Degan, V. Đ. – Pavišić, B., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2005., str. 313. 50 Bassiouni, M. Ch., Introduction to Interantional criminal Law, Bruxelles, 2002., str. 171. 51 Europska konvencija o prenošenju postupaka u kaznenim stvarima od 15. V. 1972. Više o tome: Bavcon, Lj. et al., Međunarodno kazensko pravo, Ljubljana, 1997., str. 148. 52 O tim razlikama detaljnije: Sijerčić-Čolić, H., KPP II, 2012., str. 259; Bavcon, Lj. et al., Međunarodno kazensko pravo, Ljubljana, 1997., str. 141. 52 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku (1972), koja predviđa ustupanje kaznenog gonjenja drugoj državi ako postoji mogućnost kažnjavanja u obje države.51 Treba razlikovati: (a) ustupanje kaznenog progona stranoj državi i (b) preuzimanje kaznenog progona od strane države.52 a) Ustupanje kaznenog progona stranoj državi Prema zakonu, ustupanje kaznenog progona stranoj državi moguće je pod sljedećim uvjetima: da je stranac počinio kazneno djelo na teritoriju BiH, da se strana država ne protivi ustupanju kaznenog progona i suđenja, stranac se u tom slučaju ne smije izložiti nepravednom postupku, nehumanom i ponižavajućem postupanju ili kažnjavanju, mora se raditi o kaznenom djelu za koje je propisana kazna zatvora do deset godina ako međunarodnim ugovorom nije drugačije određeno ili ako ne postoji uzajamnost s tom državom, oštećeni mora dobiti jamstvo za ostvarivanje svog imovinskopravnog zahtjeva (čl. 83. ZMPPKS). Odluku o ustupanju kaznenog progona prije podizanja optužnice donosi tužitelj, nakon podizanja optužnice do zakazivanja glavne rasprave sudac za prethodno saslušanje na prijedlog tužitelja, a na raspravi sudac pojedinac, odnosno raspravno vijeće. b) Preuzimanje kaznenog progona po zamolnici strane države Zakon je posebno uredio preuzimanje kaznenog progona državljanina BiH ili osobe koja ima prebivalište u BiH za kazneno djelo počinjeno u inozemstvu.53 Tako, po zamolnici pravosudnih tijela strane države nadležno pravosudno tijelo u Bosni i Hercegovini može preuzeti kazneni progon u slučajevima predviđenim zakonom i međunarodnim ugovorom. Zamolnica strane države za preuzimanje kaznenog progona mora sadržavati sve elemente predviđene međunarodnim ugovorom. Po prijemu zamolnice države moliteljice za preuzimanje kaznenog progona, Ministarstvo pravde Bosne i Hercegovine prosljeđuje je: (a) Tužiteljstvu Bosne i Hercegovine - za djela iz nadležnosti Suda Bosne i Hercegovine, (b) nadležnom tužiteljstvu u entitetu, putem entitetskog ministarstva pravde - za djela iz nadležnosti sudova u entitetima ili (c) nadležnom tužiteljstvu Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine, putem Pravosudne komisije Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine - za 53 Umjesto ispunjenja npr. obaveze izručenja, može poduzeti suđenje osobi protiv koje je traženo izručenje. Usp. Krapac, D., Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć, Zagreb, 2006., 148., Škulić, M., KPP 2011., 164. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 53 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović djela iz nadležnosti suda u Brčko Distriktu Bosne i Hercegovine. O zamolnici strane države za preuzimanje kaznenog progona odlučuje nadležni tužilac. O odluci kojom je odlučeno po molbi za preuzimanje kaznenog progona obavještava se strana država, s tim što je nadležni tužitelj dužan dati obrazloženje zbog čega nije preuzeto kazneni progon. Po završetku postupka u Bosni i Hercegovini, tijelo koje je preuzelo kazneni postupak dužno je putem Ministarstva pravde Bosne i Hercegovine obavijestiti državu moliteljicu o ishodu postupka, a na njezin zahtjev dostaviti joj i pravomoćnu sudsku odluku. 7.4. Priznanje i izvršenje strane kaznene presude Izvršenje strane kaznene presude je oblik sekundarne međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći koji obuhvaća mjere kojima država izvršenja, u sporazumu s državom izricanja presude, prema svojim propisima preuzima izvršenje kazne ili druge izrečene sankcije. Riječ je o obliku međunarodne suradnje u postupku finalizacije pravomoćno izrečenih kazni, prije svega kazne zatvora.54 Najvažniji međunarodni dokumenti o ovom obliku međunarodne suradnje su Europska konvencija o međunarodnoj važnosti kaznenih presuda (1970),55 i Europska konvencija o transferu osuđenih osoba (1983).56 Domaći sud postupit će po zamolbi države moliteljice (države koja je izrekla kaznu) za izvršenje sudske presude u kaznenim stvarima samo ako je to predviđeno međunarodnim ugovorom i izvršiti pravomoćnu presudu u odnosu na kaznu ili sankciju koju je izrekao strani sud. To će učiniti na način da prethodno presudom izrekne sankciju prema kaznenom zakonodavstvu Bosne i Hercegovine (čl. 62. ZMPPKS). Strana sudska kaznena presuda može se izvršiti prema državljaninu Bosne i Hercegovine i prema osobi koja na teritoriju Bosne i Hercegovine ima prebivalište. Iz navedene zakonske odredbe proizlazi da će domaći sud izvršiti stranu sudsku kaznenu presudu pod sljedeća tri bitna uvjeta: ako je to predviđeno međunarodnim ugovorom; da povodom strane pravomoćne presude o izrečenoj sankciji domaći sud presudom 54 Više o tome: Grubač, M., Dejstvo strane krivične presude u domaćem krivičnom pravu, Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu, 1/1966, 59-80. 55 Eng. European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal Judgments – ETS 071. O ovoj Konvenciji detaljnije v. Pavišić, B., Kazneno pravo Vijeća Evrope, Zagreb, 2006., 483- 488. 56 Europska konvencija o transferu osuđenih osoba od 21. III. 1983. stupila na pravnu snagu 1. VII. 1985. 54 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku izrekne sankciju prema kaznenom zakonodavstvu BiH, te da je riječ o državljaninu BiH ili osobi koja na teritoriju BiH ima prebivalište. Stvarna i mjesna nadležnost suda u Bosni i Hercegovini za vođenje postupka po zamolbi za priznanje i izvršenje strane sudske kaznene presude određuje se na isti način kao i za vođenje tog postupka u Bosni i Hercegovini. U okviru ovog oblika međunarodne suradnje treba razlikovati: (a) postupak priznanja strane kaznene presude i (b) postupak izvršenja izrečene kazne ili druge sankcije.57 Preuzimanje i priznanje strane presude uključuje proces prilagođavanja presude prema pravu države koja preuzima njezino izvršenje.58 Izvršenje strane kaznene presude obuhvaća mjere kojima država izvršenja preuzima izvršenje kazne ili druge mjere izrečene presudom države izricanja. Riječ je o posebno uređenom obliku suradnje koji se sastoji u prijenosu procesa izvršenja kazne oduzimanja slobode iz države u kojoj je kazna izrečena u državu u kojoj osuđena osoba može ili treba biti premještena radi izdržavanja kazne. O molbi za priznanje i izvršenje strane sudske presude odlučuje sud u vijeću od trojice sudaca. Odluka se donosi na sjednici vijeća o kojoj se obavještavaju tužitelj, osuđeni i branitelj. Protiv donesene presude žalbu mogu izjaviti tužitelj, osuđeni i njegov branitelj, u roku od 30 dana od dana prijema presude. O toj žalbi odlučuje sudsko vijeće koje je nadležno za odlučivanje po žalbi protiv presuda prema domaćem pravu. Pravomoćna presuda kojom se priznaje strana sudska presuda u kaznenim stvarima dostavlja se putem Ministarstva pravde Bosne i Hercegovine državi izricanja kazne, osuđenoj osobi, njegovom branitelju i tužitelju. Priznata strana sudska kaznena presuda izvršit će se na isti način kao da ju je izrekao domaći sud. Ako je preuzeto izvršenje strane sudske kaznene presude, privremeno prestaje pravo na izvršenje te presude u državi izricanja kazne, a daljnje izvršenje provodi se po zakonima u Bosni i Hercegovini. 57 Tako, Simović, M.N. - Simović, V.M., KPP II, 2011., str. 373. Moguć je slučaj i prenošenja tekućeg izvršenja kazne ili druge kaznenopravne mjere, pod posebnim uvjetima. O tome: Krapac, D., Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć, Zagreb, 2006 ., str. 131. 58 Pavišić, B. – Bubalović, T., Međunarodno kazneno pravo, Rijeka, 2013., 137. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 55 �Prof. dr. sc. Tadija Bubalović Prema čl. 73. ZMPPKS, Ministarstvo pravde Bosne i Hercegovine će, na molbu domaćeg tijela nadležnog za izvršenje kaznene sankcije, zatražiti da strana država prizna i izvrši sudsku kaznenu presudu domaćeg suda: (a) ako Bosna i Hercegovina ne može osigurati izvršenje sudske kaznene presude domaćeg suda i (b) ako se usljed prijenosa izvršenja opravdano može očekivati bolja socijalna rehabilitacija osuđenika. Uz molbu stranoj državi za izvršenje kaznene presude domaćeg suda mora biti dostavljena dokumentacija predviđena međunarodnim ugovorom. Kada strana država preuzme izvršenje kaznene presude domaćeg suda, nadležno pravosudno tijelo u Bosni i Hercegovini privremeno će obustaviti izvršenje danom započinjanja izvršenja u državi izdržavanja kazne.59 59 O ovom obliku međunarodne suradnje, detaljnije v. Grubač, M., Dejstvo strane krivične presude u domaćem pravu, Zbornik radova PF u Novom Sadu, 1966., str. 163-176. 56 Društveni ogledi - Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu �Pojam i oblici međunarodne krivičnopravne pomoći s posebnim osvrtom na prava osumnjičenih odnosno optuženih u ekstradicionom postupku 8. Zaključak Međunarodna kaznenopravna suradnja u borbi protiv kriminaliteta odvija se uzajamnim pružanjem pravne pomoći jedne države drugoj državi u kaznenim stvarima. Međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć obuhvaća različite radnje i mjere s ciljem pronalaženja i uhićenja počinitelja kaznenih djela, osiguranja dokaza za kazneni postupak, poduzimanja određenih procesnih radnji na teritoriju druge države te pomoć prilikom izvršenja izrečenih kaznenopravnih sankcija. Riječ je, zapravo, o skupu pravila kojima se uređuje ta suradnja. Ta pravila sadržana su dijelom u domaćim, a dijelom u međunarodnim aktima. Osnovni domaći pravni akt u tom području u BiH je Zakon o međunarodnoj pravnoj pomoći u kaznenim stvarima (ZMPPKS). Prema tom zakonu, postoje četiri osnovna oblika pružanja međunarodne pravne pomoći u kaznenim stvarima: „mala“ međunarodna kaznenopravna pomoć; izručenje (ekstradicija) osumnjičenih, optuženih i osuđenih osoba; ustupanje i preuzimanje kaznenog progona; te priznanje i izvršenje stranih sudskih odluka. Za svaki od navedenih oblika kaznenopravne pomoći detaljno su propisana osnovna načela, uvjeti, pretpostavke i način njihova provođenja. Važno je istaći da su ovim zakonom osumnjičenim, optuženim i osuđenim osobama u svim oblicima postupanja, posebno u ekstradicionom postupku, zajamčena sva zakonska prava, ali i osnovna ljudska prava, a posebno: pravo na pravodobnu i potpunu obavijest o tome zbog čega se i na osnovu kojih optužbi traži njihovo izručenje, pravo na pouku o njihovim pravima, pravo na izabranog branitelja, ali i branitelja po službenoj dužnosti, pravo na zaštitu osoba u postupku pružanja međunarodne pravne pomoći, pravo prisustva radnjama koje prethode izručenju, pravo na zadržavanje u pritvoru najkraće moguće vrijeme, pravo na pravedno i humano postupanje u tom postupku te pravo na žalbu protiv odluka o izručenju. Na osnovu navedenog može se zaključiti da je postupak međunarodne kaznenopravne pomoći u Bosni i Hercegovini cjelovito i dobro uređen i da je u najvećoj mjeri usklađen sa međunarodnim dokumentima i dobrom praksom drugih evropskih država. Centar za društvena istraživanja | Godina 2 | Broj1 57 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2849 Title A name given to the resource A Notion and Forms of International Criminal Justice Assistance with Special Emphasis on Rights of Suspects and the Accused in an Extradition Proceeding Author Author Bubalović, Tadija Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: One of the forms of international cooperation among States in fighting against criminality is to provide for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. International criminal justice assistance includes a set of different actions and measures undertaken by judicial and other state bodies in order to achieve the cooperation among States to exercise criminal justice system. This cooperation takes place on the basis of international and national legislation. Due to the increasing number of these regulations, the phrase “Law on International Criminal Justice Assistance” could be increasingly used today which is therefore becoming completely formed and recognizable legal field. Fundamental international documents on providing for international criminal justice assistance are: the European Convention on Extradition with additional protocols (1957), the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters with additional protocols (1959), the European Convention on the International Validity of Criminal Judgments (1970) and the European Convention on the Transfer of Proceedings in Criminal Matters (1972). The main domestic legal act in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the Act on International Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (ZMPPKS). In addition to these already mentioned legal acts, basic principles of international criminal justice cooperation are also very significant: identity of norm, reciprocity, ability of extradition, the principle locus regit actum and the principle ne bis in idem. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-5706 K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e1c6b40d5a4bc82d770256377d943f11.pdf 4218c0c79f043641b5e816fd552e8ee5 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo A Perspective on the Foundations of Democratic Governance in American Public Schools M. Uğur Türkyılmaz International Burch University, Bosnia and Herzegovina uturkyilmaz@ibu.edu.ba Abstract: In this paper I will try to lay out how I define and implement the most valued concept of our time at the school I have been working in for two years. I will analyze the questions below that I see critical in terms of “realizing” the democratic goals in a school environment. As the principal of a public school, what are difficulties that I face when I fight to incorporate the principles of democracy into governing bodies of our school? Where do I get the most challenge? What are the real benefits of having a school, which is “as democratic as possible”? Is there a dead end where you cannot further democratize the school? More tangibly, how do I democratically reestablish the relation between the school administration and students? How do I organize teacher and administration relations to make sure that their voices are heard and their votes are counted? What is the principal’s position within the community regarding getting all parties involved in the decision-making process? What is a Democratic School? Dewey defines democracy as “A democracy is more than a form of a government; it is primarily a mode of associated living, of joint communicate experience.” (Dewey, 1916) I define democracy as the practice of the freedom that every human being has when s/he is born. Democratic education is the implementation of how we make ways to have students internalizes the very basic life requirement to be a human. “Life is a self-renewing process.” (Dewey, 1916) So do the democratic schools. A democratic school is a living organism that grows everyday toward the goal of having a totally democratic world. “We have seen that a community or social group sustains itself through continuous self-renewal, and that this renewal takes place by means of the educational growth of the immature members of the group ” (Dewey, 1916). Those schools are the enterprises committing to the world peace beyond our imagination. Those students will some day turn this world a place that everybody takes the pleasure of “having a say.” If you want to talk about a democratic school, you should start with the question of where the decisions are made at that school. Is it at the discretion of an individual? Do the committees make it? Who is making the decision on what and how to teach? Who defines the goal of the school? Understanding the Framework of Democratic Governance At a democratic school, decisions should be made at where the majority wants them to be made. More clearly, before you make a decision, you ask who should make it. Just minutes ago, a social studies teacher asked me what she should do about the students who are suspended and their parents ask for the homework that they missed. I asked if you think it is me who should and can answer that. She puzzled a little. I said we have to make the policy at our staff meeting. I cannot tell you how you should proceed. There are several cases new to almost everyone. Teachers think they should be just instructed of what to do. That feeling is one of the enemies of the democratic thinking ability. “Effective principals value dialogue that encourages teachers to reflect on their learning and practice. The study revealed five primary talking strategies: make suggestions, give feedback, model, use inquiry and solicit advice/ opinions, and praise.” (Joseph, 2001) My duty is to encourage all teachers to regard themselves as a part of decision making. My position might be just to vote at the meeting just like one of them. At one of the department head meetings last year, I suggested that we should set up some committees. Those committees will function like the think tank groups of the school and advice on their mission to several entities. One of them will be a group who would solely reflect on how democratic the school is. At first sight, this might be regarded as an easy task. But when you start taking a look around and see how many holes there are, you just get overwhelmed. They came with tons of suggestions and criticism varying from election systems to the 205 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo positions of the school. They came to the conclusion that the school is not democratic at all! I am not offended with that, though. What I am trying to say is if democratizing our schools is just in the hands of some individuals, the process is already doomed to fail. What those individuals should first do is to encourage the entire community to get on board. It is critical that everybody should be accountable and feel accountable to democratize the school at the same level. “Democratic schools need to be based on a broad definition of “WE”.” (Apple, Beane, 1995) Students, teachers, parents, administrators, paraprofessionals and all other elements of community must be on the same page. That is the only way to avoid looking for scapegoats. If we succeed, it is all our success. If we fail, that is the sin of all of us. The Role of Principals The principal should be the advocate of democratization at every aspect of the school program. “A trained person is one who can do the chief things…” (Dewey, 1916) Therefore, he/she should regard the institutionalization of democracy as his primary job description. The more the school democratized the more functional and efficient the school becomes. Here at this point the challenge might seem like to be losing the authority to rule. Actually sharing responsibility just saves the principal in the future if anything goes wrong. Don’t you think so? Another difficulty is getting the staff members to believe that they are the ones who should make decisions. Most people are used to the routine and do not want to take responsibility. “The leaders’ ability to keep and maintain engaging personal relations with teacher, students and staff members enhanced the flow of information they received and increased their chances of encouraging experimenters at just the right time.” (Gross, 1998) That’s where we need the talents of the administrators. Teachers are the ones actually realizing the reasons of being in a school. “Methods of instruction and administration need to be modified to allow and to secure direct and continuous occupations with things.” (Dewey, 1916) Hence, it is absurd to ignore their roles in the decisionmaking policy. However, it is even harder to draw students into the system, as they are the most neglected ones. What good is education if we are making people out of those students who do not even have the self-confidence to raise his/her voice? “If teachers are to succeed, they must meet students where they are…” (Hammond, 1997). What good is a school if interaction between the all others and students is not democratic? One of the best ways students might actualize themselves is helping out to democratize the school. They should consider themselves right at the center of this process. “Children, if they could express themselves articulate and sincerely, would tell a different tale…” (Dewey, 1916) When they have that freedom, they would be the ones who would change. Curriculum, discipline policy and all the other major plans of the school governance should be made considering their point of views. They might be able to change if some things go wrong. “Learners often bring with them very firm expectations of how their problems should be addressed.” (Farquharson, 1995) Therefore, at every step of the decision making process, their voices should be heard. If you have the least idea about leadership, it is to get things done through others. If you know anything about sorting problems out in the school, it is all about getting the community in the game, especially parents. “Our action is socially controlled because we endeavor to refer what we are to do the same situation in which he is acting.” (Dewey, 1916) Therefore, school and education is not and cannot be isolated from the society. Actually what we are doing is just enforcing what is happening at home or in the street or in the society. If we have discipline problems, that is just the extension of whatever is out there. If the students have a lack of an interest in learning, it is safe to say they lack motivation out there. “The presence of authentic instructional leadership can be witnessed in the everyday acts of people who take the responsibility for improving the teaching and learning in the entire school community, and its effectiveness revealed in a variety of measures of student achievement. (King, 2002) In essence, life out of the school is somewhat shaping up the schools. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the principal to make sure everyone who has a touch on what is going on at the school should be at the school, too. Parents should not just show up at the PTAs or PACs. They have to make a habit of making themselves visible for everything that might affect the future of their kids. “An education which should unify the disposition of the members of society would do much to unify the society itself.” (Dewey, 1916) Having such fancy ideas about parental involvement, I cannot forget my disappointment at the day I attended the first PAC meeting. Out of three hundred parents, only a handful showed up. I took the issue up with the PAC president and told her how disappointed I was. What might be turning off those parents to join at least one meeting? I wrote a letter to all parents and did not try to hide my disappointment at all. They have to understand that without their support we are nothing. 206 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo I will take further steps to make sure they feel more pressure from me to get them more democratized and care for their children. I provided them my direct phone line number. I have an open door policy. I asked them to take advantage of it. I booked a hotel conference room downtown to eliminate the distance problem. It is also clear that there are some other factors outside of the school that really have an effect on education. “In what is termed politics, democratic social organization makes provision for this direct participation in control: in the economic region, control remains external and autocratic.”(Dewey, 1916) I am sure most politicians would not like that! However I do agree with Dewey on that! Politicians and all other policy makers who are not in daily operation of the schools should also be involved in reality. Conclusion As a conclusion, I will go with what Dewey says almost a century ago. “But we are doubtless far from realizing the potential efficacy of education as a constructive agency of improving society, from realizing that it represents not only a development of children and youth, but also of the future of the society of which they will be the constituents. ” (Dewey, 1916) We have to see that school and society are two sides of the same coin. We cannot solve the problems of one component if one is just feeding each other. We have to develop policies that will not just be enforced at the school but also in the society, as well. “Administrators, teachers, parents, parents and community members work hard to make education especially valuable for students in these schools.” (Gross, 1998) “In many ways unequal access to education threatens the foundation of democratic society” (Hammond, 1997) Therefore, parents, politicians and the other agents of the society should be equally accountable. It is not enough to fail the child and the school! References: Apple, M., & Beane, A. J. (1995). Democratic Schools. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development Blasé, J., & Blasé J. (2001). The teacher’s principal. National Staff Development Council (22,25). Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and Education. NY: The Free Press Farquharson, A. (1995). Teaching in Practice. (1st Ed) California: Jossey Bass Hammond, D. L. (1998). The Right to Learn (1st Ed). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Gross, S. (1998) Staying Centered Curriculum Leadership in Turbulent Era. Virginia: ASCD King, D. (2002). The Changing Shape of Leadership. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. (61,63). 207 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 457 Title A name given to the resource A Perspective on the Foundations of Democratic Governance in American Public Schools Author Author Türkyılmaz, M. Uğur Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper I will try to lay out how I define and implement the most valued concept of our time at the school I have been working in for two years. I will analyze the questions below that I see critical in terms of “realizing” the democratic goals in a school environment. As the principal of a public school, what are difficulties that I face when I fight to incorporate the principles of democracy into governing bodies of our school? Where do I get the most challenge? What are the real benefits of having a school, which is “as democratic as possible”? Is there a dead end where you cannot further democratize the school? More tangibly, how do I democratically reestablish the relation between the school administration and students? How do I organize teacher and administration relations to make sure that their voices are heard and their votes are counted? What is the principal’s position within the community regarding getting all parties involved in the decision-making process? Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5525a12747c0ab1d7b261a8a3d20e55a.docx f8f13c96e431a56045cfc208d5dabf92 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/46bd1063a1c8a365ffa845165e23ebba.pdf 04a145ea5c2d22fdc208728fae787309 PDF Text Text A Postmodern Approach to Sam Shepard’s Dramatic Dilemma Mohammad Exir Islamic Azad University/Bushehr, Iran Key words: fragmentation, dramatic dilemma, postmodernism, popular culture, Sam Shepard ABSTRACT The American dramatist, Sam Shepard has now gained a reputation as one of the icons of the postmodern aesthetics, actively engaged in American stage. In his plays, he traverses the modernist borders of logic, order and social coherence in order to picture a fractured mythic and cultural territory, filled with disintegration, loss of identity and bafflement. In some of his best dramatic works, he artistically portrays heroes who struggle to preserve their old self, while being inevitably entangled within the challenging games and rules of a wholly postmodern condition.This paper attempts to analyze the various interpretive dilemmas and tensions in Shepard’s writings which can be seen as representing an unresolved conflict between modernist and postmodernist perspectives on such issues as fragmentation of language, nature of subjectivity and the search for coherence and meaning in mass culture. In doing so, attempts have been made to demonstrate how this challenging shift form modernist high arts to postmodernist embracing commercial forms, suggested in Shepard’s discourse of popular culture, is marked by an awareness of the latter’s limitations and obstacles and would ultimately reveal an ambivalence toward postmodernism itself .This undertaking will be an endeavor to answer these key questions: How is the erosion of distinction between high and popular culture, rendered in the conflict and tension among characters in the play? How are the dark possibilities of postmodern fractured discourse contrasted with the modernist notion of a centered and unified language? How do the plays impart the postmodern sense that subject is constituted in language and discourse? One of the key points of departure between Modernism and postmodernism is marked by an erosion of the distinction between high art and popular culture while the ruling ideas of critical orthodoxy and aesthetic value have fallen into disrepute. In this regard, Shepard as a writer for whom the discourse of popular culture assumes a richness and variety and whose material is drawn from the fabrics of popular culture serves as a perfect example of an author whose work tends to delve deeper into this rapture. This is the undertaking, which is to be followed, alongside with the issue of subjectivity which would be tackled in the light of Fredrick Jameson’s discussion of subjectivity � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1838 Title A name given to the resource A Postmodern Approach to Sam Shepard’s Dramatic Dilemma Author Author EXIR, Mohammad Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: fragmentation, dramatic dilemma, postmodernism, popular culture, Sam Shepard ABSTRACT The American dramatist, Sam Shepard has now gained a reputation as one of the icons of the postmodern aesthetics, actively engaged in American stage. In his plays, he traverses the modernist borders of logic, order and social coherence in order to picture a fractured mythic and cultural territory, filled with disintegration, loss of identity and bafflement. In some of his best dramatic works, he artistically portrays heroes who struggle to preserve their old self, while being inevitably entangled within the challenging games and rules of a wholly postmodern condition.This paper attempts to analyze the various interpretive dilemmas and tensions in Shepard’s writings which can be seen as representing an unresolved conflict between modernist and postmodernist perspectives on such issues as fragmentation of language, nature of subjectivity and the search for coherence and meaning in mass culture. In doing so, attempts have been made to demonstrate how this challenging shift form modernist high arts to postmodernist embracing commercial forms, suggested in Shepard’s discourse of popular culture, is marked by an awareness of the latter’s limitations and obstacles and would ultimately reveal an ambivalence toward postmodernism itself .This undertaking will be an endeavor to answer these key questions: How is the erosion of distinction between high and popular culture, rendered in the conflict and tension among characters in the play? How are the dark possibilities of postmodern fractured discourse contrasted with the modernist notion of a centered and unified language? How do the plays impart the postmodern sense that subject is constituted in language and discourse? One of the key points of departure between Modernism and postmodernism is marked by an erosion of the distinction between high art and popular culture while the ruling ideas of critical orthodoxy and aesthetic value have fallen into disrepute. In this regard, Shepard as a writer for whom the discourse of popular culture assumes a richness and variety and whose material is drawn from the fabrics of popular culture serves as a perfect example of an author whose work tends to delve deeper into this rapture. This is the undertaking, which is to be followed, alongside with the issue of subjectivity which would be tackled in the light of Fredrick Jameson’s discussion of subjectivity Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/1cbeec4b8ea17e0898b005672f73c48a.pdf a627aa751b43174a3651419132a27cc9 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo A Postmodern Study of Doris Lessing‘s The Golden Notebook in the Light of Jean-Francois Lyotard ‘s Ideas Shahram Kiaei Faculty Member, Department of English, Islamic Azad University, Qom Branch, Qom, Iran shahramkiaei@yahoo.com Ensiyehsadat Azizi Department of English Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch , Arak , Iran enc1382@yahoo.com Fatemeh Azizmohammadi Faculty Member, Department of English, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch , Arak , Iran Mina_meena_meena@yahoo.com Abstract: It has become a virtual commonplace of contemporary criticism that postmodern thought challenges the Enlightenment view of human reason, especially its assumption of a stable, autonomous subject capable of directing the forces of history. For this reason some theorists see postmodernism as pivoting on a reformulation of anti-Enlightenment thought that surfaced during the nineteenth-century and which remained active throughout the modernist period. From this perspective, literary modernism's ambivalent stance toward the integrity of the subject is in part the legacy of Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud-precisely those nineteenth-century thinkers who situate much of the postmodern project. Regarding all the previous criticisms, this study clearly assumes that postmodernism employs quite different critical methodologies from those of modernism. Nevertheless, as Jean-Francois Lyotard suggests, evidence of this postmodern emphasis is latent in modernism itself, most particularly in those highly experimental or transgressive works that challenge traditional notions of referential language, rational order, or the autonomous subject. This study, particularly, examines Doris Lessing‘s major work for which she was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 2007, The Golden Notebook (1962), in which postmodern elements especially Lyotard‘s exists. Ultimately, the paper hails this most influential novel as a postmodern masterpiece. Key Words: Enlightenment, Postmodernism, Fragmentation, Chaos In the first two-thirds of The Golden Notebook, the theme of the crack up or breakdown is elaborated in the novels representation of national and global politics. Soviet-inspired Communism, European colonialism and emperialism , Britain society, and national liberation struggles in the Third World are disintegrating, collapsing, crumbling, and fragmenting, under the pressures both internal and external. The last third of the novel relocates the crack-up in the person,[..],of Anna herself. -Louise Yelin, From the Margins of Empire: Christina Stead, Doris Lessing, Nadline Gordimer Introduction The Enlightenment was a Europe-wide phenomenon, in philosophy, literature, language, art, religion, and political theory, which lasted from around 1680 until the end of the 18 thcentury. Conventionally, the Enlightenment has been called the ―age of reason‖. For the Enlightenment thinker, truth was available and human reason was the tool by which this knowledge had been achieved and by further application of human reason, one day the whole truth would be available to the human mind. Traditional theory desires for a unitary and totalizing truth. During this time philosophers believed in the world‘s own story. It is what Jean-Francois 1389 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Lyotard , one of the leading proponents of postmodernism, denies when he urges a rejection of Enlightenment ―metanarratives‖ in favor of arguing that ―there is no such thing as the world‘s own story, and the only accounts that we can give of the world are local human aiccounts. There are only varied and conflicting human stories about the world‖. The credibility of grand narratives has collapsed for Lyotard . Based on the theory by Lyotard (1984): In contemporary society and culture-postindustrial society, postmodern culture-the question of the legitimation of knowledge is formulated in different terms. The grand narrative has lost its credibility, regardless of what mode of unification it uses, regardless of whether it is a speculative narrative or a narrative of emancipation (p.37). Postmodern philosophers say that the idea of the world‘s own story, the unified picture of reality is an illusion. Most postmodernism‘s core characteristics are: ―a skepticism or rejection of grand narratives to explain reality; no objective reality, but many subjective interpretations; no ―one correct‖ concept of ultimate reality; no ―one correct‖ interpretation of a text (Bressler, 2007). Moreover, postmodernist thought rejects universals, the whole truth, unitary and totalization. This is the fragmentation of truth. Postmodernist art, architecture and literature emphasize the lack of any unifying form or method in art. Postmodernist art revels in the fragmentation of artistic standards (Luntley, 1995). Hence, the postmodern literature world is the representation of chaos and fragmentation. In postmodern novels, chaos, fragmentation, and breakdown are in both their contents and structures. Lyotard , too sees society as fragmented. The postmodern novelists would appreciate the readers to explore fragmented society and human beings. Postmodern novelists reject any conventional story-telling and emphasize that there are no pre-established ways for writing. The process of story-telling is different for postmodern novelists. They are interested in discovering new ways for writing. A liberating way of story-telling is clear for postmodern novelists. Lyotard (1984) expresses that: A postmodern artist or writer is in the position of a philosopher: the text he writes, the work he produces are not in principle governed by pre-established rules ,and they cannot be judged according to a determining judgment ,by applying familiar categories to the text or to the work. Those rules and categories are what the work of art itself is looking for. The artist and the writer then are working without rules in order to formulate the rules of what will have been done (p.81). One of the outstanding examples of postmodern novels which most contain the above-mentioned is Doris Lessing‘s The Golden Notebook .In this novel, Lessing avoids being committed to conventional storytelling ,and tends to regard unconventional and new ways for story-telling. This essay discusses Anna‘s skepticism about the Communist Party, as illustrated primarily in the Red Notebook. Doris Lessing, the Noble Prize winner in literature 2007, the greatest English novelist of the postwar period, born in Persia (now Iran) to British parents in 1919. She has written a lot of plays, short stories and novels. The Grass is singing, which appeared in 1950, is her first novel. As she has told her interviewers, it is not her first attempt at the novel; she has destroyed the manuscripts of two earlier works. During the 50s and 60s, The Grass is singing was followed by the five volumes of her Children of Violence series: Martha Quest (1952); A Proper Marriage (1954); A Ripple from the Storm (1958); Landlocked (1956), and The Four-Gated City (1969). Also, she has written several other novels and a series of short stories. To Room Nineteen (1978) and Through the Tunnel (1990) are her best-known short stories. One of her plays is Play with a Tiger: a play in three acts. The main focus of the present essay, as mentioned before, is on Lessing‘s The Golden Notebook, which will be closely analyzed in the following paragraphs. Doris Lessing‘s The Golden Notebook The Golden Notebook (1962) opens with a ―Free Women‖ section: Free Women is a conventional short novel that is divided into five sections and separated by stages of the four Notebooks; Black ,Red, Yellow and Blue ,and The Golden Notebook appears near the book‘s end. In these notebooks Anna keeps writing of events in her life. The Black Notebook is a record of various aspects of Anna‘s bestselling first novel, Frontiers of war; The Red one is about her experiences and dissatisfying with the British Communist Party; The Yellow one is about her romantic novel called The Shadow of the Third; in this notebook she writes about Ella which is the mirror of her life; and the Blue one is Anna‘s diary of her life. The Golden Notebook and the Interrogation of the Communist Party The Golden Notebook is one of the best-loved and most influential of Lessing‘s novels that invites her readers to discover postmodern fragmented society. When Anna Wulf , the writer and the protagonist, in the beginning of the novel says ―everything is cracking up‖, it implies that the hope of referring to unity has almost disappeared and chaos has an opportunity to emerge. Also, Lessing mentions in the preface of The Golden Notebook; ―its theme is breakdown and fragmentation‖. Chaos and fragmentation are in agreement with the novel. Anna expresses that writing four notebooks instead of one notebook is just because of chaos 1. She senses incoherent in both her life and personality. Given different colors for notebooks shows her fragmented personality in the society. Anna‘s life in the fragmented society requires her to express that: 1390 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo The novel has become a function of the fragmented society, the fragmented consciousness. Human beings are so divided, are becoming more and more divided, and more subdivided in themselves, reflecting the world, that they reach out desperately, not knowing they do it, for information about other groups inside their own country, let alone about groups in other countries (GN, p.79). What happens to readers as they read the novel is different from each other. The postmodern writer insists on expression without content, which means that the writer puts up a scenario which the reader is free to interpret in whatever way he/she likes to: there is no correct interpretation (Barkholt & Jepsen, 2010). The postmodern celebration of interrogation grand narrative appears in the Red Notebook. When Anna writes about communism in this notebook, it is to inform her opposition to communism and interrogate it. As Jackson (2009) says: Anna writes of having become disillusioned with the communism into her Red Notebook. Lessing‘s novel is overtly about the splitting or disunification . The compartmentalization of experience into different notebooks is one of the most straightforward manifestations of this theme. All manner of historical forces, especially the Cold War, are the causes for this splitting. Lessing, like Anna, writes about Communism (she was a member of the Communist Party in both South Africa and Britain). Paul Schlueter (2003) notes that: In common with many other British and American intellectuals in the1930s and early 1940s, Doris Lessing became a Communist as a result of sincere optimistic desires to see the world improved and to have the injustices of a supposedly inhuman competitive system of values eliminated .To a great extent, her decision to become a Communist appears now as naive many other youthful enthusiasms or commitments. She has said, for instance, when I became a communist, emotionally if not organizationally, in 1942, my picture of socialism as developed in the Soviet Union was, to say the least, inaccurate. [...] (p.36). Through writing about the Communist Party Anna feels depressed. The rejection of being a communist is related to Lessing, too. Doris Lessing herself, in an interview with Hermione Lee mentions that ―she has just stopped being a communist and being on the extreme Left‖. 2It becomes clear that Lessing was not really satisfied with joining the Communist Party. She has said that she decided to leave the party a good time before I finally left it. I didn‘t leave it when I decided to, because there was a general exodus, much publicized, from the British Party then, and the journalists were waiting for yet another renegade to publish his, her complaints against the C.P. [Communist Party]. To quote another old communist: ―I find it nauseating when people who have been in the Party ten, twenty years, stagger out shouting and screaming as if they‘ve been raped against their will.‖ I left it because the gap between my own attitudes and those of the party widened all the time. There was no particular event or moment. The 20th Congress [in February, 1956, at which Khrushchev denounced Stalin] shocked me, not because of the ―revelations‖ but because I thought the ―revelations‖ were long overdue, pitifully and feebly Put forth, and no one really tried to explain or understand what had happened (schlueter, 2003, p.37). In the Red Notebook, Anna explains she hates joining anything, which seems to her incompatible. In lieu of being satisfied with joining the Communist Party, always she is thinking about leaving the Party. According to Marx3, ―the aim of a Communist society is to procure genuine freedom, genuine individuality and humanity, genuine democracy‖ (Habib, 2008, p.534). But, affirmative political beliefs of becoming a communist in Central Africa play virtually no part here for Anna. She attacks Communism at the beginning of talking with Molly about joining the Party: Last week, Molly came up at midnight to say that the Party members had been circulated with a form, asking for their history as members, and there was a section asking them to detail their 'doubts and confusions.' Molly said she had begun to write this, expecting to write a few sentences, had found herself writing' a whole thesis-dozens of bloody pages.' She seemed upset with herself. 'What is it I want-a confessional? Anyway, since I've written it, I'm going to send it in. 'I told her she was mad. I said: 'Supposing the British Communist Party ever gets into power, that document will be in the files, and if they want evidence to hang you, they've got it-thousands of times over.' She gave me her small, almost sours mile-the smile she uses when I say things like this. Molly is not an innocent communist. She said: 'You're very cynical.' I said: 'You know it's the truth. Or could be .' She said: 'If you think in that way, why are you talking of joining the Party?' I said: 'Why do you stay in it, when you think in that way too?' [...].'It's all very odd, Anna, isn't it?' And in the morning she said: 'I took your advice, I tore it up. (GN, pp.163-164). 1391 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo In this part, Anna criticizes the very possibility of real freedom and democracy in the Communist Party. She expresses that the Communist Party is too dishonest upon the individual. Although the Communist Party invites their members in the society to express their ideas and doubts freely, but it is not the truth. In fact, they are dishonest toward people. In spite of thinking about leaving the Party, Anna is still in it. So, it is her ambivalent aspect about the Communist Party. Anna says: ―I write very little in this notebook. Why? I see everything I write is critical of the Party. Yet I am still in it. Molly too‖(GN,p.168). But through reading the Red Notebook, we understand regardless of her ambivalence, most of the time she calls the Communist Party into question. ―I see that I wrote yesterday, I would leave the Party. I wonder when, and on what issue‖ (GN, p.170). Immediately, she describes her meeting with John . 4 Had dinner with John. We meet rarely-always on the verge of political disagreement. At the end of the dinner, he said: 'The reason why we don't leave the Party is that we can't bear to say good-bye to our ideals for a better world. 'Trite enough. And interesting because it implies he believes, and that I must, only the Communist Party can better the world. Yet we neither of us believe any such thing(GN,p.170). It indicates that the Communist Party cannot make the world better. Also, we do well keep in mind that fragmentation and split spread in the Communist Party. Anna confesses that the reason to join the Communist Party is a need for wholeness, but fragmentation and split emerge in the Communist Party. I came home thinking that somewhere at the back of my mind when I joined the Party was need for wholeness, for an end to the split, divided, unsatisfactory way we all live. Yet joining the Party intensified the split-not the business of belonging to an organisation whose every tenet, on paper, anyway, contradicts the ideas of the society we live in; but something much deeper than that. Or at any rate , more difficult to understand (GN, p.171). Her ambivalence appears not only in the Red Notebook, but also in her speaking with Mrs.Marks5 that is written in the Blue Notebook by Anna. -'Why are you a communist?' -'At least they believe in something.' -'Why do you say they, when you are a member of the Communist Party?' -'If I could say we, really meaning it, I wouldn't be here, would I?' -'So you don't care, really, about your comrades?' (GN, p.237). The ambivalence does not happen just for Anna, it is for each member of the Mashopi group.―The representation of Anna‘s life in the Communist Party exemplifies rupture, division, and doubleness. Like Anna, each member experiences an ambivalence that undermines her or his politics‖ (Yelin , 1998, p.79). Schlueter (2003) notes that: Although Anna indicates at various times her reasons for leaving the party—its jargon, its dishonesty, its pettiness, and so on—she does specify in one passage in more detail her exact reasons for both becoming a Communist and for leaving the party. Jack, another party member, comments that society today is complex and technical that no one person can effectively understand it all. Anna answers him: ―Alienation .Being split. It‘s the moral side, so to speak, of the communist message. And suddenly you shrug your shoulders and say because the mechanical basis of our lives is getting complicated, we must be content to not even try to understand things as a whole?‖[...] He says: ―Not being split, it‘s not a question of imaginatively understanding everything that goes on. Or trying to. It means doing one‘s work as well as possible, and being a good person.‖ I say: ―That‘s treachery.‖ ―To what?‖ ―To humanism .‖ He thinks and says: ―The idea of humanism will change like everything else.‖ I say: ―Then it will become something else. But humanism stands for the whole person, the whole individual, striving to become as conscious and responsible as possible about everything in the universe. But now you sit there, quite calmly, and as a humanist you say that due to the complexity of scientific achievement the human being must never expect to be whole, he must always be fragmented.‖ [pp. 307–8] Her sense of this fragmentation is such as to demand of her a more coherent, a more unifying life than has been possible through dedication to communism. [...] (pp.39 - 40). The failure of totalizing grand narratives of communism also emerges in the newspaper cuttings and letters from all kinds of people that Anna describes them in the Red Notebook. [At this point the red notebook was stuffed full of newspaper cuttings to do with the Twentieth Congress of the Russian Communist Party, letters from all kinds of people about politics, agendas for 1392 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo political meetings, etc. This mass of paper had been fastened together by rubber bands and clipped to the page. Then Anna's handwriting began again:] 11th August, 1956 Not for the first time in my life I realize I have spent weeks and months in frenzied political activity and have achieved absolutely nothing. More, that I might have foreseen it would achieve nothing. The Twentieth Congress has doubled and trebled the numbers of people, both in and out of the Party, who want a 'new‘ communist party. Last night I was at a meeting which went on till nearly morning. Towards the end a man who had not spoken before, a socialist from Austria, made a short humorous speech, something like this: 'My dear Comrades. I have been listening to you, amazed at the wells of faith in human beings! What you are saying amounts to this: that you know the leadership of the British C. P. Consists of men and women totally corrupted by years of work in the Stalinist atmosphere. You know they will do anything to maintain their position. You know, because you have given a hundred examples of it here this evening that they suppress resolutions, rig ballots, pack meetings, lie and twist. There is no way of getting them out of office by democratic means partly because they are unscrupulous, and partly because half of the Party members are too innocent to believe their leaders are capable of such trickery. [...] (GN, p.435). In the fourth Red Notebook we face Olga6‘s opinions about the Communist Party. She clasped his hand, and said: 'I will make you a promise. I promise you that when our Party Historians have re-written the history of our Communist Party in accordance with the revisions made necessary by the distortions imposed during the era of Comrade Stalin, I promise you that I will read it' (GN,p.515). It indicates that the history of the Communist Party cannot become universalized. Even the Party historians should re-write its history and revise it. It reminds us that history can never be completed. Conclusion Postmodern novelists, like Lessing are interested in interpretations and pave the way for the plurality of possible interpretations. The freedom of the postmodern writers is like the freedom of the readers. The Golden Notebook, then, is a novel informing fragments which encourages the readers to grow discouraged with grand narratives; the Communist Party. The most important matter that Anna, the main character, expresses over and over again in her notebooks, specifically in the Red Notebook is the fragmentation and chaos. Also, the acceleration of fragmentation is all over her life. The Critical moment in her dream is the fragmentation. It shows that Anna cannot escape from fragmentation and chaos, even in her dream: I had a dream for my last appointment. [...].I opened the box and forced them to look. But instead of a beautiful thing, which I thought would be there, there was a mass of fragments, but bits and pieces from everywhere, all over the world—I recognized a lump of red earth, that I knew came from Africa, and then a bit of metal that came off a gun from Indo-China, and then everything was horrible, bits of flesh from people killed in the Korean War and a communist party badge off someone who died in a Soviet prison. This, looking at the mass of ugly fragments, was so painful that I couldn‘t look, and I shut the box (GN, pp.252- 253). She frequently mediates on the difficulty of the Communist Party and regards it inadequate. The red Notebook is a record of a period of history; the Communist Party, but maybe the end of the Communist Party. Most of the characters in the novel, especially Anna realize that they may be at the end of history. They interrogate grand narratives-universal and totalizing stories that give direction to the historical process and legitimize statements of truth. Judith KeganGardiner's valuable essay on Doris Lessing‘s The Golden Notebook perfectly describes little of internal communist maneuvering in the novel. In an attempt to leave the Communist Party, she often calls it into question. Gardiner (2007) says that most of the communists in the novel are deceived. Communism in The Golden Notebook thus becomes a set of false beliefs. The readers are motivated to discover whether Anna is interested in communism or not. 1393 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Endnotes: 1-When Tommy asks her the reason of writing four notebooks, Anna says: ―I‘ve told you, Chaos‖(GN,p.272) . 2-Lee, H.(2009). A Conversation With Doris Lessing. (p.23). Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://www.informaworld.Com/smpp/title~content=t716100725 3- The tradition of Marxist thought has provided the most powerful critique of capitalist Institutions and ethics ever conducted. Its founder, Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883),was a German Political, economic, and philosophical theorist and revolutionist (Habib , 2008,p.527). 4-John: He is a Comrade. 5-Mrs.Marxs:'Mother Sugar', is Anna‘s psychiatrist. 6- Olga: She is a Comrade. References Barkholt, G.V.&Jepsen, J.D.(2010).Postmodernism. A Short History of Literature in Englisha Handbook (p.79). (1st ed). Systime Publishing Ltd. Bressler, Ch.(2007). Modernity and Postmodernism: Structuralism and Deconstruction. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice (p.101). (4th ed). Pearson Prentice Hall . Bloom ,H.(2003). The Golden Notebook . Schlueter, P. Bloom‘s Modern Critical Views: Doris Lessing (pp.27-60). Chelsea House Publisher .Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http :library.nu/ Habib , M.A.R. (2008). Marxism. A History of Literary Criticism and Theory (pp. 527- 534) . (1st ed). Blackwell Publishing. Jackson, T.E.(2009).― Why a story at all‖ The Writing of The Golden Notebook. The Technology of the Novel Writing and Narrative in British Fiction. (pp.148-149).The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. Lee, H.(2009).A Conversation With Doris Lessing. (p.23). Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://www.informaworld.Com/smpp/title~content=t716100725 Lessing, D. (1972). The Golden Notebook. Great Britain. Luntley, M.(1995).Introduction . Reason, Truth, and Self (the Postmodern Reconditioned), (pp.10-15).(1st ed). Routledge. Lyotard , J.F. (1984). The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Volume 10. Manchester University Press. Shaffer ,B.W. (2007) . Doris Lessing‘s The Golden Notebook. Gardiner, J.K. A Companion to the British and Irish Novel 1945-2000. (p.380). (1st ed). Blackwell Publishing. Yeline, L.(1998). Integrated with British Life and its Roots, Communism: In and out of the Party . From the Margins of Empire: Christina Stead, Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer. (pp.79-87). (1st ed) . Cornell University . 1394 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 692 Title A name given to the resource A Postmodern Study of Doris Lessing‘s The Golden Notebook in the Light of Jean-Francois Lyotard ‘s Ideas Author Author Kiaei, Shahram Azizi, Ensiyehsadat Azizmohammadi, Fatemeh Abstract A summary of the resource. It has become a virtual commonplace of contemporary criticism that postmodern thought challenges the Enlightenment view of human reason, especially its assumption of a stable, autonomous subject capable of directing the forces of history. For this reason some theorists see postmodernism as pivoting on a reformulation of anti-Enlightenment thought that surfaced during the nineteenth-century and which remained active throughout the modernist period. From this perspective, literary modernism's ambivalent stance toward the integrity of the subject is in part the legacy of Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud-- precisely those nineteenth-century thinkers who situate much of the postmodern project. Regarding all the previous criticisms, this study clearly assumes that postmodernism employs quite different critical methodologies from those of modernism. Nevertheless, as Jean-Francois Lyotard suggests, evidence of this postmodern emphasis is latent in modernism itself, most particularly in those highly experimental or transgressive works that challenge traditional notions of referential language, rational order, or the autonomous subject. This study, particularly, examines Doris Lessing‘s major work for which she was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 2007, The Golden Notebook (1962), in which postmodern elements especially Lyotard‘s exists. Ultimately, the paper hails this most influential novel as a postmodern masterpiece. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/60aaba97d44888644b43cb1a8ed0ebe3.docx 1e0694cdd029c803915f8aa271124721 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2d215e8e32830e31b4fb267d1b9f85b8.pdf 6a1c3da2d837db4d088c6a1b1262334b PDF Text Text A PRACTİCAL WAY TO ANALYZE WİND TURBİNE DATA : WİND POWER DATA READER Bekir Güler Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey bguler@fatih.edu.tr Ahmet Nayır Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey anayir@fatih.edu.tr Keywords:Smart grid, Renewable energy, Data analyzer. ABSTRACT To meet the growing demand, new ways are being sought to find new alternative sources. But, finding an alternate source is not enough, due to the fact that the power source should be sustainable and feasible. To be able decide whether it is efficient or not, we need to be able to analyze production rate. That is why data monitoring is an important area for energy production. We are able to gather raw data from power generator infrastructures. But these data is only raw data. We need a visual and interpretable ways to analyze, to utilize and to predict the efficiency of production. This paper focused on data monitoring part of energy production which output by wind turbines. The main purpose of this work is to provide to convert raw data into more readable and more analyzable format. We have prepared Wind Data Analyzer to visualize data by using elasticity of OOP (object oriented programing) to wind turbine data. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2139 Title A name given to the resource A PRACTİCAL WAY TO ANALYZE WİND TURBİNE DATA : WİND POWER DATA READER Author Author GULER, Bekir NAYIR, Ahmet Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Smart grid, Renewable energy, Data analyzer. ABSTRACT To meet the growing demand, new ways are being sought to find new alternative sources. But, finding an alternate source is not enough, due to the fact that the power source should be sustainable and feasible. To be able decide whether it is efficient or not, we need to be able to analyze production rate. That is why data monitoring is an important area for energy production. We are able to gather raw data from power generator infrastructures. But these data is only raw data. We need a visual and interpretable ways to analyze, to utilize and to predict the efficiency of production. This paper focused on data monitoring part of energy production which output by wind turbines. The main purpose of this work is to provide to convert raw data into more readable and more analyzable format. We have prepared Wind Data Analyzer to visualize data by using elasticity of OOP (object oriented programing) to wind turbine data. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2765 Title A name given to the resource A practical way to analyze Wind Turbine data: Wind Power Data Reader Author Author GULER, Bekir NAYIR, Ahmet Abstract A summary of the resource. To meet the growing demand, new ways are being seeked to find new alternative sources. But, finding an alternate source is not enough, due to the fact that the power source should be sustainable and feasible. To be able decide whether it is efficient or not, we need to be able to analyze production rate. That is why data monitoring is an important area for energy production. We are able to gather raw data from power generator infrastructures. But these data is only raw data. We need a visual and interpretable ways to analyze, to utilize and to predict the efficiency of production. This paper focused on data monitoring part of energy production which output by wind turbines. The main purpose of this work is to provide to convert raw data into more readable and more analyzable format. We have prepared Wind Data Analyzer to visualize data by using elasticity of OOP (object oriented programing) to wind turbine data. Keywords: smart grid, renewable energy, data analyzer Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233 - 0054 T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/d009b2143442732caeaf9cbef052e632.pdf d932cb6490a78c21d8b017dc11d573b0 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A Reexamination Of Causal Nexus Between Economic Growth And Renewable Enegy Consumption For Us: Further Evidence From Bootstrap-Corrected Causality Test Şenay Saraç, Ertugrul Yıldırım Bulent Ecevit University, Department of Economics, Zonguldak, Turkey. E-mails: senaysarac@hotmail.com, yildirimertugrul@hotmail.com Abstract Recent debates about renewable energy consumption manifest two main expectations. Firstly, renewable energy consumption should contribute to economic growth and secondly, it should not cause a damage on environment. This study focuses on the first issue by applying bootstrap-corrected causality test for the US since empirical literature criticizes the TodaYamamoto test which bases on asymptotic distribution. The models consist of real GDP, employment, investment and kinds of renewable energy consumption. Only one causal relationship was found from biomass-waste-drived energy consumption to real GDP. No causal relationship was found between real GDP and all of the other renewable energy kinds – total renewable energy consumption, geothermal energy consumption, hydro-electric energy consumption, biomass energy consumption and biomass-wood-drived energy consumption. That is using of energy from waste cause not only solving the dumping problems but also it contributes to real GDP. For policy purpose, the results of this study suggest that countries should concentrate on energy producing from waste as an alternative energy resource. Keywords: Sustainable development, Economic growth, Renewable energy consumption, US. JEL: O13, Q42, O51 1. INTRODUCTION Sustainable development can be defined as: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Many factors can contribute to achieving sustainable development goal. One of the most important factors is the sustainable supply of energy resources (Rosen, 1996; Dincer and Rosen, 1998; Dincer, 1999). A secure supply of energy resources is a necessary condition but not sufficient requirement for sustainable development within an economic society. Furthermore, sustainable development needs a sustainable supply of energy resources and an effective and efficient utilization of energy resources. In this context, renewable energy is one of the crucial elements for sustainable development. A number of factors lead to increase attention on renewable energy sources such as the volatility of oil prices, the dependency on foreign energy sources, and the environmental consequences of carbon emissions and government policies that promote renewable energy production (Bowden and Payne, 2010; Apergis and Payne, 2010a). Recent debates about renewable energy consumption manifest two main expectations. Firstly, renewable energy consumption should contribute to economic growth and the secondly, it should not cause a damage on environment. This study focuses on first issue. There are four hypotheses about causal nexus between economic growth and energy consumption. According to the growth hypothesis energy consumption contributes to economic growth both 9 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo directly and/or indirectly by complementing to labor and capital in the production process. Validity of the growth hypothesis implies that energy conservation policies could reduce real GDP. The conservation hypothesis implies that energy conservation policies would not reduce real GDP. Achieving unidirectional Granger-causality from real GDP to energy consumption supports the conservation hypothesis. Interdependent causal nexus between energy consumption and real GDP is suggested by the feedback hypothesis. It is supported by the validity of bidirectional Granger-causality between energy consumption and real GDP. Finally, the neutrality hypothesis proposes that energy consumption serves a relatively minor role in the determination of real GDP while energy conservation policies would not reduce real GDP. The absence of Granger-causality between energy consumption and real GDP supports the neutrality hypothesis. Ozturk (2010) reviews the literature about energy consumption-economic growth nexus. Empirical evidence about causal nexus between energy consumption and real GDP are mixed. Furthermore very few studies investigate the relationship between renewable energy consumption and real GDP. Table 1 summarizes empirical literature about renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus. Table 1: Literature review: Renewable energy consumption and Economic Growth Study Sari and (2004) Methodology Soytas Period Subject Relationship Variance decomposition 1969-1999 Turkey REC increases GDP Ewing et al. (2007) Variance decomposition 2000:12005:6 US REC increases IP Sari et al. (2008) ARDL 2000:12005:6 US IP→REC Sadorsky (2009) Panel Cointegration 1994-2003 18 emerging countries GDP→REC Apergis and Payne (2010a) Panel Cointegration 1985-2005 20 OECD countries GDP↔REC Apergis and Payne (2010b) Panel Cointegration 1992–2007 13 countries Eurasia GDP↔REC Payne (2009) Toda-Yamamoto 1949-2006 US GDP≠REC Bowden and Payne (2010) Toda-Yamamoto 1949-2006 US (sectoral level) GDP↔REC within Note: Abbreviations are defined as follows: REC= renewable energy consumption, GDP=real gross domestic product, IP=industrial production. EC→GDP means that the causality runs from energy consumption to growth. GDP→EC means that the causality runs from growth to energy consumption. EC↔GDP means that bidirectional causality exists between energy consumption and growth. EC≠GDP means that no causality exists between energy consumption and growth. Only Payne (2009) and Bowden and Payne (2010) use Toda-Yamamoto causality test. But Toda-Yamamoto test which bases upon lag-augmented VAR model has assumption of the normality of the error term. Hacker and Hatemi (2006) indicate that if the error term of the model is characterized by non-normality, asymptotic distribution can be poor approximation. In this case findings of Toda-Yamamoto test are invalid. 10 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The contribution of our empirical study is threefold. First this study uses a multivariate causality test by including employment and investment variables into the model between renewable energy consumption and real GDP since the omission of relevant variables leads to econometric problems. Second, this study employs bootstrap-corrected causality technique suggested by Hacker and Hatemi (2006) to avoid unclear results due to the assumption of normality and the third one is to pick the true lag order by combining Schwarz (1978) Bayesian information criterion and the Hannan and Quinn (1979) information criterion as suggested by Hatemi (2003). The rest of the paper is organized as follows: The next section describes the data, methodology and the results from empirical analysis are presented in third section. Section four presents conclusion and policy implications of the paper. 2. Data Employment, real gross fixed capital formation and real GDP variables are taken from OECD National Accounts data that is attained from source OECD data base and time series of renewable energy consumption variables are obtained from the US Energy Information Administration as billion Btu. Tim span of the renewable energy consumption variables are as follows: 1949-2010 for total renewable energy consumption, biomass energy consumption, hydropower energy consumption and biomass-wood-drived energy consumption, 1960-2010 for geothermal energy consumption and 1970-2010 for biomass-waste-drived energy consumption. 3. Methodology and Results Toda-Yamamoto augmented VAR(p+d) model can be described in the following a compact way (Hacker and Hatemi-J, 2006): K  FZ  . (1) Where: K  ( x1 , F  (v, A1 , , Ap , , xT )(n  T ) matrix, , Ap d )(n  (1  n( p  d ))) matrix,  1   x  t    xt 1    Z t   .  ((1  n( p  d )) 1) matrix, for t=1,...,T,  .     .  x   t  p  d 1  matrix, Z  (Z0 , , ZT 1 )((1  n( p  d ))  T ) matrix,   (1 , , T )(n  T ) matrix, Toda and Yamamoto (1995) introduce the following modified Wald (MWALD) test statistic for testing the null hypothesis of non-Granger causality: 11 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo MWALD  (Y ) Y  ( Z Z ) 1  VU  Y  1 (Y ) ~  P2 . (2) Where: The MWALD test statistic is asymptotically χ2 distributed, conditional on the assumption that the error terms are normally distributed, with the number of degrees of freedom equal to the number of restrictions to be tested. According to Toda and Yamamoto (1995), their function (Eq.2) guarantees the use of asymptotical distribution theory. However, using Monte Carlo simulations Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006) showed that the MWALD test statistic over rejects the null hypothesis, especially if the error term is characterized by autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) and non-normality. Furthermore, Hacker and Hatemi-J urged that the asymptotic distribution can be a poor approximation, especially for the small samples that are common in empirical studies. Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006) found that the bootstrapped empirical size for the modified Wald test is close to the correct size in the different cases when the extra lags are greater than or equal to the integration order of both variables, and it is generally closer to the correct size than the asymptotic distribution empirical size. To perform the bootstrap simulations, firstly regression (Eq. 1) is estimated with the null hypothesis of no Granger causality. For each bootstrap simulation it is generated the simulated data, K*. K *  FˆZ   * (3) where F̂ is the estimated value of the parameters in Eq. (1). That is. Fˆ  KZ (ZZ )1 The bootstrap residuals (Ψ*) are based on T random draws with replacement from the regression’s modified residuals, each with equal probability of 1/T. The mean of the resulting set of drawn modified residuals is subtracted from each of the modified residuals in that set. The modified residuals are the regression’s raw residuals modified to have constant variance, through the use of leverages. Eq.(4) defines the modified residual through leverage adjustment for xit.  itm  (4)  it 1  hit In order to calculate the bootstrap critical values, the bootstrap simulation is run 100,000 times and calculated the MWALD test statistic each time. In this way, it is able to produce the empirical distribution for the MWALD test statistic. The analyses consist of three stage, In the first stage, to ensure robustness for the common components of the variables, we use several unit root tests, including the augmented Dickey and Fuller (1979) (ADF) test, the Phillips and Perron (1988) (PP) test, as well as the 12 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kwiatkowski et al. (1992) (KPPS) test. According to our results, not represented here, the common components of the all variables turn out to be integrated of order one, I(1). The next step is to pick optimal lag order. Two of the most successful criteria according to the simulation results presented in the literature are Schwarz (1978) Bayesian information criterion (SBC) and the Hannan and Quinn (1979) information criterion (HQC). However, the earlier studies illustrate that each of these two different criteria can perform better than the other depending on the properties of the true VAR model. Hatemi-J Criteria (HJC), displayed in Table 2, is employed to pick true lag order which is suggested by Hatemi-J (2003). Table 3: Selection of Lag Length Models Model 1:Real GDP=Employment+Investment+Total REC AIC SBC 2 1 HQC 2 HJC 2 Model 2:Real GDP=Employment+Investment+Biomass Total EC 2 2 2 2 -25.2568 -17.6647 -18.3052 -17.9066 Model 3:Real GDP=Employment+Investment+ Hydropower EC 2 1 2 2 -25.7735 -18.0247 -18.8220 -18.4233 Model 4:Real GDP=Employment+Investment+Biomass Wooddrived EC Model 5:Real GDP=Employment+Investment+Biomass Wastedrived EC Model 6:Real GDP=Employment+Investment+Geothermal EC -24.2653 -16.6757 -17.3138 -16.9152 2 2 2 2 -26.1630 -18.4142 -19.2114 -18.8128 2 2 6 2 -21.4469 -14.8194 -16.5588 -15.3432 2 2 2 2 -23.0602 -15.6311 Note: Abbreviations are defined as follows: AIC=Akaike information criteria, SBC=-16.5377 Schwarz -16.0844 Bayesian information criteria, HQC=Hannan-Quinn information criteria, HJC=Hatemi-J information criteria, REC=Renewable energy consumption and EC= Energy consumption. First number is selected lag length and second one is min test stats of relevant criteria. Note: Abbreviations are defined as follows: AIC=Akaike information criteria, SBC= Schwarz Bayesian information criteria, HQC=Hannan-Quinn information criteria, HJC=Hatemi-J information criteria, REC=Renewable energy consumption and EC= Energy consumption. First number is selected lag length and second one is min test stats of relevant criteria. In the last step bootstrap-corrected causality test was applied. Table 4 illustrates the MWALD stats and critical values. Table 4: Causality Test Results H0: REC does not Granger cause GDP H0: GDP does not Granger cause REC MWALD %1 CV %5 CV %10 CV MWALD %1 CV %5 CV %10 CV Model 1 0.069 10.505 6.590 4.974 2.288 10.727 6.764 5.087 Model 2 2.226 11.078 6.833 5.162 1.602 10.847 6.764 5.108 Model 3 0.966 10.272 6.447 4.915 1.261 10.754 6.758 5.090 Model 4 1.637 10.610 6.623 4.996 1.684 10.965 6.839 5.181 Model 5 12.422* 11.681 6.969 5.160 4.482 11.872 7.003 5.186 Model 6 1.228 11.064 6.871 5.148 0.332 11.603 6.994 5.255 13 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Note: * represents rejection of null hypothesis at 1% significance level. REC=Renewable energy consumption. For definitions of the models see Table 3. According to Table 4 only one causal relationship was found from biomass-waste-drived energy consumption to real GDP. This finding supports the growth hypothesis. No causal relationship was found between all of the other renewable energy kinds and real GDP. All of the findings, except for biomass-waste-drived energy consumption, support the neutrality hypothesis. 4.CONCLUSION Recent debates about relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth manifest two main expectations. Firstly, renewable energy consumption should contribute to economic growth and secondly, it should not cause a damage on environment. This study focuses on the first issue by applying bootstrap-corrected causality test for the US since empirical literature criticizes the Toda-Yamamoto test which bases on asymptotic distribution. According to bootstrap-corrected causality test results only one causal relationship was found from biomass-waste-drived energy consumption to real GDP. No causal relationship was found between all of the other renewable energy kinds and real GDP. These findings are interesting since biomass-waste-drived energy consumption has a low percentage (6%) of total renewable energy consumption. Many developed countries are trying to dump their garbage on the lands of lesser developed countries. However dumping garbage on other places spreads pollutions and diseases instead of solving the problem. In fact it is more dangerous to dump garbage in the less developed countries since there are neither technologies available to process it nor enough awareness. Even creating landfills wastes precious resources. Lastly our findings indicate that there is a causality from waste-drived energy to real GDP. Using of energy from waste cause not only to resolve the dumping problems but also it contributes to real GDP. The countries that are using other energy resources do not take advantage from using waste-drived energy. For policy purpose, the results of this study suggest that countries should concentrate on energy producing from waste as an alternative energy resource. REFERENCES Akaike, H. (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19 (6), 716-723. Apergis, N. and Payne J.E. (2010a) Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries, Energy Policy, 38, 656-660. Apergis, N. and Payne J.E. (2010b) Renewable enrgy consumption and growth in Eurosia, Energy Economics, 32, 1392-1397. Bowden, N. and Payne, J.E. (2010) Sectoral Analysis of the Causal Relationship Between Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Real Output in the US, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 5:4, 400-408. Dickey, D.A. and Fuller W.A. (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431. Dincer, I. (1999) Environmental impacts of energy, Energy Policy, 27, 845-854. 14 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Dincer, I. and Rosen M.A. (1998) A worldwide perspective on energy, environment and sustainable development, International Journal of Energy Research, 15, 1305-1321. Ewing, B.T., Sari, R. and Soytas U. (2007) Disaggregate energy consumption and industrial output in the United States, Energy Policy, 35, 1274–1281. Hacker, R.S. and Hatemi-J A. (2006) Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application, Applied Economics, 38, 1489500. Hannan, E. J. and Quinn B.G. (1979) The determination of the order of an autoregressive, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 41, 190-195. Hatemi-J, A. (2003) A new method to choose optimal lag order in stable and unstable VAR models, Applied Economics Letters, 10, 135-137. Kwiatkowski D., Phillips P.C.B., Schmidt P. and Shin. Y. (1992) Testing for the null of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root, Journal of Econometrics, 54, 159-178. Ozturk, I. (2010) A literatüre survey on energy-growth nexus, Energy Policy, 38, 340-349. Payne, J.E. (2009) On the dynamics of energy consumption and output in the US, Applied Energy, 86, 575–577. Phillips, P.C. and Perron P. (1988) Testing for a unit root in time series regression, Biometrika, 75, 335-346. Rosen, M.A. (1996) The role of energy efficiency in sustainable development, Technology and Society, 15(4), 21-26. Sadorsky, P. (2009) Renewable energy consumption and income in emerging economies, Energy Policy, 37, 4021-4028. Sarı, R. and Soytas U. (2004) Disaggregate energy consumption, employment, and income in Turkey, Energy Economics, 26, 335–344. Sarı, R., Ewing, B.T. and Soytas, U. (2008) The relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the United States: an ARDL approach, Energy Economics, 30, 2302–2313. Schwarz, G. (1978), Estimating the dimension of a model, Annals of Statistics, 6, 461-464. Toda, H.Y. and Yamamoto T. (1995), Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes, Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250. An Analysis of Theories on Stock Returns Ahmet Sekreter Abstract Objective in writing this article is to provide an overview of the theories that has been developed for stock returns which is an important area of financial markets’ researches. Since the researches in this field are very active for the past quarter, it is not possible to describe all works that has been done in this area. Most important researches will be discussed without going deeper in mathematical tools and theories. 15 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1307 Title A name given to the resource A Reexamination Of Causal Nexus Between Economic Growth And Renewable Enegy Consumption For Us: Further Evidence From Bootstrap-Corrected Causality Test Author Author Şenay , Saraç Abstract A summary of the resource. Recent debates about renewable energy consumption manifest two main expectations. Firstly, renewable energy consumption should contribute to economic growth and secondly, it should not cause a damage on environment. This study focuses on the first issue by applying bootstrap-corrected causality test for the US since empirical literature criticizes the Toda- Yamamoto test which bases on asymptotic distribution. The models consist of real GDP, employment, investment and kinds of renewable energy consumption. Only one causal relationship was found from biomass-waste-drived energy consumption to real GDP. No causal relationship was found between real GDP and all of the other renewable energy kinds – total renewable energy consumption, geothermal energy consumption, hydro-electric energy consumption, biomass energy consumption and biomass-wood-drived energy consumption. That is using of energy from waste cause not only solving the dumping problems but also it contributes to real GDP. For policy purpose, the results of this study suggest that countries should concentrate on energy producing from waste as an alternative energy resource. Keywords: Sustainable development, Economic growth, Renewable energy consumption, US. JEL: O13, Q42, O51 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3520 Title A name given to the resource A RESEARCH ABOUT “CULTURAL TALKİNG PATTERNS” IN ISTANBUL UNİVERSİTY LANGUAGE CENTRE A1-A2-B1-B2 LEVEL BOOKS ACCORDING ELP (EUROPEAN LANGUAGE PORTFOLİO) Author Author Yahşi Cevher, Özlem Güngör, Canan Abstract A summary of the resource. The culture plays a huge role in society formation. Because it includes analysing life style of communities, their traditions, beliefs, language and art. Language learning or teaching activities in connection with the culture helps to understand the characteristics of society which are reflected or not reflected in the language. Because language during the years through the the spirit, brain and conscience of the community reached our days. “A nation’s history, geography, religious values, folklore, music, art, literature, science which perform worldview and all types of common values filtred through the hundred years by words symbolically flows into the language treasury.” (Barın, 2004). The importance of teaching Turkish to foreigners in Turkey is rising. We should teach not only phonetic features of our language to foreigners, but also Turkish culture and history. Language is the basic mechanism that transfers culture to time and space and refines it (Güngör, 1991:214). Therefore, written and verbal pieces used in language education should comprise cultural talking patterns. Turkey joined Socrates Project, which regulates common education practices in Europe, on 24th of January 2000, with European Council’s decision number 253/2000/EC. For that reason, foreign language teaching practices in European countries are adopted in Turkey (Mirici, 05.02.2014). These practices are being applied in connection with framework programme. One of this common framework programme’s features is cultural diversity. In other words, foreign language teaching practices should also comprise cultural aspects of the language. In this research, we will investigate with scanning method, how much and how the cultural talking patterns of Turkish culture are reflected, on terms of Teaching Turkish as a Foreing language, on the texts of A1-A2-B1-B2 level TÖMER books of Istanbul University. Keywords: Turkish teaching, ELP, Turkish lesson books Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 885 Title A name given to the resource A Research about Intercultural Communication In Textbooks Which Are Used For Teaching Turkish As A Foreign Language Author Author İnan , Kayhan Yüceer , Duygu Abstract A summary of the resource. Learning a foreign language has been the most important way of communities’ familiarizing and comprehending each other for ages. Nowadays, in our rapidly globalizing world as high level technological vehicles are making shorter distances, booming communication means causes communities to become closer and that makes teaching a foreign language more important. These conditions have brought on intensive interaction between civilizations and so it has made necessary to learn other languages in the world. Learning a foreign language needs learning not only words and grammar structure but also acknowledging that language’s representing culture. Just as in each field in teaching a foreign language it is compulsory accommodating changing conditions and needs. Nowadays, the concept of being intercultural has being one of the most important particle of teaching foreign language but teaching grammar is still seen focal point at teaching Turkish for foreigners. This attitude has also seen in the textbooks which are used to teach Turkish as a foreign language. In this study “Yeni Hitit” and “Gökkuşağı Türkçe” which are widely used books of teaching Turkish for foreigners will be compared in terms of interculturality whereby scientific scanning method and their qualification will be determined. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e101c7f243ca50481584c8e9ebdb8b81.pdf dee2e350558a7ac93f6d939a53e5e1e6 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo A Research about the Impacts of Economic Crisis on Destination Marketing: Istanbul Example Burhanettin ZENGĠN Asst. Prof. Dr., Sakarya University, Department of Tourism Management, TURKEY bzengin@sakarya.edu.tr Lütfi Mustafa ġEN Res. Asst., Sakarya University, Department of Tourism Management, TURKEY lsen@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: The objective of this study is to offer the alternative policies and strategies in the context of destination marketing which would be followed by the destination management organizations and touristic businesses in marketing their services and products to minimize the impacts of the economic crisis on touristic destinations when the probability of economic crisis is high, and to contribute to the studies that have been done on this issue. The questionnaire method was chosen to collect the data in this study. Sample questions were presented via Five-point Likert and Category Scales. The number of tourism agents operating in Turkey is 5,801, and 2000 of those, that is 33.6%, are in Istanbul. Therefore, considering the time constraint, number of travel agencies in Istanbul constitutes our study population. The study sample is 300 Type A, B, C tourism agencies in Istanbul selected by simple random sampling method and corresponding to 15% of the study population. The data obtained was analyzed in computer environment by using SPSS for Windows package program. Demographic data obtained from survey was subjected to frequency analysis; appropriate data was subjected to the Chi-square test. Introduction Being rich in tourist attractions just is not enough for a touristic destination to be successful nowadays. Due to tough competition in tourism sector, attracting tourists to touristic destinations is very complex and lengthy process, and requires planned destination marketing. The success of destination marketing efforts depends on accurate determination and implementation of policies and strategies, identification of target markets, and success of joint studies conducted by public and private sector organizations operating in the country with respect to planning of publicity and advertising activities for these markets. As known, tourism industry can be affected to a great extent by the smallest socio-cultural, economic, political and business cycle of changes. Therefore, in times of crisis, especially in times of economic crisis, crisis management and destination marketing policies and strategies to follow have even greater importance. Because in times of economic crisis, touristic demand structure and consumer behaviors in the target markets should be analyzed very well, and destination marketing policies and strategies should be identified accordingly. Definition and Characteristics of Tourism Destinations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) defines a local tourism destination as a physical area where a tourist spent a night at least. A tourism destination contains touristic products such as support services during a day trip, attractions and tourist resources. It does have physical and administrative boundaries with respect to management, images and perceptions with respect to market competitiveness. Destinations bring various hosts together, and they can combine to create a network for wider destinations (UNWTO, 2007). Tourism destination is defined as a geographical location or region where tourists are located within the local community. First of all, the destination is considered as a system includes inputs and outputs, communities and services, and business areas (Özdemir, 2008, p. 4). Gunn is suggested that all destinations share certain common features, and knowing that facilitates the design and development of the destinations. He was referring the following key features of destinations listed in Mathieson and Walls study (Howie, 2003, p. 74): 560 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo      Natural environmental features and processes Economic structure and development Social structure and layout Political organization The level of touristic development Destination Marketing Destination marketing aims to make the identity of a destination, established in compliance with the characteristics of that place, more appealing via the effective communication studies for the selected target audience. Since the destination marketing is managed by the individuals and/or entities located within destination borders, and with wide knowledge about the destination, and with dreams and expectations about the future of destination, this type of marketing is a strategy that has a potential to offer more flexible, fast and creative solutions, and to minimize the potential risks (Yavuz, 2007, p. 40). Development of an effective marketing management and strategy that has a clear vision and direction, marketing of destination in a effective and rational way, continuous checking of the brand image which is the most important component of a brand, are essential elements in destination marketing and branding to ensure the optimum benefits from the attractive aspects and different features of a destination (Demir, 2009). Spain is one of the best examples shows how important destination marketing is in tourism development and increasing tourism revenues in a country. That is, Spain has significant role in many international organization and fairs, and has significant athletic facilities. It also plays an important role in tourism in terms of tourism infrastructure and number of hotels, and car rental services. It is ranked tenth in Europe in terms of air transport infrastructure. It is well known that the government in Spain has given priority to tourism industry, strong destination marketing studies have been conducted, and Spain has been presented in many international fairs (Aksu, 2009). Definition and Characteristics of the Crisis The crisis is a situation that creates tension and threatens the high-level objectives of an organization, sometimes endangering the lives of organizations, and requires immediate reaction, and the organization's crisis prediction and prevention mechanisms becomes insufficient (Can, 1999, p. 315). In another source, the crisis is defined as follows; "The crisis is a situation which is unexpected and unpredictable, requires organization‘s quick and immediate response, threatens organization‘s current values, purposes and assumptions by making organization‘s prevention and adaptation mechanism inadequate. Stress, anxiety, panic, etc.. is the expression of emotions experienced in times of crisis‖ (Tağraf & Arslan, 2003, p. 150). The features of the crisis can be listed as follows (Aykaç, 2001, p. 125):  Organizational structures, values and norms to be affected negatively,  Unexpected developments occur,  Crisis situation can not be estimated,  Inadequate mechanisms to prevent,  Crisis, threatening the existence purpose of the organization,  The lack of adequate information and time for the measures to prevent the crisis.  Requires the immediate implementation of the measures taken  Create tension in the management of the organization Some crises are the results of the natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, volcanic explosions, hurricanes, and landslides. Other crises like environmental pollution, crime, war, terrorism, economic stagnation and strikes are caused by the people. Either short-term or long term, whether natural or man-made disaster, the common features of the crisis that has potential impact on tourism industry consist of three parts (Pike, 2004, p. 158):  Any destination is not exempt from the crisis in the long term  A crisis is rarely predictable.  The causes of the crisis are outside of the tourism industry‘s control. 561 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Definition and Characteristics of Crisis Management In contrast to emergency and risk management discipline addressing natural disasters, crisis management concerns man-made or man-caused crisis such as child abduction, environmental pollution, sexual harassment, abuse, and defective products. Crisis management is the strategic planning done before and after the crisis to ensure the least damage out of unexpected situations (Otay, 2008). Some features of crisis management are unique. Some of these features are listed below (HaĢit, 2000, p. 65):  Crisis management primarily aims to reveal the businesses those can predict the crisis in advance, distinguish between the types and take the necessary measures accordingly, learn new things, and recover in the shortest time possible.  Crisis prevention varies according to managers' perceptions of the crisis. The probability of success in the prevention of crises is increasing when crisis managers perceived the crisis as threatening  Crisis management has no beginning and end, and is an application that requires continuity.  Crisis management is constituted according to the type of crisis. Crisis management is tailored to the type of crisis since each type of crisis contains its own signs and solutions. Crisis and Tourism The crisis in tourism in general can be described as follows; is an event which causes disruption in normal functioning of tourism-related businesses, damages all the reputation of the safety, attractiveness, and comfort of a touristic destination by negatively affecting the perceptions of visitors, as a result, negatively affects tourism economy and causes reduced tourist arrival and spending, delay doing business in the tourism sector (Glaesser, 2005, p. 6). The crisis management in tourism is defined as information gathering, assessment, action planning, implementation and control functions carried out to eliminate the effects of an event or events emerged unexpectedly and negatively affecting the image of a product, organization, country or region, ultimately leading to social and economic losses. The crisis management is not an activity only covering the period after the emergence of the crisis. The crisis management in fact includes the activities such as determination of the warning signals, and establishment of protection and prevention mechanism to be carried out in the period until the emergence of the crisis. Therefore, the crisis management involves a long process (Köroğlu, 2004, p. 71). Tourism is an economic activity in terms of bringing foreign currencies and creating employment; is a socio-cultural activity in terms of bringing together different cultures and meeting recreational needs of the people. It is also an activity field where demands have positive and negative impacts on the environment. Tourism, one of the world's fastest growing sectors, has significant problems today. The economic crisis in the world has negatively affected the tourism sector (Aymankuy, 2001, p. 109). The businesses struggling to survive in an intensive competition environment, at the same time, are obliged to fight with the crisis which nearly turned into a chronic crisis in Turkey. In addition to all this, many economies around the globe have been affected by the increasing size of the problems that began as a credit crisis in the world's largest economy in the U.S. in 2008, and reflected in the financial markets, and as a result, the world has come to the brink of a financial downturn. The negative impacts of the global economic crisis are observed in all sectors in our country (especially at the beginning of the year 2009). As having its own crisis, tourism sector has been also significantly affected by this type macro crisis, and difficulties have been experienced in the management of tourism businesses operating in this area (Bahar et al., 2009, p. 28). It is clear that despite the ongoing financial downturn, a variety of tourist products and services are provided. Meetings, incentive travel, conference or exhibition have been identified as the most affected touristic services in a variety of touristic destinations. Apparently, while shopping and entertainment jobs were reducing in coastal, urban and a variety of destinations, cultural attractions have suffered a severe decline in many coastal, mountain and urban destinations (UNWTO, 2009). The strategy to be followed by Turkish tourism against the global economic crisis is very important. In this context, focusing attracting tourists from upper income segments to the country has become more important rather than the number of tourists arriving into the country. Bringing the service quality, customer satisfaction and innovation to the forefront, bringing the revenue to maximum level while reducing costs, and keeping the sound cash flow are extremely important to exit from the crisis with minimum losses and even making profit from the crisis (Demir, 2008). 562 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Objectives of the Study The objective of this study is to offer the alternative policies and strategies in the context of destination marketing that would be followed by the destination management organizations and touristic businesses in marketing their services and products to minimize the impacts of the economic crisis on touristic destinations when the probability of economic crisis is high, and to contribute to the studies that have been done on this issue. Therefore, we believe that our study will be beneficial to our tour operators and travel agents, that have a significant role in obtaining foreign currency income needed in our country, by offering them different view and solutions in the context of destination marketing to minimize the income loss and the contraction in touristic demand especially in times of economic crisis. Method The questionnaire method is chosen to collect the data in our study. The reason for choosing this method is to obtain desired data from a large number of subjects in a short time, and analyze obtained data quickly and reliably with the help of computer-aided statistical data analysis programs. Questionnaire consists of two groups. The first group includes demographic questions; categorical style is used in design of the first group questions and the other questions that aim to assess the impacts of global economic crisis on destination marketing policies of businesses. The five-point Likert scale was created to resolve the main issues of this study. The ideal study population consists of 5,801 A, B and C type of travel agencies in Turkey. However, considering the time constraint, 2000 A, B, and C type travel agencies in Istanbul have been determined as the realistic population of this study. The study sample is consist of 300 Type A,B, C tourism agencies in Istanbul selected by simple random sampling method and corresponding to 15% of the realistic population of this study. Questionnaires were administered to middle and upper level managers in travel agents. 350 questionnaires were distributed, 191 out of 350 questionnaires were received back, 157 out of 191 were subjected to analysis, the remaining 34 out of 191 were not subjected to analysis due to lack of proper data. The data obtained was analyzed in computer environment using SPSS 15.0 for Windows package program. Demographic data and business-related data obtained from the survey were subjected to frequency analysis. In addition, the appropriate data was subjected to the Chi-Square test, an analysis technique for examining relationships. Findings The analysis of the demographic data in Table 1 shows that 61.2% of the participants‘ is male, 38.8% of the participants‘ is female, 30.5% of the participants‘ is in age group of 18-25, 41.4% of the participants‘ is in age group of 26-30, 21% of the participants‘ in age group of 31-35; % 5.7 of the participants‘ in age group of 36-40; 1.2% of the participants‘ is in age group of 41 and over. The analysis of the participants‘ educational status shows that majority of the participants are university graduates. 56% of participants‘ has undergraduate degree; 5.7% of the participants‘ has graduate degree. In parallel, such a large part, 44,6% of the participants‘, are tourism school graduates. A large portion of our audience (study sample), approximately 40%, is working in marketing and sales departments. Another noteworthy issue in Table 1 is, almost all of our audience (study sample), 92.3% of the participants‘, is consisted of middle and upper level managers, which increase the credibility of our work. In addition, 80% of our sample group has 1 to 10 years working experience in the sector, which also indicates the high working experience level of the participants. 563 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo CHARACTERISTICS Sex Male Female Total Age 18-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41 and over Total SAMPLE n 96 61 157 n 48 65 33 9 2 157 n Marital Status 60 Married 97 Single 157 Total n Educational Background 12 Primary Education 48 Secondary Education 88 University 9 Graduate Education 157 Total n Have you received tourism education? 70 Yes 87 No 157 Total n Division 9 Purchasing 9 Human Resources 8 Accounting-Financing 54 Operation 61 Sales & Marketing 16 Management 157 Total n Position in The Business 12 Personnel 88 Middle Manager 57 Senior Executive 157 Total Total Working Period in Tourism Industry (Year) n 18 Less than a year 60 1-5 48 6-10 19 11-15 12 16 and over 157 Total Total Working Period in The Business That You n 564 % 61,2 38,8 100 % 30,5 41,4 21,0 5,7 1,2 100 % 38,3 61,7 100 % 7,6 30,5 56,0 5,7 100 % 44,6 55,4 100 % 5,7 5,7 5,0 34,3 38,8 10,1 100 % 7,6 56,0 36,3 100 % 11,4 38,2 30,5 12,1 7,6 100 % �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo are Working Now (Year) Less than a year 1-5 6-10 11-15 16 and over Total 12 78 37 21 9 157 7,6 49,6 23,5 13,3 5,7 100 Table 1. Demographic Data The data in Table 2 is of great importance for our study since it provides updated information of what extent travel agents are affected by the crisis in 2009, when the impacts of the global economic crisis are being felt the most in Turkey. The analysis of the data in Table 2 reveals the following conclusions, and is emerging as important; % 47.7 of the participating businesses‘ is Group A, % 12.1 is Group B, and % 40.2 is Group C travel agencies. The majority of businesses, that is 36.2%, have expressed that they had a bad year in 2009 in terms of economic situation. Likewise, in 2009, 61.1% of the participating businesses‘ could reach the number of customers purchased 0-5000 travel products; only 38.9% of participating businesses‘ could hit 5000-20000 and above. Again in 2009, 54.1% of the participating businesses' noted 00-10% decrease in service production; 67.5% of the participating businesses‘ noted 00-10% decrease in employment. All these data clearly shows the extent of negative impacts of the global economic crisis on travel enterprises operating in Turkey. However, it also shows that the participating businesses are more positive about economics situation in 2010. Indeed, 52.1% of the participating businesses‘ believes that 2010 will be better off in terms of economic situation. However, approximately 50% of the participating businesses‘ believes that the process of economic recovery in Turkish tourism industry has already started. CHARACTERISTICS Choose your type of business Tour Operator (A Group) Travel Agency (B Group) Travel Agency (C Group) Total How many people are working in your business 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21 and over Total What is the average number of customers that buy travel products in your business in 2009? 0-5.000 5.001-10.000 10.001-15.000 15.001-20.000 20.001 and over Total How was the economic condition in terms of your business in 2009 Very good Good Break-Even Bad Very bad Total What do you think about that; how will be the economic condition in terms of your business in 2010? 565 SAMPLE N % 75 47,7 19 12,1 63 40,1 157 100 N % 88 56,0 22 14,0 18 11,4 15 9,5 14 8,9 157 100 N % 96 16 22 9 14 157 N 10 27 63 36 21 157 61,1 10,1 14,0 5,7 8,9 100 % 6,3 17,1 40,1 22,9 13,3 100 N % �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Very good Good Break-Even Bad Very bad Total Have you ever encountered economic crisis situation in your business before? Yes No Total Have the crisis management policies been carried out for Turkish tourism sector in 2009 successfully? Yes Partly No Total Has the economic recovery process started in Turkish tourism sector so far? Yes Partly No Total If your service production had decrease, to what extent has this decrease been? Less than 10% 10-19% 20-29% 30-39% 40-49% More than 50% Total If your employment was decreased, to what extent has this decrease would be? Less than 10% 10-19% 20-29% 30-39% 40-49% More than 50% Total Do you have a shortage in financing? Yes Partly No Total Did you invest in tourism in 2009 We did not invest We bought business We invested in the modernization We invested abroad We entered to a new investment Total Do you want to increase capacity or invest in tourism for 2010 566 18 64 63 9 3 157 11,4 40,7 40,1 5,7 1,9 100 N % 119 38 157 75,8 24,2 100 N % 70 33 54 157 44,5 21,0 34,3 100 N % 76 48 33 157 48,4 30,5 21,0 100 N % 85 27 12 9 15 9 157 54,1 17,1 7,6 5,7 9,5 5,7 100 N % 106 23 9 12 6 1 157 N 40 103 14 157 N 36 12 75 6 28 157 N 67,5 14,6 5,7 7,6 3,8 0,6 100 % 25,4 65,6 8,9 100 % 22,9 7,6 47,7 3,8 17,8 100 % �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Yes. We want to invest in domestic Yes. We want to invest in abroad No. Total How was the change of your costs in 2009? Increased Unchanged Decreased Total Table 2: Business Related Data 82 24 51 157 N 70 51 36 157 52,2 15,2 32,4 100 % 44,5 32,4 22,9 100 Table 3 shows the results of Chi-Square test. Chi-Square test helps to determine whether a systematic relationship between two variables exists. Chi-Square test, in other words, is used to test whether the observed relationship between variables is statistically meaningful (AltunıĢık et al., 2005, p.195). As noted in Table 3, in ChiSquare test, having the Asymp. Sig. values less than 5% shows a meaningful relationship between variables. PROPERTIES * Type of business * In Turkey, an effective crisis management strategy, or strategies and vulnerable businesses directly affected the economic crisis . * Type of business * Cooperation between public and private sectors decreases the economic crisis devastating effects on the sector. * Type of business * In the tourism sector derivative financial instruments (futures, forwards, options, swaps, etc..) Gaining popularity in use, will increase the negative effects of economic crisis. * Type of business * Upgrades to banks' credit costs in the economic crisis, tourism businesses are left in the lurch financially. * Type of business * Destination marketing for different markets reduces the impact of economic crisis. * Type of business * The marketing of destinations as well makes the difference, in economic crisis, businesses can increase their foreign exchange income. * Type of business * In the economic crisis, businesses, high income levels of competition for the marketing efforts power is increased. * Educational Background * Businesses to reduce their prices, tourism demand is increasing by reducing the impact of economic crisis * Educational Background * Political tensions which lead to narrowing impact of demand, effect economic crisis increases. * Educational Background * Improving service quality, reduce the impact of economic crisis * Educational Background * Establishing crisis management team provides a business to get through the crisis with the least damage. * Educational Background * Building Turkey's own tour operator system , by reducing touristic demand recession in the economic crisis , increases competitiveness in the international arena 567 Value Asymp. Sig. 89,397a ,000 22,986a ,003 34,725a ,000 23,672a ,003 32,596a ,000 26,803a ,001 64,249a ,000 233,001a ,000 322,025a ,000 145,862a ,000 190,577a ,000 127,379a ,000 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo * Educational Background * In the economic crisis, state's increasing the allowance for promotional campaign in different markets, remains a positive impact on tourist demand * Educational Background * During the economic crisis, increasing the incentives given to investors, the economic crisis may reduce the impact of the tourism sector. * Educational Background * During the economic crisis, tourism taxes to eliminate the impact of economic crisis by increasing tourist demand decreases. * Educational Background * Spread over 12 months of alternative tourism by developing tourism, the destinations reduces the effect of strengthening the economic crisis. * Educational Background * Against possible economic crisis faced by the tourism sector, preventive crisis management plans to make our country a significant competitive edge against rival offers destinations. * Total Working Period in Tourism Industry * Governmental support to Turkish tour operators ,in the medium term by increasing the demand for international tourists, especially could minimize the negative effects of the global economic crisis . * Total Working Period in Tourism Industry * To increase domestic tourism demand, global economic crisis by minimizing the effects of demand contraction to reduce working capital needs. * Total Working Period in Tourism Industry * Increasing advertising and promotional campaign for domestic tourism has a positive effect on destination marketing in times of economic crisis * Total Working Period in Tourism Industry * The use of different promotional and sales techniques, in times of economic crisis has a positive impact on destination marketing. * Total Working Period in Tourism Industry * Resources and reduction of operating costs, in times of economic crisis has a positive effect on destination marketing. * Total Working Period in Tourism Industry * Going to the integration of another business affects destination marketing positively in times of economic crisis. * Total Working Period in Tourism Industry * Postponing payments or extending the maturity of loans, has a positive effect on destination marketing in times of economic crisis. * Total Working Period in Tourism Industry * Removing the staff has a positive effect on destination marketing in times of economic crisis. * Total Working Period in Tourism Industry *Organizational downsizing has a positive effect on destination marketing in times of economic crisis. 217,537a ,000 167,923a ,000 166,876a ,000 255,329a ,000 199,555a ,000 155,879a ,000 200,355a ,000 239,396a ,000 253,480a ,000 242,624a ,000 274,542a ,000 320,185a ,000 276,945a ,000 200,148a ,000 Table 3: Chi-Square Test Results Conclusion and Recommendations Global economic crisis emerging in the United States spread all over the word as the use of derivative financial instruments such as futures, forwards, options, swaps, etc. has been gained popularity in stock exchanges in the world. In Turkey, particularly with the establishment of Turkish Derivatives Exchange, the widespread use of these types of derivative financial instruments in tourism industry is one of the biggest reason that the businesses affected by the crisis. This crisis has shown that non-operating items in the balance sheets of the businesses should be under control, and any global financial crisis signs must be well analyzed. In addition to all this, as the increased 568 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo bank credit costs, businesses have been further weakened in this difficult time of economic crisis. Lowering the cost of resources and activities to relief of financial hardship stemming from the crisis is of vital importance. For this, all performed business activities should be analyzed in detail, and unnecessary and non-value-added activities should be eliminated. Thus, an increase on the profitability can be achieved by lowering the cost of goods and services by eliminating resource costs caused by non-income-generating activities. The studies about crisis management are of great importance to minimize the demand contraction for destinations caused by the economic crisis. Therefore, strategies for crisis management for the Turkish tourism sector should be developed primarily at the macro level, and then preventive crisis management plan should be formed in line with these strategies on destination basis. Because the characteristics, the target market/markets, consumer demands and market needs are different for each destination. Therefore, while developing destination marketing activities in times of crisis, such matters shall be taken into consideration. In later stages, establishing crisis management teams on destination basis is of great importance to apply destination crisis management plans designed in line with crisis management strategies. As the basic strategy in times of economic crisis, performing destination marketing studies targeting the upper income levels is of great importance to maximize the profits. Number of foreign tourists coming to Turkey in 2008 was 30.9 million, reached to 32 millions in 2009 increasing by 3.3%. However, total tourism revenue in Turkey in 2008 was 21,950.8 million dollars, decreased by 3.2% in 2009, declined to $ 21,249.3 million (www.turizm.gov.tr). As shown, in spite of the increase in the number of tourists compared to the previous year, tourism revenues decreased in reverse. Therefore, it would be a much wiser strategy to perform destination marketing efforts focusing on increasing the number of tourist from upper income level rather than increasing the number of tourists via cheap mass tourism. The implementation of specific marketing activities such as performing destination marketing focused on different markets, marketing distinctive aspects of destinations, improving the quality of services, spreading to 12 months by developing alternative tourism, using different promotional and sales techniques, etc. are of great importance to successfully implement this basic strategy. In addition, the destination marketing activities performed by the governments in times of economic crisis might be quite useful to minimize the impacts of the crisis on businesses. These are, increasing governmental funds for promotional activities in different markets in times of crisis, increasing the incentives given to investors, minimizing or eliminating the taxes in tourism sector, providing government support to Turkish tour operators, etc. In this context, establishing Turkey's own tour operator system is vital. Because by doing this, the dependence of the Turkish travel agents to foreign tour operators will be eliminated, and therefore, keeping more foreign currency in the country will reduce the negative impacts of the crisis on travel enterprises. References Aksu, A. (2009). Sayılarla Turizm Endüstrisi`nin GeliĢimi. http://www.tourismtoday.net/default.asp?inc=news_details&intCatID=8&intNewsID=6007, 09.03.2010. AltunıĢık, R., CoĢkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Yıldırım, E. (2005). Sosyal Bilimlerde AraĢtırma Yöntemleri. Sakarya Kitapevi, Sakarya. Aykaç, B. (2001). Kamu Yönetiminde Kriz ve Kriz Yönetimi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Ġktisadi ve Ġdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2/2001,123-132. Aymankuy, ġ.Y. (2001). Turizm Sektöründe Kriz Yönetimi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol.6, 105-118. Bahar, E., Kaya, F. & Keklik, F. (2009). Konaklama ĠĢletmelerinin Ekonomik Kriz Döneminde Uyguladıkları Krizle Mücadele Stratejilerinin Tespit Edilmesine Yönelik Bir AraĢtırma. X. Ulusal Turizm Kongresi, Mersin, 27-36. Can, H. (1999). Organizasyon ve Yönetim. Siyasal Kitapevi, Ankara. Demir, E. Ö. (2009). Destinasyon Pazarlaması ve MarkalaĢma. http://www.turizmdebusabah.com/haber_detay.asp?haberNo=48081, 15.03.2010. Demir, O. (2008). Kriz Yönetim Stratejileri ve Kriz ĠletiĢimi. http://fbe.emu.edu.tr/journal/doc/11-12/06.pdf, 14.01.2010. Demir, Ö. (2008). Küresel Krizin Turizme Etkisi ve 2009‘da Ġzlenmesi Gereken Politikalar. http://www.turizmgazetesi.com/articles/article.aspx?id=45440, 16.01.2010. 569 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9 2010, Sarajevo Glaesser, D. (2005). Turizm Sektöründe Kriz Yönetimi. Translator: Bahadır Ahiska, Set Systems Yayınları, Ġstanbul HaĢit, G. (2000). ĠĢletmelerde Kriz Yönetimi ve Türkiye‘nin Büyük Sanayi ĠĢletmeleri Üzerinde Yapılan AraĢtırma ÇalıĢması. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, EskiĢehir Howie, F. (2003). Managing the Tourist Destination. Thomson, London Köroğlu, A. (2004). Turizm ĠĢletmelerinin Muhtemel Krizlere Yönelik Hazırlık ÇalıĢmaları ve Seyahat Acentalarında Bir Uygulama. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 7 (12), 69-87. Özdemir, G. (2008). Destinasyon Pazarlaması. Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara Pike, S. (2004). Destination Marketing Organisations. ELSEVIER, Amsterdam. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı, www.turizm.gov.tr, 12.04.2010. Tağraf, H. ve Arslan N. T. (2003). Kriz OluĢum Süreci ve Kriz Yönetiminde Proaktif YaklaĢım. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Ġktisadi ve Ġdari Bilimler Dergisi, 4, (1), 149-160. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), (2009). Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Local Tourism Destinations. Published and printed by the World Tourism Organization, Spain. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), (2007). A Practical Guide to Tourism Destination Management. Published and printed by the World Tourism Organization, Spain. Yavuz, M. C. (2007). Uluslararası Destinasyon Markası OluĢturulmasında Kimlik GeliĢtirme Süreci: Adana Örneği. BasılmamıĢ Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana. 570 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 275 Title A name given to the resource A Research about the Impacts of Economic Crisis on Destination Marketing: Istanbul Example Author Author ZENGİN, Burhanettin ŞEN, Lütfi Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this study is to offer the alternative policies and strategies in the context of destination marketing which would be followed by the destination management organizations and touristic businesses in marketing their services and products to minimize the impacts of the economic crisis on touristic destinations when the probability of economic crisis is high, and to contribute to the studies that have been done on this issue. The questionnaire method was chosen to collect the data in this study. Sample questions were presented via Five-point Likert and Category Scales. The number of tourism agents operating in Turkey is 5,801, and 2000 of those, that is 33.6%, are in Istanbul. Therefore, considering the time constraint, number of travel agencies in Istanbul constitutes our study population. The study sample is 300 Type A, B, C tourism agencies in Istanbul selected by simple random sampling method and corresponding to 15% of the study population. The data obtained was analyzed in computer environment by using SPSS for Windows package program. Demographic data obtained from survey was subjected to frequency analysis; appropriate data was subjected to the Chi-square test. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed HB Economic Theory