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                    <text>PARASITIC DISEASES OF TROUT AND THEIR CONTROLS IN
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE:
NEMATHELMINTHES
Erol Tokşen
Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
erol.toksen@ege.edu.tr
Caner Şirin
Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Mehmet Arif Zoral
Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Keywords: Trout, disease, parasite, nemathelminthes, diagnosis, treatment.
ABSTRACT
Aquaculture is an important food-producing sector. It provides much needed protein,
employment, income and livelihoods support to many people in the world and this is especially
true in most developing countries. A significant challenge to the expansion of aquaculture
production is the outbreak of disease. Potential economic losses from disease outbreaks are
significant, and can affect the survival of the industry. Fish diseases were caused by enfectious
agents as parasite, bacteria, virus and fungus. Among the agents of fish diseases, parasitic worms
occupied an important position.They attack most body organs of fishes, parasitizing them as
adult or as larvae. The nematodes are not only common parasite fauna of freshwater fishes, but
they also constitute a significant part of the parasite fauna of marine and brackish water fishes
where their importance. Camallanus lacutris, Philonema oncorhynchi, Cystidicoloides
ephemeridarum, Cystidicola farionis, Pseudocapillaria salvelini, Raphidascarus acus, Anisakis
simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens, Cucullanus truttae are observed in freswater trouts. The
present work aim to the parasitic diseases of freshwater trou as fish pathogens is increasaing.t
caused by phylum Plathyhelmin tes, how they are transmitted, which effects they have on trouts,
how they could be diagnosed, and how they could be controlled and treated.

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                <text>Keywords: Trout, disease, parasite, nemathelminthes, diagnosis, treatment.  ABSTRACT  Aquaculture is an important food-producing sector. It provides much needed protein, employment, income and livelihoods support to many people in the world and this is especially true in most developing countries. A significant challenge to the expansion of aquaculture production is the outbreak of disease. Potential economic losses from disease outbreaks are significant, and can affect the survival of the industry. Fish diseases were caused by enfectious agents as parasite, bacteria, virus and fungus. Among the agents of fish diseases, parasitic worms occupied an important position.They attack most body organs of fishes, parasitizing them as adult or as larvae. The nematodes are not only common parasite fauna of freshwater fishes, but they also constitute a significant part of the parasite fauna of marine and brackish water fishes where their importance. Camallanus lacutris, Philonema oncorhynchi, Cystidicoloides ephemeridarum, Cystidicola farionis, Pseudocapillaria salvelini, Raphidascarus acus, Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens, Cucullanus truttae are observed in freswater trouts. The present work aim to the parasitic diseases of freshwater trou as fish pathogens is increasaing.t caused by phylum Plathyhelmin tes, how they are transmitted, which effects they have on trouts, how they could be diagnosed, and how they could be controlled and treated.</text>
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                    <text>SEVERAL FUNGAL DISEASES ON CULTURED FRESH WATER FISHES
Erol Tokşen
Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
etoksen@hotmail.com
Caner Şirin
Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
canersrn@hotmail.com
Mehmet Arif Zoral
Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
mehmet.arif.zoral@gmail.com
Keywords: Fungal fish diseases, Saprolegnia, Aphanomyces, Branchiomyces
ABSTRACT
In generally, fungal infections affect the external tissues and some of fungal infections that infect
the internal organs of fish. Fungal infections usually on cultured fish associated with poor water
quality and these infections can cause fish mortality. In this presentation includes the important
fungal diseases in cultured fresh water fishes. Especially, certain investigations are given
including fungal fish diseases and general characteristics, diagnosis, pathology, prevention and
treatment of these diseases.

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                <text>Keywords: Fungal fish diseases, Saprolegnia, Aphanomyces, Branchiomyces  ABSTRACT  In generally, fungal infections affect the external tissues and some of fungal infections that infect the internal organs of fish. Fungal infections usually on cultured fish associated with poor water quality and these infections can cause fish mortality. In this presentation includes the important fungal diseases in cultured fresh water fishes. Especially, certain investigations are given including fungal fish diseases and general characteristics, diagnosis, pathology, prevention and treatment of these diseases.</text>
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                    <text>A CFD-BASED PROCEDURE FOR SIMULATION OF WIND FLOWS IN
COMPLEX REGIONS
Muris Torlak
University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
torlak@mef.unsa.ba
Keywords:Wind energy; Simulation; Complex terrains; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
ABSTRACT
A method for simulation of wind flows, which is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
approach, is tested in a region with complex terrain. For the region adopted, limited
measurements of wind velocity and direction exist, and are used as the input data for
specification of boundary conditions. The resulting flow field quantities (wind power density and
turbulent kinetic energy) are shown, indicating the parts of the region which are suitable or
unsuitable for wind turbine positioning. The method employed offers a number of benefits for
efficient and reliable estimation of wind resources.

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                <text>Keywords:Wind energy; Simulation; Complex terrains; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).  ABSTRACT  A method for simulation of wind flows, which is based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, is tested in a region with complex terrain. For the region adopted, limited measurements of wind velocity and direction exist, and are used as the input data for specification of boundary conditions. The resulting flow field quantities (wind power density and turbulent kinetic energy) are shown, indicating the parts of the region which are suitable or unsuitable for wind turbine positioning. The method employed offers a number of benefits for efficient and reliable estimation of wind resources.</text>
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                    <text>LİGHT SENSİTİVE COMPOSİTE MİCROSPHERES AND CLEAN
ENERGY APPLİCATİONS
Ali İmran Vaizogullar
Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
Ahmet Balcı
Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla, Turkey
abalci99@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The core shell materials containg titania can improve the properties of the core including
chemical, magnetic and optical properties. More over, composite microspheres may exhibit
novel properties that are not found in a single oxide. Recently, it was reported that SiO2/TiO2
composite particles exhibited better photocatalytic properties than the classical oxides such as
titania and silica. Synthesis of mesoporous materials with a regular geometry and using as a
durable heterogeneous photocatalyst has become popular in recent years due to catalyse these
materials, adsorption, seperating the medical field and availability, from nanotechnolog. Such
microparticles without need a lot of energy plays a major role in the removal of environmental
pollutants.Ultrafiltration removal of such contaminants, electrochemical treatment, adsorption
although there are some techniques, such as pollution comprises a second due to the materials
used in these methods are now lost its importance.

In this study, sol-emulsion-gel methods, microparticles of the desired size were synthesized.
Monodispersed SiO2 microporous microspheres were synthesized by a modifying stöber
method. The results showed that composite particles were about 0.5 μm in diameter, and had a
spherical morphology and a narrow size distribution.
The core shell particles were characterised by various techniques as FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and
their photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of methylene blue (MB) in water.
The optimum conditions for the synthesis of particles, mixing speed and duration of calcination
temperature, organic solvents, surface active agents, biomaterials, starting materials was taken
into consideration diffrences in concentration by changing the particle size of these parameters ,
the effect was followed photoactivity. Experiments carried outwith micro-size particles can be
controlled to be synthesized. The degradation effect of model pollutant (MO) was determined
using UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The amount of surfactant used in the particle size resulted in a
decrase after a certain point. However the areas of use of materials obtained from the tests
carried out in the laboratory for expanding the applicability of data to reveal the endustrial field
were studied. The result of this study shows the potential of applying new generations of catalyst
for wastewater purification. Simplicity, low cost, low energy consumption, and solvent-free are
the advantages of this proposed method which can be used to photodecompose environmental
organic pollutants effectively without heat treatment.

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                <text>The core shell materials containg titania can improve the properties of the core including chemical, magnetic and optical properties. More over, composite microspheres may exhibit novel properties that are not found in a single oxide. Recently, it was reported that SiO2/TiO2 composite particles exhibited better photocatalytic properties than the classical oxides such as titania and silica. Synthesis of mesoporous materials with a regular geometry and using as a durable heterogeneous photocatalyst has become popular in recent years due to catalyse these materials, adsorption, seperating the medical field and availability, from nanotechnolog. Such microparticles without need a lot of energy plays a major role in the removal of environmental pollutants.Ultrafiltration removal of such contaminants, electrochemical treatment, adsorption although there are some techniques, such as pollution comprises a second due to the materials used in these methods are now lost its importance.  In this study, sol-emulsion-gel methods, microparticles of the desired size were synthesized. Monodispersed SiO2 microporous microspheres were synthesized by a modifying stöber method. The results showed that composite particles were about 0.5 μm in diameter, and had a spherical morphology and a narrow size distribution.  The core shell particles were characterised by various techniques as FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and their photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of methylene blue (MB) in water.  The optimum conditions for the synthesis of particles, mixing speed and duration of calcination temperature, organic solvents, surface active agents, biomaterials, starting materials was taken into consideration diffrences in concentration by changing the particle size of these parameters , the effect was followed photoactivity. Experiments carried outwith micro-size particles can be controlled to be synthesized. The degradation effect of model pollutant (MO) was determined using UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The amount of surfactant used in the particle size resulted in a decrase after a certain point. However the areas of use of materials obtained from the tests carried out in the laboratory for expanding the applicability of data to reveal the endustrial field were studied. The result of this study shows the potential of applying new generations of catalyst for wastewater purification. Simplicity, low cost, low energy consumption, and solvent-free are the advantages of this proposed method which can be used to photodecompose environmental organic pollutants effectively without heat treatment.</text>
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                    <text>WASTEWATER TREATMENT APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES
Arzu Yalçın
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
temizsoy@Istanbul.edu.tr
Naim Sezgin
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
nsezgin@Istanbul.edu.tr
Yüksel Köseoğlu
Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey
yukselk@fatih.edu.tr
Keywords: Nanoparticles, wastewater treatment, environmental clean-up technologies
ABSTRACT
Particles nano-sized have been present on earth since time immemorial. Human beings have
used nanoparticles for thousands of years. Recently, the use of manufactured nanoparticles in
industrial and commercial applications have became considerable widespread. Nanoparticles
based immobilization technology, which purposed to enhance removal efficiencies, tends to be a
novel treatment method. The most commonly used materials such as iron oxides, Fe2O3, Fe3O4,
TiO2, ZnO have several special properties: high surface area, adsorption capacity, unsaturated
surfaces, simple operation and simple production. In this study, the latest applications of
nanoparticles in wastewater treatment were discussed and investigated in terms of environmental
clean-up technology.

�</text>
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SEZGIN, Naim
KOSEOGLU, Yüksel</text>
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                    <text>COMPARISON OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION LIMITS FOR
EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCIES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Mahmut Yalçın
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
myalcin@Istanbul.edu.tr
Keywords:Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR); Electromagnetic Pollution; Extremely Low
Frequency (ELF); Exposure Limits; Magnetic Field; High Power Lines.
ABSTRACT
Almost every member of modern societies constantly live in electromagnetic fields (EMF) which
are much higher than those found in nature. Power lines, computer monitors, different electrical
equipments, radio, television, mobile phones, microwave ovens can be given examples of these
EMF sources. Their potential effects of health continue to be the subject of controversy.
Extremely low frequency (ELF, 0-3000 Hz) region of spectrum is radiated by transformers,
household equipments, high power lines, and by electrical goods is investigated in this study.
Since more than 25 years research efforts to find a correlation between the electromagnetic field
and their effects on health of human are going on, but without significant success. Generally,
countries accept the standarts of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
(ICNIRP), World Health Organization (WHO), and European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization (CENELEC). Some countries apply more strict limit values than above
foundations. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reviewed EMFs and
cancer in June 2001, and classified magnetic fields as “possibly” carcinogenic for low frequency
region. Therefore, exposure limit values of EMFs are really important. The best way is
acceptance of As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle as long as have not exact
scientific results.

�</text>
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                <text>Keywords:Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR); Electromagnetic Pollution; Extremely Low Frequency (ELF); Exposure Limits; Magnetic Field; High Power Lines.  ABSTRACT  Almost every member of modern societies constantly live in electromagnetic fields (EMF) which are much higher than those found in nature. Power lines, computer monitors, different electrical equipments, radio, television, mobile phones, microwave ovens can be given examples of these EMF sources. Their potential effects of health continue to be the subject of controversy. Extremely low frequency (ELF, 0-3000 Hz) region of spectrum is radiated by transformers, household equipments, high power lines, and by electrical goods is investigated in this study. Since more than 25 years research efforts to find a correlation between the electromagnetic field and their effects on health of human are going on, but without significant success. Generally, countries accept the standarts of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), World Health Organization (WHO), and European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC). Some countries apply more strict limit values than above foundations. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reviewed EMFs and cancer in June 2001, and classified magnetic fields as “possibly” carcinogenic for low frequency region. Therefore, exposure limit values of EMFs are really important. The best way is acceptance of As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle as long as have not exact scientific results.</text>
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                    <text>THE IMPORTANCE OF COST-BENEFİT ANALYSİS İN PUBLİC
INVESTMENTS: EXAMPLE OF HYDROELECTRİC ENERGY
Ali Yavu
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
aliyavuz@sdu.edu.tr
Ceyda Şataf
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
ceydasataf@sdu.edu.tr
Dilek Göze Kaya
Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
dilekkaya@sdu.edu.tr
Keywords: Cost-benefit analysis, public investments, hydroelectric energy.
ABSTRACT
In developing countries, efficiency in public expenditures, especially public investments,
fulfilling of their expected functions, is related to high efficiency in investments. It is obligatory
to measure the efficiency of public investments with scientific criteria whose monetary values
and benefits are measurable. While the state wants to do investments in areas useful for public, it
has to estimate and decide the investment’s cost and income according to currency’s present
value. In public investments cost price and total income can’t be estimated different from market
prices?
In this study, choice between alternative investment projects according to the criteria cost-benefit
analysis of making, the determination of the “optimum investment amount” has meant. Hence,
the development of investment policy based on cost-benefit criteria is important for efficient use
of resources.

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SATAF, Ceyda
GOZE KAYA, Dilek</text>
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                <text>Keywords: Cost-benefit analysis, public investments, hydroelectric energy.  ABSTRACT  In developing countries, efficiency in public expenditures, especially public investments, fulfilling of their expected functions, is related to high efficiency in investments. It is obligatory to measure the efficiency of public investments with scientific criteria whose monetary values and benefits are measurable. While the state wants to do investments in areas useful for public, it has to estimate and decide the investment’s cost and income according to currency’s present value. In public investments cost price and total income can’t be estimated different from market prices?  In this study, choice between alternative investment projects according to the criteria cost-benefit analysis of making, the determination of the “optimum investment amount” has meant. Hence, the development of investment policy based on cost-benefit criteria is important for efficient use of resources.</text>
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                    <text>ASSESSMENT OF COAL IMPORT PRICES AND IMPORT YEARS IN
TURKEY
Suheyla Yerel Kandemir
Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
suheyla.yerel@bilecik.edu.tr, syerel@gmail.com
Keywords:Energy; Coal; Import Prices; Cluster Analysis; Block Diagram; Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Statistical analysis techniques are one of the important analysis techniques for the energy issues.
In this paper, coal import prices ($) and coal import years (2000-2010) in Turkey are assessed by
using the statistical analysis techniques including cluster analysis and block diagram. Through
the results from the cluster analysis, it was determined that three different groups of coal import
years and two different groups of coal import prices. After, the results of cluster analysis
supported the block diagram. Finally, this study shows that the beneficial to statistical analysis
techniques such as cluster analysis and block diagram for grouping in the coal import prices ($)
and coal import years (2000-2010).

�</text>
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                <text>Keywords:Energy; Coal; Import Prices; Cluster Analysis; Block Diagram; Turkey.  ABSTRACT  Statistical analysis techniques are one of the important analysis techniques for the energy issues. In this paper, coal import prices ($) and coal import years (2000-2010) in Turkey are assessed by using the statistical analysis techniques including cluster analysis and block diagram. Through the results from the cluster analysis, it was determined that three different groups of coal import years and two different groups of coal import prices. After, the results of cluster analysis supported the block diagram. Finally, this study shows that the beneficial to statistical analysis techniques such as cluster analysis and block diagram for grouping in the coal import prices ($) and coal import years (2000-2010).</text>
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                    <text>APPLICATION OF FACTOR ANALYSIS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF
COAL MINING PARAMETER
Suheyla Yerel Kandemir
Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
yusuf.guner@ege.edu.tr
Huseyin Ankara
Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
hankara@ogu.edu.tr
Keywords: Coal Mining, Parameter, Eigenvalues, Factor Analysis, Multivariate Statistic
Analysis
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the selected coal mining parameter such as pickling, production, sale and
invetments are investigated by using the factor analysis. Factor analysis is one of the multivariate
statistic analysis techniques. The main purpose of factor analysis is to reduce the contribution of
less significant variables. As a result for this analysis, a small number of factors is usually
account for approximately the same amount of information as do the larger set of original
variables.
According to the selected coal mining parameter, the first two eigenvalues were found to be
bigger than 1, Thus, factor analysis revealed two factors including Factor 1 and Factor 2. Factor
1 was associated pickling and invetments. Factor 2 was composed production and sale. The
factors are explaining the %76.12 of the total variance in the coal mining parameters. Finally, it
was determined that the factor analysis usefulness for analysis and interpretation of coal mining
parameters.

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ANKARA, Huseyin</text>
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                <text>Keywords: Coal Mining, Parameter, Eigenvalues, Factor Analysis, Multivariate Statistic Analysis  ABSTRACT  In this paper, the selected coal mining parameter such as pickling, production, sale and invetments are investigated by using the factor analysis. Factor analysis is one of the multivariate statistic analysis techniques. The main purpose of factor analysis is to reduce the contribution of less significant variables. As a result for this analysis, a small number of factors is usually account for approximately the same amount of information as do the larger set of original variables.  According to the selected coal mining parameter, the first two eigenvalues were found to be bigger than 1, Thus, factor analysis revealed two factors including Factor 1 and Factor 2. Factor 1 was associated pickling and invetments. Factor 2 was composed production and sale. The factors are explaining the %76.12 of the total variance in the coal mining parameters. Finally, it was determined that the factor analysis usefulness for analysis and interpretation of coal mining parameters.</text>
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                    <text>APPLİCATİON OF FACTOR ANALYSİS İN THE INVESTİGATİON OF
COAL MİNİNG PARAMETER
Süheyla Yerel Kandemir
Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
syerel@gmail.com
Hüseyin Ankara
Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
hankara@ogu.edu.tr
Keywords:Coal Mining, Parameter, Eigenvalues, Factor Analysis, Multivariate Statistic
Analysis.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the selected coal mining parameter such as pickling, production, sale and
investments are investigated by using the factor analysis. Factor analysis is one of the
multivariate statistical analysis techniques. The main purpose of factor analysis is to reduce the
contribution of less significant variables. As a result for this analysis, a small number of factors
is usually account for approximately the same amount of information as do the larger set of
original variables.
According to the selected coal mining parameter, the first two eigenvalues were found to be
bigger than 1, Thus, factor analysis revealed two factors including Factor 1 and Factor 2. Factor
1 was associated pickling and investments. Factor 2 was composed production and sale. The
factors are explaining the %76.12 of the total variance in the coal mining parameters. Finally, it
was determined that the factor analysis usefulness for analysis and interpretation of coal mining
parameters.

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                <text>YEREL KANDEMIR, Suheyla
ANKARA, Huseyin</text>
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                <text>Keywords:Coal Mining, Parameter, Eigenvalues, Factor Analysis, Multivariate Statistic Analysis.  ABSTRACT  In this paper, the selected coal mining parameter such as pickling, production, sale and investments are investigated by using the factor analysis. Factor analysis is one of the multivariate statistical analysis techniques. The main purpose of factor analysis is to reduce the contribution of less significant variables. As a result for this analysis, a small number of factors is usually account for approximately the same amount of information as do the larger set of original variables.  According to the selected coal mining parameter, the first two eigenvalues were found to be bigger than 1, Thus, factor analysis revealed two factors including Factor 1 and Factor 2. Factor 1 was associated pickling and investments. Factor 2 was composed production and sale. The factors are explaining the %76.12 of the total variance in the coal mining parameters. Finally, it was determined that the factor analysis usefulness for analysis and interpretation of coal mining parameters.</text>
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