110 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0ec57e2b4b4b7043267e9f578a611ad7.pdf 2fb88ad937a8fff27388d3c9de8a1b26 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Event Marketing – A Powerfull Tool Case : Red Bull Šinomobil Event Damir Topalovid International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina damirto@hotmail.com In the today's society, it is very challenging to keep up with the marketing trends. There are a lot of factors that should be considered in the pursuit for the potenitial consumers. The chase is spiced even more, if we consider that consumers are slightly evolving with every next generation, as should evolve our approach to them. This paper discovers the idea of Event Marketing and the opportunities that are available to everyone who plans the desired activity creatively, and considering all important elements, in order to reach the target group. The case study of Red Bull Šinomobil event was the suitable as the Best Practice event, that prooves the idea and shows the awareness about the brand created. The successful organization resulted with the high media coverage and 8.25 mil people reached in total, plus the enormous WOM created. Keywords: Event Marketing, Powerfull Tool, Red Bull Šinomobil, Best Practice event 83 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e42962e2ce63bdb739942f6f253d4c21.docx 7e1377bef799b24bcd7e85771e965706 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/a321d1ca3957ca8142d3480e8c34a57a.pdf e7c952b0fb1485ecebef7ef6f90fdaf7 PDF Text Text International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Event Marketing – A PowerfullToolCase : Red Bull ŠinomobilEvent DamirTopalović International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina damirto@hotmail.com Abstract In today's society, it is very challenging to keep up with the marketing trends. There are a lot of factors that should be considered in the pursuit for the potenitial consumers. The chase is spiced even more, if we consider that consumers are slightly evolving with every next generation, as should evolve our approach to them. This paper discovers the idea of Event Marketing and the opportunities that are available to everyone who plans the desired activity creatively, and considering all important elements, in order to reach the target group. The case study of Red Bull Šinomobil Race event was the suitable as the Best Practice event, that prooves the idea and shows the awareness about the brand created. The successful organization resulted with the high media coverage and 8.25 mil people reached in total, plus the enormous WOM created. Keywords: Event Marketing, Red Bull®, Word of Mouth. Introduction How much does the organized event effect the popularization of a product, service or brand? Is it a sustainable way of advertising and for how long it can stay memorized in the heads of consumers? Is it expensive to organize an event? Those are the questions that I tried to answer in this paper. Advertising is a model of communication in marketing which tries to inform the potential consumers and awake their interest towards the product or service. A company that would like to advertise its service or product, chooses the type of media as a transmitter of their message to the public, which can be: television, radio, newspaper, magazine, movie, internet, mobile phone, event (conference, fair, etc...), poster, bilboard, etc... Selection of the media is highly important and it should intend to reach as much of our potential consumers as it can. Of course, there are certain rules and restrictions by the valid laws that should be obeyed. Marketing Marketing is a social, calculated, and controlled process, which helps the individals or groups to get what they need, by creating the offer and the opportunity to exchange goods. Traditionally, marketing represents the activities which help the product or service to meet the consumer, user or client. Application of marketing at the market can be represented trough the process of four steps, which starts with the analysis of the ''universum'' of potential conusmers. After that, 146 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo commes the attracting their Attention\Awareness to your product or service, which turns into the Interest to know more about it. In the third phase, you would convincethepotentialconsumersthattheyDesiretheproductor service, whichwillsatisfytheirneeds, sothey can completetheprocessbyAction of purchase of a product, subscription, download, ortheuse of otherservices. (AIDA model, E. St. ElmoLewis, 1898) Generally, themarketingrepresentsthepursuit of discoveringtheneedsandinterests of consumers, whicharedevelopedandsatisfied in theend. It is a civilizedtype of a combat, whereyouwinwiththewords, ideasandstrategicthinking. Event Event is a moment in time, when something special is happening, happened or it is above to happen. Considering the dimension of gathering, event can be: - celebration (wedding) - competition (sports) - conference - exhibition (photo, car show) - festival - media event - party Managing an event would include a lot of factors and details that should be considered, in order to make it successful. Engagement of an external body, an event agancy, turns out as one of our options. After defining the goal of the event, a good event organizer will carefully select the location of the organization, which will fit to the type of the event. In this case, the functionality of the space is one of the crucial factors, where the size, the commodity of the event visitors, and the circularization of the people is unnegotiable. Responsible approach to the organization of the event such as, conference, meeting, fair, round table, fashion show, or even the competition usually includes: - budget plan - location selection - team definition, event staff (task distribution) - event concept writting - promotion materials preparation (posters, flyers, presents...) - person for the public relations and media - event coordinator - manager - collecting necessary permits by law - program definition and writting (exact timing definition) - definition of the best technical solution for the event - scenery definition and set up - audio, video, lighting equipment - engagement of the ambulance, fire dept. and the police - engagement of the security officers (according to the valid laws) - registration of the participants (info desk and the people) - engagement of experts (refrees, waiters, translators, hostesses, DJs, dancers, animators, announcers) 147 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo - guests coordination - VIP guests program - welcome drink (cocktail) - addressing to the guests, audience (speach writting) - catering (lunch, dinner...) - transportation and parking - other logistics issues - weather forecast (for outdoor events) - regulation of the payments towards the services used It is strongly recommended to find the different solution for every event, in the way that the main idea comes as the result of the market research and that follows the latest event trends. Only in that case the success will not stay away. It would be an advantage if the organized event was the part of the overal marketing plan, since the events reach the consumers face to face, in more relaxed manner, which is a good chance to make them feel connected to the product of service. Red Bull Red Bull® wasintroduced in 1984 in Austria, Europe. Afterthejust 13 yearsyoucould buy it in almostallEuropeancountries, USA, Africa, South America, andThe Caribbean. Thecompany is located in Salzburg, Austria, wheretheproduct is cannedanddistributedtoallparts of theworld. That is the 100% guaranteeforthesamecontent in each can. RedBull® EnergyDrink is a functionaldrinkwiththespecialformulaandthecombination of ingredients, developedforthesituations of extremephysicalandmentalactivities. Itseffectsarerecognizedbythesportsmen, workingprofessionals, activestudents, driversandallotherswhoneedtheenergy. EventsorganizedbyRedBullaregenerallydivided in twogroups: - Small Fire Events (small) - BrandBuildingEvents (big) Bigeventsareopenedforthewholepopulation of consumers, theyareinterestingtoallpeople, andtheyresult in highpublicity. Small eventsaretargetingthespecificgroup of consumersforexample, students, workingpeople, etc. RedbullŠinomobilRaceeventwasorganized in theSeptember 26, 2010 in Sarajevo, on thetramrails. Itwasthecompetitionwhereyouneededtomake a railoperatingvehicle, accordingtotheprescribedstandards, andwinthedragraceagainstyouopponenttogettothenextroundbyknock-outsystem. Calculation May – September, 2010 - 8000 flayers, 300 posters distributed, Facebook Spent: EUR 450,00 - September, 2010: 148 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Radioannouncements: - 2 radiojingles, 8 radiostations, 2 weeks Spent: EUR 4.350,00 Outdoor media: - 20 City Light posters, 4 weeks Spent: EUR 4.700,00 - 6 branded tram stops Spent: EUR 5.700,00 - 60 posters inside the operating trams Spent: EUR 950,00 Internet announcements: - 4 web portals, 2 weeks Spent: EUR 4.300,00 Bluetooth City Network: - 60.000 SMS messages, 2 weeks Spent: EUR2.300,00 TOTAL SPENT ON EVENT ADVERTISING: EUR 22.750,00 During the applications of contestors in May, 2010 4 top TV stations in the country emitted 15 minutes of highlight news about the forthcoming Red Bull Sinomobil Race. Top 5 TV stations emitted 40 minutes of news about the event in September. On line medias showed the great interest about the event. More than 20 articles were talking about the incoming event. The Red Bull Sinomobil Race event ended successfuly, with 10.000 people in the audience on the spot. Most of the TV channels infomed the public about the winners of the Race. All popular web portals transmited the news also. You could find the articles about the Šinomobil in most of the tomorrow’s newspaper. Table 1: Total Media Outcome of the Event 1. RED BULL SINOMOBIL MEDIA OUTCOME TV SEP 5 mil contacts & May 2 mil. WEB 0,5 mil Radio 0,5 mil listners. Print Total: 0,25 mil 8,25 mil 149 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Just for the comparision, I have calculated the cost of the overal free TV broadcast about the Race in total. Recollect, there were no paid TV advertisements of the event. Table 2: Calculation of the total cost of the TV broadcast Number of TV Number stations minutes 5 140 minutes of Number of Average second AMOUNT seconds price in BiH 8400 seconds EUR 12,00 EUR 100.800,00 EVENT ADVERTISING COSTS: EUR 22.750,00 FREE TV MEDIA BROADCAST (Approx.): EUR 100.800,00 Conclusion There is no need to add the free web and newspaper publications about the Race, and to calculate other logistic expenses of the event, to conclude that Red Bull Šinomobil Race event was a true success. It is a true trophy to create an event interesting enough for the people and the media, which talks only the best about your company, in this case the brand. Of course, we must not forget the 10,000 spectators and 68 participants, which were directly introduced with the Race and the Red Bull brand, on the spot. All of them participated in the creation of massive WOM1 after the event, by spreading the news and their experience with the third parties, which increases the total number of contacts much more then 8,25 mil. This paper prooves that WOM effect lasts even three years after. Event preparation and execution is a demanding job, and requires the certain number of factor that should be put together in harmony. But, if the competence, experience, hard work and a bit of luck is on your side, the success is guaranteed. Considering the current period of economic crisis and the fact that all budgets are decreased, I wanted to proove that Event Marketing is a powerful and sustainable marketing and communication tool. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1 Haton, A.,“Planiranje u marketingu”,Clio (2003), Beograd Abraham, H. M., “A Theory of Human Motivation”, PsychologicalReview Brkić, N., “Upravljanje marketing komuniciranjem”, Ekonomskifakultet (2003), Sarajevo Kotler, P., “Upravljanje marketingom-Marketing Menagement”, Informator (1994), Zagreb Spahić, B., ”Dizajn-ekonomski, društveni i politički aspekti oblikovanja”, MIB (2002), Sarajevo Sparling, K., ”Organizacija i funkcija marketinga”, Clio (1994), Beograd WOM – Word of Mouth (www.merriam-webster.com) 150 �International Conference on EconomicandSocialStudies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Smith, P.,„Marketinškekomunikacije“,Clio (2002), Beograd Tracy, B., „Zlatna pravila uspeha“ , Finesa (2005), Beograd Tucaković Š.,”Leksikon mas-medija”, Prosperitet (2004), Sarajevo Lammiman, J. & Syrett, M., ’’Cool generacija – Nova poslovna filozofija’’, Naklada ljevak (2005), Zagreb www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/ http://www.marketing-odjel.com/marketing http://www.economy.rs/biznis-mali/27/saveti/osnove-marketinga/Sta-jemarketing-.html http://www.biggraphicimpressions.com/event-marketing.cfm http://ds178-77-125-83.dedicated.hosteurope.de/ http://www.executivevisions.com/event-marketing.asp http://www.pierceevents.net http://www.marketlikeachick.com/virtual-event-marketing-with-social-media/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_mouth http://www.nidus.org/ https://infonet.redbull.com/Infonet/CommunicationsModule/ShowStartPage http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/word-of-mouth http://www.pink.co.ba/marketing/ http://www.hayat.ba/marketing/113-cjenovnik-oglaavanja-u-programu-tv-hayat http://www.rtvfbih.ba/doc/Cjenovnik-FTV-2011-za-web.pdf http://www.obn.ba/download/cjenovnik%20usluga.pdf http://tvsa.ba/Cjenovnik_marketinskih_usluga_TVSA.pdf www.facetv.ba/downloads/market3.xls 151 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1523 Title A name given to the resource Event Marketing – A Powerfull Tool Case : Red Bull Šinomobil Event Author Author TOPALOVIĆ, Damir Abstract A summary of the resource. In the today's society, it is very challenging to keep up with the marketing trends. There are a lot of factors that should be considered in the pursuit for the potenitial consumers. The chase is spiced even more, if we consider that consumers are slightly evolving with every next generation, as should evolve our approach to them. This paper discovers the idea of Event Marketing and the opportunities that are available to everyone who plans the desired activity creatively, and considering all important elements, in order to reach the target group. The case study of Red Bull Šinomobil event was the suitable as the Best Practice event, that prooves the idea and shows the awareness about the brand created. The successful organization resulted with the high media coverage and 8.25 mil people reached in total, plus the enormous WOM created. Keywords: Event Marketing, Powerfull Tool, Red Bull Šinomobil, Best Practice event Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/efdc7dd6b5a9c26d9f609631b9ef5c5f.pdf 6eb7b5ea6b70f45b621a686bf12c0da5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource IT Senior Design Projects Description An account of the resource The IT Senior Design Projects (SDPs) category showcases innovative and practical final-year capstone projects developed by undergraduate and graduate students in the field of Information Technology. These projects represent the culmination of students' academic and technical expertise, demonstrating their ability to solve real-world problems through software and hardware solutions. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eventik Author Author Emir Prašović Abstract A summary of the resource. The objective of this paper is to introduce Eventik, a web application developed to centralize event discovery, creation and booking in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The idea is to solve the current problem with finding or creating events such as concerts, parties, or community activities, which is that the process requires searching through multiple social media platforms, making the whole process inefficient and frustrating. Eventik solves this by providing a single application where users can find and manage events of various types, including everything from entertainment to volunteering. This promotes social engagement by encouraging open invitation events such as dance parties and community events like city cleanups and tree-planting. The MERN stack, which features MongoDB, Express, React and Node.js, together with Tailwind is used for development. The system features secure user authentication, featureful event management and filtering, event reviewing and rating, and intuitive user management. Eventik eases the process of event searching, enhances event visibility, simplifies participation in events and supports a more connected community, something much needed today. Keywords Keywords. Event, Event Booking, Web Application, MERN, Volunteering, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socializing, Depression, Event Discovery, Performance management system sdp software engineering https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/153fd4504d226d7e4e134dafb2ca4ed4.pdf 93782fecbd08bb0f7a52d20b9a6d467e PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Evliya Çelebi in Bosnia Münteha Gül Akmaz Çankırı Karatekin University/Turkiye muntehagul@karatekin.edu.tr Abstract: Famous Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi, who lived in 17th century, travelled Ottoman territory from west to east, at the same time he went around neigbourhood. At the end of these travels lasted approximately fifty years, his work Seyahatnâme, which is composed of ten volumes, has come out. Seyahatnâme is not only unique resource for Turkish culture, history, language and literature but also a rich treasure for folks lived in the Ottoman territory. One of these folks is the Bosnians. Evliya Çelebi travelled in Bosnia, one of the provinces of Ottoman Empire, entirely in the 17th century and gave important information about its history, geography, political, economical and cultural structures of the region. Evliya, who had outstanding powers of observation, told about Bosnia, from its castles to mosques, foods to clothes eleborately. Moreover it is possible to find information about Bosnians in Seyahatnâme. Not only Bosnians in Bosnia but also Bosnians who had been settled down different parts of Europa because of their success in battles were told. In addition, Evliya Çelebi focused on Bosnian language and gave samples of this language. In the frame of this presentation, information about Bosnia, Bosnians and their language mentioned by Evliya Çelebi in the Seyahatnâme are going to be studied. Key Words: Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, Bosnia, Bosnians, Bosnian language. Introduction Famous Ottoman Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi, lived in the 17th century, travelled various places in Asia, Europe and Africa. Evliya, during his travels lasted more than forty years, described sightseeing places, and places even he did not see but heard or read about, from mosques to fountains, languages to clothes eleborately in his ten-volume work Seyahatnâme§§§§§§§. One of the places that Evliya Çelebi had visited is Bosnia which was a province of Ottoman Empire in the 17th century. His advanture in Bosnia starts with the attendance of Melek Ahmed Pasha as the governor the province.******** Although Evliya departed in order to go to Bosnia with Melek Ahmed Pasha in March 1659, as a result of his struggle with the treasurer, he enters Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha’s service. After joining the campaign for the Celâlîs in Anatolia (March/April 1659), Boğdan campaign (November 1659) and the conquest of Varat Castle in Erdel (April 1660). After the conquest of the castle Evliya Çelebi was sent to Bosnia with the Bosnia Province Fetihnâme. Evliya passes Fektebatur Castle, Yanova Castle, Tımışvâr Castle, Dente Redoubt††††††††, Pancova Redoubt, Belgrad City, Village Ruzay, Valiva County and arrives Dıragoda. Here he crosses the Drin River by ship and reaches Sirebreniçse Castle. Finally, he is in Bosnia (5, p.132-221 [77b127b]). During his stay in Bosnia, Evliya Çelebi had the opportunity to travel around the province, and wrote the information about what he saw in his SN. As the information that the author provided will be over the borders of this paper, so that Sarajevo‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡, specifically, the center of the province in that period and todays capital of Bosnia Herzegovina will be on focus. Evliya told the Bosnian travel in the 5th book of SN, however with many reasons he refers to Bosnia, Bosnians, Bosnian language in other books of SN many times. For instance while mentioning the uplands under the contol of Ottomans, one of his examples is Köprez in Bosnia (3, p. 29 [18b]). There were “famous, strong, brave” men coming from Bosnia among the Grand Vizier Kara Murâd Pasha’s soldiers who won the struggle with Celâlîs in Üsküdar (3, p. 51 [32a]). §§§§§§§ In the rest of the text the abbreviation SN is used for Seyahatnâme. Melek Ahmed Pasha was appointed to this duty as a result of a painful event. His beloved wife died after giving birth his daughter. In order to lighten his sadness Sultan Mehmed IV sent him to Bosnia province (5, p. 133-135 [77b-78b]). †††††††† Evliya Çelebi defines redubt which is a kind of castle specific to that region as follows: “Small square shaped wooden castle is called here as redubt.” (5, s. 189 [110a]). ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ The name of Sarajevo is often called as Sarây, Sarây city, Bosnasarây in SN. However Sarajevo is the first center of Bosna, Travnik and Banyaluka became the center of province from time to time (Öztuna 1998: 279). ******** 385 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Evliya Çelebi refers to Bosnia in similes and comparisons while talking about different places. The author expresses the suburbs of Belgrad which are as big as the suburbs in Sarajevo (5, p. 195 [113b]), some ironworks in Belgrad can only be done by the firemen in Sarajevo (5, p. 199 [115b]). 1. Evliya Çelebi in Bosnia The first stop of Evliya Çelebi in Bosnia is Srebrenica Castle (5, p. 222 [127b]). Srebrenica Castle This castle was built by Serbian King Despotic King. The castle was conquered by Mehmed the Conqueror and became an Ottoman land. Evliya Çelebi, as he did in many land names, does the etymology and says that the name of the castle comes from serebne which means “silver” in Latin, Serbian, Bulgarian and Crotian languages. Because there is silver in the mountains of this castle.§§§§§§§§ After giving some information about the castle and suburb, the author mentions about a disease among the people of this city. The people who drink water from the Sirib River that rises from the silver mines have knobs on their throats, these knobs are called kuşka********* (5, p. 222 [127b]). While passing through the Ravna Upland huge trees takes the intention of Evliya Çelebi. Evliya measures the length of a tree which was tumbled by a strong wind as four hundred and sevety feet and says that eighteen people can only embrace this tree with difficulty. Moreover this upland is very popular with the timbers in Rumelia, Arabic and Persia (5, p. 222 [128a]). Later Evliya Çelebi, passes through a Bosnian village Poçepye and arrives at Şahin Paşa Palace. Maçkosa or in other words Kedi Inn is very close to here. Evliya passes Kalasinça and Mokra Inns and reaches Sarajevo (5, p. 222-223 [128a]). Traveller gives the most detailed information about Sarajevo among other places in Bosnia. The City of Sarajevo Evliya Çelebi uses a consistent system††††††††† to tell the cities where he finds enough materials. The given information about Sarajevo is also more or less within this system. Evliya starts to tell the city with its history. According to historian Latin Yanvan‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ the settlement of this city starts with the construction of five or ten houses by Dubrovnic King in order to control the mountain pass. When this place with the good weather and water becomes a district, the king constructs a castle. And the district becomes a city. During the Mehmed the Conqueror period in (...)§§§§§§§§§ the castle was conquered and he constructed a huge palace (sarây) and as the time passes, the city was called as Sarây. The word Sarây and the river in the city of Bosnia form the name Bosnasarây. The name of the castle before the conquest is Mokrahâ (5, p. 223 [128a]). After giving this information about the establishment of the city, Evliya Çelebi mentions about some features of the castle. The unit of length given by Evliya is feet. As he did many times previously, he measures the surrounding of the castle as four hundred feet by pacing it off. He calls this castle as a unique white pearl which was restored by Melek Ahmed Pasha (5, p. 223 [128a]). §§§§§§§§ According to Evliya Çelebi one of the mints in Rumelia is in Srebrenica [1, p. 258 [176b]). Dankoff calls kuşka as “Adam’s apple, goiter” (2004: 186). Here probably Evliya Çelebi means the goiter caused by the mixture of silver mine to the water. ††††††††† For the details of this system, please see Tezcan 2002: 232. ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ This resource is directly addressed by Evliya Çelebi as a resource book. Evliya Çelebi says that a non-Muslim Simyon who was a jewelry master read the Yanvan History and he listened to Simyon and bore in mind. Moreover he knows Simyon from his childhood and as he was a wise man, he learnt fluent Grek and Latin (1, p. 33 [23a]). This not understood history was discovered by Stephâne Yerasimos. This book called Kitab’ül-Unvan written in Arabic and is the work of North Syria, Menbic bishop Agaphios who tries to adjust “Jewish, Christian Greek, Rome history calendars”; later “unvan” deformed and converted to Yanvan.” (Açık 2009: 28). §§§§§§§§§ Evliya Çelebi gave a blank on the date of the conquest of Sarajevo. Sarajevo was conquered in 1463 by Fatih Sultan Mehmed Khan (Kaşıkçı-Yılmaz 2001: 224). ********* 386 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo According to the observations of Evliya, the buildings of the city lie on the hills of right and left side of the Milaçka River. Most of them are covered with tiles but some are covered with wood and have smooth chimneys (5, p. 223 [128b]). When talking about the governors of the city, Evliya Çelebi informs 7 counties in Bosnia according to the Law (Qanunnameh) of the Suleyman the Lawgiver: Kilis, Hersek, Đzvornik, Pojega, Rahoviçse, Zaçne, Kırka. Sarây City is the governing center. The number of zeamet is 59, that of tımar is 1792. The has is 650 thousand coins********** (5, p. 223 [128b]). After mentioning the governmental structure of Bosnia and Sarajevo, Evliya records that there are 104 districts in Sarajevo††††††††††. Ten of them are Serbian, Bulgarian, Wallachian and Latin, two of them are Jewish districts. All remaining districts belong to the Muslims. Greek, Armeian and other Europeans have no districts but they come to the city (5, p. 223-224 [128b]). In the later section Evliya Çelebi gives information about the palaces of notables and notes that 77 mihrabs of 170 are mosques that are open for Friday praying and lists the names of the mosques in which he had the chance to pray: Sultân Mehmed Mosque, Ferhâd Pasha Mosque, Hüsrev Pasha Mosque, Gâzî Alî Pasha Mosque, Đsâ Pasha Mosque and Hünkâr Mosque.‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Among them Hüsrev Pasha Mosque§§§§§§§§§§ is in the center of city and has the most crowded prayers. One of the most important features of this mosque is providing hot water to the taps despite the heavy winter in Bosnia. A few mosques have this feature as well (5, p. 224-225 [128b-129a]). Evliya Çelebi indicates that in addition to these mosques there are 100 small mosques and lodges in the city, but he gives a blank for the number of madrasahs probably to write later. However according to the SN there are 8 darü’l-kurra (the school for learning Quran), 10 darü’l-hadis (school for hadith education), 180 mekteb-i sıbyan (primary school) in that period. Some of the 47 tekkes in the city are: Celâleddîn-i Rûmî Tekke, Müsâfir Şeyh Tekke, Abdülkâdir-i Geylânî Tekke, Halvetî Tekke, Şerîfî Đbrâhîm Efendi Tekke (5, p. 224-225 [129a]). There is also some information about the places of worships of non-Muslim in Sarajevo in SN. Evliya Çelebi says that although there are churches here, they have no monasteries with bells. Evliya adds that the churches of Serbian and Latin are in good condition where other Europeans and Greek pray there and the Jewish have only one synagogue (5, p. 228 [131a]). As the Ottomans gave great importance to the water which is a strategic factor (Bruinessen 2003: 37) Evliya Çelebi reserve a few sections for the water resources. Evliya says related to water culture of Sarajevo that there are more than 100 fountains without spout, public fountains in 300 points, and mentions about Milaçka River, Sarây River and Sava River. The traveller says about Sarajevo which has rich water resources that “In short city Saray is simply water”. (5, p. 225 [129b]). 700 wells, 176 water mills, 5 Turkish baths, 670 dynasty baths, 3 caravansarays, 23 inns, 8 single houses, 1080 shops, 7 bridges, 7 soup kitchens where teachers and travellers eat food are the other architectural structures related to Sarajevo recorded by Evliya Çelebi.*********** (5, p. 227-228 [130b-131a]). And also there ********** In the first book of SN, Evliya Çelebi gives us this general information about Bosnia Province according to the Law (Qanunnameh) of the Suleyman the Lawgiver: 7 counties, zeamet 150, tımar 1792 (p. 71 [49a]), has 650.000 coins (p. 72 [49b]). In the same book Evliya says that there are 8 counties in Bosnia: Hersek, Kilis, Đzvornik, Pojega, Zaçina, Karaka, Rahoviçe and Banaluka (Banyaluka). Sarây City is the governing center (p. 73 [50b]). The Suleyman’s Law used by Evliya Çelebi is thought to be the Manor and Provincial Organization Law prepared during Suleyman the Lawgiver period. Evliya made some changes on this law in order to adjust it to his text and added the changes upto his time, then used it (Akgündüz 1992: 455, 528). According to the Manor and Provincial Organization Law, Bosnia has 7 counties and the zuama and tımar are 2280 swords. Its counties are Bosna, Hersek, Kilis, Đzvornik, Zacasna , Kırka, Varçoviç (Akgündüz 1992: 463). †††††††††† Evliya Çelebi did not provide any information about the number of houses in Sarajevo. The number of houses in this city was recorded as 4270 in the end of 16th century. As there was not a census at that time, the estimated population of the city is 4270 x 5 = 21 350 (Orhonlu 2002: 528). The visitator of Papacy, Petros Masarechi gave the population of Bosnia as 900.000 Muslims (66%), 300.000 Catholic (22%) and 150.000 Orthodox (11%) during his visit in 1624 (T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı 1992: 4). ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Among the others the mosques like Sultân Mehmed Mosque, Hüsrev Pasha Mosque, Alî Pasha Mosque are still existing (Kaşıkçı-Yılmaz 2001: 226, Car-Drinda 1999). §§§§§§§§§§ Hüsrev Pasha Mosque with shrines (Gâzî Hüsrev Bey ve Murad Bey shrines) around it, is a charity complex that contains fountain, madrasah, library, soup kitchen, guesthouse, school, inn, tekke, Turkish bath, clock tower and market. This complex, built after Ottoman period and the symbol of Sarajevo, helped the city to grow and develop where it was a small city before the conquest (Öztürk 2002: 436-437) and sarajevo became a new culture and science center (Kaçar 2002:156). With the help of such complexes which carry all characteristics of Turkish-Islam culture, cities like Mostar, Travnik, Zıvornik became big cities (Öztürk 2002: 436). *********** For detailed information about worship houses, tekkes, madrasahs, Turkish baths, inns and caravansarays, bridges totally built within the concept of charity system after 1604 in Bosnia, please see Car-Drinda 1999. 387 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo are 26 thousand gardens with water and pools in it, Mevlevîhâne Parade, Tekyecik Grove, parades by the Sarây River are the recreational areas (5, p. 229 [131b]). Hüsrev Pasha Visit, Gâzî Murâd Pasha Vizit, Oğlan Mustafâ Efendi Vizit are the visiting places in Sarajevo recorded by Evliya Çelebi (5, p. 229 [132b]). In the section that is about the fortune of the city, Evliya Çelebi says that the founder of city Dubrovnik King established the city in the Sagittarius period where Jupiter is the source for prosperious according to the fortune tellers advises, and adds that the city is still developing and making profit as a result of this event. However he indicates that as Sagittarius is in fire group, the city sometimes burns (5, p. 228 [131a]). Moreover he tells that he witnessed a fire when he was in the city (5, p. 228 [131a]). The grains and plants that are grown in Sarajevo also found a place in SN. According to SN; millet, peas, barley, beans, lentils, chickpeas, oats, rye and heldine††††††††††† are grown in Sarajevo. As Sarajevo is mountainous and covered with rocks, the wheat comes from Ishtar Vlach and Herzegovina. In this land some fruit trees are not available but in Herzegovina, Mostar and sea shores all fruits except date is available. Sarajevo is famous for the grape, cherry, sour cherry, pear, apple and plum (5, p. 228 [131a]).‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Food is one of the topics that Evliya Çelebi used in city descriptions. Evliya tasted the food and drink of Sarajevo City. He tastes a bread§§§§§§§§§§§ made of heldine, and writes it as tasty as honey. Besides, Latin salmon, Ruçka bun************, chicken patty, cream baklava, soups with various herbs, stew of bacon, kapusta††††††††††††, surutka cheese are desirable food in the city. The regional drinks are surutka or cheese juice made of goat’s milk, cherry juice, hardaliyye‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡, honey juice and ramazanniye§§§§§§§§§§§§. It comes strange for Evliya Çelebi that Sarajevans keep ice and snow in hay into the cellars and use them in their cherry compotes in summer time (5, p. 226 [130a]). Bosnia land is also rich in terms of mines. ************* Evliya Çelebi says that there are nine mines in this province and three of them are not available in any other location. Some of the mines the author mentions about are silver, nora††††††††††††† stone, blue stone, lead, copper, iron. There is gold mine in Bosnia but it costs more than its benefit so it is not operated (5, p. 229 [131b]). Copper goods in Sarajevo and manufacture of iron weapons in Foniçsa (5, p. 229, [131b]) are related with the mines in this region. In front of the beauty and wealth of Sarajevo, Evliya Çelebi comments that this city is the most prosperous, the most ornate, and the most developed city among the other cities that have the word of sarây such as Aksarây, Tabesarây, Vize Sarâyı (5, p. 230 [132a]). After visiting Sarajevo, Evliya Çelebi departs for Hilevne Castle where Melek Ahmet Pasha stays (5, p. 231 [132b]). Later the traveller had the chance to see many places in Bosnia territory sometimes alone or with Melek Ahmed Pasha thanks to some administrative works such as rescuing the hostages, collecting the grain charges. Evliya finished his Bosnian travel by going to Rumelia in November 1660 with Melek Ahmed Pasha (5, p. 288 [165a]). However he had some more visits to Bosnia on several occasions. 2. Bosnian There are rumors on the origin of the Bosnians. It is written in the 3rd book of the SN that the roots of Bosnians reaches to Noah. According to the Christian historians Bosnians come from the race of Bosnian, the son of Sırfâyil who Rumalia is given to him as a homeland after the Flood (p. 220-221 [136b-137a]). According Kiel said that most of the buildings recorded by Evliya Çelebi in the Balkans were demeloshid while Ottomans were retreating (2003: 115). ††††††††††† “a type of cereal” (Dankoff 2004: 144). ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Evliya Çelebi, records that the salep which is a very rare plant, is also grown in Köprez Uplands in Bosnia and Çimene Uplands in Herzegovina (1, p. 251 [172a]). §§§§§§§§§§§ Evliya, passes on that this bread is a gift to the giants who helped Belkıs Hatun to recover from feather problems by Suleyman (6, p. 284 [163a]). ************ “a kind of buttery bun eaten at breakfast” (5, p. 228 [131a]). Breakfast is also called as ruçka in this region (5, p. 229 [131b]). †††††††††††† “pickled cabbage” (5, p. 228 [131a]). ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ “a type of arrack” (Dankoff 2004: 143). §§§§§§§§§§§§ “a kind of drink made of grape” (5, p. 229 [131a]). ************* After the conquest of Bosnia, the mines are awarded to tax farmers from Dubrovnik. Silver in Fojnica and Kreşevo, lead in Olovo, silver and lead in Srebrenica were mined. There were iron mines in some villages of Hersek and Pavlovici, on the right side of Drina River and in Praca River. The most important iron manufacturing center was Çagnice (Đnalcık 2009: 97). ††††††††††††† This word is transcripted as nora in the text (5, p. 229 [131b]) however the original of the word is probably ‫( هرون‬nûre (Mütercim Âsım Efendi 2000: 570) / nûra (Kestelli 2004: 367)) which means “a powder used to get the useless feathers from body ”. Moreover it is written in The Dehkhoda Dictionary that this powder is called as nûre/nûra which related to nur (light) that brightens the body (please see www.loghatnaameh.com ). 388 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo to the Latin historians the ancestor of the Bosnians is Posnak dev (giant)‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. The people of this land is called “Boşnak” which is derivated from Posnak. These historians write that there were huge people in the mountains as their ancestor was Posnak giant (5, p. 229 [131b]). Before becoming muslims the Bosnians were Bogomil, so they are also called as “sons of Potur derivated from Pateren which is the other name of Bogomils.” (Uzunçarşılı 1975: II 84). Bosnians like calling them as “Bosnevî”, because the word bosgak or bosñak written as ‫ بسکق‬means “giant unbelievers” in Bosnian language (5, p. 229 [131b]). While Evliya Çelebi is mentioning about Sarajevo, he gives features of the people of the city. According to the information in SN, the people of the city are healthy and fit because the wheather and water of the city is quite pleasant. As they have strong belief they go the mosque when they hear the ezan. People of Sarajevo do not like lazy and untalented people (5, p. 227 [130a]). Evliya, explains how the people in the city earn their life as follows: some of them are border veterans, some of them are in service section, some of them are artisans and some of them are traders. Some of them works for aga or pasha as a soldier (sekban) (5, p. 228 [131a]). While telling the beauties of the city, Evliya Çelebi says that this city is called source of ladies as the features of ladies have a good reputation among other places (5, p. 227 [130a]). The traveller says that most of the ladies in this city have beautiful faces but use scarves. The ladies are beautiful, pleasant, know how to speak and have teeth like pearl. They speak pleasantly. The young ladies are so polite and religious that they have never seen or heard the voice of any other male except their fathers or grandfathers (5, p. 227 [130b]). The author also mentions about the sufis in Sarajevo in SN. One of them is Abdî Çelebi. He has lots of wonders, once Evliya Çelebi witnessed one of them as Abdî Çelebi knew the fire in Kazancılar Çarşı before it occured. The other sufi mentioned by Evliya is Deli Nisâ Kadın (5, p. 228 [131a]). The clothes of the Bosnians are also mentioned in SN. Of course there is a difference with the notables and the public. The notables wear broadcloth and kontos and sable fur, in winter fox fur and satin robe. Their shoes are yellow and their turban clothes are hunkari. They wear glittering fine muslins. The middle class wears murex broadcloth and shoes and lamb fur. The subclass wears broadclothes, most of them wears green calpac. According to SN the ladies, rarely walking around, wear green, red and mixed colored broadclothes, yellow shoes, skullcaps and wear white muslin and black veils (5, p. 227-228 [130b]). Evliya tells that the soldiers of 760 castles such as Budin, Egri, Kanija, Bosnia in the borders are brave Bosnians (5, p. 230 [132a]). Moreover some of the soldiers of Van Castle (4, p. 120, [256a]), Erciş Castle in Van (4, p.101 [245a]), Yanova Castle in Tımışvâr (5, p. 212 [122b]) are Bosnians. Evliya, through the travels in Ottoman territory, praises the Bosnian saying that the soldiers of Eğri, Budin and Bosnia castles are so brave that he has never seen such brave soldiers in another place. (4, p. 120, [256a]; 5, p. 255 [146a]). And also the inhabitants of Belgrad (5, p. 199 [115b]), people of Budin (6, p. 153 [88a]) are Bosnians. According to the information provided by the author clues related to the distribution of Bosnian population in the Ottoman territory in the 17th century can be caught. It can be seen that the Bosnian hold important positions in the state. When Mehmed II conquered Bosnia, he showed tolerance to Bosnian Christians and gave them the opportunity to work for state. With the respect of Turkish to belief and the Bogomil Bosnians which is close to Islam, and as a result of cruelty of kings and Hungarians, they converted to Islam very fast§§§§§§§§§§§§§ and according to a rumour, Conqueror asked them their wish when they all become Muslims, they asked employment in state so they had important roles in the army, in the palace and in the state (Uzunçarşılı 1975: 64-85). Some of the Bosnian statesmen mentioned in SN are: Sokullu Mehmed Pasha (1, p. 68 [47b]), Recep Pasha (1, p. 97 [67a]), Gâzî Hüsrev-i Şîr Pasha (5, p. 42 [25b]), Kethudâ Boşnak Đbrâhîm Pasha (8, p. 192 [295b]), Serdâr Boşnak Süleymân Beğ (10, p. 520 [Q 351a] [P 345a]). Besides these statesmen, sometimes a sheikh, sometimes a musician can be in front of the reader in SN with the Bosnian idetity. According to the records of Evliya the owner of the Boşnakbağı Resort in Kasımpasa is a Bosnian sheikh that belongs to Uşşaki tariqah**************. Again the sheikh of the Koyun Baba Tekke in Adalya Castle in Teke County is Boşnak Zülfikâr Dede (9, p. 147 [Y 136a]). Boşnak Mahmûd Ağa is one of the ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Evliya Çelebi tells a story related to Posnak giant. According to the story, as Belkis Hatun has too many feathers this Posnak Giant brought and taught how to use nure mine. Belkis Hatun recovers from feather problem with this mine and Süleyman prays for the posnak giant (5, p. 229 [131b]. Evliya tells the story in details in 6th book (p. 284 [163a]). §§§§§§§§§§§§§ According to Moačanın the most important reason for the Bosnians to accept Islam as a mass action is that the heavy taxes that non-muslims have to pay (2002). Đnalcık also says that the reason for the massive religion conversion is heavy taxes (2009: 108). ************** The gardener of the Boşnakbağı resort is Sheikh himself (1, p. 179 [126b]). Moreover the popular “Bosnian Dede rose” in Kasımpaşa should be grown in this garden (1, p. 180 [127a]). 389 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo master of kopuz (a musical instrument) that is typical for Bosnia, Budin, Kanlıca, Eğri and Tımışvâr (1, p. 304 [207a]). The names of Bosnians can be seen in some architectural constructions. Kelemser Boşnak Đsmail Efendi Mansion (1, p. 195 [137b]), Boşnak Mustafa Efendi Inn (9, p. 35 [Q 16b] [P 16b]), Boşnak Mustafa Pasha Mosque (10, p. 465 [Y 438a]) are samples for these constructions. The only negative thing related to Bosnian told by Evliya Çelebi is their attitude towards cats. According to a talisman from ancient ages, the number of mice in the city is so low and the number of cats is low, in turn. Feeding cat whose main task of is catching mouse so the people do not feed any cats. In this topic which is an indication of stinginess, people of Banyaluka condemn Sarajevo people. However Evliya Çelebi expresses that the people of Sarajevo are very generous and friendly (5, p. 226 [130a]). 3. Bosnian Language One of the features that make SN an indispensable source is that it contains materials related to many earth languages besides the Turkish. Evliya Çelebi has theories, or rather notions, on the origins and relations of the languages (Dankoff 2004: 58). The author explains the formation of many languages with Bosnian language: There was a bishop who informed the birth of Jesus, invited Rumelian people to Christianism in Köstence. This bishop was very sophisticated and he formed Bulgarian, Serbian, Voynik, Cakona, Crotian, Bosnian, Polish, Russian, Czech, Swedish languages in three hundred years and taught them to monks under his service. These monks had been distributed to various regions so the languages they had learnt were distributed as well (3, p. 234 [146a-146b]). Evliya Çelebi, who provides various information about the origins of languages, behaved like a linguist where he had been and recorded language features of the region and gave samples of word, phrase and sentences. The author did not forget the Bosnian language which is one of the Slavic languages which he mentioned as familiar to Latin language during his travel to Bosnia. First the numbers are written in Bosnian language: “yedno dıva tıri 1 2 3 çetri 4 pet 5 şes sedem osem 6 7 8 devet 9 deset 10” (5, p. 229 [132a]). Later the traveller gives some passages from Makbûl-i Ârif (Potur Şâhidî), a Turkish-Bosnian poetic dictionary†††††††††††††† written by Muhammed Hevâî instead of giving a list of his recorded words or short sentences as he did in many other languages‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. Two of them are: Boğ tanrı yedno birdir hem yedino vahdetî Duşe cândır çoyik âdem dirligidir jiveti Hem ferişte angil oldu göklere de nebesa Ray cennet ray-niki oldu demek cennetî Moma kızdır prah tozdur tırağ izdir put yol Viseko yüksek hizeko alçak u hem nizeti (God, one, unity) (soul, man, life) (angel, sky) (heaven, deserving of heaven) (girl, dust, footstep, road) (high, low) Vodüna sulı çamura kalu çamura batan ana de baltan (watery, mud, who sinks in mud) Kazın adı hem dahi ördeğün biri patkadır biri guskadır (goose, duck) Arı ijderal adı turnanın dahi çapladır balığı yudan (bee, crane) Golup de hem gügercine girlo kanat ve mehr mecat (pigeon, wing, seal) Gemi lagadır ve more deniz unont olan boğulup batan (boat, sea, who has drowned) Neke bat yunak tğodi peji tserav pijre isterce meke§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ Olımaz yiğit kalıcı kişi geriye bakan yüregi atan (5, p. 230 [132a]). Evliya Çelebi gives the most common words used in Budin in which all the people are Bosnian. Muhassal-ı çelam “in short”, demişüm “I have said.”, şâyed gelmeyesün “if you don’t come”, sağ mısun “Are you alive?” (6, p. 153 [88a]) are some of them. Besides, Evliya Çelebi sometimes mentioned some Bosnian words in the whole SN. For instance, while Evliya was talking about Maçkosa Inn, he explains that maçkosa means “cat” (5, p. 222 [128a]). Again while talking about Mokra Inn, he explains that mokra means “precipitous stony place” in Bosnian (5, p. 223 [128a]). †††††††††††††† ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ §§§§§§§§§§§§§§ For further information please see Okumuş 2009. The Bosnian words in verse are written in Italic and the English equivalents of them are in parenthesis. “He can not be a brave who holds back, looks behind, whose heart palpitates.” 390 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Ruçka is the name of “breakfast” (5, p. 229 [131b]). Virbaza, a name of a water in Travnik means “willow” *************** (5, p. 232 [133a]). “Daugher of king and wife of king” is called queen in Bosnian (6, p. 134 [77b]). Ustolni is “stool”, bograd is “white” (7, p. 20 [12b]), kobila is “horse castle” (7, p. 140 [80a]). While the author is giving the equivalent of “hot spring” word in other languages, he says that this word is called bana in Bosnia and Rumelia††††††††††††††† (2, p. 204 [345b]). Evliya Çelebi records that the people of this region shorten the names such as Muhammed as Maho, Ahmed as Ahmo, Şabân as Şabo, Đbrâhîm as Đbro, Zülfikâr as Zuko, Hasan as Haso, Hüseyin as Hüso, Cafer as Cafo, Süleymân as Sülo, Ramazân as Ramo and Ali as Alo‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡. The names of their slaves are Hûrem or Hürrem, Behlûle, Yoro, Safo, Hoyrad, Fehrâd, Kînân or Kenan. Evliya gives as examples of women names: Sâliha, Sâbiha, Râziye, Marzıye, Meryem, Hümâ, Havvâ, Ümmühân and Nâdire. The nicknames transfered by the author are Lübzâde, Filibzâde, Koskızâde, Lâfîzâde, Çovozâde, Yunakzâde and Döşözâde (5, p. 227 [130b]). Various conversations can be added to the information related to Bosnian language given by Evliya Çelebi. The traveller presents the sentences of Idris Baba who lived in Peçoy, Kanije in about 1590 in Bosnian dialect from the inhabitants: “Bire biz kırduyuz, bire şimden gerü kâfiri bağlıyor durmuyor esîr ediyor.”§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ (6, p. 120 [69b]). Evliya also presented the conversations he witnessed. He presents the conversation directly among the border veterans in a vineyard. One of these veterans says “Bire cele cânum, hoço çelo Allâhı seversen kazı yiğit bir manca yeyelüz.”**************** in Bosnian dialect (5, p. 255 [146a]). “Belî, biz ol köyleri ve ol yolları biliriz. Niçe bin kerre varmışuz ve gelmişüz. Yüriye durmayaluz, varalum ve vilâyetleri vuralum, yakalum ve yıkalum. Varaluz kâfirleri kıraluz, esîrler alaluz.”†††††††††††††††† These sentences are said by border veterans in a battle in Bosnian (6, p. 323 [185b]). Evliya Çelebi, who ran away from enemy during the siege of Şebenik Castle one of the castles of Venedik, witnessed a dialogue in Bosnian between a muslim father and son who came to chop wood: “Bre Meho”‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡, “Đşto veliş?”§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§, “Hodamu sinko, hodamu”***************** The father talked to Evliya in Bosnian dialect: “Ya sen safâ celdun. Ya sağ misun? Ya sen bu dağlarda nişlerisun?”††††††††††††††††† (10, p. 148 [Y 124]). Thus it is possible to find sample Bosnian words and sentences and Turkish samples formed in Bosnian dialect. Of course Bosnian language is not the only spoken language in the territority of Bosnia Province. Evliya Çelebi recordeds the regions who speak Bosnian outside Bosnia in the 17th century in his SN. Vidin City and Banya Town in Rumelia Province (6, p. 99 [58a]), Mitroviçse City (6, p. 103 [59b]) and Şemetorna Castle (7, p. 20 [12a]), Rodnik Castle (6, p. 239 [137b]), Öziçe City (6, p. 247 [141a]), Ustolni Belgrad (7, p. 27 [16a]) and Đhram castle (7, p. 167 [93b]) in Semendire County in Budin, Sonlok Castle in Eğri Province (7, p. 136 [78a]) and Baç Castle in Segedin County (7, p. 139 [79b]) are the some examples to this. Of course Bosnian population in these regions has a big impact for Bosnian language‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ to be spoken. The people of Sarajevo speak Turkish, Serbian, Latin, Crotian and Bulgarian beside Bosnian. (5, p. 227 [130a]). *************** While Evliya Çelebi was mentioning about Virba wood, he declares that virba means “willow” (5, p. 251 [144a]). ††††††††††††††† While he was mentioning about Banya town in Vidin, he declares that “hot spring” is called banya or bana in Bosnian in this region (6, p. 100 [58b]). ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Evliya declairs the same feature while mentioning about Banyaluka and he writes that the names of the people in this region are Haso {Hasan}, Huso {Hüseyin}, Muso {Musa}, Memo {Memi}, Cafo {Cafer}, Ahmo {Ahmed}, Mahmo {Mehemmed}, Zuko {Zülfikar}, Đbro {Đbrahim} in Bosnian language (5, p. 268 [153b]. These words could be formed by added affix ‘o’ at the end of them. This affix is added instead of either a vocal or a sound group or one syllable or two syllables. It isn’t known that to which language this affix belongs but it can be estimated that it comes from Serbian as it is used as vokatif affix in Serbian (Hafız 1999: 520). §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ “We killed, now then he is tying the enemy, he does not stop, he is capturing them.” “Please come dear, lets eat meal for the love of God.” †††††††††††††††† “Yes, we know those villages and all ways. We have gone there and turned back several times. Let’s walk, Let’s not stop. Let’s go there and shoot, destroy the villages. Let’s go and kill the enemies and capture them.” ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ “Meho!” §§§§§§§§§§§§§§§§ According to Evliya Çelebi’s translate it means “What do you say?” (10, p. 148 [Y 124]). ***************** According to Evliya Çelebi’s translate it means “Come here my lovely son, come!” (10, p. 148 [Y 124]). ††††††††††††††††† “Welcome. Are you alive? What are you doing in theese mountains?” ‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡‡ Today Bosnian is spoken initially in Bosna Herzegovina, Serbia, Sancak, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia and Turkey (Gökdağ-Dinçer 2007: 205). **************** 391 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 4. Conclusion Evliya Çelebi, who travelled around the Bosnia province, gives detailed imformation on many issues such as historical, geographical, administrative and political, architectural, economic, philological, folklore, social, cultural characteristics of the province. Evliya draws a colorful picture of Bosnia in the 17th century. When SN is considered a basic resource in many issues for that period (Faroqhi 2006:712) the value of this picture will be better understood. SN is quite important for the researchers who work on the history of urbanism and architecture in the Ottoman Balkans and has resource problems (Kiel 2003: 116). The information on the Ottoman monuments, city life and lay out provided by the author are important documents which are neglected to record of a civilazation (Shaw 2008:348). However the information in SN in which sometimes reality and fiction are confused should be used by comparing with other resources. References Açık, Tansu. (2009). “Evliyâ Çelebi’de Yunan-Roma Dünyası”, Çağının Sıradışı Yazarı Evliyâ Çelebi, Hazırlayan: Nuran Tezcan, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 23-33. Akgündüz, Ahmed. (1992). Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri, 4. Kitap Kanunî Devri Kanunnâmeleri I. Kısım Merkezî ve Umumî Kanunnâmeler, FEY Vakfı Yayınları, Đstanbul. Bruinessen, Martin van. (2003). “Evliya Çelebi Ve Seyahatnamesi”, Evliya Çelebi Diyarbekir’de, Derleyenler: Martin van Bruinessen-Hendrik Boeschoten, Çeviren Tansel Güney, Đletişim Yayınları, Đstanbul, 25-38. Car-Drinda. (1999). “XVII. Yüzyıl Bosna Sancağında Vakıf Müesseseleri”, Osmanlı, C V (Toplum), Ankara, 63-74. Dankoff, Robert. (2004). Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi Okuma Sözlüğü, Katkılarla Đngilizceden Çeviren: Semih Tezcan, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi: 37, Đstanbul. Evliyâ Çelebi Seyahatnâmesi 1. Kitap, Hazırlayan: Orhan Şaik Gökyay, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 1996. __________ 2. Kitap, Hazırlayanlar: Zekeriya Kurşun-Seyit Ali Kahraman-Yücel Dağlı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 1999. __________ 3. Kitap, Hazırlayanlar: Seyit Ali Kahraman-Yücel Dağlı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 1999. __________ 4. Kitap, Hazırlayanlar: Yücel Dağlı-Seyit Ali Kahraman, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 2001. __________ 5. Kitap, Hazırlayanlar: Yücel Dağlı-Seyit Ali Kahraman-Đbrahim Sezgin, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 2001. __________ 6. Kitap, Hazırlayanlar: Seyit Ali Kahraman-Yücel Dağlı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 2002. __________ 7. Kitap, Hazırlayanlar: Yücel Dağlı-Seyit Ali Kahraman-Robert Dankoff, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 2003. __________ 8. Kitap, Hazırlayanlar: Seyit Ali Kahraman-Yücel Dağlı-Robert Dankoff, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 2003. __________ 9. Kitap, Hazırlayanlar: Yücel Dağlı-Seyit Ali Kahraman-Robert Dankoff, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 2005. 392 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo __________ 10. Kitap, Hazırlayanlar: Seyit Ali Kahraman-Yücel Dağlı-Robert Dankoff, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Đstanbul, 2007. Faraqhı, Suraiya. (2006). “Kentlerde Toplumsal Yaşam”, Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, Türkçeye çevirenler: Ayşe Berktay, Süphan Andıç, Serdar Alper, C 2, Eren Yayıncılık, (2. Baskı), Đstanbul, 699-729. Gökdağ, Bilgehan Atsız-Dinçer, Aslıhan. (2007). “Balkanlarda Dil Ve Kimlik”, Balkanlar El Kitabı, C 3 Dil ve Edebiyat, Balkan Kaynakçası, Derleyenler: Osman Karatay-Bilgehan A. Gökdağ-Melahat Pars, Karam & Vadi, 191-222. Hafız, Nimetullah. (1999). “Kosova Türk Ağızlarında Sırp ve Arnavut Dilinin Etkisi”, 3. Uluslararası Türk Dil Kurultayı 1996, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, s. 517-522. Đnalcık, Halil. (2009). Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi, Türkçeye çeviren: Halil Berktay, C I, Eren Yayıncılık, (3. Baskı), Đstanbul. Kaçar, Mustafa. (2002). “Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu’nda Klasik Bilim Geleneğinin Tarihçesi”, Türkler, C 10, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 155-174. Kaşıkçı, Nihat-Yılmaz, Hasan. (2001). Mora’dan Viyana’ya Osmanlı’nın Avrupası (Ülkeler-Şehirler-Đz Bırakanlar), Türk Metal Sendikası Araştırma Bürosu, Ankara. Kestelli, Raif Necdet. (2004). Resimli Türkçe Kamus, Hazırlayanlar: Recep Toparlı, Belgin Tezcan Aksu, Canan Selvi Kanoğlu, Seyfullah Türkmen, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Kiel, Machiel. (2003). “Şehrin Fiziksel Özellikleri”, Evliya Çelebi Diyarbekir’de, Derleyenler: Martin van Bruinessn-Hendrik Boeschoten, Çeviren: Tansel Güney, Đletişim Yayınları, Đstanbul, 101-116. Moačanın, Nenad. (2002). “Osmanlı Bosnası”, Türkler, C 10, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 399-405. Mütercim Âsım Efendi. (2000). Burhân-ı Katı, Hazırlayanlar: Mürsel Öztürk, Derya Örs, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara. Öztuna, Yılmaz. (1998). Osmanlı Devleti Tarihi -2- “Medeniyet Tarihi”, T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara. Öztürk, Nazif. (2002). “Osmanlı Döneminde Vakıflar”, Türkler, C 10, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 433-446. Okumuş, Sait. (2009). “Muhammed Hevâî Üsküfî ve Türkçe-Boşnakça Manzum Sözlüğü Makbûl-i Ârif (Potur Şâhidî)”, Turkish Studies, Volume 4/4, Summer, 823-844. Orhonlu, Cengiz. (2002). “Şehir Mimarları”, Türkler, C 10, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, s. 528-539. Shaw, Stanford (2008). Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu Ve Modern Türkiye, Çeviren: Mehmet Harmancı, C 1, E Yayınları, Đstanbul. T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı. (1992). Bosna-Hersek Đle Đlgili Arşiv Belgeleri (1516-1919), Ankara. Tezcan, Nuran. (2002). “Bir Üslup Ustası Olarak Evliya Çelebi”, Evliya Çelebi ve Seyahatname, Yayına Hazırlayanlar: Nuran Tezcan-Kadir Atlansoy, Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi Yayınları, Gazimağusa, Mersin, 231243. Uzunçarşılı, Đsmail Hakkı. (1975). Osmanlı Tarihi, C II, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara. www.loghatnaameh.com 393 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 723 Title A name given to the resource Evliya Çelebi in Bosnia Author Author Akmaz, Münteha Gül Abstract A summary of the resource. Famous Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi, who lived in 17th century, travelled Ottoman territory from west to east, at the same time he went around neigbourhood. At the end of these travels lasted approximately fifty years, his work Seyahatnâme, which is composed of ten volumes, has come out. Seyahatnâme is not only unique resource for Turkish culture, history, language and literature but also a rich treasure for folks lived in the Ottoman territory. One of these folks is the Bosnians. Evliya Çelebi travelled in Bosnia, one of the provinces of Ottoman Empire, entirely in the 17th century and gave important information about its history, geography, political, economical and cultural structures of the region. Evliya, who had outstanding powers of observation, told about Bosnia, from its castles to mosques, foods to clothes eleborately. Moreover it is possible to find information about Bosnians in Seyahatnâme. Not only Bosnians in Bosnia but also Bosnians who had been settled down different parts of Europa because of their success in battles were told. In addition, Evliya Çelebi focused on Bosnian language and gave samples of this language. In the frame of this presentation, information about Bosnia, Bosnians and their language mentioned by Evliya Çelebi in the Seyahatnâme are going to be studied. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/417e45ac7e0baab0331f51826a472ed8.docx 2055747418befcc036446e88e05f7c4d https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6a356320639c7e4d1f55691be88c5fc2.pdf 6a05166ff8bf67fa7e65b27563d6c151 PDF Text Text ���������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3116 Title A name given to the resource Evropa i Bosna na kraju XX stoljeća: Genocid na tenderu Author Author DURMIŠEVIĆ, Enes Abstract A summary of the resource. Navikavanje žrtve da prihvati rezultate genocida je novi genocid. (Simon Wiesenthal). Uključivanje Evropske unije u rat u Bosni i Hercegovini početkom 1992. godine, pobudilo je nadu da će agresija i rat prestati. Međutim, međunarodni medijatori su u potpunosti zanemarili činjenicu agresije, dok su genocid eufemistički nazvali „etničkim čišćenjem“. Zanemarivanjem osnovnih načela međunarodnog prava, oni su legalnu vladu Republike Bosne i Hercegovine sveli na zaraćenu stranu (tri zaraćene strane), izjednačavajući žrtvu i agresora. Prihvatanjem žrtve i agresora na osnovu njihove trenutačne vojne snage, medijatori su na taj način podsticali zločine i teritorijalna osvajanja. Dodatno je Evropska unija, problem agresije na Bosnu i Hercegovinu tretirala kao humanitarno pitanje i time u potpunosti dovela do iskrivljavanja pravne prirode rata u Bosni i Hercegovini, odnosno, manipulacijom, agresiju pretvorila u građanski rat. Historija Bosne i Hercegovine i njen najbrojniji narod Bošnjaci (većinom muslimani) predstavljani su u „iskrivljenom ogledalu“, tako da je evropska javnost bila „umirena“ tezom o „divljem Balkanu“, o višestoljetnoj mržnji balkanskih naroda, o Bosni kao evropskom Orijentu, o islamu kao azijatskoj religiji, o nekompatibilnosti islamskih i evropskih vrijednosti, itd. Sve te stereotipe i laži, agresor je veoma vješto koristio, i onima u Evropi, koji su željeli čuti takve glasove, slao poruku da agresor u Bosni i Hercegovini brani evropsku civilizaciju i evropske vrijednosti. A stvari su stajale potpuno drugačije: Upravo je legalna vlada Republike Bosne i Hercegovine branila „evropske vrijednosti“ i zato su vjerovali da će ih „Evropa“ braniti. Ta iluzija plaćena je sa preko sto hiljada žrtava, raseljenim skoro dva miliona ljudi, uništenom zemljom i na kraju, prvim genocidom nakon Drugog svjetskog rata. I sve to pred kamerama najvećih svjetskih medijskih kuća i na ekranima širom svijeta, tako da niko nije mogao, niti će moći kazati da nije znao. Naprotiv, jer „niko nije oslobođen historije“ (Dubil, H.). Evropa u Bosni nije umrla, nadamo se, ali je itekako pomogla da se ubijaju i eksterminiraju oni koji su drugačiji, muslimani. Ne mogu reći, to je očito, da nisu znali. Jesu li, ili bolje žele li evrokrati u Bruxsellesu naučiti lekciju? Njihove postdejtonske tirade to ne potvrđuju. Budućnost Evrope je veoma upitna ako neki shvate da je genocid ekonomska kategorija!? Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/fb8b1d073602136e41374b5c29e4c076.pdf f56dbdc080ed2a6f31993fb15becc1f0 PDF Text Text ��ij ij ij  ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij ij � ij  ���a) �b) c)        d) ��       � ���  �   �� https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6a1f4c8e51a628787b5badcca48cb187.docx 6d2d13a6743406bbe434c4f71b3a6fe0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3105 Title A name given to the resource Evropski upravni prostor i pitanje reforme javne uprave kao jedan od strateških ciljeva BiH na putu prema Evropskoj uniji Author Author LIPOVAČA, Hamdija BAKRAČ, Ajna CERIĆ, Sanja Abstract A summary of the resource. Pojam evropski upravni prostor povezan je sa ugovorima o Evropskoj uniji i uopće pravom Evropske unije. Saradnja između država, razmjena iskustava i najbolje upravne prakse, razvoj i definisanje zajedničkih administrativnih principa, standarda i vrijednosti, uticali su na približavanje nacionalnih uprava i nastanak i razvoj "Evropskog upravnog prostora". Moderna i reformisana javna uprava, koja ima kapacitete za efektivnu primjenu komunitarnog prava, predstavlja uslov za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji. U radu se definiše evropski administrativni prostor, ispituju principi na kojima počiva i ukazuje na specifičnosti procesa evropeizacije nacionalnih administracija, kao i samog pravnog poretka Evropske unije, prezentuje se koji je značaj javne uprave država članica i država kandidata u ispunjavanju obaveza definisanih u okviru acquis communautaire. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Bihaću i Centar za društvena istraživanja Internacionalnog Burč univerziteta Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed K Law (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/f57271a81872480966efe8b7bcc77af0.pdf 0bce6e14c607e3d7f453d2212f4ba7e1 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Examination of Factors Affecting Earnings Management Practices: Evidence from ISE Göksel Acar Bursa Orhangazi University, Bursa, Turkey gokselacar@hotmail.com Management can utilize flexibilities for manipulating financial statements in order to mislead stakeholders. One of the most common ways to manipulate earnings is using accruals. This study aims to find discretionary accrual behaviors of Turkish listed firms and underlying factors of these behaviors in 2008 crisis. Discretionary accruals models are applied for detecting earnings management practices of listed firms. Performance matched model of Kothari et.al without intercept is selected in estimating discretionary accruals and discretionary accruals of firms for 2008 are computed. Main findings of the study reveal that there is a significant inverse relationship between percentage of publicly held shares and discretionary accruals. In other words, the more a company has diffused ownership, the less it manipulates earnings. Results also expose no relationship between board of director characteristics and discretionary accruals and there is an inverse relation between asset sizes of companies and discretionary accruals, though significance is low. Keywords: Earnings Management, Ownership Structure, ISE. 129 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1525 Title A name given to the resource Examination of Factors Affecting Earnings Management Practices: Evidence from ISE Author Author ACAR, Goksel Abstract A summary of the resource. Management can utilize flexibilities for manipulating financial statements in order to mislead stakeholders. One of the most common ways to manipulate earnings is using accruals. This study aims to find discretionary accrual behaviors of Turkish listed firms and underlying factors of these behaviors in 2008 crisis. Discretionary accruals models are applied for detecting earnings management practices of listed firms. Performance matched model of Kothari et.al without intercept is selected in estimating discretionary accruals and discretionary accruals of firms for 2008 are computed. Main findings of the study reveal that there is a significant inverse relationship between percentage of publicly held shares and discretionary accruals. In other words, the more a company has diffused ownership, the less it manipulates earnings. Results also expose no relationship between board of director characteristics and discretionary accruals and there is an inverse relation between asset sizes of companies and discretionary accruals, though significance is low. Keywords: Earnings Management, Ownership Structure, ISE. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cd41b2d6155849c2850454be40e1815c.pdf 24553890f549281bc339ca0df64cc4b3 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Examination of Factors that Influence the Job Satisfaction of Employees in Different Workplaces Emina Sadikovic Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia eminanp@hotmail.com Elma Elfid – Zukorlid Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia Azra Datovid Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia Increased interest in the purpose of working belief that the degree of satisfaction with work has an influence on as pacts of working behavior, such as productivity, absence from work and pre orientation, led to the need for exploiting such a relation. A few methods have been developed to determine the satisfaction with work and job, mostly by using questionnaire techniques about attitudes and interviews. A great number of attitudes about the satisfaction with work has been investigated, both regarding individual and working situation, but we have chosen to investigate the attitude of employed from different institutions, that is working organizations, which have different qualifications necessary for work, in come level and so on. The goal of this investigation is to determine if there are statistically significant difference in average level of satisfaction with work with the employed in different institutions and to find out which is the crucial factor which affects the satisfaction of the employed by work. Furthermore, sub goals are related to investigating how in depend variables such as socio – demographic characteristics of the examinees affect the satisfaction with the employed working position. The sample of 100 employed in total, 20 employed in 5 different working organizations. The instrument has been constructed for the purpose of investigating, and its validity has been checked. Statistical importance of the differences between different samples will be investigated by using analysis of variance so that we should be able by the obtained results extract the conclusions. Keywords: job satisfaction, employees, workplace, influence. 93 � https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e470722a40f68447d13ded43d2339c94.docx 834bbd2fac23912a517c74a25e416e9a https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c6ea472622eca2f3450683b40b4c6cfe.pdf 3e341cb9af7de86fff94f16e9a90f178 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Examination of Factors that Influence the Job Satisfaction of Employees in Different Workplaces Emina Sadikovic Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia eminanp@hotmail.com Elma Elfić – Zukorlić Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia Azra Ćatović Novi Pazar University, Novi Pazar, Serbia Abstract Increased interest in the meaning of work and the belief that the degree of satisfaction with the work affects aspects of behavior, such as productivity, absence from work and reorientation led to the need to explore this relationship. We have developed several methods for determining job satisfaction and work, often with the use of techniques questionnaire on attitudes or interviews. In relation to job satisfaction was investigated a large number of positions, both in the individual and in terms of the work situation, but we chose to examine the attitudes of employees from several different institutions that work organizations, which vary according to the qualifications necessary for the operation, according to the amount benefits, etc. The aim of research is to determine whether there are significant differences in the average level of job satisfaction among employees from different institutions and to determine who is the decisive factor that affects employee job satisfaction. Furthermore, the subgoals relating to examination as independent variables such as socio - demographic characteristics of respondents plug on workplace satisfaction with employees. The sample consists of a total of 40 employees, 20 employees from the public and 20 from private institutions. The instrument is constructed for the purposes of research and its validity is checked. Investigated the statistical significance of differences between the different samples analyzed by t - test. There was no statistically significant difference between job satisfaction and organization of employees in state institutions and employees in private establishments. There was a statistically significant difference between male and female employees. female employees show a higher degree of job satisfaction and organization. Job Satısfactıon Almost inevitably, the existing theories and concepts of motivation, in empirical work and practice, the motivation for the work was determined by the satisfaction or in terms of workers' attitudes towards work and work organization. Therefore, one can speak of a certain gap between the theoretical concepts, the one and empirical work on the other. In most empirical studies is inherent understanding that the general job satisfaction is a good indicator of motivation to work. Increased interest in the meaning of work and the belief that the degree of satisfaction with the work affects aspects of behavior, such as productivity, absenteeism and reorientation led to the creation of extensive scientific literature-according to some sources, up to 4,000-title devoted to this subject. Looking at 1 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo the numerous studies of job satisfaction we can see that the following issues attracted the attention of psychologists: Problem-definition, structure, factor content of job satisfaction -Which factors most affect job satisfaction -What is the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity of workers or any other aspect behavior at work. Definition and Factor Structure of Job Satisfaction There are various definitions of general job satisfaction. According to a general job satisfaction is one affective orientation towards work. In this way, overall job satisfaction is defined as a general feeling about the job, taking into account the favorable and unfavorable aspects of the job, it's affective response of an individual, which is the result of experience on the job. In this sense, general job satisfaction is operationalized as the love of the job, or the extent to which an individual likes his job. Similarly, overall job satisfaction is defined as one generalized, attitude towards work in general. In both cases, regardless of whether the job satisfaction is seen as affective relationship or attitude, job satisfaction is perceived as a more general attitude towards work. Finally, overall job satisfaction is defined as the sum of satisfaction with individual specific characteristics of work and working conditions. In accordance with this definition in the measurement of job satisfaction was measured by appropriate indicators, such as the willingness and desire to change jobs, the desire to choose the same or different type of work, the pleasant feeling of respect for the job, and finally, a measure that shows what an individual feels his work in general. With regard to the issue of content, ie, the factor structure of job satisfaction, whether job satisfaction comes down to one or more factors. In an earlier study Kac (Katz) found that job satisfaction has a number of dimensions: attachment-group -intrinsic satisfaction, one that arises from the performance of certain tasks - sense of belonging to your organization satisfaction of material status and the status of the job. Growing number of researchers believe that job satisfaction has, makes a number of factors, factors. On the other hand, the results of certain studies show that there is a tendency towards higher positive correlations between the various aspects of job satisfaction factors, "which suggests that there is a general factor G attitude towards work situation." Relationship individuals to work sometimes is seen not only in terms of satisfaction, but the ego-involvement, and intrinsic motivation of workers. Ego-involvement is, in fact, the acceptance of the value of work, the role and importance that work has in the life of the individual. Intrinsic motivation, according to this view, the reference to "the extent to which the individual is motivated to do something good for subjective rewards or feelings that are expected. This motivation occurs when a feeling of self-esteem develops and linked to achievement. "As we see this kind of defining intrinsic motivation is to some extent different from Hercbergovog that intrinsic motivation is linked not only achievement, but also of the need for and the possibility of selfactualization. Engagement work relates to the psychological identification with the job. "In this way, the statements, the measures that talk about the psychological importance and identification with the work, taken as a measure of engagement with work, and statements about the impact of the effect of the self-as a measure of intrinsic motivation." In both cases, the work is an important content of life, individual satisfaction lies in the conduct of 2 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo business. Measuring Job Satisfaction There are different approaches to measuring the overall job satisfaction, tj.različiti indicators or special instruments. According to a holistic approach to overall satisfaction is defined as an affective attitude towards work, or as an attitude towards work. On the basis of certain indicators such as interesting work, attachment to work, the importance of work to the individual, etc., that claim, adding the responses obtained scores of general job satisfaction. There are attempts to measure the overall satisfaction obtained indirectly through satisfaction of certain aspects of the job. This approach is a way of measuring job satisfaction is based on the idea that what the worker feels about his work in general is a result of his various aspects of job satisfaction. To obtain a score of general job satisfaction apply different ways of combining individual factors job satisfaction. The measure of general satisfaction is obtained on the basis of three types of data: the importance of objectives, level of aspiration, and finally the degree to accomplish goals. The difference between the importance of aspiration and achievement goals form the basis of obtaining scores of general job satisfaction. The data show that overall job satisfaction is much more to do with aspects that are the subjects identified as significant than with those that are less important. This method of obtaining measures of general job satisfaction has certain advantages over the other, because job satisfaction observed starting from the needs, the importance of various goals and the possibility of their meeting in real life. We have developed several methods for determining job satisfaction and work, often using techniques questionnaire on attitudes or interviews. Suffice it to note that of the three main methods - Guttmann (Guttman), Tarstonovog (Thurstone) and Likert - the last is considered somewhat more reliable than others, and its setting, and the application and require less time. Created a lot of questionnaires to determine attitudes towards work, in relation to a number of dimensions.One of the most famous descriptive index Affairs (Job descriptive index, Smith, Kendal and Hulin, 1969), which on the basis of factor analysis dimensions of job satisfaction determines satisfaction in five areas. 1) work, 2) payment, 3) advancement opportunities, 4) monitoring, 5) colleagues at work. In relation to job satisfaction was investigated a large number of positions, both in the individual and in terms of the work situation. Despite the fact they are in the U.S. and UK women are predominantly employed in jobs that require lower qualifications, have a lower status and lower incomes, several papers reported that in general terms, women are happier than men work. The fact is, however, that in cases where women and men are employed in the same job, have the same status and the same income, obtained results which, in turn, suggest that women are more satisfied with their job, this fact suggests that these factors probably not affect much on the job satisfaction in women as in men. For women, job satisfaction can be conditioned by different factors, such as the social aspects of work (Myers, 1964). Job satisfaction seems to be increasing with age, although adequate research, in most cases, a comparative-being made the comparison between different groups of workers, with members of each group were of similar age. The difficulty of this method is that the members of certain groups are not only different years but to a different generations. In one 3 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo of the first studies of job satisfaction (Hoppock, 1935), we used the "pattern" that is reinvestigated 27 years later. In other words, interviewed the same group of people in different age groups. Although Hopokov "pattern" was very small, the results are nevertheless showed that satisfaction with the work of 23 of the respondents increased in seventeen cases, and decreased in only 2 cases. When the length of service carefully observed, it seems that job satisfaction increases with age, but slightly decreases if the tenure longer. (Gibson and Klein, 1971). Job satisfaction is increased by raising the level of work in the organizational hierarchy. So supervisors show more pleasure than workers, much like the more rewarding if the senior administrative positions. Generally, department directors are satisfied with the personnel director (Porter and Lawler, 1965). Even more generally, the people who work in smaller groups are more satisfied than workers in larger groups. In terms of job satisfaction major differences show up depending on the type of job. Results of one study showed that, on average, approximately 43% of clerks, but only about 24% of workers, re-select the same call (O'Toole, 1973). Sometimes I think that the difference in job satisfaction according to the calls reflect differences in job content, especially in the degree of autonomy, responsibility and diversity which include individual calls. For these elements content of work is considered, in general terms, they are among the most important determinants of job satisfaction and work. There have been frequent attempts to show that the satisfaction and quality of work in a positive compared to the same time showed that efforts towards the enhancement of job satisfaction can have practical results. However, the conclusion of one of the first of comprehensive study of the relationship between satisfaction and quality of work (Brazfield and Crockett, 1955) was that there is little convincing evidence of any closer relationship between the two. It is likely that there are several reasons why this is so, for example, many work situations, the quality of work can not do much to change-it gives, for example, the flow of work is organized to prevent such changes, whether it's on the other side, it restrictions productivity due"group norms." Secondly, in terms of motivation has large individual differences between workers (Hackman, 1979). Taylor believes that in terms of sick leave "job satisfaction among the most important causal factors." Exploring psychological correlates of sick leave, Taylor (1969) found that workers who are "still healthy" show a high degree of introversion and low neuroticism, that those who are "often sick" show signs of extroversion, a "long illness," a high-level of neuroticism. It was found that the strong correlation also exhibited suspicious absences, such as absence from work increases with higher degree of suspicion. As for a job change, Porter and Spears pointed out that "all in all, there is compelling evidence that the general job satisfaction is an important element in deciding whether an individual stay or not," though note that in terms of absences evidence is not so convincing. Personal differences are also associated with changing work in that "those who go to" show different characteristics of "those who remain." For the first found to have achieved more success, be more independent and aggressive, while others were emotionally balanced and mature. Briefly examines the relationship 4 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo between job satisfaction and work accidents. Ker (1950) was of the opinion, mainly on the basis of its own research institute, provides just under half of the difference in the rate of accidents among individuals related to dissatisfaction at work, about half related to stress at work, and the rest can be attributed to individual characteristics or preferences to accidents. In most studies that analyzes the relationship between job satisfaction and work accidents was not possible to equalize the level of risk to which individuals are exposed. In one operation, in which the attention given to this factor, as well as a number of other variables, led to a very significant relationship between the number of accidents and the level of dissatisfaction with (Davids, Mahonev, 1957). A. Hejl and M.Hejl (1971) point out that on the basis of most of the research in this area can draw very few conclusions, mainly due to poor methodology and believe that with any "security" can not be argued that an increase in job satisfaction reduced the number of accidents by, say, improving security measures, at the same time increased the job satisfaction of nobody, it seems not even studied. In Britain, UN States and many European countries, about half of deaths each year, and men and women, is attributed to cardiovascular disease. Factors associated with a high risk of heart disease include smoking, high cholesterol, blood pressure, blood sugar and excessive weight. However, a large number of papers indicating that a substantial part of these hazards may be responsible for the social and psychological factors, and it's impact on the development of research factors in work situations that could affect the increased susceptibility to heart disease. Among the factors which have been shown to influence susceptibility to this there are job satisfaction (Sales, House, 1971) and sters at work. It is believed that the components of stress at work responsibility, particularly the responsibility for other people, a very heavy burden of work and proper status. It was shown that the directors consider themselves less nervous and anxious than is the case with workers in manufacturing (Hekman, 1969). Factors content of work are of great importance and impact on job satisfaction, which, in turn strongly associated with many aspects of behavior, including mental health workers. Hence no iznenenađuje you make efforts to increase job satisfaction through work planning. There are some differences in the factors of satisfaction between men and women, workers-union members and those who are not. Men are compared with women more important job security, high wages and good company. Women are the preferred type of work and the opportunity for advancement. Job security, especially high salaries for women were less significant, which is razumlivo with respect to the position and role of women in the family, whose income is probably an additional source of income at home. The most comprehensive review and analysis of previous studies of conditions that affect job satisfaction given by Herzberg 'and associates. Based on previous studies of job satisfaction in the 150 study, the authors have given ranking factors of job satisfaction (14):  Security deal  Interest (intrinsic aspect of the job)  Advancement opportunities  Recognition obtained from the Head  Companies and administrations  Intrinsic aspects of work excluding ease  Wage 5 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo                   Intrinsic aspects of the job Management Comparing the second Group data is observed the following: Job security is what the workers are the most wanted in the job, which can be explained by the possibility of an objective statement, dismissal from work, What he called Herzberg 'motivators, there is something less important, and those in this ranking followed after job security, Wage compared with the previous factors (safety factors and content of work) is less important, but more important than the other external factors, Working conditions, management, ease of work, benefits have relatively little importance for job satisfaction. A recent study gives the following ranking of what workers want most in your job: The ability to do the job well, Leader, who will hear and help the worker, Per-platter capacity, Advancement opportunities, Pay per piece, good staff, Decision making possibility Colleagues who appreciate the ability to work and workers, The ability to grasp their own contributions, Manager that provides the necessary technical assistance, Ability to use skills, good and safe physical working conditions, good wages,managers who receive and apply the suggestions of workers. The importance of each factor in job satisfaction can be changed, that grows and decreases relative stability or instability, employment opportunities, etc.-influencing expectations of individuals, and thus, indirectly, to the satisfaction and motivation to work. Aim of the Research Determine the level of satisfaction regarding jobs and organizations in different institutions Problems 1. Determine the level of satisfaction with the workplace and organization 2. Is there a significant difference in the level of satisfaction with the workplace and organization among employees of state institutions and employees of private companies 3. Is there a significant difference between male and female employees in the level of satisfaction with the workplace and organization Hipothesis H-1 Is assumed to be employees of state institutions have a higher degree of job satisfaction of employees of private institutions H-2 Assume that female employees have a higher level of satisfaction with the workplace and organization 6 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Research Methodology Subjects: From a total of 46 employees in this study included 40 patients. A sample of 20 respondents consisted of staff training - educational institutions (kindergartens, schools, the government agency) and the second sample consisted of 20 employees of the textile enterprises (private) Demographics of respondents are presented in the following tables: Table l.Gender And Level of Education of Respondent School degree High school degree Bachelor degree N Male patients Female respondents 2 9 5 16 13 6 5 24 15 15 10 40 Table 2. Age of the Respondents Minimum Average Maximum 24 40.82 60 Table 3. Length of Service (Years) Subjects Minimum Average Maximum 1 15, 97 35 Instruments: 1. Questionnaire on the job satisfaction and organization; author: Ema Kapetanovic, year: 2002. The questionnaire consists of 22 questions of mixed type. The first part of the questionnaire relates to the demographics of the respondents, psychosomatic diseases and harmful habits (smoking, alcohol consumption). The second part of the questionnaire relates directly to job satisfaction mjestom.Zadovoljstvo workplace in general examines fourteen issues. Satisfaction with various aspects of the job, tested in the seventeenth issue, which consists of 27 sub-questions where the respondent satisfaction with specific aspects of the job is estimated at five-stepenoj scale:  I am very satisfied  I'm pretty happy  I'm not satisfied or dissatisfied  I'm pretty unhappy  I am very dissatisfied (Results obtained on this scale have been taken as a measure of overall job satisfaction in this study.) The third part of the questionnaire examines the potential fluctuation. 7 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Results and Interpretation The problems were related to the determination of the level of job satisfaction and the organization and comparison of job satisfaction and organization in different institutions. The following results were obtained: Table 4.Job satisfaction in state and private institutions M SD Σ N Job satisfaction in state institutions 86, 65 20,64 3466 40 Job satisfaction in private institutions 75, 33 17, 34 3010 40 The table no. 4, we conclude that the average value of job satisfaction and organization in a sample of employees from government agencies M = 86.65 and SD = 20, 64 and employees of private institutions is M = 75,33 SD = 17, 34. The t - test the statistical significance of the differences obtained (Table no. 5). Table 5.Job satisfaction in state and private institutions M SD Σ N t p Job satisfaction in state institutions 86, 65 20,64 3466 40 1,32 p> 0.05 Job satisfaction in private institutions 75, 33 17, 34 3010 40 The t - value, indicating that there is no statistically significant difference in workplace satisfaction and organization among employees in the private and employees in state institutions at a significance level of 5%. So, we can assume that the difference between the variables, is not greater than the random links. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that H l, not confirmed, that was shot down. The third problem is related to the testing of the difference in the level of job satisfaction and organization between male and female employees. Table 6Job pleasure of male and female M SD Σ N t p Job pleasure of male 90,69 18, 50 3690 40 2,03 p <0.05 8 Job pleasure of female 76,65 20, 64 3466 40 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo The results obtained t = 2.03, p <0.05 indicates that the difference in the level of job satisfaction and organization between male and female respondents significant at a significance level of 5% (but not at a significance level of 1%). Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the H2 was confirmed. Thus, the female employees showed a higher degree of job satisfaction and organization of the male. It can be assumed, a possible suspect in the anonymity of the survey of workers, and their fear of losing their jobs, leading to giving socially desirable responses, and responses were obtained in the questionnaire, does not correspond to the actual state of the population, which in turn may lead to deviations results than expected. However, the arithmetic mean of the results obtained in the L - scale (which examines the pursuit of social affection, socially desirable answers and honesty in answering) is M = 8.2, SD = 2.30, (all 5 patients had a score higher 10, which is taken as a threshold value), it can be assumed that the respondents, however, were not so much, get socially desirable responding. While the study period there were no external or internal distraction to affect the concentration of respondents in completing the form. Yet the study had some shortcomings, which need, in addition to the previously mentioned state as a possible cause of the deviation of some of the results obtained from the results that are consistent with previous research. Specifically populations in which the research was carried out relatively few, so on that basis would not be allowed to perform general conclusions. It is also important to note that some studies have shown that job satisfaction increases, raising the level of work in the organizational hierarchy, so that supervisors showed more satisfaction than workers, much like the more rewarding if the senior administrative positions, therefore it is expected that it may be separately treated workers with different levels of education as well as workers who are employed in various workplaces. Conclusion 1. There was no statistically significant difference between job satisfaction and organization of employees in state institutions and employees in private establishments. 2. There was a statistically significant difference between male and female employees. Female employees show a higher degree of job satisfaction and organization. References American Association for Research in Education, the American Psychological Society, the National Council on Measurement in Education, Standards for educational and psychological testing, Washington, in 1985. Bujas Zoran, Introduction to the methods of experimental psychology, Printing printing institute "Ognjen Story", Zagreb, 1966th D.R. Davies; VJShackelton, Psychology and work, Beograd, 1979th Dusan Djordjevic, Industrial Psychology, New Belgrade, in 1976. 9 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’13), 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Evsenck Hans, Sargent Charms, explain the unexplained, popular science series SFINGA, Belgrade 1998th Fulgosi Ante, Personality psychology - theory and research, school books, Zagreb, 1981st Guzina Milica, Personnel Psychology, Scientific Book, Belgrade, in 1980. Jerovšek Janez, Možina Stane, Josip Obradovic, Veljko Rus, Tanić Živan, Županov Joseph, Industrial Sociology, Our topics, Zagreb, in 1971. Krković Andjelko, measurement in psychology and pedagogy, Institute for Textbooks and the Socialist Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, 1964th Pečjak Vid, great psychologists in psychology, Beograd, in 1983. Petz Boris, Basic statistical methods for notmathematician , University Publishing Liber, Zagreb, in 1985. 10 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1526 Title A name given to the resource Examination of Factors that Influence the Job Satisfaction of Employees in Different Workplaces Author Author SADIKOVIĆ, Emina ELFIĆ-ZUKORLIĆ, Elma ĆATOVIĆ, Azra Abstract A summary of the resource. Increased interest in the purpose of working belief that the degree of satisfaction with work has an influence on as pacts of working behavior, such as productivity, absence from work and pre orientation, led to the need for exploiting such a relation. A few methods have been developed to determine the satisfaction with work and job, mostly by using questionnaire techniques about attitudes and interviews. A great number of attitudes about the satisfaction with work has been investigated, both regarding individual and working situation, but we have chosen to investigate the attitude of employed from different institutions, that is working organizations, which have different qualifications necessary for work, in come level and so on. The goal of this investigation is to determine if there are statistically significant difference in average level of satisfaction with work with the employed in different institutions and to find out which is the crucial factor which affects the satisfaction of the employed by work. Furthermore, sub goals are related to investigating how in depend variables such as socio – demographic characteristics of the examinees affect the satisfaction with the employed working position. The sample of 100 employed in total, 20 employed in 5 different working organizations. The instrument has been constructed for the purpose of investigating, and its validity has been checked. Statistical importance of the differences between different samples will be investigated by using analysis of variance so that we should be able by the obtained results extract the conclusions. Keywords: job satisfaction, employees, workplace, influence. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0df24249a725b600676d30c3439ba2d6.pdf c4f75ce346be62b48f20758eb43203e5 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Examining Peer Bullying on the Basis of Different Variables Through the Perceptions of the Sports and Physical Education Teachers Mustafa Şahin Department of Educational Sciences Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey mustafa61@ktu.edu.tr Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the Sports and Physical Education teachers’ perceptions of student bullying in the city of Trabzon, Turkey. The study also attempted to investigate the role of “school atmosphere”, “gender” and “role model” factors on student bullying in school environments. The study was carried out in the first semester of the 2007-2008 academic year with the participation of ten Sports and PE teachers working in various high schools in Trabzon. The study employed a qualitative approach and case study method. A semi-structured interview was administered as the data collection instrument. In data analysis, “constant comparison method” was used. The study found that there was no agreement among teachers on the role of school atmosphere and on their role models in bullying, and that their perceptions of bullying were problematic. Another finding was that the teachers believed male students were more involved in peer bullying. Key Words: Peer bullying, perceptions of PE teachers Introduction It is claimed that peer bullying forms the most common type of aggressive behaviors in class and school atmosphere. Bullying affects not only emotional, social, and psychological development of students’ school and class environment but also their learning activities (Ayas, 2008; Bauman and Del Rio, 2005; Kartal and Bilgin, 2008; Woods et al., 2007). Bullying includes physical, verbal, and psychological attacks, exercising unbalanced power over other students, especially weak ones, which cause victims to fear (Nansel et al., 2001). Bullying is not limited to the use of physical power. Getting others’ feelings hurt, verbal or physical humiliation, and destroying their self-esteem by getting them exposed to social discrimination can also be included in bullying behaviors (Hazler, 1996). Research shows that bully students have lower academic achievement, have difficulty in establishing social relationships and are not easily accepted by other members of the society (Hazler, Hoover and Oliver, 1992). It has also been observed that bully students carry their inability to develop empathy, social interactions to their adult age and they still get difficulty in develop and sustain positive relationships even when they are grown up people. Research also reveals that bully students, continuing their negative behaviors, may have some legal problems in their adulthood (Bridge, 2003; Farrington, 1993; Huesman and Malamuyh, 1986). According to a research, 60 percent of the 6th and 9th grader bully students commit at least one crime and the rest 35-40 percent of the rest are taken to the court three times as suspects of illegal crimes until the age of 24 (Pişkin, 2002). In secondary schools, 60 percent of bully students are involved in at least a crime until they are at the age of 23. 35-40 percent of these students are sentenced because of three or four crimes. An eight-year-old bully person is more likely to be punished at the age of thirty because of bullying (Bridge, 2003). Huesman and Malamuyh (1986) have concluded that students performing bullying behaviours at the age of 8 are more likely commit crimes, disobey traffic rules, drive when drunken and exercise verbal and physical attacks over their wives when they are at their thirties than other normal people. Research on victims of bullying behaviors have shown that they suffer from such problems as being upset, sorrowful, restless, coward, unsuccessful, lack of confidence, unable to establish social relationships. These students may develop depressive and psychological symptoms (Fekkes, Pijpers and Verlove-Vonherick, 2005), they tend to have psychological disorders (Kumpulainen, Rasanen and Puura, 2001), they may suffer from post-traumatic disorders (Mynard, Josepf and Alexandera, 2000). Moreover, it is revealed that they may suffer from such physical problems as getting dizzy, heart disorders, vomiting, stomachache, sight problems, discriminations by their peers and inability to develop social interactions (Rigby, 2003). In a research conducted in Australia on 353 secondary school students at the average age of 10, it is found that students subjected to peer bullying are more likely to have clinic depression when compared to others (Dake, 2003). It is also shown in a research conducted in Finland and Australia that students subjected to bullying have suicidal attitudes more than normal students (Rigby, 2003). Just as bully students behave problems 188 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo in their adulthood, their victims may have problems in their adult caused by the bullying behaviors they are subjected at earlier ages. That is to say, victims of bullying cannot get on well with other people and they do not have self-confidence when they reach adulthood (Olweus, 2003). According to studies conducted on the effects of bully behaviors, all parties including the bully and the victims show psychological, physical, social and academic failures. These negative effects of bullying can be observed both in short period and in the long one (Ayas, 2008; Şahin, 2007). These negative effects can cause many problems in social and individual life. When dealing with bullying in school environments, we cannot leave teachers out. Attitudes of teachers, their interactions with students, their model behaviors, being aware of bully behaviors and their reaction towards their behaviors are crucial in terms of decreasing the number of bullying. Especially, the position of Sports and PE teachers, due to their positions in school environments, may play a significant role in decreasing and preventing bullying since they have the opportunity to deal with students in groups or individually. Furthermore, physical education courses and sports activities are important in developing students self-esteem and self-confidence (Gün and Koç, 2006). The aim of this study is to analyze Sports and PE teachers’ perceptions of bullying in school environments and to make them aware of the fact that they can play a crucial role in decreasing preventing and bullying due to their positions. Method of the Study This study is designed in qualitative research approach in which case study method has been chosen. The main reason why this method has been chosen is that the views and perceptions of the participants have been tried to be explored in detail. In other ways, research questions of the study attempt to reveal teachers’ views and perceptions and investigate the research topic in-depth. When in-depth investigations of inner views of people are needed, it is recommended that qualitative approaches are most suitable to employ (Bogdan and Biklen, 1992; Cohen and Manion, 1994). As Maykut and Morehouse (1994) argue, qualitative researchers are interested in investigating and responding to exploratory and descriptive questions and such is the case in this study. Moreover, this study does not attempt to generalize the results but aims to obtain deeper understanding of experience from the perspectives of the teachers. Sampling 10 Sports and PE teachers working at ten different high schools in the city of Trabzon were selected as the participants of the study with a random selection. The teaching experiences of teachers differed from 5 to 20 years. Five of the participant teachers were female and the others were male, but their genders were not considered as a variable in this study. Data Analysis Processes The data have been gathered through a “semi- structured interview form”. Teacher interviews were recorded into a tape recorder then recorded conversations were transcribed on to papers. “Constant comparative method” (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) has been used in the process of data analysis. For this, instead of analyzing the data according to previously organized categories, the data have been divided into categories after the data have been collected. In this process, similar data have been classified and categories have been formed by making continuous comparisons in the context of grounded theory approach. These categories have been presented in tables so that the findings could be understood more easily and the data in the tables have been supported with the direct quotations from the teacher conversations. Findings and Discussion School as Encouraging Environment for Bullying In this part of the study, questions concerning whether psycho-social conditions of schools stimulate students to get involved in bullying have been asked to participants. Findings illustrate that teachers have two different views: Half of the teachers think that school stimulates bullying of students whereas, the other half claims that it does not. Some of the views of teachers who think that the psycho-social environment of school is connected to bullying are as follows: 189 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo “Such things are not permitted but wrong attitudes of teachers or managers can set an example for them” (T2) T3 has indicated the connection between school management and bullying as follows: “I think that the problem gets more serious especially when such behaviors are tolerated and the management and teachers do not act consciously enough about this issue. But the main responsibility lies with the management of school. This is all about the students’ ambitions of applying pressure on each other and their opinions of being privileged in the eyes of the management. Everything stems from it, otherwise I can say that: When the management of school acts reasonably, the problems that I have been talking about do not exist. Students cannot do it.”(T3) T10 indicated that the negative attitudes of teachers at school can cause bullying: “The conditions that support bullying at school do not exist at our school but sometimes they may. What supports bullying? For example, teachers’ use of physical violence is a cause of bullying, I think.” (T7) Some views of teachers that think that conditions do not support bullying are as follows: “No. I do not believe it. I have never witnessed such a thing. There are often necessary controls and checks at our school. I think the main causes of bullying are the visual media and the internet.”(T8) “I have not witnessed it at our school. I believe that conditions are fine at most schools. However, I think that socio-economic factors have greater impact on students’ bullying.” (T6) Teachers who claim that the environment of school stimulates bullying and those who do not have focused on the attitudes and behaviors of managers and their colleagues concerning this issue. It has been seen that participant teachers do not mention whether general purposes, physical and social conditions, cultural activities of the school, and students’ expectations, needs and values could be connected to bullying or not. This may stem from the fact that the insufficiency of economic conditions, indifference and pressures of central and local administrators could make them feel apathetic towards psycho-social issues. The fact that teachers’ salaries are not high enough to meet their basic needs negatively motivate them to make researches and develop themselves personally and professionally. Besides, the pressures of both central and local administrators on teachers to gain cognitive success are one of the most important elements that make teachers apathetic towards psycho-social environments and problems. Hence, the teachers’ views regarding this issue have provided limited amount of data. The reason for this might be that they may get scared of telling the truth or being responsible for bullying. It is always easy to ignore the problem and put the blame on other things. Being a Role Model In this part of the research, teachers have been asked whether they could be role models that are good enough for their students. According to the data obtained, teachers have similar views with regard to being a model for students. Out of the group that comprises 10 people, half of them has indicated that “they try to be good role models” whereas the other half has said that “they could be both good and bad models”. For example, T1: When students see that bullying is not allowed and when they understand that intolerance to bullying is for humanity, they can take us as idols. Students can take their teachers as models. People do not have to like each other. But they need to show respect.” Participant T5 has mentioned that teachers are generally good models as in the following: “ 80 percent of the teachers are good. Yet, we have two teachers who are about to retire and we also have problems with a new teacher. The others are very good.” Similarly, T7 has mentioned they try to be good models as “We try to be good models. We make the students get along with each other. We make them think.” On the other hand, T9 has made a different but detailed explanation as to the fact that teachers could be both good and bad models: “Now, to be honest, I need to take all teachers into consideration to answer your question. There are teachers who can be taken as models and those who cannot. Not all people are the same. I can give a certain answer on my behalf but when I take other teachers into account, I guess that the amount is 40 percent. The child can copy negative qualities as well. If you shout and beat the child, s/he will take it as an model. The teacher is a more important model than the parent when it comes to copying negative behaviors. They could not take their parents seriously as they are always near them but they imitate the teachers that they regard as ideal. When teachers are dominant in anything, the students imitate them right away. Students consider them important” 190 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo It is seen that both the teachers that say they try to be good models and those who say they can be good and bad models refer to the attitudes and behaviors of other teachers instead of their own attitudes. That is, they do not evaluate their own behaviors with regard to being good and bad models and they emphasize and comment on teachers who have just started the profession, those who have worked as a teacher for long years and who apply physical violence. Instead of mentioning their own behaviors to be good models, they talk about ideal behaviors that have to be conducted. Thus, there can be difference between the teachers’ views concerning being good models and their behaviors and attitudes at school. Gender issue in bullying Most of the teachers in the group (7 teachers) have indicated that boys bully others more than girls do. Only three teachers in the group have said that the gender of the students is not a factor of bullying. About this issue T2 has said: “In past years, it was seen that boys were involved in bullying more than girls were. But recently girls bully others, too. We are not used to girls bullying. Boys are involved in fights but girls have almost the same problems as well.” T3: Girls did not use to bully other students before but now it is very common. A few weeks ago, a girl broke the finger of another student. They fight so harshly. The environment is a very bad example especially for girls. The press and media also have an impact. They teach what you can do if you are exposed to violence and students learn it. “ T7: Boys are the leading actors in every kind of event at school. They are always involved in brawls in the school garden, corridors, classrooms. They are very irresponsible and inattentive. They harm each other very much. Sometimes even the parents are involved in violence and terrible events happen.” T9: Boys try to imitate mafia members so much. They act in groups and gangs. The most influential model they have is the actor “Memati” in the TV series “The Valley of Wolves”. Actually, this is very serious. Boys at our school play a game of mafia.” When we look at the teachers’ perceptions of the relation between bullying and gender of the students, we see that they mention physical attacks since they view bullying mostly as physical bullying or they do not distinguish between bullying and violence. Hence, they notice physical fights and brawls in the behaviors of both girls and boys. From this aspect, it is seen that boys bully others more than girls do. The reason is that teachers do not take verbal, sexual, indirect bullying and harming the possessions of others into account when they evaluate the case of bullying. There is a similarity between the teachers’ perceptions of sexuality and bullying and their perceptions of bullying which is the first finding of the research. Nine teachers out of the group have defined bullying as “brute force and demanding one’s rights through violence”. Therefore, it is a natural outcome that teachers think boys bully others more than girls do. Conclusions and Recommendations In this study, a clear result is not reached on whether there is a link between school settings and bullying. While half of teachers participated in the study think that school setting is a factor that causes bullying, the other half expressed that there is no such kind of relation. When looking at the literature about the relation between school settings and bullying, it is seen that some features of schools physical settings causes bullying at different levels. Stephenson and Smith found in their studies in English schools in 1987 and 1989 that bullying actions took place more in some schools than others. Roland and Munthe (1989) found in their study that there are differences in between private schools and public schools in terms of bullying. Pişkin and Ayas (2006) concluded in their study that bullying actions take more place in male-only vocational schools than female-only vocational schools. In another study carried out by Pişkin and Ayas (2008), it was found that rate of bullying in Anatolian high schools are lower than other high schools in Turkey. Therefore, on the basis of these studies we can say that there is a link between school settings and bullying. While five of the ten teachers studied think that the behaviors and attitudes of teachers in class and school environment do not make models and may cause bullying, the others argue that teachers’ attitudes and behaviors have no relations with bullying. Research studying the relationship between the attitudes and behaviors of teachers and bullying has revealed that teachers’ interactions with students in school environment, their authoritative attitudes, their indifference towards courses and students’ problems, their narcissism personalities contribute to bullying either directly or indirectly. Olweus (1993; 1995) asserts that the attitudes and behaviors of teachers in school environments play a significant role in dealing with bullying behaviors and their victims. He also puts it 191 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo that teachers’ negative attitudes and behaviors can, in some cases, make a role model for bullying. Sullivan et al. (2004) claim that teachers may contribute to bullying in school environment. He especially places rude and authoritative teachers into this category. In Cullingford’ study (2002) a female subject student said one of her teachers behaved her badly and insulted her in front of the class. It can clearly be concluded that that teachers cannot be left out of the bullying problem and even that some of the responsibility for the emergence of this problem can be put on teachers. In this study it was found that according to teachers’ views male students perform bullying much more than the female students. Due to teachers’ comprehension of bullying as physical attack and violence, they may also perceive that male students have more tendencies towards violence than female students. When literature on bullying is investigated in terms of gender variable, in most of the studies it is concluded that male students perform physical bullying actions more than female students and female students perform bullying indirectly in most cases. (Delfabro, et al, 2006; Pateraki and Houndoumadi, 2001; Espelage, Bosworth and Simon, 2000; Olweus, 1994a; Olweus,1995; Eslea and Smith, 1994; Roland and Munthe,1989; Archer, Pearson and Westeman,1988; Elliot,1992). From this perspective, it can be said that teachers’ views in this study about gender and bullying support previous study findings reviewed above. It is seen that the teachers are not very aware of indirect bullying so therefore they might not focus on girly bullying which can be equally disturbing even more. Besides, TV series you have been talking about are generally about men. Gender roles in the society can also be influential here. It seems to be impossible to consider teachers out of the bullying problem when school bullying is in question. Hence, teachers and prospective teachers should be informed of peer-bullying. This study suggests that especially Sports and PE teachers, who are in a position to develop one to one interactions with their students both in natural and non-natural settings and to contribute a lot their students’ social, personal and psychological developments, should be informed of and trained on their roles in decreasing and preventing bullying among students. These teachers should be encouraged to take part in projects that aim to decrease and prevent bullying. Researchers should share their findings with Sports and PE teachers and other related parties (school headmasters and other teachers). 192 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo References Archer, J., Pearson, N. A. & Westeman, K. E. (1988). Aggressive behaviour of children aged 6-11: gender differences and their magnitude. British Journal of Social Psychology, No:27, 371-384. Ayas, T. (2008). 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Implications of gender differences fort he development of animated characters for the study of bullying behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(1): 770-786. 194 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 455 Title A name given to the resource Examining Peer Bullying on the Basis of Different Variables Through the Perceptions of the Sports and Physical Education Teachers Author Author Sahin, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. The aim of this study was to investigate the Sports and Physical Education teachers’ perceptions of student bullying in the city of Trabzon, Turkey. The study also attempted to investigate the role of “school atmosphere”, “gender” and “role model” factors on student bullying in school environments. The study was carried out in the first semester of the 2007-2008 academic year with the participation of ten Sports and PE teachers working in various high schools in Trabzon. The study employed a qualitative approach and case study method. A semi-structured interview was administered as the data collection instrument. In data analysis, “constant comparison method” was used. The study found that there was no agreement among teachers on the role of school atmosphere and on their role models in bullying, and that their perceptions of bullying were problematic. Another finding was that the teachers believed male students were more involved in peer bullying. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3399 Title A name given to the resource EXAMINING TURKISH EFL TEACHERS’ SENSE OF EFFICACY LEVELS Author Author Bayram, Dilan Mutlu, Gizem Abstract A summary of the resource. The present study aimed to explore the self-efficacy levels of Turkish EFL teachers and whether there was a statistically significant difference in teachers’ self-efficacy levels according to their gender, years of experience, and bachelor degree majors. A total of 42 Turkish EFL teachers working at a state university in Istanbul, Turkey participated in the study. Data were collected by means of the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001) assessing teachers’ self-efficacy levels in three sub-scales: (1) instructional strategies, (2) classroom management, and (3) student engagement, which were analyzed separately in the present study. Results showed that the majority of Turkish EFL teachers had high level of self-efficacy and there was a significant difference between genders in favor of females. In addition, the findings of the study indicated that whereas there was a linear relationship between general self-efficacy levels of teachers and their years of experience, this relationship was nonlinear in sub-scales. Finally, it was found out that there was not a significant difference in the self-efficacy levels of Turkish EFL teachers in general sense according to their BA majors. However, it is noteworthy that the self-efficacy levels of the teachers who graduated from English Language Teaching Departments were significantly higher than the others in student engagement sub-scale. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ce6ae819b94ab2be17012a3940cf08e4.docx bf805179b904cfa9368807efb1e46ff9 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/26ba3e570c298389f4976b9d0cb9cc79.pdf 26a0f0a983c2cd20974cb62b782d69e8 PDF Text Text Executive Issues in Service Businesses Zehra Gül Kahramanmaras University Turkey z.gul@ksu.edu.tr Abdullah Soysal Kahramanmaras University Turkey asoysal2005@hotmail.com Abstract: This study aims to contribute to the academic literature by investigating the perceptions of senior hotel managers on the managerial problems in their businesses in South and Southeast regions of Turkey, which are important for Turkish tourism industry. Survey technique was utilized in the study for data collection. And, the questionnaire was applied to the study population that consists of managers of five-star hotels in South and Southeast region of Turkey. The resulting data were analyzed and interpreted using SPSS 12.0 software, and the results of the study were presented in accordance with this analysis. In the study, the independent variables were limited to the managerial issues. On the other hand, the gender, education level, management training status, promotions and term of offices of the managers were analyzed within the scope of dependent variables. Keywords: Service Business, Managerial Problems, Tourism Sector. 179 �179 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2658 Title A name given to the resource Executive Issues in Service Businesses Author Author GUL, Zehra SOYSAL, Abdullah Abstract A summary of the resource. Over the past decade, the traditional purchasing and logistics functions have evolved into a broader strategic approach to materials and distribution management known as supply chain management (SCM). Effective SCM has become a potentially valuable way of securing competitive advantage and improving organizational performance since competition is no longer between organizations, but among supply chains. Facing uncertain environments, firms have strived to achieve greater supply chain collaboration to leverage the resources and knowledge of their suppliers and customers. This research conceptualizes and develops five dimensions of SCM practice and tests the relationships between SCM practices, competitive advantage, and organizational performance in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Research will be conducted via questionnaire and the target groups are the companies in Bosnia and Herzegovina with developed supply chain management. According to the previous researches the results should indicate that higher levels of SCM practice can lead to enhanced competitive advantage and improved organizational performance. Also, competitive advantage can have a direct, positive impact on organizational performance. Keywords: Supply chain management; Competitive advantage; Organizational performance; Structural equation modeling. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General)