106 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3676db198cd7c6f6abcc2e8ddf6945a0.pdf c8d4d7ea4b97723907371e6b047a9b1c PDF Text Text Ethical Climate, Job Satisfaction, and Affective Commitment relationship in the Shoes Manufacturing Sector Mehmet Gencoglu International Burch University Department of Management Bosnia and Herzegovina M. Sait Dinc International Burch University Department of Management Bosnia and Herzegovina Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that retaining qualified employees is crucial for organizations. As labor-intensive sector, shoes manufacturing sector is highly dependent on qualified employees. Based on the literature in this field, affective commitment of employees to their organizations has a significant importance for retaining them. The main purpose of this study is to examine ethical climate, job satisfaction, and affective commitment relationship in the shoes manufacturing sector. A survey with four sections is conducted in 10 companies and 3 cities in Turkey with 161 respondents in overall. Descriptive and Pearson correlation analyses were made. The study results showed that statistically significant relationships exist among ethical climate, job satisfaction, and affective commitment. In specific, Law and Code type of ethical climate has a crucial statistically significant relationship with affective commitment. Keywords: Ethical Climate, Job Satisfaction, Affective Commitment, Shoes Manufacturing Sector, Turkey Introduction Business ethics has been a relatively new area of research in terms of investigation of its consequences on employee behavior and eventually on business itself. Specifically, ethical climate has been a concept which is directly related to employee attitudes and behaviors. Ethical climate is a shared perception among the employees with regard to the meaning of ethical behavior in the organization and it is important in shaping employee behaviors (Victor and Cullen, 1988). Employees who have learned how to behave in an ethical way in such an atmosphere are likely to be more satisfied with their jobs and more committed to their organization (Dinc and Aydemir, 2014). However, ethical climate and its consequences could significantly differ among different countries and different sectors. 192 �Shoes manufacturing is a highly labor-intensive sector due to its nature. Therefore, employees are crucial part of this business. Most of the processes need skillful workers who are very hard to replace. Thus, retaining employees is very important for the organizations in this sector. The purpose of this study is to examine ethical climate and job satisfaction as variables which affect commitment of employees in shoes manufacturing sector. Despite the fact that numerous studies have explored the relationship among these variables, it is apparent that those studies have been conducted mostly in developed countries, whereas research regarding developing countries is limited. As one of the developing countries, Turkey has a very dynamic and growing economy. Along with the economy, number of studies have been increasing in number as well. However, in the business ethics field studies are still very limited. Specifically, in manufacturing industry, the literature is very scarce. Therefore, shoes manufacturing sector in Turkey as a research context is intentionally chosen in this study. Although the official numbers show that there are around 65,000 employees working in 6,800 companies in shoes manufacturing sector in Turkey, the actual numbers are dramatically higher than the official ones, due to a very high level of the off-the-record production. It is estimated that there are approximately 300,000 employees currently working in the sector in unregistered companies. All these numbers show that the main issue of large shoes manufacturing companies is difficulty to retain talented employees. The purpose of this study is to explore relationship between job satisfaction and affective commitment of employees and ethical climate of shoes manufacturing companies in Turkey. This relationship is illustrated in Figure 1 as a proposed model of the study. Figure 1 Proposed Model 193 �Literature Review Ethical Climate Ethical Climate is a type of work climate. It has been studied since 1950s. Ethical climate is “a perceptual lens through which workers diagnose and assess situations” (Cullen, Parboteeah, Victor, 2003). Essentially, it represents the perception of employees of what is right or wrong in responding to an ethical dilemma. Several studies claim that ethical climate affects decisions and behaviors within the organization (Victor and Cullen, 1988, 1990). Moreover, it shapes ethical understanding and behavior of employees. According to Victor and Cullen (1988), there are 5 types of ethical climate, such as Instrumental, Caring, Independence, Rules, Law and Code. In an organization which has a caring climate, employees have a concern for others and care for each other’s well-being. In an independent climate, employees act according to their own personal moral beliefs. Law and Code climate refers to the climate in which employees adhere to the codes and regulations of their profession or another authority. In this type of climate, employees should make decisions based on some external system such as law or professional codes of conduct. If the employees’ behaviors comply with the accepted rules of conduct determined by the organization, then that organization has a Rules climate. The Instrumental climate is the least favorable type which suggests individuals’ self-interest within the organization (Victor and Cullen 1987, 1988). Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is an employee’s self-assessment about his/her job or job situation. It is defined by Locke (1976) as “a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences.” On the other hand, it is also defined as the emotional status which originated from the selfassessment of the employee and that stimulates the job performance and achievements of the employee. Job satisfaction entails the general behavior of the employee against his/her current job, that is to say, an employee who has high satisfaction levels behaves positively while an employee who has low satisfaction levels has a negative behavior. There are three fundamental relationships which affect job satisfaction. Namely, employee-organization relationship, employee-manager relationship, and employee-colleague relationship. Organizational commitment is one of the most studied concepts with Job Satisfaction. Several studies exhibited that Job Satisfaction is significantly related to employees’ organizational commitment (Mathieu and Zajac,1990; Testa, 2001; Tett and Meyer, 1993). 194 �Affective Commitment Affective commitment is a type of organizational commitment (Meyer and Allen, 1991) which represents the tendency of a worker to stay with a company. This tendency is based on an emotional attachment. The importance of organizational commitment is generated from its relationship with employee turnover, absenteeism, and tardiness (Çakır, 2001; Seymen, 2008). Many studies have showed that employees who are most committed to their organization are least likely to quit their job (Meyer and Allen, 1991). According to previous studies there are three types of organizational commitment, such as affective commitment, continuous commitment, and normative commitment. Organizational commitment has several consequences, such as not quitting the job, productive behavior, and welfare of the employee in terms of physical health, psychological health, etc. Personal qualifications, job’s characteristics, job experiences, and structural attributes can be a source of affective commitment. (Meyer and Allen, 1997). According to the review of the literature presented in the previous part, following hypotheses can be posited: Hypothesis 1: “Caring”, “independent,” and “law and code,” as EC types, have a significant positive relationship with overall JS. Hypothesis 2: “Instrumental” as the EC type has a significant negative relationship with overall JS. Hypothesis 3: “Caring,” “independent,” “law and code,” as EC types, have a significant positive relationship with AC. Hypothesis 4: “Instrumental” as the EC type, has a significant negative relationship with AC. Hypothesis 5: Overall JS has a significant positive relationship with AC. Methodology Sampling, Procedures, and Measurement In order to have a better coverage, the questionnaires were delivered to several companies in Istanbul, Gaziantep, and Izmir. Questionnaires were send via email to the owners or general managers of the companies. Recipients were familiarized with the purpose of the study and the importance of the anonymity of the respondents. They were asked to conduct the survey on a 195 �voluntary basis and under a confidentiality which would not leave employees with an impression that their jobs are at stake. The questionnaire consisted of 3 pages and 4 sections. First section was about Ethical climate and it consisted of 14 questions. Second section referred to Affective commitment with 6 questions. Job satisfaction was the topic of third section and had 3 questions. Lastly, demographic questions were asked at the fourth section including gender, age, education level, tenure in the company and total tenure, managerial position, and the dimension of the company. Ethical climate questions were 14 items developed by Huang et al., but originally adapted from Victor and Cullen. Meyer and Allen’s (1997) Job satisfaction was measured by 3-item scale of Fu and Deshpande (2013), whereas 6-item scale was used for measuring Affective commitment. After collecting surveys, data were analyzed through SPSS. Exploratory factor analyses were used to find the initial structure of the scales. The relationship between all types of ethical climate in the literature, affective commitment, and employee’s job satisfaction were examined through Pearson Correlation analysis. Descriptive statistics were also conducted to show detailed information about the sample of this study. Table 1 Sample Characteristics Variable Gender Age Organization Dimension Job Experience (Company) Job Experience (Total) Demographics Number Valid Percent Male 136 91.3 Female 13 8.7 less than 20 14 9.3 20-25 27 17.9 26-30 13 8.6 31-35 37 24.5 36-40 32 21.2 More than 40 28 18.5 10-50 113 70.6 51-100 18 11.3 More than 500 29 18.1 Under 5 years 91 59.9 5-10 years 27 17.8 10-15 years 15 9.9 Over 15 years 19 12.5 Under 5 years 30 19.74 196 �Education Level 5-10 years 42 27.63 10-15 years 31 20.39 Over 15 years 48 31.58 Illiterate 11 7.3 Primary-Secondary 88 58.7 High school 38 25.3 Community College 2 1.3 Undergraduate 10 6.7 Graduate or more 1 0.7 Results Initial Results After a two-step process of factor analysis, four items from ethical climate scale, and three items from affective commitment scale were extracted due to weak loadings and overloading. Descriptive statistics and Correlations for the variables are presented in the Table 2. Table 2 Descriptive statistics and Correlations for the variables Variables Mean SD 1 2 3 4 5 (1) Law and Code 3,98 1,079 1 (2) Instrumental 2,68 1,115 -0,152 1 (3) Independent 3,28 1,344 0,130 0,154 1 (4) Caring 4,11 1,083 .431** -0,062 0,142 1 (5) Affective 3,83 1,058 .527** 0,020 .187* .352** 1 (6) Job Satisfaction 3,76 1,012 .421** -0,006 .211** .335** .525** 6 1 *P< 0.05; **P <0.01 Discussion and Conclusion Law and Code type of climate has a significant positive relationship with affective commitment and job satisfaction. The reason for such finding may be because of the present conditions of the country and the sector. Due to the unofficial production in bad conditions, employees might feel more satisfied and feel more committed to the organization which obeys the laws and codes. 197 �Independent type of climate has also a significant positive relationship with affective commitment and job satisfaction. This result is parallel with the findings presented in the literature (Tsai and Huang, 2008). Caring type of climate has a significant positive relationship with affective commitment and job satisfaction. This result complies with the findings of the literature (Tsai and Huang, 2008; Dinc and Huric, 2016). Caring climate is expected to be higher than law and code climate. However, it seems that finding a better company, which obeys laws and codes and offers better physical conditions is more important for employees in shoes manufacturing sector. They may still find caring climates in unofficial companies, nevertheless, insurance, regular payment, and safety cannot be found in this kind of companies, which represents one of the greater problems in Turkey. Job satisfaction has a significant positive relationship with affective commitment. This result is similar to the findings of the literature (Allen and Meyer, 1990). An employee who is satisfied with his/her job shows more affective commitment to his/her organization. Unlike the literature, this study did not find any relationship between instrumental ethical type of climate and job satisfaction or affective commitment. The reason for such finding may be because of the absence of this kind of ethical type of climate in the shoes manufacturing sector in Turkey. The mean value of instrumental ethical climate questions is only 2.68 which implies that employees do not feel any instrumental climate in their organization. Therefore, any relationship could not be found. This might be the case due to several reasons:  Shoes manufacturing requires team-work, therefore, after working for some time in this sector, employees might have developed unselfish behaviors.  According to the culture of the country, people perceive selfish behaviors negatively. In overall, this study suggests that shoes manufacturing sector can increase retaining employee rate and decrease turnover through supplying law and code, caring, and independent ethical types of climate within the organizations. Sector companies can enjoy affective commitment and satisfaction of the employees by supplying them with insurance, regular payment, and by ensuring their safety. Limitations This study may have some limitations. Number of respondents may have been increased and data may have been gathered from more companies from several other cities which might have more diverse cultural backgrounds. 198 �Recommendations for Future Studies Although the literature suggests that affective commitment is the most favorable type of Organizational Commitment, other types such as Continuous Commitment, Normative Commitment can be included in the future studies. Also, more variables can be included in the research, such as Leadership and Cultural dimensions. Furthermore, same study can be conducted in different countries that employ millions of shoes manufacturing personnel, such as China, India, etc. References Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1–18. Çakır, Ö. (2001). İşe bağlılık olgusu ve etkileyen faktörler. Seçkin Yayıncılık. Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P., & Victor, B. (2003). The effects of ethical climates on organizational commitment: A two-study analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(2), 127-141. Dinc, M. S., & Aydemir, M. (2014). Ethical leadership and employee behaviors: an empirical study of mediating factors. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 9(3), 293-312. Dinc, M. S., & Huric, A. (2016). The impacts of ethical climate types on nurses’ behaviors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nursing ethics, 0969733016638143. Locke, E. A., Sirota, D., & Wolfson, A. D. (1976). An experimental case study of the successes and failures of job enrichment in a government agency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(6), 701. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological bulletin, 108(2), 171. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human resource management review, 1(1), 61-89. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace. Sage Publications. Seymen, O. A. (2008). Örgütsel bağlılığı etkileyen örgüt kültürü tipleri üzerine bir araştırma. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 135. Testa, M. R. (2001). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and effort in the service environment. The Journal of Psychology, 135(2), 226-236. Tett, R. P., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: path analyses based on meta‐analytic findings. Personnel psychology, 46(2), 259-293. 199 �Tsai, M. and Huang, C. (2008). The relationships among ethical climate types, facets of job satisfaction, and the three components of organizational commitment: a study of nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Business Ethics 80, 565–581. Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1988). The organizational bases of ethical work climates. Administrative science quarterly, 101-125. Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1987). A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations. Research in corporate social performance and policy, 9(1), 51-71. 200 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3651 Title A name given to the resource Ethical Climate, Job Satisfaction, and Effective Commitment relationship in the Shoes Manufacturing Sector (doi: 10.14706/icesos1714) Author Author Gencoglu, Mehmet DINÇ, Muhammet Sait Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated that retaining qualified employees is crucial for organizations. As labor-intensive sector, shoes manufacturing sector is highly dependent on qualified employees. Based on the literature in this field, affective commitment of employees to their organizations has a significant importance for retaining them. The main purpose of this study is to examine ethical climate, job satisfaction, and affective commitment relationship in the shoes manufacturing sector. A survey with four sections is conducted in 10 companies and 3 cities in Turkey with 161 respondents in overall. Descriptive and Pearson correlation analyses were made. The study results showed that statistically significant relationships exist among ethical climate, job satisfaction, and affective commitment. In specific, Law and Code type of ethical climate has a crucial statistically significant relationship with affective commitment. Keywords: Ethical Climate, Job Satisfaction, Affective Commitment, Shoes Manufacturing Sector, Turkey Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/8b221aaf7b199548beae27a3257a5322.pdf 8feae5c80c776e933767364fbf3bce32 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ethical Foundations of the Sustainability and the Sustainable Development Ayça Berna Görmez, Fatih Yaman Abstract The concept of sustainability or sustainable development emerged as a concern in early 1980’s. It was equated with the environmental issues firstly. Then, it attained economic and social meanings as well. Nevertheless, the value of the lastly attained meaning of sustainability, which is social, is highly neglected. Sustainable development or sustainability is not just about ecology or natural resources. It is about the relationship between these resources and individuals and thus sustainability encompasses all kinds of issues related to human beings as sustainable, i.e ecological development, cannot be imagined without human beings living in it. In this study, sustainability will be evaluated as a value system that highlights the importance of continuation of natural as well as cultural resources. Although the term sustainability or sustainable development became famous in late 20th century, as a value system, its existence may be traced back to the ancient Greece. In the writings of early political philosophers, it is possible to find the emphasis on the importance of nature, reproduction, importance of future generations, significance of continuation of cultures and human kind, which are the core intentions behind the need for sustainable development and the term sustainability embraces all of these subjects. In the context of this study, the writings of Aristotle, Kant, Mill, will be analyzed with an aim of finding the foundations of the concept of sustainability 1.INTRODUCTION There are remarkable turning points, which change and shape the rest of the human life and its environment and there have been changes that are irreversible and have tremendous effects throughout the history. There is no need to highlight all of them for the prevailing discussion, yet, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution are the two of them that seem to pave the way for the current discussions on sustainability and sustainable development as French revolution is the creator of modern values such as “liberté, égalité, fraternité” and the industrial revolution is the turning point for capitalist development. The new modes of production, at first, immediately celebrated and spread throughout all Europe and the motto of French revolution is still in the agenda of liberals. However, there have been side effects of industrialization. Due to the increase in population, rapid urbanization led to the unplanned urbanization, labor force exploited, pollution emerged and so on and the celebrated motto of the French revolution, which highlights the importance of equality, did not realize itself in the sense that the new mode of production has brought the 425 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo new type of inequalities. Nearly two centuries, everything has changed both in appearance and in essence. From the 1970’s and on, there have been new waves of concerns, might be called postmodern concerns, which seek for a remedy for damages that have done both to the nature and human existence itself. Now the bringing of the industrialization is being discussed. The level of pollution increased and spread all over the world, natural resources are exploited and in some places, they are consumed off, we face with the extinction of animal species. Besides the damage that has given to the nature, individuals also have faced with crucial problems. Inequality increased among nations and individuals, the gap between rich and poor is tremendously opened, hunger becomes a vital problem for most of the countries in the world, and cultures are assimilated and disappear. So the world has changed very rapidly and from 1970’s and on, people are trying to fix this situation and trying to find new ways for maintenance of nature and humankind. There have been many discussions on sustainable development and each area of study might state different types of argument according to their research area. Environmentalist might offer different solution on the basis of their priorities and economist might propose an entirely different and also controversial one. However, in essence, each area seeks to maintain something, something that is crucial for human existence, for nature. Therefore, this paper seeks to provide that common point embraces all area. In this study, sustainability and sustainable development will be evaluated as a moral value that highlights the importance of continuation natural as well as social resources. As a moral value, its existence can be traced back to the writings of ancient Greek philosophers. In their writings, there are emphases on the importance of nature, reproduction, importance of future generation. Most importantly, there is emphasis of “knowledge” and consciousness of individual behavior of all kind, which is important for the preservation of resources. Sustainability and sustainable development, ideally, construct its agenda on the concept of justice, equality and redistribution and these concepts were best understood in the writings of philosophers. To define sustainability as a moral value clearly indicates that all individuals are subject in this issue and there is a common point that can embrace economic, social and environmental sustainability, regardless of their own ‘agenda’ to sustainable development. 2. What is Sustainable Development? Sustainable development is defined in famous Brundtland Report as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs” (WECD, 1987, 43). What is needed to highlight is that the concept of sustainable development encompasses all people and all nations, without discriminating the poor or the rich. The sustainable development necessitates 426 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo the development of the poor regions, protection of environmental resources in a way so that both current and future generations will be benefited from it equally. It is a global concern. Sustainable development is not only about the development or environment. It binds three different dimensions and proposes us a kind of understanding. It has environmental, economic and social aspects and without these three aspects, it is hard to speak about sustainable development. Brandl defines sustainability as “the relationship between the social and ecological systems, which needs to be shaped in such a way that it will not destabilize the system as a whole” (2002: 13). Sustainable development is not about conservation of resources for future generations, it is about the proper use of them so that both current and future generation can profit from them and this is why economics is crucial as through economics all sources of capital can be restructured. 2.1 Environmental Aspect Sustainability Environmental Sustainability is one of the crucial aspect and the key figures of the concept of Sustainable Development. Environmental Sustainability, in other words, environmental protection is an approach which aims to restore and re-establish the disturbed balance of the world and thus, to sustain this order for the future generations. According to John Morelli, “environmental sustainability could be defined as a condition of balance, resilience and interconnectedness that allows human society to satisfy its needs while neither exceeding the capacity of its supporting ecosystems to continue to regenerate the services necessary to meet those needs nor by our actions diminishing biological diversity” (2011: 23). Environmental concerns dated back to second half of 20th century. Especially, after the Second World War, the development efforts, arm races, nuclear tests began to threaten the world and quash the biosphere balances. With the rapid increase in world population and the rising of life standards, pollution increased and this situation has led to a rapid depletion of natural resources. In addition to these problems, climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, trans-boundary air and water pollution, acid precipitation, loss of biodiversity, desertification and deforestation pose a threat to the achievement of sustainable development objectives. The increase in environmental problems reached the level of threatening the life and human beings began to find out some preventive solutions to be able to deal with these difficulties. Due to the struggle among scholars to find solutions, an environmental ethics emerged. Arzu Özyol argues that there are two main approaches in term of ethics related to environment. The first one is briefly, nature is valuable because of it is useful for human beings. According to second approach, each entity, whether useful to human beings or not, has a specific value. In this context, while the concept of sustainable development containing the development strategies, at the same time it takes attention to the set of moral values. ( -- ) 427 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Numerous recent studies have offered solutions to the problem of achieving environmental sustainability, the long-term preservation of environment for the future (Whitford, Wong, 2009: 190). However it seems that more solid and urgent measures must be taken as soon as possible. Robert Goodland takes attention to a point and he states that “every passing year means sustainability has to be achieved for an additional 100 million people. This is why environmental sustainability has a time urgency” (1995: 13). Today’s world unfortunately is not encouraging according to many important indicators and if the world continues to change negatively, the future generations may not be able to maintain healthy and productive lives. Now there are still many problems which are seriously threatening the whole world day by day. The environmental inequalities increasingly continue and everything is becoming more complex. 2.2 Economic Aspect of Sustainability The relation between the economy and the concept of sustainability may be the most controversial topic within the discipline. Economy is based on utility and this utility comes with the consumption. However, as it occurs in all social science, there is a return in economics, return maybe the ancient understanding of interrelatedness of all branches of science. For instance, economics, by some scholars, began to be interpreted from different areas like social and environmental. Costanza and O’Neill argues that “we need to move from economics that ignores this interdependent to one that acknowledges and builds upon itan economics that is fundamentally ecological in its basic view of the problems that now face our species at this crucial point in its history” (1996: 975) There are many different interpretation of economic sustainability. However, two of them are highly debated, and in a sense, are controversial ones. First one is the neoclassical approach to sustainability and the other is ecological approach to economical sustainability. Neoclassical approach can be characterized by not development but growth and accumulation of capital. Another important aspect of the neoclassical approach is substitutability. Economics, in neoclassical sense, is about utility and consumption. Robert Nelson argues that if people derive much pleasure from nature, then, preservation of natural conditions may be a high social priority” (1995: 138) When the subject is sustainability, orthodox economists “are concerned with sustainability in the sense of maintaining acceptable levels of human well-being over time and thus are concerned with the capacity of natural environment and other social assets to meet human wants and needs… If economic substitution possibilities are high, natural disruption is not a special cause for concern in the economic model” (Norton and Toman, 1997:555). On the other hand, if utility of the nature is higher than its disruption, then, it will be sustained by necessary precautions. Neoclassical economists state that environmental characteristics, which are necessary for growth in economy, can be replaced or ‘substituted’ by human made substitutes. Any source of capital can be replaced by any other, namely, natural capital can be replaced by human made or manufactured capital. 428 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo On the other hand, ecological economics is in favor of greater sustainability or strong sustainability. Supporter of this realize the fact that natural capital may not be substituted by any other capital, at least, not each of them can find substitute. There are renewable and nonrenewable resources and if nonrenewable resources are diminished, then, it means, there is no substitution for them. Ecological economists argue that natural capitals as well as any kind of resources should be maintained so that they help to the productive process. In economics, it is important not to forget that there is no substitution for everything in the world and even demand in something is not high right now, that doesn’t mean that, demand will not increase in the long run. In economical term, in order to reach a sustainable development, it is crucial to see the effect of our actions in the long run. Economic aspect of sustainable development can be reached through this way, through not wasting any kind of resources for the sake of short run interests and think about the future and necessities of future, so to foresee the long term effects of actions. 2.3. Social Aspect Sustainability As it is stated above, sustainable development should encompass three spheres, namely, ecological, environmental and social and try to reach these goals. So the third aspect of sustainability is the social one. Sustainable development cannot be thought without its social dimension, it is the management of natural, social and human capital. Economic and environmental sustainability may provide necessary environment to growth and maintenance of natural as well as human made capital, but, with a thin interaction among individuals, with poverty and hungry spread around the world, with inequality or in general without quality of life, human kind cannot reach a high level of civilization, even they own a perfect environment. For this reason, social sustainability should be equally treated and understood for the sake of sustainable development. Due to the very ambiguity of the term social, social sustainability cannot be defined in a single, comprehensive definition. There is no consensus among scholars about social sustainability. However, this cannot be interpreted as irrelevance of the term in sustainable development or lack of scientific background. Dissensus among the interpretation of the term, in a way, creates a comprehensive understanding of the social sustainability, diverse statements and components are added to the term by different scholars. As Ranciere (2001) puts it dissensus creates real democracy through invoking others to act in order to be seen or heard. So the term social sustainability, by being characterized differently, becomes more influential by being analyzed and defined in every aspect. Littig and Grießler define social sustainability as “a quality of societies. It signifies the nature-society relationships, mediated by work, as well as relationships within the society. Social sustainability is given, if work within a society and the related institutional arrangements satisfy an extended set of human needs and are shaped in a way that nature and its reproductive capabilities are preserved over a long period of time and the normative claims of social justice, human dignity and participation are fulfilled” (2005: 72). Littig and 429 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Grießler put great emphasis on the dimension of work. Their definition is closely related with work as satisfaction of human needs and reproductively and also exchange between societies are created by work. For them, social sustainability is rather a socio-ecological process. Their claim is that there are three core indicators to evaluate the social dimensions of sustainability which are “satisfaction of basic needs, social justice and social coherence” (2005: 75) Polese and Stren argue that “development that is compatible with harmonious evolution of civil society, fostering an environment conducive to the compatible cohabitation of culturally and socially diverse groups while at the same time encouraging social integration, with improvements in the quality of life for all segments of the population” (2000: 15-16). In their understanding of social sustainability, again, the quality of life has a great meaning. Communities and cultures should be protected while at the same time integrated to the society. For them, civil society is crucial, which helps to reorganize society and create an harmony within it. Sachs argues that “a strong definition of social sustainability must rest on the basic values of equity and democracy, the latter meant as the effective appropriation of all human rights – political, civil, economic, social and cultural- by all people” (1999: 27) In the beginning of this work, the motto of French revolution is given and as it is clear that these are highly related with the motto, especially with the two of them, namely, equality and liberty. To sum up social sustainability is as crucial as environmental or economical sustainability, as “sustainability describes a topic of research that is basically social, addressing virtually the entire process by which societies manage the material conditions of their reproduction, including the social, economic, political and cultural principles that guide the distribution of environmental resources” (Becker et al., 1999: 4). Social dimension is concerned with individuals, rather than nations, it is, at least, satisfaction of all humanly and all basic needs. 3.Sustainability, Sustainable Development and Ethics All three dimensions that construct the sustainable development is explained, it is clear that, although they use different discourses and pay attention on different sides of sustainable development, they have something in common, the need for the maintenance of what we have now for the future generations. They are complementary in some respects. They all emphasize distribution of resources among individuals, importance of harmony among and between societies, the value of a quality of life, justice and cohesion. These concepts are not irrelevant for us, these are the modern values that should encompass all people and should be encouraged to apply by all. These are the values that all liberal democracies and individuals should internalize. In this paper, the argument is that commonalities of these three aspects ensure that sustainable development cannot be understood without philosophy in general or ethics in particular. “If sustainability is, as is often suggested, found at the intersection of the domains of environment, society and economy, it must follow from an underlying rationality that is common to all three and more basic than that which is peculiar to each one 430 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo individually. We argue that this unifying underlying rationality is ethics” (Banon Gomis et al., 2011:179) In the context of this paper, it will be argued that, sustainable development is a moral obligation, an ethical issue. It is not a matter of choice to sustain something at the expense of another thing. It cannot be simply put into an area of science. As Solow argues “sustainability is a moral obligation is a general obligation not a specific one. It is not an obligation to preserve this or preserve that. It is an obligation, if you want to make sense out of it, to preserve the capacity to be well off, to be as well off as we” (1991:13). If we explain and understand sustainability as such, it is the job of all individuals to preserve what they have. Science only may not manage to spread the notion of sustainability but if individuals start to realize this as a moral or ethical value, it would be great step towards sustainable development. In this section, as it is stated above, the ethical foundations of sustainability and sustainable development will be analyzed. These analyses will be around the concepts of justice, equality, importance of nature, human development, economic development and maintenance of certain values as well as resources. These concepts are closely related to the sustainability and sustainable development as sustainability and sustainable development include the ideas of promoting the well being of all human beings, poor as well as the riches, diminishing the inequalities in terms of access to natural resources and their use, of income and of all sorts of services. So, sustainability and sustainable development may enter our scientific literatures in the late twentieth century but context of them have always been in our lives. 3.1.Aristotle As we know, Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. We can clearly find many traces about sustainable developments on Aristotle’s works. For instance, he says that “man is the noblest of creatures on earth and so that, it’s clear human being originated in accordance with nature” (2007: 30). As a result, he stressed that people should live in a harmony with the nature as a course of its nature. Sustainability has already this sense which aims to maintain the world’s balance while preserving the nature.From another aspect, he taught in one sentence that excess of anything is bad. In here, that phrase implies that too much of even a good thing is bad. He argues that “we must not exert ourselves nor relax our efforts too much nor too little, but to an intermediate extent and as the right rule dictates” (1999, 91). Aristotle drew attention to the importance of the mind and he considered the ignorance as something harmful. According to him “a man of practical wisdom to be able to deliberate well about what is good and expedient for himself, not in some particular respect, e.g. about what sorts of thing conduce to health or to strength, but about what sorts of thing conduce to the good life in general”(1999, 94). By following this comment, it’s possible to reach a 431 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo conclusion: maybe a century ago, it was not possible to perceive these negative changes about the natural world balance and maybe for this reason people continued to destroy the nature unconsciously. But today, with the increase in technology and the level of knowledge it is possible to identify the things which are harmful to the environment and to find the ways how to avoid or deal with these difficulties. For example, it is so obvious that if the world’s exposition continues in this way, most of the natural resources will not regenerate itself and as a result of this, many plants and animal species will disappear and as a strong possibility, without healthy ecosystems, human beings will not survive on this World as well. Consequently, Aristotle emphasized the importance of wisdom and the necessitation of compliance with nature for a good living. Sustainable development also aims to increase the level of prosperity in less developed countries and the World is portrayed as a global village at present. From here, we can come to such a conclusion: people should live as a whole for the sake of a common interest. In fact, this idea is parallel with Aristotle’s taught. He considered that “he who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, must be either a beast or a god: he is no part of a state. A social instinct is implanted in all men by nature”. So people should also live compatible with themselves as well as the nature. Aristotle argues “there must be a union of those who cannot exist without each other”( Politics, 1999: 4). Therefore, here what is important is that no one can remain insensitive to the developments in the world. Each individual has a responsibility to himself and his society. 3.2.John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill is one of the most influential philosopher or political economist that contribute to the liberal values, such as liberty, private property, individual freedom and minimum state control. In the context of our current discussion, these our crucial concepts. Sustainability and sustainable development contain these concepts as it requires decrease in the level of poverty, equal redistribution of resources, freedom in the context of being sufficient and independent in maintaining lives. So it is important to explore Mill when discussing the ethical foundations of sustainability and sustainable development. It is now questionable whether private property is necessary and something beneficial or not but this is irrelevant for our discussion. Mill has a chapter on property, he explains why it is necessary, under which circumstances it should be distributed, what are conditions to own a property in his book called Principles of Political Economy. For Mill, private property is something important but equality and just sharing is necessary and should be kept in mind when distribution happens. “If private property were adopted, we must presume that it would be accompanied by none of the initial inequalities and injustices which obstruct the beneficial operation of the principle in old societies” (Principles of Political Economy, Book II, Chapter I). Its relevance to our discussion is that, social aspect of sustainable development contains housing and security, which for us are closely related with each other. Social aspect contains basic human needs and housing is one of them. 432 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Another important issue that Mill takes into account is about the raw materials. It is also one of the most crucial concerns of the sustainable development. Mill argues that “the essential principle of property being to assure to all persons what they have produced by their labour and accumulated by their abstinence, this principle cannot apply to what is not the produce of labour, the raw material of the earth… it would be height of injustice, to let the gift of nature be engrossed by individuals” (Book II, Chapter I). Now if we apply this to our current situation, developed countries have both the capacity and the will to use raw materials for their own sake. However, this produces injustice among both individuals and the nations. Raw materials do not belong individuals or nations; so, it is not apt to the nation to deplete them. “No man made the land. It is the original inheritance of the whole species. Its appropriation is wholly a question of general expediency” (Book II, Chapter II). In the later chapters, Mill again turns to the subject of natural resources and called them “inheritance of human race” and argues that “there must be regulations for the common enjoyment of it. What rights, and under what conditions, a person shall be allowed to exercise over any portion of this common inheritance cannot be left undecided” (Book V, Chapter I). Now, with the increase in the environmental pollutions, some standards and some limits have been put to generate sustainable development. The ethics behind the statements of Mill can be called utilitarianism but not in a negative sense. Utility is now being understood as something negative and material. However, for Mill this is not the case. As it is obvious from the previous statements above, Mill desires a life that is most favorable by all individuals not only by the self. “The happiness which forms the utilitarian standard of what is right in conduct, is not the agent's own happiness, but that of all concerned…utility would enjoin, first, that laws and social arrangements should place the happiness, or (as speaking practically it may be called) the interest, of every individual, as nearly as possible in harmony with the interest of the whole” (Utilitarianism, Chapter II). The utility in Mill can be similar to eudomania in Aristotle if not the same. So the contents of sustainability and sustainable development, can be found in Mill’s writings 3.3. Kant In the Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant explains what morality is, how it can be achieved, what is the source of morality. Through this work, Kant, clarifies what make moral principles universal and can be applicable by all rational beings, namely, by all humans. “we have to admit that morality’s law applies so widely that it holds •not merely for men but for all rational beings as such, •not merely under certain contingent conditions and with exceptions but with absolute necessity ·and therefore unconditionally and without exceptions” (15). He defines two kinds of imperative (imperative is the demand of rationality, the reasons behind the action, it is the motivating principle of the action), one is hypothetical and the other is categorical. Hypothetical imperative is, he defines, “the practical necessity of some possible action as a means to achieving something else that one does or might want” (19), this kind of imperative is about reaching another aim through doing something. So the 433 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo action, is itself, is not the end, the consequences of the action is the inspired end. Whereas, the categorical imperative, he explains, “is represented an action as being objectively necessary in itself without regard to any other end” (19). So the action that is derived from the categorical imperative should be an end in itself, it is done without measuring the consequences, it is done for itself. Kant explains two types of imperative in detailed. He argues that categorical imperative “is only law that carries with it the concept of a necessity(·’This action must be performed’·) that is unconditional and objective and hence universally valid; and commands are laws that must be obeyed even when one would prefer not to…it can be called a command in the strict sense” (20). What makes categorical imperative is universal is its objectivity and unconditionality, it doesn’t serve a specific purpose, there are no expected consequences and there might not be a result at all, it is done for its own sake, for the sake of morality. From this point, it can be easily related to the concept of sustainability and sustainable development. Even though there is an expected result in sustainable development, this result would not affect us in near future. Previous and current generations are not in an immediate danger of violation of natural as well as cultural resources. However, we are aware of the fact that the next generations may not be as lucky as we are because we are not as cautious as the previous generations were. Kant offers universal law of nature, which holds three principles, which are (i)“act as though the maxim of your action were to become, through your will, a universal law of nature” (24) (ii)”act in such a way as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of anyone else, always as an end and never merely as a means” (29), and (iii)“the idea of the will of every rational being as a will laying down universal law (30). These three principle can be easily applied to the sustainability and thus, to sustainable development. First principle argues that one should act as if s/he determines the universal law, a law that is applicable by all people and preferred to be applied. Prosperity is something that have both subjective and objective imperative. For instance, I want to be rich, this is something subjective, but everyone wants to live a good life, this makes it objective. If our generation desires to live in a perfect harmony with nature and its resources, if our generation prefers a world in peace and if our first concern is to decrease the level of poverty, then, these should be our maxims and we should take necessary cautions but while doing this next generations should be in our considerations as they will also prefer such an environment, and as they have equal share with the current generation. This is also related to the second principle. The needs and desires of humans are, at least when speak of basic ones, similar. So no human being can be seen as a mean, they are end in themselves. This is applicable to nation-states as well. Nations, as they are composed of human beings, cannot be seen as mean to reach to an end, i.e, a natural resources. Poor countries are threatened by developed countries if they have natural resources; they are in a constant danger of civil wars or external threats. So if a nation does not prefer to become a mean of other individual state to reach an end, it should not treat a nation as such. 434 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4.CONCLUSION Sustainability and sustainable development are crucial for human beings. There are many responsibilities for individuals to sustain what we have now and leave a peaceful and well organized society to the next generations. It is also important to note that everyone has a responsibility in this process. To show the ethical foundations of sustainability and sustainable development makes it clear that it is not only the business organizations or civil society organizations are responsible in this process, rather, it is obvious that each individual should take place and do what is necessary. All three aspects of sustainable development and the concept of sustainability itself require human beings’ endeavor to maintain the existence of natural as well as other forms of resources. Ethics, in this process, ensure an obligation for human beings, it is not a technical process that can be kept outside of the most intimate human relations. Therefore, individuals should internalize this process, and do the best they can because it is a moral obligation, it is a way of conducting virtues live REFERENCES Ökten, Kaan. (2007) Fikir Mimarları 13 – Aristoteles, Say Yayınları, İstanbul Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics (1999) (W.D. Ross Translation) Batocho Books Kitchener Aristotle, Politics (1999) (Benjamin Jowett Translation) Batocho Books Kitchener Banon Gomis, A.J, Parra, M.G et al (2011). Rethinking the Concept of Sustainability, Business and Society Review 116:2 pp. 171-191 Becker, E., Jahn, T. and Stiess, 1. (1999) 'Exploring uncommon ground: sustainability and the social sciences', in Becker, E. and Jahn, T. (Eds.): Sustainability and the Social Sciences, A Cross-Disciplinary Approach Integrating Environmental Considerations into Theoretical Reorientation, Zed Books, London, pp.1-22. Colantonio, A. Social Sustainability: Linking Research to Policy and Practice Constanza, R. O’Neill, R.V. (1996). Introduction: Ecological and Economics and Sustainability, Ecological Applications, Vol. 6 No.4 pp.975-977 Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals <http://www.stolaf.edu/people/huff/classes/GoodnEvil/Readings/kantgw.pdf> 25.04.2012 Mill,John S. The Principle of <http://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlP.html> 15.04.2012 Political Economy Mill, John S. Utilitarianism http://www.utilitarianism.com/mill2.htm 20.04.2012 Nelson, Robert. (1995) Sustainability, Efficiency, and God: Economic Values and the Sustainability, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic, Vol. 26 pp.135-154 Nortan, B.G., and Toman M.A (1997) Sustainability: Ecological and Economic Perspectives Land Economics 74 pp. 553-568 435 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Goodland, R. (1995). “The Concept of Environmental Sustainability”, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 26, pp. 1-24. Morelli, J. (2011). “Environmental Sustainability: A Definition for Environmental Professionals”, Journal of Environmental Sustainability, Volume 1, pp. 19-27. Özyol,A. (n.d ). “Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma”, http://www.hydra.com.tr/uploads/kutup9.pdf, Polese, M. Stren, R.E (2000) The Social Sustainability of Cities: Diversity and the Management of Change , University of Toronto Press, Canada Ranciere, J. (2001) Ten Thesis on Politics <http://www.google.com.tr/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CGkQFj AB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fabahlali.org%2Ffiles%2FTen%2520Theses%2520on%2520Politi cs.doc&ei=9XanTnlJoXl4QS406jSCQ&usg=AFQjCNG96ViKGJr2bCQR9qD9VcpF4yJ0vg&sig2=WOEtQIC QOuskYmX7dedr5w > 10.04.2012 Sachs, I. (1999), Social sustainability and whole development: exploring the dimensions of sustainable development. In: B. Egon and J. Thomas, Editors, Sustainability and the social sciences: a cross-disciplinary approach to integrating environmental considerations into theoretical reorientation, Zed Books, London Solow, R.M., (1991) Sustainability: an economist's perspective. Marine Policy Center, WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development), (1987). Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England Whitford, Andrew B., Wong, K. (2009). Political and Social Foundations for Environmental Sustainability, Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 1. pp. 190-204. 436 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1139 Title A name given to the resource Ethical Foundations of the Sustainability and the Sustainable Development Author Author Ayça, Berna Görmez Fatih Yaman, Yaman Abstract A summary of the resource. The concept of sustainability or sustainable development emerged as a concern in early 1980’s. It was equated with the environmental issues firstly. Then, it attained economic and social meanings as well. Nevertheless, the value of the lastly attained meaning of sustainability, which is social, is highly neglected. Sustainable development or sustainability is not just about ecology or natural resources. It is about the relationship between these resources and individuals and thus sustainability encompasses all kinds of issues related to human beings as sustainable, i.e ecological development, cannot be imagined without human beings living in it. In this study, sustainability will be evaluated as a value system that highlights the importance of continuation of natural as well as cultural resources. Although the term sustainability or sustainable development became famous in late 20th century, as a value system, its existence may be traced back to the ancient Greece. In the writings of early political philosophers, it is possible to find the emphasis on the importance of nature, reproduction, importance of future generations, significance of continuation of cultures and human kind, which are the core intentions behind the need for sustainable development and the term sustainability embraces all of these subjects. In the context of this study, the writings of Aristotle, Kant, Mill, will be analyzed with an aim of finding the foundations of the concept of sustainability Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/04df7e1ca1f4b878d6a45e8d92237bce.pdf 7d86d998a0cdb1118873fbc86fbb396a PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo Ethical Issues of the Child as Consumer Edina Trnka Zeljkovid Islamic Parental Association “ISRA”, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina edinatrnka@hotmail.com This paper, entitled as "Ethical issues of the child as consumer" deals with the major issues related to child as consumer and children's marketing. Issues related to child as consumer are: what children buy how parents affect children's consumer behavior, how children affect purchase decision of their families and how relationship with peers affects children's purchase decisions? Issues related to children's marketing are what the effect of marketing on children’s behavior is and how children process advertising messages. Special emphasis is on techniques that marketers use when communicating with this group. The most important techniques are those that are used on television and internet. Emphasis is also on ethical issues of the marketing which has children as its target group. Those ethical issues are from critics of marketing that it misleads children to claims that it causes obesity and unhappiness. Main ideas of work are that children are an important market for the producers and they have a great market potential. Children are primary market for some products, but they are also future market for products that they will use in future and influential market on their families. They are group that is particularly vulnerable to the messages that are sent to them. Children under age of 8 can't understand intention of advertiser which makes them easy to mislead. Literature of significant authors in this field is used, such as: McNeal, Gunter, Furnham, Calvert and others. Attention was also on expert articles from this field. Content analysis of advertising messages aimed at children in Bosnia and Herzegovina led to conclusion that those messages are unethical in a large percentage. Unethical messages are mostly in contrast of moral and social standards and they bring up false claims. Besides that, in advertising messages for product that are intended for parents children are used to encourage them on purchase. The study of regulation of marketing to children in developed markets and in Bosnia and Herzegovina proved that regulations of children's marketing in Bosnia and Herzegovina isn't regulated enough by standards and norms. Bosnian regulations are inconsistent with international standards that regulate this field globally. Keywords: Children’s Marketing, Advertising Messages Aimed At Children, Criticism Of Marketing To Children, Regulation Of Marketing To Children. 90 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1521 Title A name given to the resource Ethical Issues of the Child as Consumer Author Author TRNKA ŽELJKOVIĆ, Edina Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper, entitled as "Ethical issues of the child as consumer" deals with the major issues related to child as consumer and children's marketing. Issues related to child as consumer are: what children buy how parents affect children's consumer behavior, how children affect purchase decision of their families and how relationship with peers affects children's purchase decisions? Issues related to children's marketing are what the effect of marketing on children’s behavior is and how children process advertising messages. Special emphasis is on techniques that marketers use when communicating with this group. The most important techniques are those that are used on television and internet. Emphasis is also on ethical issues of the marketing which has children as its target group. Those ethical issues are from critics of marketing that it misleads children to claims that it causes obesity and unhappiness. Main ideas of work are that children are an important market for the producers and they have a great market potential. Children are primary market for some products, but they are also future market for products that they will use in future and influential market on their families. They are group that is particularly vulnerable to the messages that are sent to them. Children under age of 8 can't understand intention of advertiser which makes them easy to mislead. Literature of significant authors in this field is used, such as: McNeal, Gunter, Furnham, Calvert and others. Attention was also on expert articles from this field. Content analysis of advertising messages aimed at children in Bosnia and Herzegovina led to conclusion that those messages are unethical in a large percentage. Unethical messages are mostly in contrast of moral and social standards and they bring up false claims. Besides that, in advertising messages for product that are intended for parents children are used to encourage them on purchase. The study of regulation of marketing to children in developed markets and in Bosnia and Herzegovina proved that regulations of children's marketing in Bosnia and Herzegovina isn't regulated enough by standards and norms. Bosnian regulations are inconsistent with international standards that regulate this field globally. Keywords: Children’s Marketing, Advertising Messages Aimed At Children, Criticism Of Marketing To Children, Regulation Of Marketing To Children. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/867a22ea793f2d11108a8503b3d36bd7.pdf 628c02647f59308b8ca01476ca79ab16 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Ethical Issues Related Advertising Nina Kustura , Teoman Duman International Burch University, Faculty Management, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina E-mail: ninakustura@hotmail.com Abstract Advertisement is used to draw attention to a product or service in a special and unique way to increase sales. Promotions are a major driver of a firm’s integration to impel sales. In a competitive environment, advertisement can be a leading technique to sell if it is distinctive and attractive to consumers. The firms must provide customers with a product or services that stands up to the covenants of the firm’s product or service. Ethical issues in advertising are allied to all businesses and customers. Prominent scholars have premeditated these issues for years. The purpose of this paper is to explain the ethical issues pertaining the messages, the products or services and the target customers. It also explains the main ethical issues in truth of advertising, advertising to children, harmful products, and tactics. Keywords: Advertising ethics, marketing ethics, legal issues, moral values, message, target audience, marketers, and advertisers 1. INTRODUCTION Ethical issues have increased related to marketing. Marketing has always been open to criticisms about unethical practices. (Nill and Schibrowsky, 2007.) The marketing function of business is noted most for ethical abuse and almost every aspect of marketing has been criticized (Murphy and Laczniak, 2006). Businesses are interesting in making money and advertising helps a great deal to sell products, but can be just as harmful. Advertising is a form of communication that attempts to influence customers to purchase or consume more of a particular product or service. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including radio, television, magazines, newspapers, Internet and billboards. In terms of ethical standards, advertising has been rated the lowest on 14 ethical dimensions in the functional areas of business (Burnett and Pettijohn, 2003). There is a difference between moral values and ethics and how both affect the behaviors and decisions of people. These same reasons apply to business organizations that should follow an advertising policy. Firstly, moral values are basic beliefs and knowledge about what is wrong and what is right. People obtain moral value from their religious background, beliefs, 227 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo culture and training. Secondly, ethics are ways of acting appropriate to one’s moral values. People develop moral values from their cultures and apply these values in daily decisions to know the difference between wrong and right. Applying both moral values and ethics, people make a plan to act and behave in an ethical manner. Moral values and ethics affect the decision and behavior in the workplace. These principles should be applied into businesses and marketing, to create an advertising policy that is created based on moral values and ethics. The figure below summarizes these principles into creating an advertizing policy that is honest, distinct, and socially and environmentally respectful. Figure 1. Moral Values and Ethics Applied to Advertising (Source: Based on Suggestions by Greenberg Jerald, 2005; see page 48) There are numerous benefits to advertising through economic, political, cultural, moral and religious perspectives. Through an economic perspective advertising is a toll used for sustaining honest competition by informing people of the availability of new products and services and the improvements in existing ones. Politically, it helps avoid monopolization of power by informing people of ideas and policies of other candidates. From a cultural perspective, it can give positive influence on improving society. To encourage and inspire people to behave in way that benefit themselves and others. Finally, from a moral and religious view, advertisement can communicate messages of faith, patriotism, charity, health and education through tasteful and entertaining advertisement. At the same time, there are disadvantages of advertisement from the same points of view. Firstly, from an economic perspective, it can misrepresent and without relevant facts. 228 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Secondly, from a political view, the costs of advertising can limit campaigns to only wealthy candidates, and be abused to misrepresent view of other candidates. From a cultural view, it can damage culture and values. From a moral and religious view it can harm religion with vulgar and morally degrading advertising. It is important for organizations to understand the basic knowledge of moral values and ethics and how to apply them to their advertising campaigns. Advertisement has an affect on the entire environment, from politics, economy, culture, and religion. Advertising ethics has sustained itself a towering lightning rod for controversy; perhaps, because it is the most visible tool today, exposing the public to thousands of messages each day, which are sometimes more than questionable (Coyne and Traflet 2008). The issue arises because there are no benchmarks for ethical practices as yet, forcing advertisers to adapt more traditional notions of what constitutes appropriate conduct as long as no legal issues are tampered with as those would stand to be prosecuted (Belch and Belch, 2007). However, there are companies that neglect their ethical responsibility by continually producing and airing unethical advertisements (Polonsky and Hyman, 2007). The ethical issues in advertising apply to companies globally and all consumers. The consumers should not be misled about the products or services that are being promoted. The purpose of this paper is to outline the ethical breaches that are brought on by advertising. The paper is divided into three major ethical issues concerning advertising. Those are, the infringement of the messages, the target audience, and the product or service. 2. MAJOR ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO ADVERTISING 2.1 The Message The message in the public notice is the most crucial component of the advertising strategy. It is inside the message that advertisers can form various representation of the message and insert a hidden meaning. The message of the commercial can be broken down into two different groups in which it communicates. Misleading statements and attractiveness are ways of communicating to viewers. Misleading statements are messages that are presented to viewers and the advertiser discloses their identity. Deception or misleading in advertising leaves viewers with other than reasonable knowledge, which is required to make a purchasing decision, about the product (Caron et al 1985). These messages give consumers incorrect information about products or service, which persuade them to buy it. Organizations are in a business to make sales, and providing false information to consumers to make sales is a risk that they are willing to take. Deceptive claims include advertisements of cigarettes and alcohol for example. Even though, there are many legal restrictions concerning the promotion of cigarettes and alcohol, 229 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo marketers still find a way to exploit these products deceptively. For example, cigarette ads in magazines and billboards represent joy of life instead of death. Alcohol represents a good evening instead of health problems. Advertisers are very skillful to be able to portray these products as healthy and life enduring even though they are not. This is because in these ads and commercials, people are never seen smoking a cigarette or drinking an alcoholic beverage. This is a deceptive claim and does not make the advertisement ethical. Also, honesty is something that these advertisers do not exactly follow. Advertisers are using words like “finest” and “number one,” which are incomparable and untruthful. These kinds of ads are directly affecting consumers and changing their purchase decisions. Representations that are exotic, sexist, or racist endure the potential to damage the reputation of the represented group, and associated group members, as the audience creates meaning and subjective interpretations of such ads which are believed to construct reality as part of the lived experience (Hughes, 2000). The issue occurs when these groups or individuals feel offended as to how they’re being portrayed in the advertisements. As mentioned before, advertisement is changing the way people portray society, culture, and individual self. Stereotyping in advertisement includes the misinterpretation of how women, religious groups, and children function in society. The ethical issue in this is, these advertisements include idealized people performing or using products, which creates uncertainty to the audience and have caused many health effects. For example, anorexia and bulimia has increased because artificial images of actors set up implausible standards of living beyond reach of the regular population (Elliot and Elliot, 2005). It is unethical to advertise such non-natural images of certain people performing or using certain products that offend and insult groups and individuals. The message of advertising is the most important element in the communication process from businesses to consumers. The message holds the most glitches pertaining ethical values and is the most criticized. 2.2 Target Audience Marketing strategies include certain products and service to pertain to a specified target audience. Ethical issues exist amongst advertisements to certain target audiences. These include children, women and senior citizens or the elderly. Many statistical studies have proven that children watch the most commercials on television. This allows advertisers to strategically place commercials on television for children’s products. Targeting children is seen as profitable since children have an effect on families. Advertising to children through television commercials, magazines, and Internet is a concern for parents and society, because children to not have judgments abilities and are vulnerable to 230 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo stray influences (Preston, 2004). Children should not be misled and advertisers should not misrepresent products advertised to children. When targeting women, there is an enormous ethical issue. Women are used in ads mostly as things and sex objects. Models are portrayed flawless and perfection of the physical appearance is strongly suggested. Women do find these ads insulting, but continue to buy the products. Although, the ads cause no harm immediately, but after time with continuous ads of women is portrayed as sex object, it has affected all of society. These ads have caused much health and decrease is self-esteem. Health problems include eating disorders, stress, and abusive use of certain beauty products. Also, with such low self-esteem, more and more women are getting plastic surgery to achieve a flawless physical appearance. Women should be portrayed through their natural beauty. Senior citizens or in other words the elderly are vulnerable consumers to pharmaceutical products. Advertisers use abusive and fear-inductive ads that make the elderly anxious, and tense. It is unethical to promote pharmaceutical products in such an unpleasant manner. The elderly should not be persuaded to purchase products or services through shocking advertisements. 2.3 The Product or Service The ethical issues related to products or services can very immensely depending on cultures. For example, in some eastern cultures advertisements for women’s under garments, contraceptives and sexually related products are found to be offensive and inappropriate. These countries do not advertise such sensitive and personal products publically. While in other liberal cultures in western countries do not find such advertisements insulting. Whether the society accepts such products; it should be in line with the law. Ethical issues arise in all societies liberal or conservative depending on how graphic and arousing this advertisements can be. It is unethical to have billboards in public places that can make people feel sexually aroused or offended and uncomfortable. Advertisements for cigarettes and alcohol are very controversial at the same time. These products are targeted towards young adults, through persuasive advertisements, leading teenagers to believe it is in trend to smoke and drink. New public policies have changed the way tobacco and alcoholic beverages are to be advertised. Advertisements for alcohol include a message to drink responsibly. Cigarettes have new laws to include and specify health risks faced with smoking. Even though laws have been enforced concerning these two controversial products, it does not solve the problems. Teenagers are continually picking up the horrible and unhealthy habit 231 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of smoking. Drunk driving accidents statistics are increasing and young teenagers are victims of such accidents. Drinking and smoking are advertised to be appealing and fashionable, and young adults are persuaded to use the products. 3. CONCLSION This paper has addressed three areas of ethical issues in advertising related to the message, the product or service and the target audience. Although, ethical issues in advertising are different form country to country, depending on culture, tradition, customs and religion. These three issues are most common in unethical advertising. Governments did impose restrictions and rules in the marketing industry, but advertisers still find ways to use unethical advertising without tampering with legal issues. Firms need to decrease their ethical violations in advertising. Firms have to be more aware of ethical issues and put more effort in becoming more respectful to their consumers. Firms should monitor and police the extent of ethical violations deemed plausible for business, and they can let the market be aware of the manner in which they control their advertising ethics stature as a signal of their endeavor toward action and commitment of their corporate social responsibility perspective. (Boddewyn, 1985). It is important for advertisers to fully understand and follow an ethical way of promoting products or services. Promotions are to be conducted in a way not to persuade the audience to do something. The message in an advertisement should be honest and not deceptive. An ad should serve to simply promote a new product or service to be used for the sole purpose of it. The target audience should not be misleading in certain ways that apply to them. Children, teenagers and women should be appropriately targeted with advertisements that are not aimed at their inabilities to make the right decision. Marketers/advertisers must stop indulging in unethical practices and start respecting local moral values and ethics. The public needs to be aware of unethical advertising and take concern in protecting the children, women and elderly of the society. REFERENCES Belch, G. E. & Belch, M. A. (2007). Advertising and Promotion. 1. Ed. Boston: McGrawHill. Bingham, F. G., Gomes, R. & Knowles, P. Business Marketing. (2006). 3. Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 232 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Boddewyn, J. J. (1985). Advertising Self-Regulation: Private Government and Agent of Public Policy. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 129.141. Burnett, M. Keith, N., & Pettijohn, C. (2003). An Empirical Analysis of Factors Influencing Student Reactions to Ethical Advertising Dilemmas: Educational Experience, Work Experience, Ethical Philosophy, and Demographics. Marketing Education Review, 33-46. Carson, T. L., Wokutch, R. E., & Cox Jr., J. E. (1985). An Ethical Analysis of Deception in Advertising. Journal of Business Ethics, 93-104. Coyne, M. & Traflet, J. (2008). Ethical Issues Related to the Mass Marketing of Securities. Journal of Business Ethics, 193-198. Elliot, R. & Elliot, C. (2005). Idealized Images of the Male Body in Advertising: A readerresponse Exploration. Journal of Marketing Communications, 3-19. Greenberg, Jerald. (2005). Managing Behavior in Organizations. 4. Ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Hughes, D. M. (2000). The Internet and Sex Industries: Partners in Global Sexual Exploitation. Technology and Society Magazine, 35-42. Murphy, P.E. & Laczniak, G.R. (2006). Marketing Ethics. 1. Ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Nill, A. L. & Schibrowsky J.A. (2007). Research in Marketing Ethics: A systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Macromarketing. 256-273. Polonsky, M. J. & Hyman, M. R. (2007). A Multiple Stakeholder Perspective on Responsibility in Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 5-13. Preston, C. (2004). Children’s Advertising: The Ethics of Economic Socialization. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 364-370. 233 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Velasquez, M.G. (2006). Business Ethics Concepts & Cases. 6. Ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Transformation Of The Institutional Structure Of Western Balkan Countries Şermin Şenturan1, Samir Husić2 1Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak/Turkey 2International University of Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina E- mails: senturansermin@gmail.com, samirhusic@gmail.com Abstract Transformation of the institutional structure affects economic development both from the cost of transactions aspect and the operating costs. In development theory it is usual to define development as economic growth plus structural change. But in the framework of institutional economic theory development could be defined as economic growth plus appropriate institutional change, meaning institutional changes which facilitate further economic growth.There are several factors influencing reforms in the Western Balkan countries. Those countries prove that institutions can successfully change at the time of crisis. Although the general rule shows strong correlations among the many reform measures, some institutions develop independently of other measures of institutional or organizational reform. As it is emphasized on the role of institutions in growth and development, it should be also recognized that institutions can change regardless of undesirable environmental factors. Keywords : institutional change, economic transition, Western Balkan Countries 1.INTRODUCTION Transformation of the institutions in a new market economies have been mostly radical in an astonished and unpredictable direction. Numerous factor influenced reforms that followed in liberalization of prices, privatization, opening of economy to the foreign investments, liberalization of the foreign exchange market, and the reduction of foreign trade restrictions. The main dimensions along which various national capitalist systems can be placed are the corporate governance and macroeconomic institutional environment (Cernat, 2001). Corporate governance and business-state relations influenced choice and path that economies in transition undertaken. Regardless of strong efforts, disintegration of these economies suffered severe contraction due to collapse of export demand from former trading partners, while domestic demand declined. 234 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1118 Title A name given to the resource Ethical Issues Related Advertising Author Author Nina, Kustura DUMAN, Teoman Abstract A summary of the resource. Advertisement is used to draw attention to a product or service in a special and unique way to increase sales. Promotions are a major driver of a firm’s integration to impel sales. In a competitive environment, advertisement can be a leading technique to sell if it is distinctive and attractive to consumers. The firms must provide customers with a product or services that stands up to the covenants of the firm’s product or service. Ethical issues in advertising are allied to all businesses and customers. Prominent scholars have premeditated these issues for years. The purpose of this paper is to explain the ethical issues pertaining the messages, the products or services and the target customers. It also explains the main ethical issues in truth of advertising, advertising to children, harmful products, and tactics. Keywords: Advertising ethics, marketing ethics, legal issues, moral values, message, target audience, marketers, and advertisers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1305 Title A name given to the resource Ethno-Linguistical and Dynamic Transformation Process of Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author Azamat, Akbarov Ulku, Ayhan Abstract A summary of the resource. Language and identity are two items impossible to ignore in a `nation` defined by following different elements within it and with language indicating feelings of group belonging. Bosnia and Herzegovina has a very distinguished place in the world with its history and mosaic-like unity, and has included three ethnicities over recent centuries. fromt time to time, similarities have bounded in contrast to the differences seperating and deepening the `otherness feeling`. Governing rules in the Bosnia and Herzegovina territories have had the leading effect of shaping the characterisitics of those areas. The most distinct turning points writing the fate of those territories were the Ottoman Empire and the former Yugoslavia. In our study, we aim to study that process in terms of ethnical and linguistic perspectives. Key Words: Ethnicity, Language, Boshnjak, Serbian, Croatian, Transformation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics,PE English,PR English literature https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/80004ba3594ce156252c2581280ac551.pdf f23b22c3ec36d58456ef16acacbe0663 PDF Text Text 1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Ethnocentrism and Xenophofia in Bosnia and Herzegovina Implication on Cross-cultural Education AZRA BRANKOVIC International University Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina azrabrankovic@yahoo.com VELID DRAGANOVIC International University Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina draganovic@hotmail.com Abstract: World is full of people, group, nations, who think, feel and act differently. However, all these people in global world have to cooperate in order to solve global warming, poverty, terrorism, swaine or avian flu, AIDS, pollution, extintion of animals, economic problems. In global economy customers, partners, suppliers, workers come from different location. People, groups and nations must have awareness of cultural differences and have ability to work with people from diverse background. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a place where many cultures encountered. The country population has a distinct ethnic and confessional composition consisting of Bosniak (44%), Serb (31%), and Croat (17%) and other ethnisities (8%), of Muslim (40%), Orthodox (31%), Roman Catolic (15%) and other religions (14%). People are closed in their ethnic and confesional groups, as a result of the war and nourish fear, anger and hate. It has strong and negative implication on education. The aim of this paper is to research ethnocentrism, xenophofia and social trust in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its implication on education. Secondary research will be done based on UN, OSCE and media reports. Primary research will be done using as a target group students from International University Sarajevo. Inductive method of expert system will be applied to analyze the questionnaire. Recommendations for overcoming this situation will be made in the end of paper. Key words: globalization, ethnocentrism, xenophobia, cross-cultural education, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1. INTRODUCTION Bosnia and Herzegovina is a place where many cultures encountered. The country population has a distinct ethnic and confessional composition consisting of Bosniak (44%), Serb (31%), and Croat (17%) and other ethnisities (8%), of Muslim (40%), Orthodox (31%), Roman Catolic (15%) and other religions (14%). People are closed in their ethnic and confesional groups, as a result of the war and nourish fear, anger and hate. It has strong and negative implication on education. The aim of this paper is to research ethnocentrism, xenophofia and social trust in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the era of globalization and its implication on education. Secondary research will be done based on UN, OSCE and media reports. Primary research will be done using as a target group students from International University Sarajevo. Inductive method of expert system has been applied to analyze the questionnaire. Recommendations for overcoming this situation will be made in the end of paper. 2. GLOBAL WORLD World is full of people, group, nations, who think, feel and act differently. However, all these people in global world have to cooperate in order to solve global warming, poverty, terrorism, swaine or avian flu, AIDS, pollution, extintion of animals, economic problems. In global economy customers, partners, suppliers, workers come from different location. Companies search for the best people all around the world and the people search for the best jobs all around the world. People, groups and nations must have awareness of cultural differences and have ability to work with people from diverse cultural background. Letter I in IBM means international, but it could easily means intercultural, as IBM had 325 000 employees that speak 165 languages and sells to the clients in 175 countries all around the world. Ford sells its cars to 130 countries. Out of ten biggest American 203 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo export markets, just two (Great Britain and Canada) speaks English. In the era of globalization, education is the most important asset. People understand that competition is very strong in global world. 33 millions professional people live today in the developing countries. Number of graduate students increases at the rate 5.5% annually in these countries. One million students graduate in China every year. India has one of the best educational systems in the world and the best experts from the field of engineering, informational technologies, medicine. People from various cultures are connected and communicate today via Face-book, My Space, and Twitter. 500 million people log on Face-book. If this web site were granted terra firma, it would be the world‘s third largest country by population, two-thirds bigger than the US. Face-book is global, 70% of users are not Americans. People share on Face-book more than 25 billion information and put one billion photos every month. Twitter had 175 millions of registered users in September 2010. LinkedIn, professional network, published that it reached number of 100 millions of users. It gets a new member every second. 3. SHORT HISTORY OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Bosnia and Herzegovina is a place where many cultures encountered, coexisted peacefully for centuries benefitting from each other. People inhabited Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Palaeolithic, hundred thousand years ago. During neolith, people in Bosnia established permanent settlements. The first tribes in Bosnia and Herzegovina were Illyrians. Celts from Northern Italy attacked Bosnia from the north in 370 century BC. They stayed only in the north of Bosnia, but their influence spread all over Bosnia as they have been technologically advanced and Illyrians took over and adopted new technologies. Greeks established their colonies at the Adriatic coast and islands in the 4th century BC, but they spread their influence also on Bosnia and Herzegovina through trade. Greeks were advanced and Illyrians learned from Greeks making coins, building cities, producing arms, tools, jewellery, dishes. Conflict between the Illyrians and Romans started in 3 rd century BC, but Rome would not complete its annexation of the region till 9th year AD. Illyrians were defeated at last, after 3centuries of battles and stayed 5 centuries in Roman Empire sharing the same destiny as many nation of Europe, Asia and Africa. In the Roman period, settlers from all over the huge Roman Empire settled among the Illyrians or just travelled to Bosnia for various reasons. Young people from Bosnia were obliged to serve in Roman army, sometimes for 30 years and returned after that. So, population of Bosnia in the Roman period was very heterogeneous. It came from Orient, Greece, Egypt, Trakia, Iran and many other countries. It is noted that 40 different religions co-existed at that time and people in Bosnia worshiped 52 different gods. Following the crises of the Roman Empire between end of 3rd and beginning of 4 th century AD, barbaric tribes started with attacks. Region was conquered by the Goths, Alans, Huns, Byzantine Empire and finally by the Avars and Slavs, who crossed the river Sava in the year 602 nd AD. We do not know a lot about life of Slavs upon their arrival and political situation in Bosnia during the Early Middle Ages. It was around this time that the Bosnia was Christianized and was probably one of the last areas to go through this process. Bosnia emerged as an independent state in the 12th century under the rule of local bans. During the rule of Kulin ban (1180-1204), one of the most important rulers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, country started to develop economically and culturally. Official church in Bosnia was Bosnian Church and official religion was bogumilism, considered heretical by the Roman Catholic Church and Byzantine church. This religion survived till Ottoman Empire arrived at Bosnia. In the 14 th century, during the bans and kings from Kotromanic dynasty, Bosnia reached the top of political and territorial power and king Tvrtko I Kotromanic was the greatest ruler at Balkans. Bosnia acquired with territorial expenditure also catholic and orthodox believers, so three religions have existed in Bosnia. First encounter with Ottomans happened in 1386th in Neretva valley and then again in 1388th. Ottomans lost these battles, but their activities and influence in Bosnia have been increasing since that time till the final fall of Bosnia in 1463th. The Ottoman conquest of Bosnia marked a new era in the country's history and introduced drastic changes in the political and cultural landscape of the region. According to historical sources almost all Bosnian bogumils accepted Islam, but also a lot of people from catholic or orthodox religion. However, people were not forced to accept Islam. The Bosnian Franciscans (and the Catholic population as a whole) as well as the Orthodox community in Bosnia was free to exercise their religions. Ottomans ruled in Bosnia and Herzegovina almost 500 years but with the decline of Ottoman Empire were forced by Great Power to cede administration of the country to Austria-Hungary through the treaty of Berlin in 1878. During that period from 1878 till 1918, what was Austrian Hungarian occupation of Bosnia, people from other countries started to immigrate to Bosnia and Herzegovina and change cultural structure. Immigrants reached the number of 114 591 in the year 1910. They mainly came from Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Italy and Czechoslovakia. Following World War I, Bosnia was incorporated into the South Slav kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (soon renamed Yugoslavia). Bosnia and Herzegovina was prosperous part of Socialistic 204 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Yugoslavia from the end of World War II till the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1992 and the war that devastated the country. Discussions between Croat and Serb presidents included "...the partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina between Serbia and Croatia." were held as early as March 1991 known as Karadordevo agreement. Following the declaration of independence of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbs from Bosnia and Herzegovina with support from Serbia, attacked different parts of the country. The Serbs wanted all lands where Serbs had a majority, eastern and western Bosnia. The Croats and their leader also aimed at securing parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Croatian. The objectives of nationalists from Croatia were shared by Croat nationalists in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Bosnian branch of the ruling party in the Republic of Croatia, the Croatian Democratic Union, proclaimed the existence of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, as a separate "political, cultural, economic and territorial whole", on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina on November 18, 1991. Serb Democratic Party members established the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on January 9, 1992. War in Bosnia and Herzegovina is known for brutal ethnic cleansing, genocide, mass rape and concentration camps. The most recent research places the number of killed people in Bosnia and Herzegovina at around 100,000–110,000, (some sources cited over 300 000), and the number displaced at over 2.2 million, making it the most devastating conflict in Europe since the end of World War II. Today 117,000 are still refugees or internally displaced persons. In August 2010, 10.402 persons were still missing from the conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 4. ETHNOCENTRISM AND XENOPHOFIA Ethnocentrism is tendency to judge all other group according to the standards, behaviours and customs of one‘s one group. When making such comparison, people too often decide that their own group is superior. Racism assumes that one group is superior over other and often use it to justify violence for the purpose of maintaining that superiority. These theories have been responsible, among other things, for the holocaust organized by Nazi during the World War II. Totalitarian ideologies like apartheid often impose definition which group is better and which were inferior. Xenophobia is fear of strangers and foreigners. What is different is dangerous. In the United States there been periodically scientific discussion on whether certain ethnic groups, in particular blacks, could be genetically les intelligent than whites. However, Americans reported recently that black segregation in US drops to lowest in century. Europe seems to have reached a stage in its development in which countries have joined a supranational union. 5. SOCIAL TRUST IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 5.1. Trust index Social trust can be measured by trust index, created by The World Values Survey. It is an ongoing academic project by social scientists to assess the state of socio-cultural, moral, religious, and political values of different cultures around the world. In order to build the map of a Trust Index for each country, calculations are based on the following formula: Trust index = 100 + (% Most people can be trusted) - (% Can´t be too careful) In this way, index over 100 corresponds to countries where a majority of people trust others, while an index under 100 corresponds to countries where a majority of people think one can never be too careful when dealing with others. Countries that have high trust index are Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Switzerland, New Zealand, Australia, Netherlands, and Canada. These countries generally trust people. Bosnia has trust index of 32.4. This index is very low and shows that people in Bosnia and Herzegovina do not trust each other. This index puts Bosnia and Herzegovina at 91st place out of 171 countries. 5.2. UNDP research on social trust Oxford research International on behalf of the UNDP, with support of Netherlands Government has carried out comprehensive research on social and political situation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, addresses 205 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo general well being, trust, social capital, politics, corruption, etc. One of finding of this research is that people in Bosnia and Herzegovina do not trust each other. In fact, with only around one in 14 respondents (7.2%) saying that you can trust other people, there appears to be breakdown in social trust. Research finds that social trust is ‗virtually non-existent‘ in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the social fabric in the country is characterized by an ‗absolute weakness of social bonds of trust, reciprocity, and solidarity: international comparisons, including countries as Iraq put Bosnia and Herzegovina to the last position. Also, people in Bosnia do not expect much fairness from their fellow citizens. Next UNDP research, carried out later on did not found any improvement on social trust in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Findings of this research are presented in table below: Table – People‘s trust in Bosnia and Herzegovina Percent trusting all or most of each group Family Close friends Neighbours Own ethnicity Other ethnicity General level of trust 11.0 11.0 10.9 10.2 People with a different way of life 8.7 8.8 9.0 1.7 Total BiH FBiH RS BrĦko (118) Bosniak Croat Serb Of local ethnic majority Of local ethnic minority Of ethnically balanced community Men Women Urban Rural Under 30 30 to 65 Over 60 82.7 83.4 81.0 92.4 61.1 59.3 63.2 69.5 33.5 33.6 33.0 45.8 21.3 21.3 21.0 32.2 81.6 83.5 83.4 83.2 58.5 56.6 64.6 63.0 33.1 34.9 33.6 35.3 20.9 20.7 22.3 22.1 10.8 12.3 10.2 10.5 9.1 7.7 8.8 8.8 7.4 11.2 12.2 10.5 77.0 44.4 25.9 22.2 16.7 12.0 9.2 85.0 60.1 24.7 13.7 11.0 6.1 2.7 81.4 84.0 81.0 84.0 88.1 81.7 80.9 61.7 60.4 57.1 64.1 71.9 58.8 56.3 34.1 33.0 26.1 39.1 25.5 30.3 45.7 18.8 23.7 16.9 24.7 19.0 18.3 28.3 9.9 12.0 10.4 11.4 10.4 9.0 15.0 7.9 9.6 8.3 9.1 9.6 7.3 10.6 8.7 11.0 9.6 10.1 8.9 9.8 10.6 9.9 8.5 12.2 5.1 The report also found that the highest levels of trust are reserved for family and friends, from whom people derive considerable support. Trust levels are lower vis-à-vis neighbours, and are much lower for ‗outsiders‘–nonfamily members and non-neighbours, including those of one‘s own ethnicity. Rather than describing a society suffering from ethnic polarization, these suggest that Bosnia and Herzegovina is characterized by very low levels of trust towards ‗strangers‘. In this respect, there were almost no differences across gender, age, and ethnic groups, or across the two entities. 206 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 5.3. Research at International University Sarajevo Students at International University Sarajevo who took the course Business Communication in spring semester 2010 answered the questionnaire regarding 5 dimensions of national culture in June 2010. Class consisted of 44 students, half from Turkey and the other half from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inductive method of expert system has been applied to analyze the questionnaire and give answer on differences regarding national cultures between Turkey and Bosnia and possible convergence. Results show that the most dominant cultural characteristics of Turkish students are related to the quality of future work and private life. However, the most dominant cultural characteristic of Bosnian students was related to the fear. The most dominant question was:‖Would you work for the manager of other nationality?‖ Bosnian students answered negative. It might be surprising as target group were young people, educated, from rather wealthy families, and someone would expect more tolerance and openness. However, this primary research just confirmed above mentioned UNDP research that did not find any differences in social trust across age group. 6. IMPLICATION ON EDUCATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA There is no cross cultural education in Bosnia. There are three different education systems in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Every ethnic group in Bosnia and Herzegovina has its own educational plan, program and curricula. This is result of Dayton agreement which gave responsibility over education to entities and cantons. So, some students learn that their country is Bosnia and Herzegovina, other that it is Serbia and third that it is Croatia. First students follow Bosnia‘s curricula, second Serbia‘s curricula and third Croat‘s curricula. The biggest problem is teaching ethnically sensitive courses such as history, geography, religious history, and languages, so called national group of courses. Croat textbooks are in large part taken from Republic of Croatia and all examples in such textbooks are connected with people, language, literature and cultural heritage of Croatia. The Serb curriculum textbooks magnified their belonging to Serbia. Such textbooks cite only names, towns, rivers and poets from Serbia or Republica Srpska. The Bosnian textbooks are the only one that encourages sense of belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina and use the both Latin and Cyrillic alphabets, but they also describe material from one nation‘s perspective. Ethnic-based curricula are deeply rooted, as they have been freely functioning since the early 1990s. Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina is highly politicized, a reflection of the country‘s lingering struggles with ethnic division. Schools have become a battlefield in the fight for ethnic dominance, resulting in a system of ethnically ―clean‖ schools where children learn from ethnically specific curricula and textbooks, and have little interaction with their peers from other ethnic groups. Primary school in Capljina, small town in Herzegovina, is a perfect example of a post-war Bosnian phenomenon called ―Two Schools under One Roof‖. The system is mainly found in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the region with a predominantly Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) and Croat population. Under this concept, Bosniak and Croat students and teachers use the same school facilities but have no contact with one another, and follow divergent, ethnic-based curricula. In many such schools, Bosnian and Bosnian Croat children, as well as their teachers, have no mutual contact. Students often arrive at school via different entrances, they take separate breaks, and the teachers have separate common rooms. However, since establishment of these schools, there have been many reports of conflict between students of different nationalities. In the Federation there are currently 57 schools which operate in this way. In the Bosnian Serb-dominated entity of Republika Srpska, Bosnian and Croat returnees similarly attend their own ethnic schools. This situation is highly supported by political parties in power. Education Minister of the Federation‘s Middle Bosnia canton (where the largest number of ―Two Schools Under One Roof‖ exist) told local media that authorities were not going to suspend the project because she saw no problem with it and ―because it helps in reducing education expenses.‖ But she also said something more illustrative of the larger problem. ―The ‗Two Schools under One Roof‘ project will not be suspended because you can‘t mix apples and pears. Apples with apples and pears with pears,‖ Minister explained. 207 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo The segregated system affects not only students, but teachers as well, as they continue to be appointed based upon ethnic criteria. For instance, there is an unwritten rule that a Croat teacher cannot teach geography or history subjects in Republika Srpska, while a Serb cannot teach those subjects in the Federation. Research done by OSCE, Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina shows that for many parents it is more important that their children attend the schools that offer curricula they want for the children than the quality of education and nearness of the school. So, it is not a rare case that parents decide that their children should go to schools which are much further than their designated schools in order to learn by their national curricula and to be among students of same ethnicity as their own. Parents explain this decision with fear that "their children will lose their national identity if thought on accordance with other ethnicities‘ curricula. Bosnian parents specifically point to history classes in the Republica Srpska as particularity unacceptable. Several studies and analyses have been conducted on textbooks on national subjects from three ethnic curricula. Studies concluded that existing textbooks on these subjects are filled with nationalist and intolerant language regarding the other ethnic groups, particularly when talking about the recent war and are in many cases fascist in nature. Examined textbooks represent in fact an extension of wartime nationalist rhetoric, filled with hatred and intolerance. The analysis of the ‗National Group of Subjects‘ contents in textbooks done by Open Society Fund Bosnia and Herzegovina concludes that that textbooks on national group of subjects and on religious education, are predominantly dealing with only one nation and that they are not in favor of multicultural society. This encourages segregation of students as well as of society as a whole. Also, these textbooks point out that its own people are threatened by other peoples living in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is underlined as a lesson taught in the past which should be a guideline for relations between peoples in the future. In their research Open Society Fund Bosnia and Herzegovina also found that textbooks contain parts which interpret differences in Bosnia and Herzegovina primarily as a problem, and rarely as potential or wealth. This content in curricula encourages the attitude that living in multicultural society is complicated because different groups have different values, expectations and tradition which are not complementary. This supports attitudes of governing ideologies that it is impossible to live together in this area. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there are 13 separate education laws. The two entities have their own laws, the Federation‘s 10 cantons have theirs, and the self-governing District of Brcko has its own. The international community, created an education bill intended for state-wide implementation, which it then forced the Bosnian Parliament to pass. However, the relevant authorities have never implemented the law. Bosnia and Herzegovina has also ratified several international conventions that guarantee high quality education to all children in multicultural environment, free from political, religious, cultural and other prejudice, but current educational system in Bosnia and Herzegovina does not respect or implement it. 7. CONCLUSIONS Bosnia and Herzegovina has always been a place where many cultures encountered, coexisted peacefully for centuries, benefitting from each other. Bosnia and Herzegovina is ethnocentric and xenophobic place where people are closed in their ethnic and confesional groups, as a result of the war nourishing fear, anger and hate towar others. Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina, even fifteen years after the end of the war, remains the least reformed sectors in Bosnian society. Students and teachers at all levels continue to experience ethnic and religious segregation, intolerance, and division. Educational systems in Bosnia and Herzegovina do not create positive attitude toward the country. 208 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo Educational system in Bosnia and Herzegovina does not promote respect for other cultures and for cultural differences, but consider other cultures different and dangerous. Educational system in Bosnia and Herzegovina does not promote multicultural learning, but learning and promoting just culture of only one nation. Education system in Bosnia and Herzegovina created generation of young, intolerant, ethnically isolated, and ethnically overfed students. Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina does not build but destroys country. The quality of education itself in Bosnia and Herzegovina falls well below European standards. 8. RECOMMENDATIONS Bosnia and Herzegovina has to abolish segregated educational system and create modern system based on European standards. Bosnia and Herzegovina has to create unified curricula and textbooks on a state level, which would prepare students for the work and life in Europe and global world teaching them cultural tolerance, openness to other culture and cultural diversity. 209 �1st International Conference on Foreign Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics May 5-7 2011 Sarajevo 9. References Azra Brankovic, Savo Stupar, ―Cultural Differences between Turkey and Bosnia: Does convergence exist?‖, International Symposium, Balkans and Islam: Encounter-Transformation-Discontinuity-Continuity Cannakale, Turkey, 3-5 November, 2010. Balkan insight, Bosnia: No End to 'Two Schools Under One Roof', 18 Feb 2010, available at http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/bosnia-no-end-to-two-schools-under-one-roof European Commission, Joint Report on Social Inclusion. Commission of the European Communities, 2004, p.10. Available at http://www.socialinclusion.ie/JointSocialInclusion Report2004.html. Geert Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, Michael Minkov, Cultures and Organizations, 3 rd edition, 2010, McGraw Hill Companies, USA, Group of authors, Bosnia and Herzegovina from the old times till the end of 2 nd world war, Press center of BH Army, 1994, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Open society fund Bosnia and Herzegovina and Promente, Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina: What do we teach out children, Sarajevo 2007, available on http://www.promente.org/userfiles/What%20do%20we%20teach%20our%20children.swf OSCE Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007, reports on education available on http://www.oscebih.org/Documents.aspx?id=146&lang=EN UNDP and Oxford Research International, The Silent Majority Speaks: Snapshots of Today and Visions of the Future in BiH, Sarajevo, 2007. Available at http://www.undp.ba/index. aspx?PID=7&RID=413. UNDP, National Human Development Report: Social Inclusion, Sarajevo, 2007. Available at http://www.undp.ba/index.aspx?PID=36&RID=63. UNDP, Assessing Social Exclusion in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, 2010, available at http://www.undp.ba/index.aspx?PID=3&RID=56 World value survey, available on www.worldvaluessurvey.org 210 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 32 Title A name given to the resource Ethnocentrism and Xenophofia in Bosnia and Herzegovina Implication on Cross-cultural Education Author Author BRANKOVIC, AZRA DRAGANOVIC, VELID Abstract A summary of the resource. World is full of people, group, nations, who think, feel and act differently. However, all these people in global world have to cooperate in order to solve global warming, poverty, terrorism, swaine or avian flu, AIDS, pollution, extintion of animals, economic problems. In global economy customers, partners, suppliers, workers come from different location. People, groups and nations must have awareness of cultural differences and have ability to work with people from diverse background. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a place where many cultures encountered. The country population has a distinct ethnic and confessional composition consisting of Bosniak (44%), Serb (31%), and Croat (17%) and other ethnisities (8%), of Muslim (40%), Orthodox (31%), Roman Catolic (15%) and other religions (14%). People are closed in their ethnic and confesional groups, as a result of the war and nourish fear, anger and hate. It has strong and negative implication on education. The aim of this paper is to research ethnocentrism, xenophofia and social trust in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its implication on education. Secondary research will be done based on UN, OSCE and media reports. Primary research will be done using as a target group students from International University Sarajevo. Inductive method of expert system will be applied to analyze the questionnaire. Recommendations for overcoming this situation will be made in the end of paper. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2011-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3366 Title A name given to the resource ETIMOLOŠKI DJELIMIČNO TRANSPARENTNE PREPOZICIJE Author Author Trbonja-Omanić, Anisa Abstract A summary of the resource. Ovaj rad jeste samo jedan dio opsežnog istraživanja sekundarnih prepozicija u novinskim glasilima njemačkog govornog područja. Iz tog istraživanja izdvojena je grupa sekundarnih prepozicija na osnovu svoje specifične morfološke transparentnosti. Ovdje će biti govora, prije svega, o rekciji i valentnosti, kao temeljnim pojmovima dependencijalne gramatike kako bi se mogle analizirati morfosintaktičke funkcije i semantička obilježja sekundarnih prepozicija. Ključne riječi: sekundarne prepozicije, dependencijalna gramatika/gramatika zavisnosti, rekcija, valentnost. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed PE English https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/aea5d4a3fa11ac3777e202ce1e5eb644.pdf 685774f582a7b4241b73f03494bc62c9 PDF Text Text International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo EU Crisis: Economic Collapse Aida Habul University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina aida.habul@efsa.unsa.ba Amila Pilav-Velid University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina amila.pilav-velic@efsa.unas.ba Nermin Kuldija University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina nermin.kuldija@bhtelecom.ba Adnan Šutrovid University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina adnan.sutrovic@hotmail.com Merdzana Obralic International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mobralic@ibu.edu.ba We consider economic crisis as one of the main problems which effect whole population on some particular part of geographic area. There are many factors that significantly took place in triggering the crisis, however, the main reason was the combination of unequal distribution of wealth and income and stock market intensified speculation which rampant during the monitored period. In this research, we discuss the emergence of the crisis, causes and its influence in the period from 2007 until today. Further, our main objective will not be only European Union, it will be the countries most affected by the crisis: Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy. These counties are frequently referred as PIGS. We will use statistical data, graphs etc. to show what the world’s economy went through. This information is taken from recognized sources for tracking economic variables. With analyzes of this information, it is going to be easier to understand what is happening in the EU economy, countries most affected by the crisis and in the most developed countries resilient to the crisis. When it comes to Bosnia and Herzegovina, we have identified the following causes of the financial crisis: political instability, lack of legal state, poor economic performance, high levels of poverty, etc. Both, inflation rate and GDP at current prices in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the 23 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies, 10-11 May, 2013, Sarajevo period 2006 - 2016 was the subject of our analysis. Furthermore, we discuss the European crisis and overcoming present financial crisis in the EU, with special emphasis put on Germany's role in finding future economic stability and prosperity. The role of The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) is thoroughly discussed and analyzed and the role of the organization that would continue EFSF activities after 2013, the European Stability Mechanism. At the end, we came to conclusion that this is a particular example how the banking crisis evolved into finance crisis, which is followed by currency crisis and at the end it takes characteristics of debt crisis. Keywords: EU Crisis, Economic Collapse, EFSF, Bosnia and Herzegovina 24 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1473 Title A name given to the resource EU Crisis: Economic Collapse Author Author HABUL, Aida PILAV-VELIC, Amila KULDIJA, Nermin OBRALIĆ, Merdžana Abstract A summary of the resource. We consider economic crisis as one of the main problems which effect whole population on some particular part of geographic area. There are many factors that significantly took place in triggering the crisis, however, the main reason was the combination of unequal distribution of wealth and income and stock market intensified speculation which rampant during the monitored period. In this research, we discuss the emergence of the crisis, causes and its influence in the period from 2007 until today. Further, our main objective will not be only European Union, it will be the countries most affected by the crisis: Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Italy. These counties are frequently referred as PIGS. We will use statistical data, graphs etc. to show what the world’s economy went through. This information is taken from recognized sources for tracking economic variables. With analyzes of this information, it is going to be easier to understand what is happening in the EU economy, countries most affected by the crisis and in the most developed countries resilient to the crisis. When it comes to Bosnia and Herzegovina, we have identified the following causes of the financial crisis: political instability, lack of legal state, poor economic performance, high levels of poverty, etc. Both, inflation rate and GDP at current prices in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2006 - 2016 was the subject of our analysis. Furthermore, we discuss the European crisis and overcoming present financial crisis in the EU, with special emphasis put on Germany's role in finding future economic stability and prosperity. The role of The European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) is thoroughly discussed and analyzed and the role of the organization that would continue EFSF activities after 2013, the European Stability Mechanism. At the end, we came to conclusion that this is a particular example how the banking crisis evolved into finance crisis, which is followed by currency crisis and at the end it takes characteristics of debt crisis. Keywords: EU Crisis, Economic Collapse, EFSF, Bosnia and Herzegovina Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-10 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/ac96afca7fe35742f70460e7604c4279.pdf 502ed757bc24c1fd2414f25e5167a1de PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Although, England who connected itself to the U.S. dollar in terms of financial and banking system and convert its system from Sterling into dollars as the world's second largest dollar reserves, being a member of the community, it didn’t obey the Community's common monetary policy especially, refused to use the euro came into force in 1999. Britain's entry into the agricultural policy would harm Commonwealth countries, which have an important place with Britain, both politically and commercially. Britain that has already been damaged by the Community's agricultural policy, is working to resolve this situation by regional development policies (Eraktan, 2006). If we look at in terms of the Common Monetary Policy, Britain’s which is so dependent to U.S. Dollar; inclusion to Euro will cause its damage in terms of economic, political and prestige. In the environment that the EUROZONE whose basis was constructed by The Hague Summit in 1969 and Werner Report, became a threat to the EU’s future by recently living a difficult test because of the crisis, it is a fact that it provided a significant advantage to England. Eu Economic Integration Process Of Macedonia Agim Mamuti International Balkan University (IBU),Skopje, Macedonia agim.mamuti@yahoo.com Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a general overview of the accession process with a special reference to the economic integration and the challenges of the Republic of Macedonia in the road of joining the European Union. The European Council of December 2005 granted the status of candidate country to the Republic of Macedonia. The Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) between the Republic of Macedonia and the EU was signed in April 2001 and entered into force in April 2004. The Council adopted the Accession Partnership for the country, including key priorities for reform, in February 2008. In October 2009, the Commission recommended to the Council to open negotiations with the country, as well as to move to the second phase of SAA Implementation. These recommendations were reiterated in 2010. The Council has not yet concluded its deliberations on the Commission's proposals. Visa liberalization for citizens travelling to the Schengen area has been in force since 19 December 2009. The country has a small, open economy, with total trade in goods and services recovering to a level of 114% of GDP in 2010, following the 2009 recession. Trade integration with the EU is advanced, with about 63% of all exports currently going to and about 53% of imports originating from the EU. The CEFTA region is the country's second most important trading region, accounting for around 24% of exports and around 10% of imports. The export structure continues to be highly concentrated on a limited range of products, with textiles and clothing accounting for about 17% of total exports and manufactured iron products for 26% in 272 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2010. The stock of FDI increased to about 51% of GDP, with the Netherlands, Slovenia and Austria being the biggest investors. In total, EU countries accounted for about 60% of total FDI inflows. Switzerland, Turkey and Serbia are the most important non-EU investors. The exchange rate against the euro has remained stable in nominal terms. Price competitiveness has remained largely unchanged. Overall, in the last years trade integration with the EU is well advanced, but exports remain concentrated on a few price-sensitive products. International price competitiveness remained largely unchanged.26 Keywords: EU, economic integration, Macedonia, Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA), candidate-country, membership 1.EU ECONOMIC INTEGRATION PROCESS OF MACEDONIA Macedonia’s process to become a member of the European Union (EU) is an objective that enjoys broad national consensus. This process for EU membership thus must shape national policy, both foreign and domestic, the reform initiatives, and the economic agenda and business strategies. Macedonia’s EU aspiration provided the compass for the reforms that were implemented in the transition process, and it still anchors the social agreement among virtually all Macedonian citizens. It is important for this reason to review here what has been achieved and what is to come; bearing in mind that EU integration reaches into every aspect of the life. Economic growth is increasingly important for Macedonia for its own sake as well as for the country’s path toward the EU; equally important is the growth of its institutional and administrative capacity at all levels of government, from the local to the international. The main objectives and stepping stones in the next stages of Macedonia’s EU integration will be economic growth, economic and social opening to the EU and institutional preparedness. An important milestone in Macedonia’s path toward EU membership was the signing of the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) in 2001. This agreement provided a strong motivation for the intensification of the adjustments necessary for the fulfillment of EU membership criteria. One positive outcome of the SAA was the establishment of an appropriate administrative structure and of an institutional framework for implementation of the Agreement as well as for monitoring of its implementation.27 The next important step occurred in December 2005, when Macedonia achieved the status of a candidate country. This was an important political recognition of the progress and reforms achieved; however, an important reservation to this positive assessment of Macedonia’s progress is the fact that a date for negotiations has not been set because the country is not yet ready. The acquisition of candidate status does not mean fulfillment of the strict EU criteria for membership. In fact, Macedonia has only reached the point at which the complex process 26 Official documents from the web-page of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of RM, http://www.mfa.gov.mk 27 Commission of the European Communities, The Republic of Macedonia 2011 Progress Report, Brussels, October 2011, p.25 273 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo of negotiation about the individual chapters of the Acquis Communautaire and of fulfillment of the membership criteria, especially the economic ones, begins. Fulfillment of the economic criteria for membership must be a top priority for Macedonia, not only in order to meet the standards of the EU, but also because they are crucial for Macedonia’s economic and social progress. Macedonia needs to fully develop a functioning market economy that will allow an even ground for competition and weed out all the oligarchic elements in the economy that stifle its overall growth. The Macedonian economy needs to be able to cope with the intense competitive pressures and market forces within the EU. Consequently, Macedonia needs to be aiming for where the EU economy will be at the end of the reporting period not where the EU economy is today.28 The capacity of Macedonian institutions to effectively manage the requirements implied by EU membership and, before membership, the administration of processes such as the implementation of laws and the management of funds, needs to be strengthened. Answering the European Commission Questionnaire revealed that Macedonia has the potential to meet the administrative requirements of EU membership, but this potential cannot remain latent and needs to become the norm. Firm political commitment and leadership, not only management, is needed to prepare these institutions and the Macedonian economy for European integration. Municipalities need to be able to administer funds effectively and transparently. They need to be able to effectively interact with EU organs and to formulate sound and comprehensive policies Public and civil servants from all levels of government need to be trained to work within European standards and processes, to effectively plan, budget and administer funds, to create projects and manage them ably and to be capable of being a positive and proactive member of the EU that can fully participate in European governance and in the formulation of EU policies. 29 The next step ahead is the negotiation process, which are both a great opportunity and a great threat. If Macedonia proceeds efficiently in this process, it will demonstrate to itself and to the world its institutional readiness for membership; if it fails to do so, its image as a modern state will suffer correspondingly. A successful negotiation will have important positive economic benefits and solidify a fragile national consensus; a negative outcome to the negotiation may nurture Euro skepticism and a general resistance to any further reform processes since these will be seen as having high costs and few benefits. Macedonia will not be in a position to negotiate parallel chapters at the same time, as other countries have done; it will need to do so sequentially. This may slow the overall process. Macedonia need not rush this process, but, rather, it should strategically adopt segments of the Acquis if it is to its benefit to do so and leave those segments that may be hardest for its economy and society to internalize for last. Furthermore, it is very important that there should be some continuity among Macedonia’s negotiators. They will also need to communicate intensively with the general public and explain the process so as to maintain the national consensus for EU membership. Consequently, the process of negotiating Macedonia’s entry into the EU must be as transparent as possible. 28 Official documents from the web-page of the Secretariat for European Affairs of RM, www.sep.gov.mk 29 Национална програма за усвојување на правото на ЕУ – ревизија 2011, Секретаријат за европски праша (Влада на Република Македонија), Скопје 274 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The time between achieving candidate status and the negotiations leading to future membership will be challenging, both politically and economically. While issues of political stability and interethnic dialogue have dominated the discussions between European and Macedonian politicians thus far, economics will dominate the next stage leading toward EU membership. Macedonia needs to undertake a major overhaul of its laws and institutions to prepare for EU membership. Such a large revision of laws, regulations and institutions should, in the long term, be beneficial. However, there will be transition costs, and considerable thought must be given to the phasing in of various EU-related laws and regulations. Consequently, Macedonia must create the capacity to weigh the costs and benefits of adopting specific EU laws and regulations at any given time and to develop a comprehensive plan for doing so. Preparing for EU membership will be a major task for the Macedonian government and society, as well as for the business sector. While the experience of other countries suggests that the pace with which changes are implemented may accelerate over time, it is critical that Macedonia have a clear roadmap of the process, one that identifies costs and benefits of adopting specific measures and weighs them against Macedonia’s ability to absorb such changes as well as their congruence with Macedonia’s economic strategy at any period of time.30 Macedonia has an enormous potential market open to it because of the free trade agreements (FTAs) it has signed, including the one with the European Union. Overall, the FTA’s did not initially stimulate Macedonian exports very much, suggesting a weak supply response on the part of Macedonian exporters or ineffective implementation of the FTAs.31 Macedonian producers must pay greater attention to such factors as environmental standards, packaging, quality, marketing, management techniques and market study to prepare for the EU market. It is hence worthy of mention that one of the elements of the pre-accession process is access to EU funds which will be channeled through the new Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA). The main goal of the pre-accession funds is to prepare the institutions of future member countries for the management and administration of the much larger Structural Funds that the country will have access to once it becomes a member of the EU. Indeed, in order to obtain the pre-accession funds, the country needs to define its development and investment priorities for the medium-term, as well as clearly define and organize the institutional mechanisms for using the funds. The IPA funds will have a positive effect on economic growth through creation of a more attractive business climate by contributing to investments in infrastructure, institution-building, human resources, agriculture, competitiveness of firms, all with a consideration for balanced internal regional development. Within the region, Macedonia has an advantage in bordering the EU, in the form of Greece, to the south. Indeed, the bulk of foreign investments that have come in the past years have been from Greece. However, the possibility of exporting to the rest of the EU is significantly hampered by the numerous borders that need to be crossed to reach the biggest part of the EU 30 Official documents from the web-page of the Ministry of Economy of RM, www.economy.gov.mk 31 EUROSTAT 275 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo market. For this reason, it is in Macedonia’s interest that the rest of the Western Balkan countries also enter the EU as soon as possible. The EU has a market of over 500 million people32, but there is a market of sixty million customers within this region that also can be tapped if unification of sorts occurs regardless of, or as a prelude to, Macedonia’s entry into the EU; indeed, regional cooperation of increasing intensity is an important aspect of the Stabilization and Association Agreement. An encouraging move in this direction is the recent political commitment to, and the start of in 2007, a single free trade agreement (FTA) for the countries of SEE. Improvement of land and air communication must be Macedonia’s top priority. The airport is Macedonia’s gateway to the world and is in dire need of investments, which will come most easily if it is fully privatized. Except for Greece, all EU countries are a considerable distance from Macedonia, and air connections are critical for trade and business. Nevertheless, this does not undermine the importance of Corridors 8 and 10, for both Macedonia’s regional and European perspectives. Corridor 10 has a greater perspective of realization and natural evolution, being also important to Greece. However, Corridor 8 will require more of a push by Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria. Although corridors 8 and 10 were effectively taken off the European transport map, their importance is increasing as EU foreign policy progressively turns toward Asia. 2.CONCLUSION In the past ten years the Republic of Macedonia is legitimized as a reliable partner and true ally of the EU. Macedonia has not ignored any institutional stage in the development of relations with the EU - starting with the Cooperation Agreement, the Agreement on Stabilization and Association, applying for membership in the European Union, up to receiving a status as a candidate-country for membership. The decision of the European Council of December 17, 2005 granting the candidate status for EU membership is an event of historical importance for the Republic of Macedonia as deserved recognition for the efforts and results achieved in the way of achieving the strategic goal - EU membership. The economic results achieved by the Republic of Macedonia during the transition are far lower than the achievements in the South-eastern European countries. The numerous noneconomic events in the country and the region in the 1990’s and the beginning of the century also contributes to this. With a low inflation rate of 2.5% in last years and a stable exchange rate (with one devaluation of 16% in 1997), Macedonia was a leader among the transition countries in terms of the macroeconomic stability, but numerous non-economic events in the country and the region led to a low average growth in the entire transition period. In the recent years, the Republic of Macedonia generally meets most of the Maastricht criteria. The single bigger problem that our country is facing is the non-existence of a long term 10-year bond used as a reference instrument when defining the interest rate. In this period, the Maastricht criteria are not obligatory for the Republic of Macedonia but they still have great significance for approximation of our economy to the European Union. 32 McKinsey, Global investor Opinion survey on corporate Governance ( 2002 ) 276 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Having in mind the present situation within the EU, regarding the negative atmosphere for enlargement, the implementation of Copenhagen and Maastricht criteria will simply not be good enough for candidate countries such as Macedonia. Knowing that in the past a decision for accession was often made for geo-strategic reasons, obtaining political support is even more important factor for the Macedonian accession to the EU. Taking into consideration this fact, it is a need Macedonia to solve the name issue with Greece. REFERENCES Werner Weidenfeld & Wolfgang Wessels, Europa von A bis Z, Bonn, 2002 Вернер Вајденфелд, Волфганг Веселс, Европа од А до Ш, Издадено во Baden-Baden, 2009 Државен завод за статистика, Годишни извештаи 2006-20011 Ласкомбе, М.& Ванденриеш, Х., Јавни финансии, Скопје, 2006 година Мелита Трајковиќ, Цели и инструменти на монетарна политика: современи искуства, НБРМ, јуни 2006 година Народна банка на Република Македонија, Годишни извештаи 1999-2009 Национална програма за усвојување на правото на ЕУ – ревизија 2011, Секретаријат за европски праша (Влада на Република Македонија), Скопје Рен, Оли: Следните граници на Европа, Скопје, 2007 година Студија, Приближување кон Европската Унија: предизвици и можности, Скопје, 2009 година Трпески, Проф.д-р Љубе: Пари и банкарство, второ дополнето и изменето издание, Economy Press, Скопје, 2005 година Treaty of European Union, Maastricht, 07.02.1992 Европски совет од Луксембург, Резолуција за координација на економската политика во третата фаза од ЕМУ, 12-13.12.1997 TREATY establishing the European Economic Community, 29.07.1992 Internet sources: http://europa.eu/ http://ec.europa.eu http://www.delmkd.ec.europa.eu http://www.consilium.europa.eu http://ec.europa.eu/dgs_en.htm http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/index_en.htm http://eurotreaties.com http://ecb.int http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat http://europa.eu/abc/obj/treaties/index_en.htm 277 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm http://worldbank.org http://imf.org Corporate Governance Practices in Bosnia and Herzegovina Aida Nušinović International Burch University, Faculty of Economics, 71000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E-mail: aida.nusinovic@gmail.com Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present the state of corporate governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina, to determine the degree of its principle applications, and to emphasize the importance of good corporate governance practices for transition economies, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. Corporate governance, by its simplest definition, presents a system of management and control over the company. Good corporate governance practice is important for the investment climate, because it provides greater security for investors and shareholders and leads to sustainable long-term economic development. Because of the reorganization of the still present economic system, developing countries are faced with many problems related to the implementation of corporate governance, such as insufficient use of existing legislation, underdeveloped capital markets and insufficient bussiness transparency of the company. Foreign investors do not wish to invest in companies that do not apply the principles of corporate governance and studies have shown that for making investment decisions, the application of good corporate governance practices plays an important role. The problems Bosnia and Herzegovina is facing are still a lack of business transparency of company operations, as well as the insufficient protection of minor shareholders. At the end of this paper certain guidelines are given in order to improve practices of corporate governance in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and also the importance of their application to the company and the country itself is highlighted. Keywords: corporate governance, transition economies, economic development, principles, business transparency 1. Definition of Corporate Governance The term of corporate governance is far more complex than thought of at first, and implies not only the way in which a company is governed, but a full range of internal and external relations, as well as legal regulations. According to the definition of the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), corporate governance involves a set of relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Good corporate governance should provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interests of the company and its shareholders 278 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1334 Title A name given to the resource Eu Economic Integration Process Of Macedonia Author Author Agim , Mamuti Abstract A summary of the resource. The purpose of this research is to provide a general overview of the accession process with a special reference to the economic integration and the challenges of the Republic of Macedonia in the road of joining the European Union. The European Council of December 2005 granted the status of candidate country to the Republic of Macedonia. The Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) between the Republic of Macedonia and the EU was signed in April 2001 and entered into force in April 2004. The Council adopted the Accession Partnership for the country, including key priorities for reform, in February 2008. In October 2009, the Commission recommended to the Council to open negotiations with the country, as well as to move to the second phase of SAA Implementation. These recommendations were reiterated in 2010. The Council has not yet concluded its deliberations on the Commission's proposals. Visa liberalization for citizens travelling to the Schengen area has been in force since 19 December 2009. The country has a small, open economy, with total trade in goods and services recovering to a level of 114% of GDP in 2010, following the 2009 recession. Trade integration with the EU is advanced, with about 63% of all exports currently going to and about 53% of imports originating from the EU. The CEFTA region is the country's second most important trading region, accounting for around 24% of exports and around 10% of imports. The export structure continues to be highly concentrated on a limited range of products, with textiles and clothing accounting for about 17% of total exports and manufactured iron products for 26% in 2010. The stock of FDI increased to about 51% of GDP, with the Netherlands, Slovenia and Austria being the biggest investors. In total, EU countries accounted for about 60% of total FDI inflows. Switzerland, Turkey and Serbia are the most important non-EU investors. The exchange rate against the euro has remained stable in nominal terms. Price competitiveness has remained largely unchanged. Overall, in the last years trade integration with the EU is well advanced, but exports remain concentrated on a few price-sensitive products. International price competitiveness remained largely unchanged.26 Keywords: EU, economic integration, Macedonia, Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA), candidate-country, membership Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/cbd3f5c4e2118e691139ee9286f18262.pdf 2b06a2f3b5edea62fd0f2892e36b9e9e PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo EU Projects And Project Sample In Sustainable Development Of Lifelong Education Instructor Ahmet Gümüştekin Dumlupinar University Lifelong Training Center Director agumustekin62@hotmail.com Abstract: The countries allocate a high wealth from their budget to provide sustainable development in the field of lifelong education. However the budgets of the institutions are limited because of some reasons it is difficult to allocate institutional budget. Whereas all institutions can draw benefit from EU Education and Youth Programs. The thing to do is to perform a project. Thereby they can provide donation. But many institutions do not have information about such a program. To cover the knowledge shortcoming and to enlighten the projects it is approached the feasibility of the project as a study subject. The lifelong learning program (LLP) which is included in EU Education and Youth Program donates these kinds of projects. Especially Leonardo Da Vinci (LDV) program, inside this program mobility and inside mobility program VET and Education Experts Oriented (VETPRO) project sample “Consultancy applications and application examples in real estate sector”. The sections listed below will try to form the project. -The aim of the project -The connection of the project with participants’ education, vocational and individual development and relation of intercultural language skills -The project’s program aims in relation with the European priorities in call offer -The work plan and the timetable of the project -The abroad information for the participants pedagogical, cultural and language preparation. -The content of education for participants -Budget Keywords: Lifelong Learning, EU, Project, Application Introduction In our country it’s real that there is a lot of qualified personnel shortcoming in many fields. To cover this shortcoming all the institutions can provide donation from EU Education and Youth Programmes. However many institutions don’t have information about such a program yet. To cover the information shortcoming and enlighten the projects it is approached the feasibility of the project as a study subject. Education Programmes Prime Ministry State Planning Organization Center for EU Education and Youth Programmes especially donates in 4 basic titles within the context of Lifelong Learning Programme (LLP). These are Comenius, Erasmus, Leonardo and Gruntvig programmes. Chiefly by the programme Leonardo (LDV) it donates providing extremely high contribution to vocational education. Here, it is drawn attention to the project type providing donation to Mobility Programme and the Vocational Education and Training Experts Programme which takes place in Mobility Programme. Leonardo Programme: Being an EU Vocational Education Programme, Leonardo da Vinci is carried out to sustain and develop the VET policies of EU member countries and candidate member countries. This programme aims to improve quality in vocational education systems and applications using cooperation among countries, to prompt innovation and promote European dimension. Leonardo Programme Mobility Projects: The ones concerned with vocational education, using the donation provided from EU donation programmes, are educated in related institutions or firms of EU countries in a period of time. In the programme there are 3 types of projects. These are the types of projects providing donation for: -The ones who are receiving Basic Vocational Education (IVT) -The ones in Business Market (PLM) -Vocational Education and Training Experts (VETPRO) 160 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo -Basic Vocational Education Receivers (ITV) projects; It contains the mobility of the students receiving vocational education and these trainings can go on 2-39 weeks. -The ones in Business Market (PLM) Projects; ĐT contains the training of the ones newly graduated from high school or university, looking for a work or newly finding a job and these trainings can go on 2-26 weeks. -The Projects that Vocational Education and Training Experts (VETPRO) Benefits; It includes the trainings of the managers responsible for vocational education, trainers, Programme preparers and vocational guidance experts and these trainings can go on 1-6 weeks. The Institutions That Can Make An Application • Vocational Education Institutions , • Public Institutions • Local authorities • Managements, KOBI s • Profession Organizations ( Chambers, Commodity Exchanges) • Civil Society Foundations ( Syndicates, Charitable Funds, Associations) Can make an application and can provide donation within this context. The Reasons Of Making Projects After these information given this question can be asked. Why to make a mobility (VETPRO) project? The answers are; 1- To improve the people’s knowledge and ability about the vocational education, 2- To see the technology and innovation in its place and transfer them to our country, 3- Analyzing the applications and the systems to our institution, then to reach EU standards, 4- To improve our individual and institutional vision, 5- To have the advantages of the certificate “EUROPASS” which is known in whole Europe Project Sample For example, a project sample can be formed towards Vocational Education and Training experts (VETPRO) ( It will be worked up very important parts in the application form because it is impossible to take place in here) It is known that consultant shortcoming in real estate sector is very high. If it is thought that a project is prepared and domestic, foreign partners are found to cover this shortcoming. The thing to do is to determine the problem and write the solutions to a paper. Suppose that the project title is “CONSULTANCY APPLICATIONS AND APPLICATION EXAMPLES IN REAL ESTATE SECTOR” The Aim of The Project “In the world and in our country, there are rapid developments in house, building, buildings shopping center investment financing; vacant lot house and duty buildings as well as buying and selling in the real estate sector. Because of these developments the necessity to well educated marketing, management, real estate evaluation experts and consultants has been increased. Nonetheless in organizing the real estate evolution reports and in real estate consultancy service, it is evaluated that our country has urgency to accord international standards. In our country there is no consultancy policy about real estate sector up until now. It is aimed to make consultancy policies not only in the sector but also in sector’s future working people. It will be focused on searching the system applied in European Union for reaching the target. By observing the consultancy applications in real estate sector in EU in order to form the consultancy services in the sector and strategies to be used in the organizations that provide the relevant education, the project aims; 1- To search consultancy applications in real estate sector and related education applications, 2- To learn the policies applied in real estate sector in European Union countries, 3- To analyze the consultancy applications in real estate sector, 161 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo 4- To analyze working systems of real estate firms, 5- To analyze lawful rules about real estate sector in European Union countries, 6- To see dealership and franchising applications in its place, 7- To compare the public and civil society’s collectively actions with our country. In the project to see the good examples in their places, there will be studies to plan strategically for the future of our country to transfer good examples. The mobility will be in the month of November and will be performed with 10 people in Italy.” The Project’s Connection to; education of the participants, vocational and individual developments and its relation to intercultural and language ability: “With this project the participants: -They will be able to generate policies for real estate sector consultancy. -They will be able to understand what to do while developing consultancy services. -They will be able to have foreign language knowledge to communicate sufficiently. -They will be able to learn to compare social responsibility and ethical values about real estate sector subjects. -They will be able to see the actual developments in their places and they will realize necessary judicial statutes and innovations in real estate sector. -They will be able to form a sensitive crowd towards consultancy problems in their institutions. -They will be able to increase social sensitivity by press conferences. -They will be able to gain the application methods and technics from Europe to our society. -They will provide to increase awareness of the society about this subject. -They will be able to transfer their acquisitions to their institutions. Furthermore the participants will be able to improve their foreign languages, to have dialogues with foreigners, to satisfy their needs and they will be able to sustain their life on their own in other foreign countries which they will visit in the future. As a result of the project they will have their personal Europass document so that they will have certificate about the subject.” The Relation of the Project with the Aims of the Programme and The European Priorities Which are stated as Offer Call; In this project; It is aimed to increase the real estate service standards in our country and it is planned to transfer the experiences. Furthermore relating with the aims below it will be possible to reach general aims beside private aims. In this respect; -By the end of LLP programme with the aim to increase mobility at least 80000 per year. The project attendants will be able to sustain their specialties owing to mobility. Thus they will increase the number of beneficiary while they are contributing the mobility as qualification and quantity. -Partners from public and private sector attended to the project. So that the cooperation between institutions and foundations will be increased at the same time owing to the information sharing this is made by common European policies. And it will be provided that these policies to be healthy, to be feasible and it will be provided to introduce these policies to the societies. -Establishing the innovative applications in vocational education and training, this knowledge will be transferred to our country. -Hence the mobility will be in Italy. In addition to English, Italian will be encouraged. So it is also encouraged to learn modern languages. -It is supported to add informatics technology to education and business life so that the services will be more qualified. As a result, the services in education and business will become varied and widespread. In this respect our project: -Hence we don’t have a completed mobility project before. -Hence the male –female proportion of the participants are equal. -Because of applying from Kütahya city, it satisfies national priorities too. The work plan and time table of the project; “Activities can be; -Making the project activity detailing studies with all partners.01-09-2010 / 01-10-2010 162 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo -Choosing the participants (the election criteria will be published in the webpage 3 weeks before mobility if the project was accepted)02-10-2010 / 03-10-2010 -Signing the contract with participants and partners (Participants’ agreeing the financial contribution and attendance to activities, host partners’ paying fees in reply to their providing facilities etc. The contract which is containing these subjects will be signed.)04-10-2010 / 15-10-2010 -The participants’ training seminar. 16-10-2010 / 31-10-2010 -Sharing the activities with the participants and making distribution of duty. 01-11-2010 / 04-11-2010 -Passport, visa, ticket preparation for going abroad.05-11-2010 / 15-11-2010 -Carrying out the mobility in Italy.17-11-2010 / 23-11-2010 -Preparation of reports about the mobility. 25-11-2010 / 10-12-2010 -Preparation of mobility results relying on the reports. 11-12-2010 / 11-01-2011 -Starting the activities for making the results widespread (seminars, press conferences, education of disadvantaged people’s families and all the activities to make widespread.)12-01-2011 / 11-02-2011 -Preparing the final reports and presenting them to national agency12-02-2011 / 28-02-2011 ” The information of the participants’ preparation about staying abroad, taking pedagogical, cultural and linguistic education; “1-Information meetings will be held to the participants for cultural preparation about the host countries’ culture. 2-Professional preparation about real estate consultancy education policies will be made. 3-LDV programme introductory information will be given to the participants. 4-Some words in Italian language will be taught to the mobility participants. The host countries will not participate to these activities. These activities will be carried out in the dates 16-102010 31-10-2010 The content of the participants’ education; In this section there will be given information about the education of the participants in the foreign country. “The education programme below is prepared to satisfy the needs of the participants. For this reason it is included education places, institutes, people, public and civil organizations to this study programme. After the interview with our partner it is declared that these trainings will be provided. Also by signing an agreement it is guaranteed that these trainings will be given. Italy Study Programme 1st Day – Introducing to institution officials and general informing. - Giving information about study programme - Introducing the institution which will give the service and residential accommodation. - Today’s programme aims to recognize our partner, the institutions and residential accommodation. 2nd Day – Searching real estate consultancy services and education applications. Today’s programme aims to learn consultancy services and education applications and transfer our applications to them 3rd Day - Searching the real estate consultancy policies. Today’s programme aims to search service policies and compare with our policies to determine similarities and differences. 4th Day – To learn European policies in real estate consultancy service. Today’s programme it will be searched EU policies and it is provided to compare among Turkey, Italy and EU. In this respect all the participant groups will be provided. 5th Day – Analyzing the education methods about real estate consultancy service. Today’s programme: It is especially for Vocational High School. It is aimed to learn these methods and share information mutually. 6th Day – Searching the thoughts of public and civil organizations about the subject. Today’s programme: It is taken to programme for our participants to give information to public and civil organizations. 7th Day – To have social and cultural trips It is included to the programme to have cultural exchanges.” Budget 163 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo One of the most important sections of the project is to prepare the budget. The heading of the things to pay attention are; the sustenance price per a week changing from country to country, standard transportation costs, standard managing and organization costs. If disadvantaged people participate in the mobility they will need a companion. There will be an other budget item for these people. The budget of the project is calculated like this: -The one week sustenance price for one person 665 Euro, -Maximum transportation cost for one person 600 Euro, -Management and organization donation for VETPRO project type; 1 person 100 Euro and 10 people will attend to the mobility of the project. Budget Items: -Sustenance prices 10x665=6650 Euro -Transportation costs 10x600=6000 Euro -Management and organization donation 10x100=1000 Euro. Total budget of the project will be 13650 Euro. Conclusion When a project like this was prepared, a group of 10 people analyzed the real estate sector’s consultancy services and realized the educative aims of the project to gain experience. As a result of these acquisitions; a-They will be able to generate policies for real estate sector consultancy. b-They will be able to understand what to do while developing consultancy services. c-They will be able to have foreign language knowledge to communicate sufficiently. d-They will be able to learn to compare social responsibility and ethical values about real estate sector subjects. e-They will be able to see the actual developments in their places and they will realize necessary judicial statutes and innovations in real estate sector. f-They will be able to form a sensitive crowd towards consultancy problems in their institutions. g-They will be able to increase social sensitivity by press conferences. h-They will be able to gain the application methods and technics from Europe to our society. i-They will provide to increase awareness of the society about this subject. j-They will be able to transfer their acquisitions to their institutions. References http://www.ua.gov.tr, T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Avrupa Birliği Eğitim ve Gençlik Programları Merkezi Başkanlığı, Türk Ulusal Ajansı, Hayat Boyu Öğrenme Programı http://www.ua.gov.tr/index.cfm?action=detay&bid=10 T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Avrupa Birliği Eğitim ve Gençlik Programları Merkezi Başkanlığı, Türk Ulusal Ajansı, Leonardo da Vinci programı. http://www.ua.gov.tr/uploads/leonardodavinci/2010%20Hareketlilik%20Basvuru%20Formu%20Rehberi.pdf.. T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Avrupa Birliği Eğitim ve Gençlik Programları Merkezi Başkanlığı, Türk Ulusal Ajansı, Hareketlilik Projeleri Başvuru Rehberi. 164 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 421 Title A name given to the resource EU Projects And Project Sample In Sustainable Development Of Lifelong Education Author Author Gümüstekin, Ahmet Abstract A summary of the resource. The countries allocate a high wealth from their budget to provide sustainable development in the field of lifelong education. However the budgets of the institutions are limited because of some reasons it is difficult to allocate institutional budget. Whereas all institutions can draw benefit from EU Education and Youth Programs. The thing to do is to perform a project. Thereby they can provide donation. But many institutions do not have information about such a program. To cover the knowledge shortcoming and to enlighten the projects it is approached the feasibility of the project as a study subject. The lifelong learning program (LLP) which is included in EU Education and Youth Program donates these kinds of projects. Especially Leonardo Da Vinci (LDV) program, inside this program mobility and inside mobility program VET and Education Experts Oriented (VETPRO) project sample “Consultancy applications and application examples in real estate sector”. The sections listed below will try to form the project. -The aim of the project -The connection of the project with participants’ education, vocational and individual development and relation of intercultural language skills -The project’s program aims in relation with the European priorities in call offer -The work plan and the timetable of the project -The abroad information for the participants pedagogical, cultural and language preparation. -The content of education for participants -Budget Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General)