100 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/0edc809ebe1473411d03473f364b1531.pdf 82b865a21d51cc20fd580cb99c0effca PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Filipovic, M. (2006). Importance of Institutional Development for Western Balkan Countries. 46th European congress of the Regional Science Association „Enlargement, Southern Europe & Mediterranean“. Volos, Aug. 30- Sep. 3 2006. Belgrade, April, 2006. Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States. (2011, June). Federal Reserve Statistical Release. Retrieved from http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/current/data.htm Golubović, S., & Golubović, N. (2005). Financial Sector Reform in the Balkan Countries in Transition. Economics and Organization Vol. 2, No 3, 2005, University of Niš, pp. 229 – 236. Hodges, M., Woolcock, S. (1993). Atlantic Capitalism versus Rhine Capitalism in the European Community. Frank Cass & & co ltd, Great Britain. Tridico, P. (2005). Institutional Change and Human Development in Transition Economies. European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy. EAEPE Conference paper, November 2005, Bremen (Germany). Empowerment At Higher Educational Organizations AŞermin Şenturan1, Julijana Angelovska2 1Bülent Ecevit Üniversity, Zonguldak/Turkey 2International Balkan University, Skopje/Makedonia E- mails : senturansermin@gmail.com, julijana.angelovska@yahoo.com Abstract Empowerment is a concept which is widely used in management and many managers and professional in various organizations claim to be practicing it. The objective of this study was to assess the construct validity and internal consistency of the Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (PEQ) for employees in higher education. The PEQ was administered at private university in Skopje. The study is empirical research on psychological empowerment, and more specifically research regarding a tool that can be used to assess the level of psychological empowerment of employees in higher education organisations. If psychological empowerment can be measured in a reliable and valid manner, interventions can be implemented to promote the empowerment of employees. Exploratory factor analysis is used to verify the validity of the psychological empowerment comprising four cognitive dimensions i.e. meaning, competence, self-determination and impact in the context of private higher education institutions The subscales showed acceptable internal consistencies. Psychological empowerment can be measured in a reliable and valid manner in higher educational organizations. 241 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: academia; psychological empowerment; employee; private higher education 1.INTRODUCTION Employee empowerment is considered by many organizational theorists and practitioners to be one of the most important and popular management concepts of our time. Empowerment of employees in the workplace provides them with opportunities to make their own decisions with regards to their tasks. Today many managers are practicing the concept of empowerment among their subordinates to provide them with better opportunities. Companies ranging from small to large and from low-technology manufacturing concerns to high-tech software firms have been initiating empowerment programs in attempts to enhance employee motivation, increase efficiency, and gain competitive advantages in the turbulent contemporary business environment. Empowerment is a desirable management and organizational style that enables employees to practice autonomy, control their own jobs, and use their skills and abilities to benefit both their organization and themselves. The word "empower" has potency and strength. Similar to the concept of "motivation," the most common misuse of the idea of empowerment is that one person can empower another. Empowerment is an inner-to-outer dynamic, most useful when preceded by silence and awareness of inner guidance. Empowerment is not simply another way to "get" something, it's a condition that supports you in living life fully. It is the process of providing production and managerial guidelines, and then allowing employees to make the day-to-day decisions that affect their job duties. Empowerment is the process of enabling or authorizing an individual to think, behaves, take action, and control work and decision making in autonomous ways. It is the state of feeling self-empowered to take control of one's own destiny. The problem for most executives is that managing employees is complex. An organization may simultaneously be working on employee empowerment and several other programs designed to improve performance. The key goal for managers is to understand the balance of performance elements with employees and trust their employees by empowering them to help the organization. Empowerment represents a kind of moral hazard for managers (Pfeffer at all,1998); depends on the ability of the manager to reconcile the potential loss of control inherent in sharing power with the need to empower employees for higher levels of motivation and productivity that often come with empowerment (Mills & Ungson, 2003). To reduce the risk of the moral hazard, managers and organizations can (1) set clear limits and boundaries as to what level of empowerment is appropriate so employees know what is acceptable (Blanchard et al, 2001; Seibert et al., 2004), (2) build trusting relationships in which employees are less likely to operate on self-interest, and (3) measure and reward key performance goals to ensure that individual and organizational goals are aligned (Spreitzer & Mishra, 1997). 242 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo The above discussion suggests that a need for psychological empowerment exists for empirical research on psychological empowerment, and more specifically regarding a tool that can be used to assess the level of psychological empowerment of employees in higher education organisations. However, such a tool has to be proven reliable and valid and because no studies have been reported regarding the reliability and validity of a measuring instrument of psychological empowerment in Macedonia. If psychological empowerment can be measured in a reliable and valid manner, interventions can be implemented to promote the empowerment of employees. The objective of this study was to determine the construct validity and reliability of the Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire. 2.Psychological Empowerment Psychological empowerment exists when employees perceive that they exercise some control over their work life. Various schools of thought regarding psychological empowerment have evolved over time. Conger and Kanungo (1988) classified empowerment in terms of five stages. The first stage entails the diagnosis of conditions within the organization that are responsible for the feelings of powerlessness among employees. This leads to the use of empowerment strategies by managers in stage two, directed at removing the external conditions responsible for powerlessness. Thomas and Velthouse (1990) propose a cognitive model in which empowerment is shaped by an individual’s work context and personality traits. According to them, psychological empowerment consists of a set of four cognitions reflecting an employee’s orientation to his or her role, namely meaning (i.e. the value of his or her work), competence (i.e. his or her capability to perform the work), choice (i.e. the choice in initiating and regulating actions) and impact (i.e. the ability to affect organizational outcomes). Spreitzer (1995) modified the model of Thomas and Velthouse and defined empowerment as a motivational construct manifested in four cognitions: meaning, competence, self-determination and impact. According to Spreitzer, psychological empowerment reflects an individual’s active orientation to his or her work role and consists of cognitions that are shaped by the work environment rather than a fixed personality attribute. According to Menon (2001), psychological empowerment represents a psychological state that can be measured. It is regarded as a continuous variable, meaning that people can be viewed as either more or less empowered rather than empowered or not empowered The four dimensions of psychological empowerment, namely meaning, competence, selfdetermination and impact, combine additively to create an overall construct of psychological empowerment. The lack of a single dimension will deflate but not completely eliminate the overall effect of experienced empowerment (Spreitzer,1995). In summary, they are defined as follows: ‘Meaning’ is termed as “the value of a work goal or purpose, judged in relation to an individual’s own ideals or standards” (Spreitzer, 1995). It reflects a sense of purpose or 243 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo personal connection to work (Mishra & Spreitzer, 1998). Quinn and Spreitzer (1997) state that empowered people feel that their work is important to them and they care about what they are doing. ‘Competence’ or `self-efficacy` is “an individual’s belief in his or her capability to perform work role activities with skill” (Spreitzer, 1995). It indicates that individuals believe that they have the skills and abilities necessary to perform their work well (Mishra & Spreitzer, 1998). This dimension is labeled competence rather than self-esteem because of a focus on efficacy specific to a work role. ‘Self-determination’ is an individual’s sense of having choice in initiating actions. It reflects a sense of freedom about how individuals do their own work (Mishra & Spreitzer, 1998). Self-determination relates to the opportunity to select task activities that make sense and to perform in ways that seem appropriate (Quinn & Spreitzer, 1997). ‘Impact’ is the degree to which a person can influence strategic, administrative or operating outcomes at work. It describes a belief that individuals can influence the system in which they are embedded (Mishra & Spreitzer, 1998). This describes an individual’s ability to influence outcomes at work. Quinn and Spreitzer (1997) state that impact is the accomplishment one feels in achieving goals. The feeling of perceived impact involves the sense that employees’ activities are really accomplishing something and that others listen to them. (Spreitzer, 1995). The above-mentioned four dimensions represent the psychological perspective of empowerment. 3.Measurement of psychological empowerment Psychological empowerment was measured at a private university in Skopje/Macedonia by using 12 items from Spreitzer (1992, 1995b) based on four dimensions, namely meaning, competence, self-determination and impact. The scores from these dimensions are averaged to form an overall score for psychological empowerment for each respondent. The PEQ contains three items for each of the four sub dimensions of psychological empowerment (for example, Meaning: ‘The work I do is meaningful to me’; Competence: ‘I have mastered the skills necessary for my job’; Self-determination: ‘I have significant autonomy in determining how to do my job’; and Impact: ‘I have a great deal of control over what happens in my department’). Respondents were simply asked to indicate their agreement with the above items on a 5 points Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". The problem with most of the studies that focused on the construct validity of the PEQ is that they made use of exploratory factor analyses. Exploratory factor analysis is used primarily as a tool for reducing the number of variables or examining patterns of correlations among variables (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). Decisions about the number of factors and rotational scheme are based on pragmatic rather than theoretical criteria. Confirmatory factor analysis, in which different competing theoretical models can be tested, is appropriate when the aim is to find the best fitting theoretical model. Confirmatory factor analysis also makes it possible to specify first-order and second-order latent variables. Notably, the literature review showed 244 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo that deviations for the four-factor model of psychological empowerment were observed when exploratory factor analysis was implemented. Based on the above discussion, the following hypothesis is formulated for this study: Hypothesis 1: Psychological empowerment, as measured by the PEQ, is a four-dimensional construct (meaning, competence, self-determination and impact). Description of Sample: For our study, there were forty-two participants, or 80% of the employees. Majority of employees (88%) were younger than 40, or the ages of our participants range from the lowest of age twenty four to the highest of age sixty-two. More men (55%) than women (45%) participated in the research. The majority of employees as it is expected (32) had a level of highest education (PhD and MCs), or 31 of the respondents are academic stuff and 11 administrative. 4.Verification of psychological empowerment dimensions The analysis was carried out with the SPSS 15.0 program (SPSS, 2006). The reliability and validity of the PEQ were assessed by means of Cronbach alpha coefficients and factor analysis. Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) were computed to describe the data. Table 1 below shows the mean and standard deviation for each factor. Low rating in any dimension will lower overall empowerment. Therefore, higher ratings in all dimensions are needed to ensure a high level of empowerment (Lee & Koh, 2001). According to Brancato (2006), a worker should understand the dimensions of psychological empowerment and the strategies related to this concept. The administration should examine each dimension and be ready to take actions necessary to increase the level of employee agreement towards the dimensions and increase the level of psychological empowerment experienced by employee (Hancer & George, 2003). Table 1. Descriptive statistics and Cronbach alpha coefficients of the PEQ Mean Self-determination Std. Deviation Cronbach alpha 10,9762 2,83263 0.836 9,5952 2,74137 0.846 Meaning 13,5714 1,50029 0.724 Competence 13,9286 1,27629 0.720 Psychological Empowerment 48,0714 5,63263 0.807 Impact 245 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Competence and Meaning received the highest evaluation compared to other dimensions of psychological empowerment. This shows that employees feel that they are competent without an inconsistency between his or her personality and the job and their work is meaningful and important to them. However, comparatively the level of impact received the lowest evaluation by the respondents. This means that employees do not really feel that they can influence their work outcome. They might not feel that their work can affect the overall goal achievement and do not really believe that he/she can influence the strategic output, management and operation in the workplace. Therefore, the dimension of impact should be improved. Being self-determinant means for one that he or she is able to define alternatives and choose between them. The mean of self-determination is in the middle as important factor because it is about taking initiative and feeling competent and responsible about work. From Table 1 it is evident that the internal consistencies of the four subscales of the PEQ as well as the total scale are highly acceptable, compared to the guideline of 0.70 as set by Nunnally and Bernstein (1994). Factor analysis utilizing principal component method with varimax rotation was carried out and identified four factors that explained 73% of the variance. This means that a large part of variances was caused by the first four factors. Hence, this study supported Spreitzer’s (1992) theory that states that psychological empowerment is composed of four dimensions. 5.CONCLUSION This study proves the validity and reliability of the psychological empowerment scale (Spreitzer, 1992) in the work context of private higher education institutions. The aim of this study was to assess the construct validity and internal consistency of the PEQ for employees in selected organizations. The results show that the PEQ can be assumed invariant across a test and replication sample of employees in selected university in Macedonia. A four-factor model (including competence, meaning, impact and self-determination) of psychological empowerment fits the data best. The four subscales of the PEQ and the total scale show highly acceptable internal consistencies. The results of this study provide support for the construct validity of the PEQ in selected university. The conclusion of the present study is similar to those of other related empirical studies. Similar study is hoped to be carried out in a public university as well. Future research could also compare the level of psychological empowerment and innovative behavior of employees from private higher education institutions with those from public higher education institutions. Clearly, more research is needed to establish the predictive, convergent and discriminant validity of the PEQ. Larger sample sizes might provide increased confidence that study findings would be consistent across other (similar) groups. REFERENCES Blanchard, K., Carlos, J., & Randolph, A. 2001. Three keys to empowerment. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler. 46 246 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Brancato, V. (June, 2006). Enhancing psychological empowerment for nurses. The Pennsylvania Nurse. Pennsylvania Nurses Association. p. 31. Conger, J. A. & Kanungo, R. N. 1988. The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13: 471-482. Corsun, D. & C. Enz (1999). Predicting psychological empowerment among service workers: The effect of support-based relationships. Human Relations, 52(2), 205-224. Eylon, D. & Bamberger, P. 2000. Empowerment cognitions and empowerment acts: Recognizing the importance of gender. Group and Organization Management, 25: 354-372. Hancer, M. & George, R. T. (2003). Psychological empowerment of non-supervisory employees working in full-service restaurants. Hospitality Management, 22: 3 -16. Lee, M. & Koh, J. (2001). Is empowerment really a new concept? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(4): 684-695. Liden, R.C., & Arad, 1996. A power perspective of empowerment and work groups: Implication for HRM research. In G.R. Ferris (Ed.), Research in personnel and HRM, vol. 14: 205-252. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Menon S.T. (2001) Employee Empowerment An Integrative Psychological Approach, Applied Psychology An International Review, 50, (1), 153-180 Mills, P.K., & Ungson, G.R. 2003. Reassessing the limits of structural empowerment: Organizational constitution and trust as controls. Academy of Management Review, 28: 143153. Mishra, K., Mishra, A., & Spreitzer, G. 1998. Preserving employee morale during downsizing. Sloan Management Review, 39(2): 83-95. Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd edn.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Peccei, R. & P. Rosenthal (2001). Delivering customer oriented behavior through empowerment: an empirical test of HRM assumptions. Journal of Management Studies, 38(6), 831-857. Pfeffer, J., Cialdini, R. B., Hanna, B., & Knopoff, K. 1998. Faith in Supervision and the SelfEnhancement Bias: Two Psychological Reasons Why Managers Don't Empower Workers. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 20: 313-321. Quinn, R.E., & Spreitzer, G.M. (1997). The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader should consider. Organizational Dynamics, 26(2), 37–48. Seibert, S.E., Silver, S.R. & Randolph, W.A. 2004. Taking empowerment to the next level : A multiple-level model of empowerment, performance and satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3): 332-349. Siegall, M., & Gardner, S. (2000). Contextual factors of psychological empowerment. Personnel Review, 29, 703–722. 247 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Spreitzer, G. M. (1992). When organizations dare: The dynamics of psychological empowerment in the workplace. UMI Microform Number 3011067. Ann Arbor: Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company Spreitzer, G. M. (1995a). An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23 (5): 601629. Spreitzer, G. M. (1995b). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimension, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5): 1442-1465. Spreitzer, G.M., & Mishra, A.K. 1997. Giving up control without losing control: Trust and its substitutes’ effects on managers’ involving employees in decision making. Group and Organization Management, 24(2): 155-187. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th edn.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Thomas, K. W. & Velthouse, B. A. 1990. Cognitive elements of empowerment: An "interpretive" model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15: 666681. The Impact Of Information Technology On Human Resource Practices And Competencies Ömer Faruk Ünal1, Mehmet Mete2 1Süleyman Demirel University FEAS Social Work Department 2Dicle University FEAS Department of Management E-mails: omerunal@sdu.edu.tr, mehmetmete@hotmail.com Abstract Information Technology (IT) as a structural factor and instrument transforms architect of organizations, business processes and communication, and is increasingly integrated into human resource management (HRM). While IT has impacts on human resource (HR), at the same time managers, employees, customers and suppliers increase their expectancies for HR functions. The importance of knowledge and human capital make extra suppression on HR functions and new competencies for HR professionals are expected. In this research, the impacts of Information Technology (IT) on HR practices and competencies of HR professionals are studied. 248 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1121 Title A name given to the resource Empowerment At Higher Educational Organizations Author Author Şermin, Şenturan Abstract A summary of the resource. Empowerment is a concept which is widely used in management and many managers and professional in various organizations claim to be practicing it. The objective of this study was to assess the construct validity and internal consistency of the Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (PEQ) for employees in higher education. The PEQ was administered at private university in Skopje. The study is empirical research on psychological empowerment, and more specifically research regarding a tool that can be used to assess the level of psychological empowerment of employees in higher education organisations. If psychological empowerment can be measured in a reliable and valid manner, interventions can be implemented to promote the empowerment of employees. Exploratory factor analysis is used to verify the validity of the psychological empowerment comprising four cognitive dimensions i.e. meaning, competence, self-determination and impact in the context of private higher education institutions The subscales showed acceptable internal consistencies. Psychological empowerment can be measured in a reliable and valid manner in higher educational organizations.Keywords: academia; psychological empowerment; employee; private higher education Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 989 Title A name given to the resource Encouraging Students’ Creativity through Literature in EFL Classes Author Author Uster, Sema Yuksel, Emel Abstract A summary of the resource. Over the years, it has been stated that creativity focuses on how we think and our strong desire to achieve something new or different. It is very important for language as well because the main purpose of language is to conduct the messages during communication. Individuals may wish to transfer their messages through different tools, which they would find out through creation. Therefore, encouraging creativity should be a purpose of language teachers as creative communication is both needed and crucial. Use of literature is an effective way of encouraging creativity in language classes. A creative context implies an environment of possibility which offers choices and encourages students to play with ideas and words and find innovative ways forward. Teachers want to include form, function and rules of language in those by helping students explore these in meaningful contexts. In this sense, literature is of the greatest help as it provides ways to achieve that. This paper aims to study the ways to exploit literary texts in order to have students discover language patterns with form and function; as well as the ways to foster students’ creativity through the use of literature. For this purpose, regular language and reading lessons were held with an EFL class of 21 students. The attitudes of the students and the classroom teacher have been identified through interviews and questionnaires. In addition, the academic performances of the students have been evaluated at the beginning and the end of the research process. As a result, it has been seen that both students and the teacher had positive attitudes towards the use of literature in language classes and the academic performances have increased. In conclusion, this study can help creativity through the use of literary texts be placed in teaching foreign language as a new trend. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 841 Title A name given to the resource Energizing Reading Classes: Collaborative Games Author Author Elicin, Canan Cakir, Yesim Abstract A summary of the resource. Reading is of great importance in basic linguistic knowledge acquisition and English language learning. However, there is a big challenge for teachers to create new and engaging tasks for reading classes. The aim of this workshop is to illustrate collaborative and motivating activities for studying reading passages in class with students. The activities aim to help students examine texts closely to comprehend them, to reinforce grammar and vocabulary, to distinguish details from the main idea while interacting with each other in different contexts through games and/or competitions. They require little or no preparation on the part of the teacher. Moreover, they can be adapted to other skill classes (speaking, listening, grammar, and vocabulary teaching) to be employed as warm-up activities or to increase student participation and interest. The workshop will begin with an activity that teachers can use in their own classes to energize students. Then several activities (4- 6 as time allows) will be presented and performed with the participants. The first three activities are called Hexagon Race, Horse Race, and S.O.S. Game. They are competitive games in which different question types, such as scanning, grammar, reference, vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, True/False, word formation, and word collocation can be asked. Run to Win is the next activity which especially lends itself to scanning as the idea is to encourage the students to read as quickly as possible in a race. The next activity is Find Your Match. It appeals to kinesthetic learners, as well. Finally, Stump the Teacher enables students to generate questions to ask their teachers. All these activities have different versions to be adapted according to students’ needs and classroom size. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-04 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/66b3cb41249b45445dfc040bca95ac74.docx 01433addb5febb0b1d788a90165d0852 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e4e6e70ef960b563bfab0ac3c55b37ce.pdf 0f68899f8892d0006d52f6a0007e6e0d PDF Text Text ENERGY AND CLİMATE CHANGE: AN ALTERNATİVE APPROACH Bayram Yıldırım Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey bayram.yıldırım@ikc.edu.tr Fatih Aksoy Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey fatih.aksoy@ikc.edu.tr Keywords:Energy, Climate Change, CO2 Emissions, Biodisel, Microalg. ABSTRACT Energy consumtion and CO2 emissions have been become topic to a lot of previous studies by economists who analyze of current situation by estimating this relation with econometric models, and provide policy implications. As a result of empirical applications, which cover country or groups of countries, is estimated by modelling Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis, and then test for Granger causality analysis, it is found that Environmental Kuznets Curve is valid in many developing countries, where energy consumption increases pollution emission in the longrun, and it is also found that energy consumption and growth Granger cause generally pollution emissions. Based on these results of survey of literature, it can be said that energy consumption with increased CO2 emissions in the past and current causes climate change. It is confirmed that use of alternative and clean energy is inefficiency and insufficient level. Supporting of this opinion is that level of alternative and clean energy resources in total energy use is increasing, but it is too low increases. Since microalgae are highly rich in oil and able to produce biomass rapidly, they are considered as good sources in production of biofuel. Being specially used in production of biodiesel, the microalgae species are introduced and their main benefits are compared to the other biodiesel feedstocks which are accessible. Providing a short description of the latest state of development of algae cultivation systems, many different sides connected with the design of microalgae production units are presented. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2095 Title A name given to the resource ENERGY AND CLİMATE CHANGE: AN ALTERNATİVE APPROACH Author Author YILDIRIM, Bayram AKSOY, Fatih Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Energy, Climate Change, CO2 Emissions, Biodisel, Microalg. ABSTRACT Energy consumtion and CO2 emissions have been become topic to a lot of previous studies by economists who analyze of current situation by estimating this relation with econometric models, and provide policy implications. As a result of empirical applications, which cover country or groups of countries, is estimated by modelling Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis, and then test for Granger causality analysis, it is found that Environmental Kuznets Curve is valid in many developing countries, where energy consumption increases pollution emission in the long-run, and it is also found that energy consumption and growth Granger cause generally pollution emissions. Based on these results of survey of literature, it can be said that energy consumption with increased CO2 emissions in the past and current causes climate change. It is confirmed that use of alternative and clean energy is inefficiency and insufficient level. Supporting of this opinion is that level of alternative and clean energy resources in total energy use is increasing, but it is too low increases. Since microalgae are highly rich in oil and able to produce biomass rapidly, they are considered as good sources in production of biofuel. Being specially used in production of biodiesel, the microalgae species are introduced and their main benefits are compared to the other biodiesel feedstocks which are accessible. Providing a short description of the latest state of development of algae cultivation systems, many different sides connected with the design of microalgae production units are presented. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/893e475d204c6fa324e0a2530ccd9c68.docx b1217355a0d928aee03d50ce0d3eb159 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/7aa7710e002ed824c804cad242a57e74.pdf 99099e4860f0a6ccf6b93c67affac0df PDF Text Text Energy Challenges and Regional Electricity Markets: Opportunities, Barriers and Prospects for Bosnia and Herzegovina MirzaŠarić JP EP B&H -did. Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina msaric@yahoo.com Abstract: Electricity networks have traditionally been built and managed by government owned, vertically integrated companies. Modern systems are undergoing significant organizational, structural and technological changes. These changes are driven by two processes. The first process is market liberalization which requires reorganization of state owned monopolies, unbundling, establishment of independent system and market operator and regulatory authority. The second process is the energy transition from conventional energy sources to renewable energy. These two processes present a new energy paradigm. The process of market liberalization is mature in European Union while its practical initiation is still expected in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Important step for Bosnia and Herzegovina is integration in Southeastern Europe Regional Electricity Market. European Union policy goal is creation of a single Internal Electricity Market. This implies that electricity future of Bosnia and Herzegovina lies within the large European Electricity Market. This paper investigates Bosnia and Herzegovina's sector and market specific policy priorities, challenges and opportunities with respect to electricity market liberalization and integration process. Main objective of this paper is to present current situation of electricity market in Bosnia and Herzegovina, identify steps required to achieve full market liberalization and assess the regulatory framework required to face challenges of a new energy paradigm. This research seeks to determine what are the opportunities and challenges of electricity market liberalization in Bosnia and Herzegovina and how do the regional integration help in overcoming current and future energy challenges. Research is undertaken by collecting and analyzing relevant electricity consumption and production data and relating them to specific market and structural policies within national and regional framework. It was determined that sector specific priorities are unbundling, restructuring and reorganization. Market specific issues such as demand and supply side imperfections can only be partially solved within national framework. Regional regulatory issues, interconnection management and global investment policy cannot be adequately managed from the national perspective and need to include adequate regional coordination mechanisms. Key words: regional electricity market, deregulation, liberalization. 72 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2507 Title A name given to the resource Energy Challenges and Regional Electricity Markets: Opportunities, Barriers and Prospects for Bosnia and Herzegovina Author Author ŠARIĆ, Mirza Abstract A summary of the resource. Electricity networks have traditionally been built and managed by government owned, vertically integrated companies. Modern systems are undergoing significant organizational, structural and technological changes. These changes are driven by two processes. The first process is market liberalization which requires reorganization of state owned monopolies, unbundling, establishment of independent system and market operator and regulatory authority. The second process is the energy transition from conventional energy sources to renewable energy. These two processes present a new energy paradigm. The process of market liberalization is mature in European Union while its practical initiation is still expected in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Important step for Bosnia and Herzegovina is integration in Southeastern Europe Regional Electricity Market. European Union policy goal is creation of a single Internal Electricity Market. This implies that electricity future of Bosnia and Herzegovina lies within the large European Electricity Market. This paper investigates Bosnia and Herzegovina's sector and market specific policy priorities, challenges and opportunities with respect to electricity market liberalization and integration process. Main objective of this paper is to present current situation of electricity market in Bosnia and Herzegovina, identify steps required to achieve full market liberalization and assess the regulatory framework required to face challenges of a new energy paradigm. This research seeks to determine what are the opportunities and challenges of electricity market liberalization in Bosnia and Herzegovina and how do the regional integration help in overcoming current and future energy challenges. Research is undertaken by collecting and analyzing relevant electricity consumption and production data and relating them to specific market and structural policies within national and regional framework. It was determined that sector specific priorities are unbundling, restructuring and reorganization. Market specific issues such as demand and supply side imperfections can only be partially solved within national framework. Regional regulatory issues, interconnection management and global investment policy cannot be adequately managed from the national perspective and need to include adequate regional coordination mechanisms. Key words: regional electricity market, deregulation, liberalization. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e2226a08673639d223d7b948f2ad4d26.pdf 18e65ef33ac697c9425c823bbddfdeac PDF Text Text Energy Consumption Analysis in Marble Cutting Processing Hasan Çimen Technical Education Faculty Afyon Kocatepe University Turkey hcimen@aku.edu.tr Said Mahmut Çinar Technical Education Faculty Afyon Kocatepe University Turkey smcinar@aku.edu.tr Abstract: Energy consumption is main cost part in marble cutting processing with circular sawblades. There exist many parameters that effect the energy consumption. It is possible to ensure optimization in the consumed energy if effects of such parameters can be fully understood. In this study, the effects of travel speed and saw rotation speed on energy consumption for two different natural stones. Cutting tests are realized with the computer controlled test set. In tests, while travel and saw rotation speeds are selected in different values, the cutting depth and cooling water is kept fixed. The results obtained for two cut stones indicate that travel and saw rotation speeds have significant effects on the consumed energy and the effect of travel speed is greater than the effect of saw rotation speed. Introduction Marble is a material widely used in many fields from past to today with its different natural colors and patterns. Afyonkarahisaris one the mostimportant marble supplier cities ofthe world and Turkey withits plenty of marble mines and factories.In Afyonkarahisar,alsothe sectorsthat manufacture marble treating machines and their spare parts have developed together with the marble industry. Today,if we wholly considerthe industry in Afyonkarahisar region,the share of marble industry in totalindustry is about 50%. Most of the production costs in marble treating consist of the consumed electric energy. By using the energy in optimum level,the costs can be decreased. Various machines are being used for marble treating at mines and factories. For separating the block marbles taken from mine to plaques, block cutting machines segmented diamond circular sawblades are used. The name of such machines kwon as S/T in short originates from Striper and Trimmer words. There exist many parameters effecting the cutting operation in cutting machines segmented diamond circular sawblades. These parameters are saw rotation speed, travel speed and direction, cutting depth, mineralogical and physico-mechanic features of marble, metallurgic and mechanic features of diamond sockets on saw, flowing speed of cooling water and saw thickness. Many studies have been realized to examine the effects of the said parameters [1-12]. Studies generally focus on the effects of cutting situation (Buyuksagis 2007, Buyuksagis and Goktan 2005, Xu et al. 2004 and Li and Malkin 2001),cutting parameters(Tutmez et al.2007, Ersoy and Atıcı 2004, Xu et al. 2003 and Xu et al. 2002) (cutting speed, travel speed, cutting depth) and saw structure on cutting performance and efficiency (Ersoy et al. 2005,Sun et al. 2002, Chen 2000 and Chen et al. 1999). Studies made untiltoday generally have focused on saw quality, abrasion and marble physiology. Today, as decrease in energy consumption is very important,studies on determination of electricenergy consumed in marble cutting and optimization of consumption are required (Chuang 2005, Kleimaier and Schröder 2004 and Martynenko and Siregar 2002).In this article,the effects oftravel and saw rotation speeds on energy consumption is examined. In this paper,the effect of parameters on specific cutting energy isresearched and improvementsthat can be made are discussed. 402 �Test set Test sets having computer based data acquisition system are being used especially in scientific studiesto make complex tests easily and transferthe resultsto a computer medium in a secure manner (Hazarika et al. 2006, Zoric and Ilic 2005 and Caldara et al. 1998).In this study, a completely computer controlled test setin prototype of S/T machine is used (Figure 1). Control oftestsetfrom computerisrealized with an interface prepared with Delphi program language (Figure 2). Figure 1. Test set In thistest set,travel speed, saw rotation speed, cutting depth and flow speed of cooling water can be adjusted very sensitively on computer. Saw rotation speed,travel speed and flow speed of cooling water can be changed uninterruptedly in intervals of 4000rpm, 0-4m/min.and 0-20l/min.respectively through there invertors driving the saw, travel and cooling water pump motors. Besides, vertical and horizontal positioning of saw can be made in millimeter sensitivity (Çimen et al. 2008). Figure 2. Interface software As most ofthe energy in cutting operation is being used from vertical saw part,the energy consumption measurement and analysis can only be realized for saw motor(Çınar 2007). For measurements, Shark 100 energy analyzeris used. Analyzer, by digitizing the currents and voltages ofthree phase with analog-digital converter(ADC) with 16 bitresolution and six synchronous system , calculates and transfersthe active,reactive and apparent power values drawn by the motor, harmonic distortions in current and voltage and consumed energy values to computer via serialterminal(Çınar 2007). During the test, data such as current, voltage, power values and saw rotation speed are collected by the interface program. Data collected by the interface program are recorded in atextfilein orderto be treated in spreadsheet program later. 403 �Tests and Analysis Cutting operation isrealized with movement of work piece towards to fixed saw. When the movement directions of saw and work piece given in Figure 3 is considered, down-cutting position isvalid. During the cutting process, waterisflowed to sawblade in orderto cooling of sawblade and removing of sawdust. All cutting testsinthis study are realized in the below cutting position. Bilecik Beige Limestone d = 50 mm Vw = 0,4 m/min. 4 3,5 3 P [ kW ] 2,5 2 1432 rpm 1910 rpm 2387 rpm 2864 rpm 1,5 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 t[ s] Figure 3. Cutting mechanism Figure 4. Cutting test power curve The data record commences when the work piece touches to the saw and continues untilthe contact of saw axis with the work piece ceases.In Figure 4, active power graphics obtained from a group oftests made for different saw rotation speeds are given. As it can be seen, active power demand of motor rises starting from idle working value and when the saw axis entersinto the work piece completely,itremains almost fixed. The power demand decreases towards the end oftest and with leaving ofthe saw axis from the work piece,itfalls again to idle working value. Though the travel speed and saw rotation speed are kept fixed attheiradjusted values,there may changes in power values.The reason ofthisthe change in hardness of marble during the cutting process as the marble is not a homogenous material. The energy accountis made depending on the active power values obtained from the tests. The active energy is equalto area below the power curve. Total energy used can be determined with the 3.1 integral(Çınar 2007). T Etotal = ∫ p(t ) × dt 0 (3.1) Here, Etotalindicates cutting energy (Ws), p active power function (W) and T cutting time (s). Mo mentary energy values calculated by multiplying active power values by sampling time are continuously being added and so total cutting energy is obtained. This energy value is converted from Ws (Watt second) to k Wh (kilowatt hour) unitin order to be more meaningful. For specific cutting energy calculation defined as energy consumed per unit volume,the 3.2 formula is used (Çınar 2007). SE = w total qw (3.2) Here, SE indicates specific cutting energy (kWh/m3), Etotaltotal cutting energy (kWh) and qw total volume of channel opened by the saw (m3).In Figure 5, channels opened by the saw on the work piece are seen. 404 �Figure 5. Work piece and cutting channels qw = ad ⋅ d ⋅ lw (3.3) Channel volume (qw) is calculated with the 3.3 formula. Here,lw indicatesthe length of work piece, d cutting depth and ad channelwidth. Test results and discussion In this article,two types of natural stones Bilecik beige marble and Denizlitravertine are used for cutting tests. The selected two rocks have almost adverse features with respecttotheir physical and mechanical structures. While Bilecik beige marble has a very hard and small particle dimension, Denizlitravertine has very soft and big particle dimension. In the study,total 20 variation tests are made for each rock to observe the effect oftravel speed and saw rotation speed. Tests are realized for (Vw) 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7m/min values oftravel speed and (ns) 1432, 1910, 2384 and 2864rpm values of saw rotation speed. Besides,in all cutting tests,the cutting dept and flow speed of cooling water are fixed in d=50m m value and in fw=12l/min. value.In Table 1,the specific cutting energy values obtained for each variation are given in groups. The data summarized inthe Table are discussed below under separate headings. Vw [m/ min] 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 ns [rp m] Denizli travertine SE [kWh/m3] 1432 1910 2384 2864 1432 1910 2384 2864 1432 1910 2384 2864 1432 1910 2384 2864 464,51 516,51 609,28 652,12 390,21 428,58 513,37 529,19 340,35 352,43 425,21 445,14 339,22 353,83 406,67 430,31 Bilecik beige marble SE [kWh/ m3] 685,37 713,34 800,32 861,71 597,48 615,43 668,55 717,80 528,88 534,59 585,96 613,68 514,59 549,77 570,11 562,82 405 �1432 1910 2384 2864 0.7 327,03 334,68 356,47 381,22 475,27 478,40 505,19 502,01 Table 1. Specific cutting energy values for variation values Effect of saw rotation speed on specific cutting energy With increase of saw rotation speed, specific cutting energy also increases. For each rock examined in the study, specific cutting energy demonstrates a marked increase especially in low travel speeds (0.3 and 0.4 m/min.)(Figure 6).Increase in saw rotation speed (provided thattravel speed willremain fixed) will cause more energy consumption unnecessarily as well asit willspeed deformation of sockets. Forthis reason, saw rotation speed must be keptin a value most convenient forthe cut marble. 1000 700 600 800 500 SE [kWh/m3] 600 SE [kWh/m3] 400 Vw = 0,3m/min. Vw = 0,4m/min. Vw = 0,5m/min. Vw = 0,6m/min. 400 300 Vw = 0,3m/min. Vw = 0,4m/min. Vw = 0,5m/min. Vw = 0,6m/min. 200 200 100 Vw = 0,7m/min. Vw = 0,7m/min. 0 0 1432 1910 2387 1432 2864 Saw rotation speed [rpm] 1910 2387 2864 Saw rotation speed [rpm] (a) (b) Figure 6. Effect of saw rotation speed on specific cutting energy for Bilecik beige marble (a) and Denizli travertine (b) Effect of travel speed on specific cutting energy According to the analysis made for Bilecik beige marble and Denizlitravertine,increase in travel speed decreases the specific cutting energy. Whileincrease intravel speed increases the active power demand,itcauses decrease in cutting time. Decrease in cutting time naturally decreases the specific cutting energy. On the other hand, for allsaw speeds (1432,1910, 2385 and 2864rpm), values of specific cutting energy come very close to each other after some definitevalue oftravel speed (Figure 7). The said becoming closer pointin graphics can be defined as region where the travel speed value getsits optimum value. 1000 700 600 800 500 SE [kWh/m3] 600 400 SE [kWh/m3] 300 400 ns = 1432rpm ns = 1910rpm ns = 2387rpm ns = 2864rpm 200 200 100 0 ns = 1432rpm ns = 1910rpm ns = 2387rpm ns = 2864rpm 0 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 Work piece travel speed[m/min.] (a) 0,7 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 Work piece travel speed [m/min.] (b) Figure 7. Effect oftravel speed on specific cutting energy for Bilecik beige marble (a) and Denizlitravertine (b) 406 �W hen the graphics showing the effect of saw rotation and travel speeds on specific cutting energy are examined together,itcan be seen thatthe effect oftravel speed on specific cutting energy is greaterthan the saw rotation speed. Thisis very clear from incline of graphic curves. For thisreason, adjustment oftravel speed ratherthan speed of saw rotation will be more economical and easy approach. Results In this study realized with a completely computer controlled block cutting machine,the effects oftravel and saw rotation speeds on active energy and specific cutting energy are examined on two natural stones.In this study,the following results are obtained; • With increase in travel speed, the specific cutting energy decreases. To increase the travel speed results with decrease in cutting time and so increase in cutting efficiency. • To increasethe saw rotation speed results withincrease in specific cutting energy. As increase in saw rotation speed (provided that travel speed shall be kept fixed) will also increase the active power demand of motor,this means consuming more energy forthe same work. • The travel and saw rotation speeds have significant effects on cutting energy. With determination of optimum values oftravel and saw rotation speeds,itis clearthatthe energy will be ableto be used in productive manner. Even a saving in rate of 10% in energy consumption will bring significant benefitfor Afyonkarahisar of which half ofindustry is established on marble treating. • With studies to be carried out in future on the prototype test set used in that study, travel speed controllers ensuring optimum energy consumption (like PI, PD, PID and Fuzzy) will be developed. Such controllers will be able to keep the travel speed in its optimum value by monitoring the energy consumption of motor during cutting. Besides,in case the expected performance from the developed controllers can be obtained, it will be also applied on S/T machines used in the industry. References Buyuksagis IS, 2007, “Effect of cutting mode on the sawability of granites using segmented circular diamond sawblade”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Elsevier Transactions on, March, Vol.183, pp 399-406. Buyuksagis IS and Goktan RM, 2005, “Investigation of marble machining performance using an instrumented block-cutter”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Elsevier Transactions on, Nov., Vol.169, pp.258-262.C. Caldara S, Nuccio S and Spataro C, 1998, “A virtual instrument for measurement of flicker”, Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 47, Oct. pp. 1155 – 1158. Chuang HJ, 2005, “Optimisation of inverter placement for mass rapid transit systems by immune algorithm”, IEE Proceedings of Electric Power Applications, Jan., Vol.152, pp.61-71. Chen W, 2000, “Cutting forces and surface finish when machining medium hardness steel using CBN tools”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Now., Vol.40, pp. 455-466. Chen H, Li J, Spence J and Li JCM, 1999, “An ELID-cutting saw”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Feb., Vol.102, pp.208-214. Çınar SM, 2007, Optimization of Electric Energy Consumption in Marble Cutting Machines, Dissertation Thesis at Afyon Kocatepe University, Electrical Education Department. Çimen H, Çınar SM and Nartkaya M, “The Development of Software and Hardware for Marble Cutting Tests”, 2nd WSEAS Int. Conf on COMPUTER ENGINEERING and APPLICATIONS (CEA’08) Acapulco,Mexico, Volume 1, 25-27 Jan. 2008, pp. 244 – 249. Ersoy A, Buyuksagis I S and Atıcı U, 2005, “Wear characteristics of circular diamond saws in the cutting of different hard abrasive rocks”, Wear, Elsevier Transactions on, Nov., Vol.258, pp 1422-1436. Ersoy A and Atıcı U, 2004, “Performance characteristics of circular diamond saws in cutting different types of rocks”, Diamond and Related Materials, Elsevier Transactions on, Jan., Vol.13, pp 22-37. Hazarika D, Laskar S Sarma A and Sarmah P K, 2006, “PC-Based Instrumentation System for the Detection of Moisture Content of Tea Leaves at Its Final Stage”, Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 55, Oct. pp. 1641 – 1647. 407 �Kleimaier A and Schröder D, 2004, “Optimization Strategy for Design and Control of a Hybrid Vehicle”, IEEE Proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control, Nagoya-Japan, Dec.8-10, Vol.2, pp.1084- 1089. Martynenko YG and Siregar HP, 2002, “Optimization of power consumption of anthropomorphic robots driven by electromotor”, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Robot Motion and Control, Ponzan, Nov.9-11, pp.113117. Polini W and Turchetta S, 2004, “Force and specific energy in stone cutting by diamond mill”, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Sept., Vol.44, pp.1189-1196. Sun L, Pun J and Lin C, 2002, “A new approach to improve the performance of diamond sawblades“, Materials Letters, Elsevier Transactions on, Dec., Vol.57, pp 1010-1014A. Tutmez B, Kahraman S andGunaydin O, 2007, “Multifactorial fuzzy approach to the sawability classification of building stones”, Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier Transactions on, Sep., Vol.21, pp 1672-1679W. Xu X P, Li Y. and Yu Y, 2003, “Force ratio in the circular sawing of granites with a diamond segmented blade”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Aug, Vol.139, pp.281-285. Xu X P, Li Y, Zeng WY and Li LB, 2002, “Quantitative analysis of the loads acting on the abrasive grits in the diamond sawing of granites”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Oct., Vol.129, pp.50-55. Xu XP, Li Y and Malkin S, 2001, “Forces and Energy in Circular Sawing and Grinding of Granite”, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Feb., Vol.123, pp.13-22. Zoric AC and Ilic SS, 2005, “PC-Based System for Electrocardiography and Data Acquisition”, 7th International Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services, Serbia and Montenegro-Nis Volume 2, 28-30 Sept. pp. 619 – 622. 408 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 519 Title A name given to the resource Energy Consumption Analysis in Marble Cutting Processing Author Author Çimen, Hasan Çinar, Said Mahmut Abstract A summary of the resource. Energy consumption is main cost part in marble cutting processing with circular sawblades. There exist many parameters that effect the energy consumption. It is possible to ensure optimization in the consumed energy if effects of such parameters can be fully understood. In this study, the effects of travel speed and saw rotation speed on energy consumption for two different natural stones. Cutting tests are realized with the computer controlled test set. In tests, while travel and saw rotation speeds are selected in different values, the cutting depth and cooling water is kept fixed. The results obtained for two cut stones indicate that travel and saw rotation speeds have significant effects on the consumed energy and the effect of travel speed is greater than the effect of saw rotation speed. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2009-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2758 Title A name given to the resource Energy efficiency measures in power utilities on the track of an efficient and low-carbon Europe in 2030 - Case study of EPBiH Author Author KAZAGIC, Anes MUSIC, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. This paper describes measures which are being undertaken by EPBiH power utility, largest public electricity utility in Bosnia and Herzegovina, to improve its energy efficiency and keep on the track of the European targets outlined in the EU strategic documents and laid down by new energy efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU. By modernization its existing power plants performed in last 10 years, EPBiH improved net efficiency and reduced its CO2 emission for 30% compared to 1990 levels. Plan till 2030 is further increasing the net efficiency up to 40.2%. With introducing Energy Management System, energy efficiency has been involved into all sectors of the company; from coalmines, generation and distribution, to the energy supply, to comply the business model with EU energy efficiency targets and legislation. Keywords: Energy efficiency, CO2 emission, coal-based power plants, decarbonisation Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-06 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233 - 0054 T Technology (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6c4f39316397218ac56185d167c2cd8f.docx 2087faf909597a4e7da04921805e7d01 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/2dc5be41a094ce7f34e150aa7d6e6143.pdf 7a9cc8401bec4bd114a42f749c58d1e5 PDF Text Text ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES IN POWER UTILITIES ON THE TRACK OF AN EFFICIENT AND LOW-CARBON EUROPE IN 2030 CASE STUDY OF EPBIH Anes Kazagic JP ElektroprivredaBiH d.d., Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina a.kazagic@elektroprivreda.ba Mustafa Music JP ElektroprivredaBiH d.d., Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina m.music@elektroprivreda.ba Keywords:Energy efficiency, CO2 emission, coal-based power plants, decarbonisation. ABSTRACT This paper describes measures which are being undertaken by EPBiH power utility, largest public electricity utility in Bosnia and Herzegovina, to improve its energy efficiency and keep on the track of the European targets outlined in the EU strategic documents and laid down by new energy efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU. By modernization its existing power plants performed in last 10 years, EPBiH improved net efficiency and reduced its CO2 emission for 30% compared to 1990 levels. Plan till 2030 is further increasing the net efficiency up to 40.2%. With introducing Energy Management System, energy efficiency has been involved into all sectors of the company; from coalmines, generation and distribution, to the energy supply, to comply the business model with EU energy efficiency targets and legislation. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2053 Title A name given to the resource ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES IN POWER UTILITIES ON THE TRACK OF AN EFFICIENT AND LOW-CARBON EUROPE IN 2030 - CASE STUDY OF EPBIH Author Author KAZAGIC, Anes MUSIC, Mustafa Abstract A summary of the resource. Keywords:Energy efficiency, CO2 emission, coal-based power plants, decarbonisation. ABSTRACT This paper describes measures which are being undertaken by EPBiH power utility, largest public electricity utility in Bosnia and Herzegovina, to improve its energy efficiency and keep on the track of the European targets outlined in the EU strategic documents and laid down by new energy efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU. By modernization its existing power plants performed in last 10 years, EPBiH improved net efficiency and reduced its CO2 emission for 30% compared to 1990 levels. Plan till 2030 is further increasing the net efficiency up to 40.2%. With introducing Energy Management System, energy efficiency has been involved into all sectors of the company; from coalmines, generation and distribution, to the energy supply, to comply the business model with EU energy efficiency targets and legislation. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2233-1565 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/e749cec198618212977351573d11d7bf.pdf 283b34ac1e3808a9c305c1c4ff475758 PDF Text Text Energy Harvesting from the Biomechanical Movements of Human Body Akın Oğuz Kaptı Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Sakarya, Turkey aokapti@sakarya.edu.tr Yavuz Soydan Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Sakarya, Turkey soydan@sakarya.edu.tr Abstract: In this presentation, the subject of biomechanical energy harvesting, and the studies performed in this field are introduced. Currently used lower limb prostheses manufactured with modular components cannot properly provide the expected functions and the needs of daily living activities due to their passive structure. Although substantial effort has been made in the field of developing active prostheses, these devices have not adequately become widespread because of the necessity of carrying large and heavy batteries which must have been charged frequently. Therefore, some studies have been performed in order to generate energy by utilizing the biomechanical movements of the human body, such as a mechanism converting the mechanical energy from the vertical movement of carried suspended-load in backpack to electricity, and an energy harvester mounted at the knee joint which generates electricity, during human walking. To meet a portion of the energy requirement for amputees wearing the active lower limb prosthesis, and for individuals having high electricity demands in rural areas are aimed with the harvested energy. Introduction Many people with lower extremity amputations are using prostheses for restoration of their lost functions. The effective restoration of amputees’ lost functions can be acquired by the use of these prosthetic devices. This is one of the most important factors improving their life quality. Passive prostheses being currently in use do not respond to the needs of daily living activities of many amputees. For example, it is difficult to climb stairs with natural posture and to adjust the stiffness of the knee joint motion during the swing phase. High metabolic energy consumption and insufficient symmetry of the gait are the consequences of non-powered artificial joints. The duplication of the kinematics and dynamics of gait patterns is limited with conventional prostheses. They do not allow knee extension after heel strike at the beginning of the stance phase. The absence of the prosthetic leg’s push-off phase, which is due to the sudden contraction of the shank’s back face muscles at the end of the stance phase, causes the insufficient gait symmetry, shortens the stride length and decreases the gait velocity. In order to remove these disadvantages, it is necessary to add energy producing or storing modules to the system (Kapti, 2007). On the other hand, humans have become increasingly dependent on technology, particularly electronic devices. During the past decade, electronic devices have become more mobile, enabling people to use medical, communication, and global positioning system devices as they move around cities or in the wilderness. At present, all of these devices are powered by batteries, which have a limited energy storage capacity and add considerable weight. Although substantial progress has been made in reducing the power requirements of devices and increasing the power densities of batteries, there has not been a breakthrough in the parallel development of a portable and renewable human-driven energy source. The combination of limited energy and the large weight of batteries poses the most critical problem for individuals, such as field scientists or explorers, having high electricity demands in remote areas and who are already carrying heavy loads. At present, replacement batteries may make up a substantial proportion of the very heavy packs that such users must carry (Rome, 2005). During terrestrial locomotion, the environment does no work on the body and humans do no work on the environment. Almost all of the mechanical work is generated and dissipated inside the body. This makes it exceedingly difficult to capture mechanical energy to drive an electrical energy conversion apparatus, because 725 �the device would need to be either surgically placed within the body or attached to the outside of the body, which would affect the person’s maneuverability and comfort. Therefore, researchers in the field have focused on putting devices in the only accessible location. Although the shoe is the first thing comes to mind, such heelstrike devices have permitted only small levels of electrical energy generation. The primary reason for this limitation is that on a hard surface, essentially no mechanical work is done at the foot-ground contact point, because under normal circumstances the point of vertical force application does not move in the vertical plane. Although one can make the shoe compliant so that the foot moves a small distance because of compression of the sole and heel, this is problematic because increasing compliance leads to declining maneuverability and stability. Although considerable effort has gone into developing exotic energy-generating technologies for shoe devices, the small magnitude of the mechanical energy source remains a limitation (Rome, 2005). In order to help solving mobile human-driven energy problem, some studies for developing energy harvesting device which extracts mechanical energy from the human body movements during daily living activities, and converts it to electricity for powering portable devices were performed in the literature. The studies performed in the field of energy harvesting from the human body movements are mostly been on the regions of back, knee joints, and foot. In this review, after giving one example from the literature for each of these classifications, the applicability of biomechanical energy harvesting approaches in the field of active lower extremity prostheses will be examined. In the Backpack The vertical movement of a heavy load in the backpack carried in gravitational field during walking represents a source of mechanical energy and a potential opportunity to generate substantial levels of electricity. A walking person acts like an inverted pendulum. Due to this movement causing the center of mass of the body move up and down by 4 to 7 cm, a load in a backpack has to go up and down the same vertical distance. In the case of a 36-kg load and a 5-cm vertical load displacement, 18 J of mechanical energy transfer accompanies each step, and this is equivalent to 36 W, at the walking velocity of 2 steps per second. Although this represents a large potential source of mechanical energy, it is also inaccessible if the load is rigidly attached to the body. In order to extract this mechanical energy, Lawrence C. Rome et al. (Rome, 2005) developed the suspended-load backpack device decoupling the load from the body, to allow the differential movement between the load and the body for mechanical energy extraction and ultimately electricity production. In this device interposed between the body and the load (Fig. 1), the pack frame is fixed to the body, but the load is suspended by springs from the frame. During walking, the load is free to ride up and down on bushings constrained to vertical rods. Electricity generation was accomplished by attaching a toothed rack to the load plate, which when moving up and down during walking, meshed with a pinion gear mounted on a geared dc motor, functioning as a generator, rigidly attached to the backpack frame. Figure 1. The suspended-load backpack device (Rome, 2005). 726 �The average electrical power obtained by them was 5.6 W in the trial of 38-kg load and 4.5-cm relative movement of the load, and the number of revolution of 25:1 geared dc motor was reached up to 5000 rpm. Average electrical power increased with walking speed and the weight of the load. The maximum electrical power output obtained on the flat was 7.37 W. The mechanical power harvested by the generator is the product of the average force exerted on the rack, the displacement of the load, and the step frequency. The efficiency of conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy (that is, electrical power output divided by mechanical power input) was nearly constant (30 to 40%). To power portable devices or charge batteries, the alternating polarity of the voltage and current must be rectified. Using circuitry for voltage smoothing, the suspended-load backpack can power multiple devices such as cell phones (Rome, 2005). If generating electricity while wearing the backpack markedly increased metabolic rate, the device would be of limited use. One would expect that because mechanical energy is continuously removed from the system by the generator, the muscles would need to perform additional mechanical work during electricity generation in order to replace it. For instance, the mechanical power input to the generator is 12.15 W while walking at 5.6 km/h and carrying a 29-kg load. Because the maximum efficiency of mechanical power production by human muscle is about 25% (Margarira, 1968), if the body movement was the same, one might anticipate a minimum increase of 48.6 W in metabolic power input. They measured the rate of O2 consumption and CO2 production of participants walking with the backpack. They found that the metabolic rate increase compared to that with the locked backpack was only about 19.1 W, which is much less than would be predicted. These results indicate that electricity can be generated metabolically more cheaply than anticipated (Rome, 2005). The energy-harvesting backpack is novel because it generates useful amounts of electrical power while costing less metabolic energy than would be expected. The saving only applies in comparison to a person already walking with a heavy load. The explanation may lie in the transition between pendulum-like walking steps, when the body’s center of mass is redirected from one pendular arc to the next (Fig. 2). The center of mass is located near the hip joints and undergoes a small U-shaped displacement during this step-to-step transition, which occurs mainly when both legs contact the ground. Force is exerted by, and directed along, each leg, with the leading leg performing negative work on the center of mass and the trailing leg positive work. The leading leg’s force is at such an angle with the direction of center of mass displacement that negative work is unavoidable, if the center of mass is to be redirected to another pendular arc. This negative work is thought to be largely dissipated as an energy loss. An equal magnitude of positive work performed by the trailing leg cancels this loss, as is needed to walk at steady speed (Kuo, 2005). Figure 2. Simple models of an energy-harvesting backpack and its relation to human walking (Kuo, 2005). On the Knee Joint J. M. Donelan et al. (Donelan, 2008) have developed a device that generates electricity during human walking with little extra effort. The general view, the internal structure and the schematic diagram of this device called biomechanical energy harvester are shown in Fig. 3. The device has an aluminum chassis and generator mounted on an orthopedic knee brace, totaling 1.6-kg mass, with one worn on each leg (Fig. 3-A). The chassis contains a gear train that converts low velocity and high torque at the knee into high velocity and low torque for the generator, with a one-way roller clutch that allows for selective engagement of the gear train during knee extension only and no engagement during knee flexion (Fig. 3-B). The schematic diagram shows how a computer-controlled feedback system determines when to generate power using knee-angle feedback, measured with a potentiometer mounted on the input shaft (Fig. 3-C). For electrical power generation over longer durations, it would be desirable to harvest energy from everyday activities such as walking. Unlike conventional humanpowered generators that use positive muscle work, their technology assists muscles in performing negative work. Energy-harvesting performance was tested (see Donelan, 2008) on six male subjects who wore a device on each 727 �leg while walking on a treadmill at 1.5 m/s. For convenient testing, generated electrical power is dissipated with a load resistor rather than being used to charge a battery. The energy harvester mounts at the knee and selectively engages power generation at the end of the swing phase. Test subjects walking with one device on each leg produced an average of 5 W of electricity. They estimated metabolic cost using a standard respirometry system and measured the electrical power output of the generator. In the continuous-generation mode, subjects generated 7.0 ± 0.7 W of electricity with an insignificant 18 ± 24 W increase in metabolic cost over that of the control condition. This electricity is sufficient to power 10 typical cell phones simultaneously. The results demonstrate that substantial electricity could be generated with minimal increase in user effort. Producing substantial electricity with little extra effort makes this method well-suited for charging powered prosthetic limbs and other portable medical devices (Donelan, 2008). Figure 3. Biomechanical energy harvester (Donelan, 2008). (a: the general view of the device, b: the inertial structure of the device, c: the schematic diagram of the device) Under the Sole The ankle normally produces a larger work than any other joint during walking (Winter, 1991). Ankle impairments following amputation, joint fusion or stroke typically reduce ankle work and increase metabolic energy expenditure by at least 20%, comparable to carrying an extra 15 kg load or walking 20% faster. Ankle function might be restored by powering the joint directly, a technique that shows promise (Sawicki, 2008, Au, 2009) but requires large motors and energy sources that are heavy and bulky. Much of the dissipation in normal walking occurs when the body center of mass velocity is redirected at the transition between steps. During each step, the stance leg behaves similarly to an inverted pendulum as it transports the center of mass along an arced path. When the other leg contacts the ground, it flexes slightly and performs dissipative negative work as it redirects the center of mass to the arced path of the next step as part of the step-to-step transition. To walk at steady speed, all dissipation must be recovered by an equal amount of positive work. Total work may theoretically be minimized if the positive work is performed by trailing leg push-off and timed immediately before heel-strike, reducing the change in center of mass velocity performed by the collision. This reduces both the dissipation and the amount of positive work needed to recover loss. Normal ankle push-off appears appropriate for this purpose, performing positive work beginning just before and in nearly equal magnitude to the collision loss. If the collision energy can be successfully recycled, it may therefore be sufficient to supplement an impaired push-off (Collins, 2009). Steven H. Collins and Arthur D. Kuo (Collins, 2009) developed an energy-recycling artificial foot (Fig. 4) that captures collision energy and returns it for push-off. 1.37-kg weighed this device approximates the size and form of a conventional prosthetic foot, but has separate rear-foot and fore-foot components that rotate about an axis at mid-foot. When the heel contacts the ground at the beginning of a stride, the rear-foot component rotates and compresses a coil spring. At maximum compression, the rear-foot is latched by a continuous one-way clutch. Rather than releasing the spring energy spontaneously as in conventional elastic prostheses, our device stores it until sufficient load is detected on the fore-foot. It then releases the fore-foot, and the spring provides push-off as the person begins to unload the trailing leg, with timing similar to normal ankle push-off. A small return spring resets the device during the ensuing swing phase, so that the rear-foot is in position for the next step. All of the energy capture is performed passively, so that the only active elements are a microcontroller and two micro-motors that release the energy-storing spring and reset the mechanism. The device is powered by a small battery at about 0.8 W of electricity. Active control of energy storage and return distinguishes this device 728 �from conventional prosthetic feet with passive elastic elements, which have not been found to significantly reduce the metabolic energy consumption of walking with ankle impairment, while low electrical power requirements distinguish it from other robotic prostheses. Steven H. Collins and Arthur D. Kuo (Collins, 2009) tested the artificial foot on able-bodied human subjects walking with an artificially-immobilized ankle, at a speed of 1.25 m/s. Subjects wore the device on one leg using a prosthesis simulator, a rigid boot that immobilizes the ankle and provides a prosthesis attachment beneath the foot. This allowed direct comparison between normal walking and prosthesis test conditions. Subjects also wore a lift shoe on the other foot to equalize height. The device was compared against a conventional prosthetic foot. Mechanical performance was recorded through motion capture and a force plate-instrumented treadmill. They used motion and force data to estimate the work captured and returned by the device, the work performed by the human leg and device on the center of mass, and the work performed at each biological joint. They also recorded rates of oxygen consumption to estimate metabolic energy expenditure. The conventional prosthesis reduced ankle push-off and increased metabolic expenditure for all subjects. The energy recycling artificial foot captured collision energy and returned it as positive ankle work later in stance phase, resulting in greater push-off and lower metabolic expenditure than with the conventional prosthesis. The rate of increasing of metabolic expenditure was determined as 23.1% for conventional prosthesis, and as 13.8% for the energy recycling artificial foot, and 9.3% improvement was provided (Collins, 2009). Figure 4. Prototype energy recycling device (Collins, 2009). (A: The general view of the device, B: Schematic design, C: The energy recycling sequence) Figure 5. Experimental setup (Collins, 2009). (A: The energy recycling device, conv. prost. and the lift shoe, B: Experimental setup, C: Experimental results) Applications on the Active Prostheses Currently used lower limb prostheses manufactured with modular components cannot properly provide the expected functions and the needs of daily living activities due to their passive structure. In order to contribute to the developments of new kinds of prosthetic system and to remove the insufficient properties of the prostheses, 729 �a force controlled elastic prosthesis mechanism that can be utilized as artificial ankle and knee joints for active lower extremity prostheses was designed and produced as a mechanism consisting of brushless dc-servomotor, ball-nut and screw, elastic component, measuring elements, guide columns, ball bearings and bushes. The force output of the elastic mechanism is calculated by measuring the displacement of the spring with the linear potentiometer. An above-knee prosthesis consisting of this elastic mechanism was also designed and produced. General view of this above-knee prosthesis, and the principle of application on human body are shown in Fig. 6. Although substantial effort has been made in the field of developing active prostheses, these devices have not adequately become widespread because of the necessity of carrying large and heavy batteries which must have been charged frequently. This system has to carry its power generating system consisting motor component and battery set, which is heavy and bulky. Our system consists of the 220 W servomotor and Li-ion battery set. Mobile energy requirement is the most crucial difficulties faced in the externally powered artificial orthopaedic devices. Therefore, in order to solve this difficulty, utilizing the studies mentioned above is proposed [a mechanism converting the mechanical energy from the vertical movement of carried suspended-load in backpack to electricity (see Rome, 2005); an energy harvester mounted at the knee joint which generates electricity (see Donelan, 2008); an energy recycling device (Collins, 2009)]. To meet a portion of the energy requirement for amputees wearing the active lower limb prosthesis, and for individuals having high electricity demands in rural areas are aimed with the harvested energy. Figure 6. General view of the active above-knee prosthesis, and the principle of application on human body (Kapti, 2009). Acknowledgements The work described in this paper is supported by Scientific Research Projects Presidency of Sakarya University. (Project number: 2009-50-01-067) References Au, S.K., Weber, J., Herr, H. (2009). Powered ankle-foot prosthesis improves walking metabolic economy. IEEE Trans. Robot. (25). 51-66. Collins, S. (2008). Controlled Energy Storage and Return in a Prosthetic Foot. Dynamic Walking. T.U.Delft. Collins, S.H., Kuo, A.D. (2009). Recycling Energy to Restore Impaired Ankle Function during Human Walking”, Public Library of Science, 5, (accepted). Donelan, J.M., Li, Q., Naing, V., Hoffer, A., Weber, D.J., Kuo, A.D., (2008) Biomedical Energy Harvesting: Generating Electricity During Walking With Minimal User Effort. Science. 319, 807-810. 730 �Margaria, R. (1968). Positive and negative work performances and their efficiencies in human locomotion. Eur J Appl Physiol (25) 339-351. Kaptı, A.O. (2009). Kuvvet Kontrollü Elastik Aktivatör Tasarımı ve Aktif Kontrollü Alt Ekstremite Protezlerinde Uygulanması, TÜBĐTAK 1001 Projesi-106M468 Proje Sonuç Raporu, (in Turkish). Kaptı, A.O., Cerit, M., Soydan, Y., Özcerit, A.T. (2009). Force Controlled Elastic Actuator for Lower Limb Prostheses. ISB2009, XXII. Congress of Int. Society of Biomechanics, Cape Town. Kaptı, A.O., Cerit, M., Soydan, Y., Özcerit, A.T. (2007). A Preliminary Study on Ankle Simulator Design for Active Lower Extremity Prostheses. JIBEC’07, 1st Jordanian Int. Biomedical Engineering Conference, Amman. Kuo, A.D. (2005). Harvesting Energy by Improving the Economy of Human Walking. Science. 309, 16861687. Rome, L.C., Flynn, L., Goldman, E.M., Yoo, T.D., “Generating Electricity While Walking with Loads”, Science 309, 1725-1728, 2005. Sawicki GS, Ferris DP (2008) Mechanics and energetics of level walking with powered ankle exoskeletons. J Exp Biol 211: 1402-1413. Winter DA (1991) The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait: Normal, Elderly and Pathological. Waterloo: Waterloo Biomechanics. 731 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 622 Title A name given to the resource Energy Harvesting from the Biomechanical Movements of Human Body Author Author Kaptı, Akın Oğuz Soydan, Yavuz Abstract A summary of the resource. In this presentation, the subject of biomechanical energy harvesting, and the studies performed in this field are introduced. Currently used lower limb prostheses manufactured with modular components cannot properly provide the expected functions and the needs of daily living activities due to their passive structure. Although substantial effort has been made in the field of developing active prostheses, these devices have not adequately become widespread because of the necessity of carrying large and heavy batteries which must have been charged frequently. Therefore, some studies have been performed in order to generate energy by utilizing the biomechanical movements of the human body, such as a mechanism converting the mechanical energy from the vertical movement of carried suspended-load in backpack to electricity, and an energy harvester mounted at the knee joint which generates electricity, during human walking. To meet a portion of the energy requirement for amputees wearing the active lower limb prosthesis, and for individuals having high electricity demands in rural areas are aimed with the harvested energy. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/3e998a9713498b37c46381ccb8698b17.pdf 8fb364564d79597fe4cfc1cba559d96c PDF Text Text Memon et al 2008. Metal accumulation in crops- Human health issues, In : Trace ElementsNutritional benefits, environmental contamination, and health implications, Ed. M. N. V. Prasad, John Wiley & Sons pp. 81-97 Memon, A. R., Aktoprakligıl, D., Özdemir, A., and Vertii, A. 2000. Gene expression of heavy metal stress protein in plants. Turkish J. Botany 25, 111-121 Memon, A. R., Yildizhann Y. and Keskin, B. C. Phytoremedıatıon of heavy metals from contamınated areas of Turkey. 4th European Bioremediation Conference, Sept 3-6, Chania, Crete, Greece, ID04 pp1-4, ISBN 978-960-8475-12-0. Baker, A.J.M., McGrath, S.P., Reeves, R.D., Smith, J.C.A. (2000). Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants: A Review of the Ecology and Physiology of a Biological Resource for Phytoremediation of Metal-Polluted Soils.In: Terry, N., Banuelos, G. Eds. Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils and Water. Boca Raton, Florida, USA. Brown, S.L., Chaney, R.L., Scott Angle, J. (1995). Zinc and cadmium uptake by hyperaccumulator thlaspi-caerulescens grown in nutrient solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59: 125-133. Claverie,J.M. Cedric Notredame (2007). Bioinformatics For Dummies (2nd). Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. Landberg, T., Greger, M. (1996). Differences in uptake and tolerance to heavy metals in Salix from unpolluted and polluted areas. Applied Geochem., 11(1-2):175-180. Brooks, R.R., 1998. Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals. CAN International, Wallington, p.379. Engineering of microalgae for biofuel production Recep Vatansever1, Sanija Cavar1,2, and Abdul Razaque Memon1 1Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, 71000 Sarajevo 2Department of Chemistry, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and herzegovina Abstract Increasing of the world population along with the economic wealth deepens the energy crises every day. Hence we need to find the new alternative energy sources that will satisfy the energy demand and concomitantly deliver no emission to the environment. In this particular situation, plants offer us a highly efficient and effective solutions. However use of higher plants for such purposes can cause several problems such as food competition, water shortage, arable land, fertilizer etc. Algae are tiny biological factories that use photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy so efficiently that they can double their weight several times a day. As part of the photosynthesis process algae 211 �produce oil and can generate 15 times more oil per acre than other plants used for biofuels, such as corn and switchgrass. Algae can grow in salt water, freshwater or even contaminated water, at sea or in ponds, and on land not suitable for food production. We are working on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and some other algae to increase their biomass and lipid production which can in future stand as an alternative energy source for next generation. We started our research with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii since it was a model organism. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single celled photosynthetic microorganism and produces a kind of lipid which can be easily converted for biofuel production. The process of making biodisel from algae contains a number of seperation steps; separating the algea from the media, separating the oil from the algea and removing the glycerol from the oil to lower the viscosity. Hence our aim is to produce a high biomass algea strain containing a high amount of lipid which can be efficiently used for biodiesel production. 1.INTRODUCTION Energy is one of the most essential requirements for all living organisms and industry. Developing technologies and increasing world population also deepens this requirement. In order to meet this energy demand, today we heavily depend on the conventional energy sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, firewood etc but estimations show that these energy sources are not both sustaniable and environmental friendly. They are also a potential threat for the global climate changes since they contribute the highest amount of greenhouse gases. So we need to produce global strategies that must be sustaineble, renewable and environmental friendly [1]. In this particular situation, plants offer us a highly efficient and effective solutions. However, intenting to use higher plants for such purposes can cause several problems Table 1 such as food competition, water shortage, arable land, fertilizer etc. But lower plants such as microalgae offer us more sustainable and permanent solutions. Algae can grow in salt water, freshwater or even contaminated water, at sea or in ponds, and on land not suitable for food production. Recent researches and estimations also confirmes that algae are one of the most promising biodiesel source that are able to meet the global biofuel demand. Some oil containing foods and crops have been used as a first generation biodiesel source but none of them has proved that they can be a candidate for biodiesel production in comparison with algae. A comparison of some important food crops and algae is given in Table 1 [2]. 2.Choice of the best microalga species 212 Source Gallons of oil acre/year Algae 5000–20,000 Oil palm 635 Coconut 287 Jatropha 207 Rapeseed/Canola 127 Peanut 113 Sunflower 102 Safflower 83 Soybeans 48 Hemp 39 Corn 18 �The word ‗microalgae‘ is a general term that does not specify any particular alga(e). When we say as microalgae we mean all algal species‘ and strains. Since there are thousands of algal species‘ and strains, and their lipid content and productivity vary from one another, at the first step we have to choose the species or strain(s) that is suitable for biodiesel production. Table 2 shows the lipid content and productivity of some of the fresh and marine water algal species. Average lipid contents of the some algae specified in Table 2 vary between 2% and 70% [3]. Table 2 Microalga species Fresh water Lipid content Lipid productivity (%, w/wDW) (mg L-1 d-1) Botryococcus sp. 25.0–75.0 - Chaetoceros muelleri 33.6 21.8 Chaetoceros calcitrans 14.6–16.4/39.8 17.6 Chlorella emersonii 25.0–63.0 10.3–50.0 Chlorella protothecoides 14.6–57.8 1214 Chlorella sorokiniana 19.0–22.0 44.7 Chlorella vulgaris 5.0–58.0 11.2–40.0 Chlorella sp. 10.0–48.0 42.1 Chlorella pyrenoidosa 2.0 - Chlorella sp. 18.0–57.0 18.7 Chlorococcum sp. 19.3 53.7 Ellipsoidion sp. 27.4 47.3 Haematococcus pluvialis 25.0 - Scenedesmus obliquus 11.0–55.0 - Scenedesmus quadricauda 1.9–18.4 35.1 19.6–21.1 40.8–53.9 Scenedesmus sp. Marine water 6.0–25.0 116.0 Dunaliella salina 23.1 - Dunaliella primolecta 16.7–71.0 - Dunaliella tertiolecta 17.5–67.0 33.5 Dunaliella sp. 7.0–40.0 - Isochrysis galbana 7.1–33 37.8 Isochrysis sp. 20.0–56.0 60.9–76.5 Nannochloris sp. 22.7–29.7 84.0–142.0 Nannochloropsis oculata 12.0–53.0 60.9–76.5 213 �Nannochloropsis sp. 29.0–65.0 90.0–134.0 Neochloris oleoabundans 30.9 49.4 Pavlova salina 35.5 40.2 Pavlova lutheri 18.0–57.0 44.8 Phaeodactylum tricornutum 4.0–16.6 - Spirulina platensis Choosing best performing microalgae only by looking at its lipid content must be tricky because not all types of fats are used for biodiesel production. TAGs are only the fats that are used for biodiesel. So at strain selection, multicriterion strategies must be adopted. Lipid content, lipid productivity, growing rate, lipid quantity and quality, response to environmental stimuli such as nutrient, light, temperature etc, nutrient preference, biomass harvesting, lipid extraction and purification must be sepearately evaluated and then strain selection must be done [3]. Since the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism, we chose its strains CC400 and CC125 in our research. 2.1.Availibity of algae for biodiesel production Researches show that algae are able produce 200 times more oil than that of even bestperforming plants [4]. Theorically algae can be grown at anywhere as soon as sunlight, CO2 and some macro and micro elements are provided but in practise, we need an optimization process. Algae synthesize lipids for different metabolic purposes such as membrane structure, storage, energy source and other metabolic activities. But only TAGs can be used for biodiesel production so optimization processes and molecular engineerings must be done for improving these TAGs. Today there is no single algae species or strain can be shown that was already optimized for maximum biodiesel production. Optimization processes such as nutrient deficient media and different stress factors, gene insertions, limiting different metabolic pathways etc. are going on researches [ 5, 6, 7]. 3.Methods 3.1 Identification and cultivation of the microalga Chlamydomonas CC400 and CC125 were used for this study. Both strains were grown in 100 ml erlanmeyer flasks, each containing 50 ml TAP liquid media under the constant illumination with white flourescent light and unlimited CO2. Flasks were shaken at 100 rpm. Temperature was 20 ± 30 C. 3.2.Verification of strains 18S rRNA sequence analysis was done for the verification of strains Chlamydomonas CC400 and CC125. For this, genomic DNA was extracted, primers were prepared for 18S rRNA and then 18S rRNA was amplified and sequenced [8]. 214 �3.3 Bioinformatic analysis of 18S rRNA sequence Sequence alignment analysis was done on the NCBI database by BLAST search (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). Bioinformatic analysis verified that harvesting strains belong to the Chlamydomonas CC400 and CC125. 3.4 Extraction of lipids Algae (4g) were seperated from the medium by centrifugation. Fresh algal pellets were boiled in 10 ml alcohol to inhibit the lipase activity and then were dried under nitrogen gas. The dried pellet was mixed with chloroform-methanol (1:2) and BHT (antioxidant). After centrifugation, 1.6 ml ddwater, 10 ml chloroform and 1.6 % potassium chloride were added to the supernatant respectively. The mixture was vortexed and homogenized layer was collected, and then concentrated under nitrogen gas [9]. 3.5 Esterification of fatty acids Extracted lipids were disolved in 6 ml ethanol. Sulfuric acid was used as a catalyzer for the esterification of fatty acids [10]. The mixture was refluxed by Dean-Stark apparatus and was washed with saturated hydrogen carbonate solution, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. To obtain fatty acids, solvent was removed by distillation [11]. 3.6 GC/MS analysis Hewlett–Packard 6890 was used for GC/MS analysis. The gas chromatograph was equipped with a HP-5M capillary column. The oven temperature was programmed from 85 oC (5 min) to 265 oC at the rate of 7 oC/min and finally held at 265 oC for 10 min. The carrier gas was helium with the flow rate of 1.2 mL/min.The mass spectrometer was operated in EI (Electron Ionization) mode at 70 eV. The interfacetemperature was 265 oC and the mass range was 15–650 m/z.The identification of fatty acids was performed, comparing the obtained mass spectra with Wiley (275) libraries [11]. 4.Results and discussions We bought our algae from the microalgal collection center and grew them in convinent media in lab. Genomic DNAs of these algae were isolated for 18S rRNA amplification. 18S rRNA sequence analysis was done on the NCBI database by BLAST search. Both strains were verified that they belong to the Chlamydomonas CC400 and CC125 respectively. Total lipids were extracted by the method specified in 3.4. Extraction of lipids and after esterification process, GS/MS analysis was carried out. Different types of FAMEs were detected. Their easy handling and fast growing rate paved the way for better understanding of optimization process for different algal species. Since the algae are living organisms, it needs a systematic approach, meaning that different pathways such as carbohydrate pathway, lipid pathway, protein pathway etc must be evaluated together at molecular level by microarray 215 �analysis. Researches show that limiting one pathway for giving more allocation to another is a temporary solution so we should find new systematic and holistic approaches. 5.CONCLUSION This study shows that microalgae are the best candidate for the biodiesel production although studied strains have lower lipid productivity in comparison with other algal species. REFERENCES [1] Meisam Tabatabaeia, Masoud Tohidfara, Gholamreza Salehi Jouzania, Mohammadreza Safarnejada, Mohammad Pazoukib. Biodiesel production from genetically engineered microalgae: Future of bioenergy in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 1918–1927. [2] Shakeel A. Khana, Rashmib, Mir Z. Hussaina, S. Prasad a, U.C. Banerjeeb. Prospects of biodiesel production from microalgae in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (2009) 2361–2372. [3] Helena M. Amaro, A. Catarina Guedes, F. Xavier Malcata. Advances and perspectives in using microalgae to produce biodiesel. Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3402–3410. [4] Ayhan Demirbas, M. Fatih Demirbas. Importance of algae oil as a source of biodiesel. Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 163–170. [5] Yantao Li, Danxiang Han, Guongrong Hu, David Dauvillee, MiltonSommerfeld, Steven Ball, Qiang Hu. Chlamydomonas starchless mutant defective in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase hyper- accumulates triacylglycerol. Metabolic Engineering12(2010)387– 391. [6] Sara Rasoul-Amini,Nima Montazeri-Najafabady, Mohammad Ali Mobasher,Samira Hoseini-Alhashemi, Younes Ghasemi. Chlorella sp.: A new strain with highly saturated fatty acids for biodieselproduction in bubble-column photobioreactor. Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3354–3356. [7] Joseph Msanne, Di Xub, Anji Reddy Konda, J. Armando Casas-Mollano, Tala Awada, Edgar B. Cahoon, Heriberto Cerutti. Metabolic and gene expression changes triggered by nitrogen deprivation in the photoautotrophically grown microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Coccomyxa sp. C-169. Phytochemistry 75 (2012) 50–59. [8] Ghasemi, Y., Rasoul-Amini, S., Morowvat, M.H., Raee, M.J., Ghoshoon, M.B., Nouri, F.,Negintaji, N., Parvizi, R., Mosavi Azam, S.B., Shokravi, Sh., 2008. Dehydrogenation, C-20 ketone reduction and side-chain cleavage of Hydrocortisone in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures. Molecules 13 (10), 2416–2425. [9] Rasoul-Amini, S., Ghasemi, Y., Morowvat, M.H., Mohagheghzadeh, A., 2009. PCR amplification of 18S rRNA, Single Cell Protein production and fatty acid evaluation of some naturally isolated microalgae. Food Chem. 116 (1), 129–136. [10] E.A. Ehimen, Z.F. Sun, C.G. Carrington. Variables affecting the in situ transesterification of microalgae lipids. Fuel 89 (2010) 677–684. 216 �[11] Mohammad Hossein Morowvat, Sara Rasoul-Amini, Younes Ghasemi. Chlamydomonas as a ‗‗new‖ organism for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 2059– 2062. The Development of the Clean Technology Industry: A Conceptual Framework Nir Kshetri The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Abstract The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations. Many analysts consider the clean technology (CT)industry as a game changer for businesses‘ and nations‘ competitiveness in the 21st century.From a theoretical standpoint, the CT industry contains many idiosyncraticfeatures, which affect the natures of entrepreneurial opportunities and roles in this industry. The issues of the evolution of the clean technology industry and nations‘ competitive advantages in this industry area critical but little-examined problem in the social science research. We contributetofilling this research gap with an analysis of the entrepreneurship in the global CT industry. Specifically, this paper proposes a framework to examine the development of the CT industry and assesses some major economies in terms of the major dimensions in the framework. We also present a case study of entrepreneurship in the Chinese CT industry. Keywords: Clean technology, disruptive innovations, solar cells, China, venture capital, externality mechanisms 1. INTRODUCTION The evolutionofanindustrychanges the competitive climate faced by individual firms as well as nations (Utterback 1996). The rapidly evolving clean technology(CT) industry is toutedasapotential source to bring changes in businesses strategic orientation as well as significant changesintheglobaleconomic and political power structures. Despite their current small size, some CT sectors such as solar and wind energy are the fastest growing forms of electric power (Kennard 2008). Facing the trend toward CT, some companies have developed new competences and capabilities that have the potential of being clean and sustainable. To take an example, DuPont has shifted its portfolio away from its traditional core competencies and is developing new internal competences and capabilities compatible with therecent global greenmovement(Hart 2005). 217 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1248 Title A name given to the resource Engineering of microalgae for biofuel production Author Author Recep , Vatansever Abstract A summary of the resource. Increasing of the world population along with the economic wealth deepens the energy crises every day. Hence we need to find the new alternative energy sources that will satisfy the energy demand and concomitantly deliver no emission to the environment. In this particular situation, plants offer us a highly efficient and effective solutions. However use of higher plants for such purposes can cause several problems such as food competition, water shortage, arable land, fertilizer etc. Algae are tiny biological factories that use photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy so efficiently that they can double their weight several times a day. As part of the photosynthesis process algae produce oil and can generate 15 times more oil per acre than other plants used for biofuels, such as corn and switchgrass. Algae can grow in salt water, freshwater or even contaminated water, at sea or in ponds, and on land not suitable for food production. We are working on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and some other algae to increase their biomass and lipid production which can in future stand as an alternative energy source for next generation. We started our research with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii since it was a model organism. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single celled photosynthetic microorganism and produces a kind of lipid which can be easily converted for biofuel production. The process of making biodisel from algae contains a number of seperation steps; separating the algea from the media, separating the oil from the algea and removing the glycerol from the oil to lower the viscosity. Hence our aim is to produce a high biomass algea strain containing a high amount of lipid which can be efficiently used for biodiesel production. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),Q Science (General)