10 10 3494 https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/671e7c5ac86012bd16ab8dc0479dba5d.pdf e2aa34a6dc897412e5ad80ea0a193695 PDF Text Text A FLOOD OF METAPHORS? CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE 2014 BALKAN MEDIA REPORTS ON FLOODS Jelena Bošnjak & Dubravka Trišić University of Belgrade Article History: Submitted: 10.06.2015 Accepted: 11.08.2015 Abstract: The paper explores the linguistic and conceptual metaphors in media reports on the 2014 floods in the Balkans, focusing on the conceptualization of floods and floodrelated concepts. While natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes represent a wellknown source domain within the conceptual metaphor theory, this paper aims to explore floods as a target domain drawing on online Balkan newspaper reports from May 2014. The analysis offers insight into long-standing, conventional metaphors related to floods and natural disasters as well as the specific realizations and elaborations of these and other metaphors in the context of the 2014 Balkan floods. The possible functions and effects of the predominant metaphors related to the 2014 floods are discussed. Key words: conceptual metaphor, cognitive linguistics, floods, the Balkans, media �1 INTRODUCTION In May 2014, a series of devastating floods occurred in several countries in the Balkan Peninsula. Due to their catastrophic proportions, the floods received significant attention in the media. Drawing on the theory of conceptual metaphor, this paper explores floodrelated conceptual metaphors in the newspaper discourse on the 2014 floods in three countries whose standard languages are highly mutually intelligible – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia – aiming to determine how the floods were conceptualized by identifying the most common conceptual metaphors. The possible effects of and reasons for the use of the most pervasive metaphors are also considered. 1.1 Theoretical background The conceptual metaphor theory, formulated by Lakoff and Johnson in their seminal work Metaphors We Live By (1980), regards metaphors not as a poetic or rhetorical device, but as a crucial part of our conceptual system. Conceptual metaphors are thus considered to be a matter of thought, not merely language, and they are defined as the understanding of one conceptual domain – the target domain – in terms of another domain – the source domain. Target domains are typically “areas of experience that are relatively abstract, complex, unfamiliar, subjective or poorly delineated”, while source domains are normally “concrete, simple, familiar, physical and well-delineated experiences” (Semino, 2008, p. 6). The conceptual metaphor theory postulates that we reason about some concepts in terms of other concepts based on a set of systematic correspondences between or across these two domains called mappings which are grounded in human experience (see e. g. Kövecses, 2010, pp. 77–88). Conceptual metaphors which underlie our thinking are manifested in language as metaphorical linguistic expressions, although they can have other, non-linguistic manifestations as well (see e. g. Kövecses, 2010, pp. 63–73, Rasulić, 2004, pp. 338–433). More importantly, as Lakoff and Johnson (1980, p. 3) argue: “Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get around in the world, and how we relate to other people. Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities. If we are right in suggesting that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we think, what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor.” While FLOODS have been identified as a source domain in conceptual metaphors such as IMMIGRATION IS FLOOD (e. g. Cunningham-Parmeter, 2011), this paper explores floods and flood-related concepts as the target domain seeking to reveal how floods were conceptualized in the public discourse in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia, and what possible implications this had for the way readers thought and felt about the disaster. 1.2 Data and methodology Our corpus encompassed all flood-related metaphorical expressions in three most widelyread daily newspapers with online archives per country (Dnevni list, Glas Srpske and �Večernji list for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 24sata, Jutarnji list and Večernji list for Croatia and Blic, Kurir and Večernje novosti for Serbia). The metaphors were extracted from all articles on floods published between May 14, when the earliest reports on floods appeared, until May 31, when the floods and subsequently the reporting on them had subsided. The choice of the newspapers was based on the assumption that the analysis of these reports would reveal most accurately how the floods were represented in the media and thus how the framework through which the readers could conceptualize the floods was shaped. The analysis included not only the lexeme ‘flood/floods’ (poplava/poplave), but also all flood-related lexemes referring to the water and bodies of water that constituted part of the floods. To avoid unnecessary repetition, the lexeme ‘flood/floods’ is used in all conceptual metaphors throughout this paper as an umbrella concept for all of these lexemes. Furthermore, as we found that the same conceptual metaphors were used in all three countries, we do not cite the newspapers or countries the examples were extracted from although care was taken to ensure that all the countries were represented in them. Expressions were considered as metaphorical in those cases where it was possible to identify two domains with metaphorical mappings between them. After these expressions were extracted, they were analyzed to identify the overarching conceptual metaphors. The data is given both in the original language and translated into English while metaphorical expressions in both languages are italicized in the examples. We also adhere to the well-established custom to mark conceptual metaphors and domains by small capital letters. 2 RESULTS Our analysis revealed that the most common conceptual metaphors used in the discourse on floods were the same in all three countries. We present and discuss these metaphors in the sections below. 2.1 Floods as an animate being The conceptualization of floods as an ANIMATE ENTITY represents the most frequent metaphor in our corpus. It is based on two ontological metaphors: EVENTS ARE ENTITIES and EVENTS ARE ACTIONS. According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980: 25), conceptualizing events, emotions, ideas and similar concepts which are not discrete or clearly bounded as entities allows us to perceive parts of our experience as separate entities and therefore reason about them. The conceptual metaphor EVENTS ARE ACTIONS enables us to understand external events we have no control over as willful actions by an entity (Lakoff and Turner 1989: 72–80). In the majority of cases, the floods were personified and assigned “human motivations, characteristics and experiences” (Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 13), above all consciousness and cognitive ability: (1) Voda ne zna granice, niti narodnosti, niti vjeru. Voda zna svoju razinu i pravac. [Water knows no boundaries, nationalities or faiths. Water knows its level and direction.] �One of the dominant characteristics of the floods was the ability of willful movement. The floods were seen as entities that were able to ‘come’ (doći), ‘go’ (otići), ‘enter’ (ući), ‘approach’ (prići), ‘cross’ (preći preko), ‘turn around’ (okrenuti tok), ‘run/hurry down’ (sjuriti se), etc. (2) Voda…sjurila se kroz moje dvorište i otišla do Živkovog. [The water…ran down my yard and went to Živko’s.] Another characteristic of the floodwater was its ability to exert willful physical force and consciously manipulate objects by ‘taking’ (uzeti), ‘carrying’ (nositi), ‘carrying away’ (odn(ij)eti), ‘grabbing’ (dohvatiti), ‘breaking off’ (odlomiti), ‘severing’ (prekinuti/pres(j)eći), ‘tearing down’ (urušiti/srušiti), etc. When physical force was combined with movement, the floods were described as ‘unstoppable’ (nezaustavljiva). (3) …reka je odlomila i odnela deo parkinga… [...the river broke off and carried away a piece of the parking lot...] Very often, the physical force was accompanied by murderousness or aggression: the floods ‘threatened’ (pretiti), ‘destroyed/ravaged’ (uništiti/uništavati/lomiti), ‘killed’ (ubiti, usmrtiti) and ‘buried’ (sahraniti), ‘wreaked havoc’ (napraviti k/haos), etc. The floods were also seen as being out of control – they ‘went wild’ (podivljati) and were ascribed various associated qualities or emotions such as being ‘unpredictable’ (nepredvidiva), ‘frenzied’ (pomahnitala), ‘raging’ (podivljao), ‘merciless/ruthless’ (nemilosrdna) while events they caused were seen as the results of ‘venting’ (iskaliti se). (4) … nepokretna starica koju je voda ubila u njenom domu… [... a disabled old woman whom the water killed in her home...] (5) Kolubara je podivljala... [The Kolubara has gone wild…] (6) …koje je Jasenica i Kubršnica nemilosrdno natapala, povukla. […that the Jasenica and the Kubršnica ruthlessly flooded.] Occasionally, the floods were assigned the ability to ‘calm down’ (umiriti se) or ‘show mercy’ (pokazati samilost). (7) Kada se reka umirila problem se otvorio na drugoj strain… [When the river calmed down, another problem occurred…] Apart from physical force, the floods were also capable of exercising power and influence. The floods thus had the ability to ‘force’ (primorati), ‘allow/permit’ (dopustiti), ‘change’ (prom(j)eniti), ‘take over/take control of’ (preuzeti pod svoje), ‘postpone’ (odložiti/odgoditi), etc. (8) ... rekordne poplave koje su zadesile Balkan primorale su desetine hiljada ljudi u Srbiji i Bosni da napuste svoje domove. �(9) [... record floods in the Balkans have forced tens of thousands of people in Serbia and Bosnia to leave their homes.] … ako to kiša i poplava dopuste... [... if the floods and rain permit it...] The conceptualization of floodwater as an animate being was also realized through the source domain of A (SEA) MONSTER or in one case through the domain of A SEA SNAKE. The monster was mostly described as ‘devouring’ ((pro)gutati) objects, people or even entire towns. (10) Kolubara je progutala grad za manje od 10 sati… [The Kolubara devoured the town in less than 10 hours…] 2.2 Floods as a unifier The floods also had one positive effect – they became a A UNIFIER which ‘united people/brought people together’ (zbližiti ljude/ujediniti ljude/sve spojiti/udružiti), ‘led to the collapse of ethnic barriers’ (dovesti do pada etničkih barijera), ‘erased borders’ (izbrisati granice) and made people show ‘unity’ (jedinstvo/sloga/zajedništvo), have a ‘heart which beats in unison’(srce kuca jedinstveno), and become ‘one big family’ (velika obitelj/porodica). (11) Ovo nas je ujedinilo, kao što nas nevolja uvek ujedinjuje… [This has united us the way hardship always unites us.] 2.3 Taking measures against floods as waging a war The activities that were undertaken to deal with the floods were commonly conceptualized as WAGING A WAR. WAR has been identified as a source domain with a wide scope which applies to many target domains such as LOVE or POLITICS (Kövecses, 2010, pp. 135–146) and across different languages (see e.g. Chiang & Duann, 2007; Semino & Masci, 1996). Larson, Nerlich and Wallis (2005) studied “militaristic metaphors” in the context of invasive species and diseases. War metaphors have been identified in the discourse on natural disasters in at least two languages (see Trčková, 2011 for English and Zhang, 2015 for Chinese). In many cases, the war metaphors are well-established, basic, or conventional metaphors meaning that their use is “unconscious, automatic, and typically unnoticed” (Lakoff & Turner, 1989, p. 80). Conventional war metaphors also exist in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. Some of these expressions are conventional within the discourse on emergencies and were therefore quite frequent in our corpus: ‘braniti/o(d)braniti’ (defend), ‘o(d)brana’ (defense), ‘(ne)branjen’ ((un)defended) ‘boriti se protiv’ (fight against), and ‘borba protiv’ (fighting/struggle against). (12) … do proglašenja redovnih mjera obrane od poplava. […until regular defense measures against floods can be declared.] (13) Sjeverni dio Bosne se još uvijek grčevito bori s podivljalim rijekama. �[The northern part of Bosnia is still desperately fighting against rivers gone wild.] However, we encountered numerous other, non-conventional realizations of this metaphor. Activities done to resist the floods were seen as a ‘war’ (rat) in which ‘battles’ (bitke) could be ‘fought’ (voditi). The floods, AN INVADER, ‘conquered’ (osvajati) territories, ‘occupied’ (okupirati) objects, and ‘besieged’ (opkoliti sa svih strana) people. The destruction caused by the floods was seen as ‘aggression’ (agresija) while the water was even characterized as ‘bloodthirsty’ (krvožedna). The human fighters, some of which were ‘volunteers’ (dobrovoljci), and their ‘fellow-combatants’ (saborci), could bring in ‘reinforcement’ (pojačanje) but they were rarely able to ‘win’ or ‘defeat’ (pob(j)editi) their enemy. Sometimes, ‘heroes’ (heroji/junaci) emerged from this war. The areas with levees or sandbags were called ‘defense lines’ (odbrambena linija/linije odbrane), ‘a line of battle’ (linija fronte), ‘bulwarks/ramparts’ (utvrde), while a place safe from the floods was once described as a ‘stronghold’ (uporište). (14) Paralelno s tim brani se druga linija fronte... [At the same time, the second line of battle is being defended…] (15) Same akcije spašavanja ljudi iz vodom okupiranih kuća bile su na trenutke dramatične. [Saving people from houses occupied by water was at times very dramatic.] 2.4 Floods as a projectile A very frequent metaphor in our corpus was the metaphor A FLOOD IS A PROJECTILE, realized in all three countries through the expression ‘hit’ (pogoditi) and its participle ‘hit’ (pogođen). (16) …pomoć za područja pogođena poplavama. […aid for the areas hit by floods.] 2.5 Floods as a container Another quite common metaphor was A FLOOD IS A CONTAINER, realized through the preposition ‘in’ (u) and the locative case of the noun in question. (17) …obiteljima čiji su najmiliji izgubili živote u poplavi… [...the families that have lost their loved ones in the flood...] 2.6 Floods as an apocalyptic event or hell Finally, the floods were conceptualized as THE BIBLICAL/APOCALYPTIC FLOOD/DELUGE, THE PASSION OF CHRIST, THE APOCALYPSE/AN APOCALYPTIC EVENT and THE HELL. The metaphorical realizations of these source domains included ‘the Flood’ (potop), ‘of Biblical proportions’ (biblijskih razmera), ‘the Passion of Christ/calvary’ �(kalvarija), ‘the apocalypse’ (apokalipsa), ‘apocalyptic’ (apokaliptičan), ‘cataclysmic’ (kataklizmičan), ‘hell’ (pakao, etc.). (18) Bosna i Hercegovina je…prošla još jednu kalvariju… [Bosnia and Herzegovina has...gone through another calvary...] (19) Apokalipsa u Rajevom Selu [Apocalypse in Rajevo Selo] (20) Novinarka “Blica” u paklu Obrenovca [Blic journalist in the hell of Obrenovac] 3 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS When the most common conceptual metaphors and their linguistic realizations encountered in our corpus are all taken into consideration, a multi-faceted concept of the 2014 May floods in the Balkans emerges. Rather than being an event occurring without a purpose, the floods were conceptualized as a sentient entity with physical and cognitive abilities, capable of purposeful movement, of influencing the world around them, and characterized by significant physical strength. When these qualities were paired with rage that needed to be vented and mercilessness, widespread destruction and chaos ensued. The floods became frenzied and unpredictable and therefore impossible to control until they themselves decided to calm down and show mercy. Sometimes, they took on the form of an evil monster devouring everything in its path. The only positive (side-)effect they had was bringing people together, but mainly for the purpose of putting up unified resistance. They often took on the role of an invader or attacker in a proper, albeit somewhat one-sided war. Some areas and people were simply hit by the floods, suddenly and unexpectedly. Finally, even when the floods were conceptualized as an event it was an end-of the-world event or simply hell. Although the numerous flood-related metaphorical expressions were not evenly distributed across the corpus – not all of the linguistic manifestations were used in each country and some of them occurred only once or twice in the entire corpus – the overarching conceptual metaphors were the same in all three countries, the most frequent in the corpus and therefore the most pervasive in the discourse on floods. Some of these metaphors, such as the ontological metaphor of personification, are, as Lakoff and Johnson (1980) maintain, “necessary for even attempting to deal rationally with our experiences” (p. 26) since they help us understand unfamiliar experiences in terms of more familiar ones. However, as Semino (2008) argues, metaphors in discourse, especially non-conventional ones, are rarely neutral and are often deliberately chosen among many alternatives for a variety of communicative, social, political, historical and other reasons. The “main set of functions of metaphors in discourse relates to the representation of (particular aspects of) reality” (Semino, 2008, p. 31) where the choice of the source domain through which a concept is to be understood directly affects that understanding. One of the reasons for this is that conceptual metaphors highlight some aspects of the target domain while hiding others depending on the choice of the source domain (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, pp. 10–13). While it is not possible give definite reasons why the conceptual metaphors presented in this paper were the most common in the discourse on the 2014 Balkan �floods, we can speculate about the possible effects of these metaphors on public consciousness. Given their pervasiveness, the concept of floods that was structured by them is likely to have had an impact on how the public understood the floods and their consequences. As evidenced throughout this paper, this concept was often one of a juggernaut too powerful for any mere mortal to resist. The way the floods were conceptualized highlighted almost exclusively the qualities of the floods, possibly shifting the focus, and therefore perhaps also the responsibility and the blame, from the people and their ability to resist the floods and mitigate their consequences or even prevent them to the unstoppable floods themselves. References Chiang, W., & Duann, R. (2007). Conceptual metaphors for SARS: ‘war’ between whom? Discourse & Society, 18 (5), 579–602. Cunningham-Parmeter, K. (2011). Alien language: immigration metaphors and the jurisprudence of otherness. Fordham Law Review, 79 (4), 1544–1598. Kövecses, Z. (2010). Metaphor: A practical introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lakoff, J., & Johnson M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, J., & Turner. M. (1989). More than cool reason. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Larson, B. M. H., Nerlich, B., & Wallis, P. (2005). Metaphors and Biorisks: the war on infectuous diseases and invasive species. Science Communication, 26 (3), 243– 268. Rasulić, K. (2004). Jezik i prostorno iskustvo: Konceptualizacija vertikalne dimenzije u engleskom i srpskohrvatskom jeziku. Beograd: Filološki fakultet. Semino, E., & Masci, M. (1996). Politics is football: metaphor in the discourse of Silvio Berlusconi in Italy. Discourse & Society, 7 (2), 243–269. Semino, E. (2008). Metaphor in Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Trčková, D. (2011). Multi-functionality of metaphor in newspaper discourse. Brno Studies in English, 37 (1), 139-151. Zhang, W. (2015). Discourse of resistance: articulations of national cultural identity in media discourse on the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Discourse & Communication, 9 (3), 355–370. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2953 Title A name given to the resource A FLOOD OF METAPHORS? CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE 2014 BALKAN MEDIA REPORTS ON FLOODS Author Author Bošnjak, Jelena Trišić, Dubravka Abstract A summary of the resource. The paper explores the linguistic and conceptual metaphors in media reports on the 2014 floods in the Balkans, focusing on the conceptualization of floods and flood-related concepts. While natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes represent a well-known source domain within the conceptual metaphor theory, this paper aims to explore floods as a target domain drawing on online Balkan newspaper reports from May 2014. The analysis offers insight into long-standing, conventional metaphors related to floods and natural disasters as well as the specific realizations and elaborations of these and other metaphors in the context of the 2014 Balkan floods. The possible functions and effects of the predominant metaphors related to the 2014 floods are discussed. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b1d854880e25442ae2da9189483841aa.pdf 996894c7361f6f2ed07de97048ca8187 PDF Text Text A Functional Based Simulator for the 8051 Microcontroller Ahmet Turan Ozcerit Sakarya University, Technology Faculty,Sakarya, Turkey aozcerit@sakarya.edu.tr Necat Guney Izzet Baysal Vocational High School, Bolu, Turkey necatguney@hotmail.com Abstract: In this paper, a functional based simulator has been designed to facilitate the education of the 8051 microcontroller, which is used widely in today's engineering and educational purposes. In the realization of the simulator, a PC-based program is developed in a way to make easy to follow the contents of the registers and flags of the running an 8051coded assembly program. Another important contribution fulfilled is a toolbox, which can easily be connected to the ports of the microcontroller using as switch, button, display, etc. The units in the toolbox can also be connected after compilation period. By the help of this facility, the simulator can be used as a virtual microcontroller development board. Such properties simplify to understand the internal architecture of the 8051 microcontrollers for students and designers. Introduction Microcontrollers, apart from microprocessors, can handle many industrial tasks in effort free manner and they are mostly proper answer for tight budgeted projects. They can be frequently called as embedded computer since they can be used as a single chip for industrial solutions. Reprogramming property of these chips attracts many designers to overcome various practical applications along with electrical control purposes. Electronics hobbyists and engineering students are also primary target groups for embedded microcontroller chips. Many electrical or computer engineering departments from all over the world include microcontrollers in their course curriculum along with assembly programming. Since these courses mostly cover practical side of the microcontrollers, an experimental based laboratory is required. However, experimental laboratories are not appropriate solution when financial or spatial shortcomings are inevitable (Smith M. R., Cheng M, 1996) . Using software-based simulators can offer affordable alternatives to hrdware based experimental kits. Nevertheless, there are some limitations for almost every simulator, for example, simulators cannot always run in real-time mode, neither debugs timing problems of the real system (TOPALOGLU N., 2002). Related Works In the past, many microprocessor simulator tools were designed and used by commercial purposes. However, there are some examples were designed by educational and academic purposes. For example, C. W. Caldwell et al. (Caldwell C., et al., 1995) proposed a graphical microprocessor simulator to be used in engineering classes. By using their simulator, the students could also reach to see internal registers and computational details of the microprocessors. Another simulator was designed for 68HC11 microcontroller at South Carolina University in microcontroller programming courses for the students attending mechatronics engineering department. Students could monitor each minute detail of the microcontroller such as RAM, ROM contents, ports, serial interface, timers, etc. This simulator also enabled students to debug the designed system. At the end of the course, many students focused on industrial applications that could be completed by microcontrollers (Giurgiutiu V., et al., 2005). In another paper, interpreter-based and compiler-based simulators were united in one simulator in order to utilize the best features of both techniques (Reshadi M., et al., 2003) Interpreter-based simulators are preferred 388 �for flexibility and detailed operations while compiler-based simulators are used for fast simulations. The simulator designed blended both simulators to increase the flexibility and performance of the operations to balance each parameter. The simulator we designed has aimed to teach students the use of instruction set and assembly programming of 8051 microcontrollers. The Component Details of the Simulator The 8051 simulator we designed has eight windows as seen in Figure-1: • Code editing window • Code compiling and error message window • Program run control window • Program code window • Internal RAM window • External RAM window • Special Function Registers (SFRs) window • Input/Output ports window Figure-1: Main components of the 8051 simulator Code editing window can be used either for new codes or for the codes loaded from the disk. In this window, the program can be entered in 8051 assembly language. Once the program is assembled, a window is appeared to display assembler result as indicated in Figure 2. 389 �Figure 2. Compile window showing assembler results At this stage of the simulator, we have used standard ASM51.exe to assembly target assembly coded files. Entire hex code, list code program development cycle is illustrated in Figure 3. Hex files can either be used in many simulator programs, emulators or can be downloaded into a target 8051 derivative chip by programmer software or a programmer device. Code editing *.asm file ASM51.EXE assembler *.lst and *.hex files Figure 3. Development cycle of hex and list files In the list file, program assembly codes, corresponding hex codes, and code memory addresses are created as seen in Figure 4. While the first column represents the memory address of corresponding assembly codes, the second is for opcodes of that assembly codes. The simulator we designed uses first, second and third columns to accomplish desired code simulation. Figure 4. List file contents If the assembly file includes errors, a set of error messages are issued. Having a successful compilation completed, the assembly program can be run in step-by-step (F8) or in full speed (Ctrl + F12) fashion on run 390 �window as shown in Figure 5. On this window, a program counter, a cycle counter for current instruction, and total simulation timer are deployed to monitor simulation events. Figure 5. Program run control window In the simulation stage, the internal and external memory blocks can be monitored. The internal RAM window incorporates direct and indirect data memory and it can be modified by the user in bit or byte manner during the simulation. However, the simulation needs to be paused before the modification. Any change in internal RAM cell can be noticed immediately since the related RAM cell is colored in real-time. This facility enables the user to control the simulation efficiently. The external RAM and SFR memory windows have identical functions what internal RAM window has. However, program code memory represents the hex code of the assembly programs as seen in Figure 6. The program codes normally cannot be modified by the users, but if some users who are very confident on what they do can modify the contents of the code memory in the paused mode. Figure 6. Code memory window 391 �I/O ports, as illustrated in Figure 7, can be connected to a couple of hardware-based devices that are used frequently for embedded systems. Each port can be connected to LEDs, switches, buttons, or sevensegment display. At reset time, each port is connected predetermined devices, but if desired, all ports can be left alone. Each port’s connection can be reorganized during the simulation. There are some constraints though, for example, at any time, two ports cannot be connected to the same device. Figure 7. The I/O ports window The Fundamentals of Simulation Operations Once the errors are corrected, program counter value and its related opcode and operands are inserted into arrays. The functional setup can be seen in Figure 8. PC OC Opr 0000 74 FF 0002 0004 78 F5 15 15 0006 0008 0009 74 46 74 0F 000B 56 000C 000E 000F 74 66 74 PC: Program Counter OC: Opcode (fetch) Opr : Operand (fetch) increment PC with respect to OC and Opr 0F Decode OC and use operands 0F 0F Figure 8. Block diagram of the simulator In our design, we have used the program counter as array indexer. The PC is increased automatically according to the type of the instruction. The simulation continues until an END instruction is encountered. In order to separate opcodes from END instruction, we have used A5 hex number, which is not compatible with any opcode in 8051 assembly language (MacKenzie, I.S.1995). 392 �Conclusions Microprocessor and microcontroller courses often require experimental laboratory applications. However, the students cannot always use hardware-based systems efficiently. Additionally, such systems can bring major drawbacks such as financial or physical space difficulties. Students can have a great opportunity to learn the course contents if software based solutions are provided. As an alternative solution, we have designed and implemented a free and functional-based 8051-microcontroller simulator to be used in microprocessor classes. The students not only create and edit their assembly codes in the provided environment, also can utilize hardware-based devices. So, the risk of malfunctioning real hardware devices can be avoided. However, the simulator we designed cannot run in real-time mode. This property will be improved in the next versions. Acknowledgements: The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of Sakarya University entitled BAPK Project No. 2010-50-01-010 References Smith M. R., Cheng M. (1996) “Use of Virtual (simulated) hardware devices in microprocessor laboratories and tutorials”, Frontiers in Education Conference, FIE’96, 26th Annual Conference − 1996 − Vol. 3. − Pages 1181–1185. TOPALOGLU, N. (2002) “The Design and Implementation of PC-Based Functional Microprocessor Simulator”, PhD. Thesis, Ankara, 2002 Caldwell, C. W., Andrews, D. L., and Scott, S. S. (1995) “A Graphical Microcomputer Simulator for Classroom Use” Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference, 1995. Proceedings, Vol. 2, Pages: 3b3.9-3b3.12, ISBN:0-7803-3022-6 Giurgiutiu, V., Lyons J, Rocheleau D, Liu, W. (2005) “Mechatronics/ microcontroller education for mechanical engineering students at the University of South Carolina”, Columbia, Mechatronics, Volume 15, Issue 9, 2005, Pages. 1025–1036. Reshadi, M.,Mishra, P., Dutt, N., Proceedings of the 40th annual Design Automation Conference, “Instruction Set Compiled Simulation: A Technique For Fast And Flexible Instruction Set Simulation”, 2003, Pages: 758–763, Anaheim, California, USA, ISBN:1-58113-688-9 I.Scott MacKenzie, (1995), The 8051 Microcontroller, Prentice Hall 393 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 533 Title A name given to the resource A Functional Based Simulator for the 8051 Microcontroller Author Author Ozcerit, Ahmet Turan Guney, Necat Abstract A summary of the resource. In this paper, a functional based simulator has been designed to facilitate the education of the 8051 microcontroller, which is used widely in today's engineering and educational purposes. In the realization of the simulator, a PC-based program is developed in a way to make easy to follow the contents of the registers and flags of the running an 8051- coded assembly program. Another important contribution fulfilled is a toolbox, which can easily be connected to the ports of the microcontroller using as switch, button, display, etc. The units in the toolbox can also be connected after compilation period. By the help of this facility, the simulator can be used as a virtual microcontroller development board. Such properties simplify to understand the internal architecture of the 8051 microcontrollers for students and designers. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed Q Science (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/23af4f2592963081ecb2de5edcc53484.docx 9467ebc231e7ccb7a547056749125094 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 2570 Title A name given to the resource A Group of Travel Agents Relationship Marketing Practices Author Author Gul Nihan Guven , YESILDAG Abstract A summary of the resource. Enterprises that are in the goods and services industry have yielded to relationship marketing in order to gain new but loyal customers in an environment which is getting more and more rivalry, resemblance is more widespread, and in which the demands and the expectancy of the customers change very rapidly. It is understood that the loyal customers can be obtained through relationship marketing. The purpose of this study, especially in recent years, the importance of the concept of relationship marketing is to describe the scope and applications. In this context literature and the data obtained from study are presented in sections. In this context, group travel agency located in Istanbul, one of 100 managers were interviewed and subjected to analysis of the data obtained results have been achieved. Keywords: Relationship Marketing, Strategic Customer Management, Travel Agency. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available International Burch University Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014-04-24 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ISSN 2303-4564 H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6b44556640a0f559c18ca5d32b1f6942.pdf 7363d82c054e10cab0bef902e13bd170 PDF Text Text A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO INNOVATIONS IN TOURISM Slobodan Ivanović Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management in Opatija University in Rijeka Rijeka, Republic of Croatia sivanov@fthm.hr Vedran Milojica Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management in Opatija University in Rijeka Rijeka, Republic of Croatia vedran.milojica@gmail.com Vasja Roblek Fizioterapevtika College Medvode, Republic of Slovenia vasja.roblek@gmail.com Abstract: This paper is focused on the importance and influence of the innovations in the time of the fourth industry revolution for the creation of value added in tourism industry. Innovative technology solutions solve problems in a tourist destination, as in the case of the effects of climate change as well as the revival of cultural heritage. New products that are connected with the Internet (e.g. Internet of things) and digital solution services invites small and medium sized firms, and other relevant actors, to apply for funding of co-operative tourism innovation projects. The proposals should primarily focus on the development of innovative products, services and concepts to accelerate the tourism sector. Innovative products and services form the framework of marketing efforts to encourage consumers to decide for the purchase and thus affect the sales success of tourist firms. Innovations that are intended to satisfy the wishes and needs of consumers, based on existing knowledge. Usually it is a technological innovation with features that provide additional solutions compared with the existing ones. Firms want to attract customers who have different needs from the existing customers. The contribution of the paper is mainly conceptual. With the development of the digital innovations (web 2.0., web 3.0., internet, the internet of things) that is central to the new industrial revolution, has led to “Industry 4.0” in tourism. The aim of this paper is to provide answers to RQ1: To present the known theory and practices of innovations in tourism; RQ2: To investigate the changes that will result from Industry 4.0 in tourism. Keywords: innovations, tourism industry, industry revolution 4.0, digital technologies, internet JEL Classification: O33, Z33 1. Introduction The paper deals with the questions about the investments policies in the field of hospitality and indirectly tourism. First, it is necessary to explain the relation between tourism and the hospitality industry. Distinction between hospitality and tourism can be discussed with quantitative (the capacity of each hotel) and qualitative terms (standard of ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 367 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) arrangements, the diversity of services and products, additional services). Hospitality industry is a field within the service industry, and represents the economic benefit for tourism. It is connected to the environment and people traveling. Mass movements of people represent the importance of tourism. In the process of traveling tourists fulfil their needs through the use of hospitality. Thus, it can be said that the hospitality infrastructure represents a precondition for tourism. Thus, the economic effects of tourism reflect through the hospitality industry where technological innovations play a significant role in the creation of the value-added (Ivanović, 2012). In a global and highly competitive tourism environment runs a tough battle for the favour of the customers and their purchasing power. Hospitality industry needs to ensure its strategic positioning. It is recommended that the hospitality companies grow on the basis of sustainable policies that include economical sustainable growth as well as organic and social perspective. Managers of hospitality companies must therefore be aware of the importance of managing growth, that must be sustainable (viable) and it should not fall into the trap of unsustainable growth (Bertoncelj et al. 2016). Sustainable growth rates are in fact those where companies provide long-term sustainable simultaneous growth in revenue, profits and returns. Companies that operate under healthy corporate philosophy, follow the mission of creating sustainable value creation. They build their own sustainable development, balanced with the pressures of internal and external environment, mainly in core activities. Finding and creating opportunities for sustainable growth and corporate profitability are at the heart of reflections of every (pro) active management. Many companies do not create value for shareholders and stakeholders, often due to lack of emphasis on basic, core activities of businesses or inadequate diversification (Dominici and Roblek, 2016). Business growth is derived from the fundamental bonding companies and should be planned and properly managed. The company must have a strategic business plan for sustainable growth, which is an excellent communication tool for the management of change at all levels of management. Under the concept of diversification, it is understood as a growth strategy while introducing new products or services and / or operating in new markets (Lockyer, 2013). Well-used potential of basic and supplementary activities creates market power in the strategic position they can form the basis for expansion into other products/services and geographical areas (Hollensen and Opresnik, 2015). For the hospitality companies present the key growth projects that are related in creating a new (added) value. Hospitality companies can achieve new value with the transformation of potentials and expertise in institutional skills, by integrating the customer into the business processes, new patents, increased brand awareness, advanced information solutions, using all the available information and strategic alliances, which in the long term increase the yield of the company (Chathoth et al, 2013; FitzPatrick et al., 2013). First, the hospitality companies shall consider and use their development as a way of internal growth (Murphy, 2013). Its intensity depends on the breadth and quality of the business program offered by the market, organizational structures and processes as a whole and managerial competence of the management team. The companies should be focused on their core business, which is due to rapid technological developments and the rapidly changing needs of customers at all times under severe competitive pressures (Mowforth, and Munt, 2015; Tarí, Heras-Saizarbitoria and Dick, 2014). 368 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation In the modern operating systems where people are the key creators and performers, the evolutionary laws are valid, independently of the degree of automation and computerization (Pfeffer and Sutton, 2013). Irrespectively of the forms of business systems, we encourage thinking about new opportunities towards the sustainable development of companies (Epstein and Buhovac 2014; Senge, 2014). Old paradigms and patterns of behaviour that were effective in the previous system are no longer appropriate. Source of creating new value in the situation of the “innovation” economy becomes creativity, leverage for the creation of the winning factors in the market innovation and intuition (Kuula, Putkiranta and Toivanen, 2012). Developing skills, professional attitude towards work and conquest of modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become a stable basis for creativity and innovation processes as a way of increasing efficiency and effectiveness (Bisson, Stephenson and Vigurie, 2010; Kaplan and Mikes, 2012). The innovative environments are a challenge of our time, leaders are increasingly concerned about the working environment and rules and less for the processes (Roblek et al., 2013). Only the effective use of intellectual resources allows continuous improvements. Therefore, the behaviour of business systems at all levels of leadership, management and implementation of changes to what is necessary to provide creative employees who are involved in the processes of strategic thinking and are able to compare values creativity and innovation. (Botha, Kourie and Snyman, 2014; North and Kumta, 2014). A human thus becomes the most important resource that must be managed effectively. A characteristic of the present time is the innovation entrepreneurship, based on research and development, deregulation, increased funding with venture capital and international protection of intellectual property (Gummesson, 2014). Innovation is a key lever for the emergence of economic trends and the impact on the dynamics of business cycles (Schumpeter, 1939). The ratio between the innovation and dynamism of economic development is known as a period of the long wave (Mensch, 1979; Freeman, 1984; Tylecote, 1992: Perez, 2002). This period is characterized by profitable investments in research and development, which is the main part of the commercial success of the product. Keynes (Lawlor and Keynes, 2006) and Schumpeter agree that the decision to invest in economic patterns plays a key role. Keynes and his adherents emphasize in particular the role of investment as one of the most dynamic and volatile components of aggregate demand. Schumpeter and his followers believe that the nature of the investment is as important as the creation of economic trends. Freeman Schumpeter’s economic theory was developed on the argument that the adverse economic environments due to lower margins and general pessimistic atmosphere investments decreased, while economic expansion offers opportunities for the development of new technological breakthroughs. Economic innovation system includes the critical factors, such as social capital and innovation as well as reverse innovation vice versa the globalization. Innovative products and services framework of marketing is trying to encourage consumers to opt for the purchase and thus effect on the sales success of companies. Innovation is intended to ensure that the wishes and needs of consumers are based on the existing knowledge. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 369 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Usually it is going for the technological innovation with features that provide additional solutions compared with the existing ones. Companies want to acquire customers who have different needs from the existing or additional customers. 2. Innovativeness of Entrepreneurship Sector in Eastern European countries Saving and decrease of government investment in research and development, education systems and infrastructure are leading to the deterioration of the national innovation system, and the final result is the reduction of economic growth. In micro and small enterprises, the success of innovation activities depends largely on innovation strategies, free cash flow, the development phase of business and relationship management to innovation (Bertoncelj et al., 2016). Following, table 1 and figure 1 presents six innovativeness indexes (scored from 1 to 7); these form the 12th pillar named Innovation in the The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016. Table 1: Innovativeness indexes for nine South European countries AL BIH BG CRO MK MNE RO SRB SLO Capacity for innovation 3.6 3.0 3.8 3.3 3.6 3.7 4.0 3.1 4.4 Quality of scientific research institutions 2.3 3.1 3.7 4.0 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.8 4.8 Company spending on R&D 2.9 2.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.4 3.7 University-industry collaboration in R&D 2.3 4.3 3.0 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.2 4.0 Government procurement of advanced tech products 3.8 2.4 3.1 2.7 3.2 3.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 Availability of scientists and engineers 3.2 3.1 3.7 3.9 4.0 3.8 4.1 3.8 4.1 Source: The Global Competiveness Report 2015 – 2016 (2015). Table 1, figure 1 as well as the information from The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016 (2015) show that Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia are efficiency driven. Croatia and Romania are in transition from the efficiency driven into innovation driven. Slovenia is the only country in the region that is innovation driven. 370 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Figure 1: Innovativeness indexes for nine South European countries Source: The Global Competiveness Report 2015 – 2016 (2015). Figure 2 presents the most problematic factors that influence on development of a more innovative business environment in all nine countries. Respondents were asked to select from the list of factors five most problematic ones for doing business in their country and to rank them between 1 (most problematic) and 5 (the least problematic). The score corresponds to the responses weighted according to their rankings (The Global Competiveness Report 2015–2016, 2015). Figure 2: The most problematic factors for innovative environment development by the country Source: Authors´ analysis according to data available from The Global Competiveness Report 2015 – 2016 (2015) ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 371 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) From the Pareto diagram (figure 3) it can be estimated which factors influence the most on development of a more innovative business environment in all nine countries. Figure 3: The most problematic factors for innovative environment development Source: Authors´ analysis according to data available from The Global Competiveness Report 2015 – 2016 (2015). It is visible from figure 3 that higher tax rates, complexity of a tax regulation, access to finance, endemic corruption and inefficient government bureaucracy contribute mostly to all nine countries poor business environment. All countries need to continue with the implementation of structural reforms. Governments have to increase the flexibility of their labour markets, develop the financial sector, and reduce red tape, which is reported as one of the most problematic factors for developing the business environment in South European Region (The Global Competiveness Report 2015 – 2016, 2015). 3. The paradigms of the Innovations in Tourism and Hospitality Industry In the 21st century innovation represents one of the key factors in ensuring competitive advantages in the field of tourism and hospitality industry. Only through innovative solutions tourism will continue to contribute to further sustainable regional development, which is reflected in the performance multiplier effect from tourism related industries (Haxton, 2015; Sloan, Legrand, and Chen, 2013). For tourism it is important that it is closely related to a number of other sectors and thus can generate positive externalities. Tourism development requires moderate investment and has quick and immediate impact on regional economic growth especially in less developed regions (Seckelmann, 2002). Tourism tends to distribute development away from the industrial centres and towards undeveloped regions (Williams and Shaw, 1991). Less developed or rural regions have more intrinsic motivation to adjust the industrial structure: wider productivity disparities between industries and relatively low industrial switching cost (Alkier, Milojica and Roblek, 2015). 372 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation All nine south European countries are influenced by different sociological, cultural, political and economic characteristics. Their economies were influenced by the socialist economic system from 1945 to 1990. The former socialist economy in its economic doctrine was not aware of the concept of innovation. The consequences of socialist economy are still visible in a high level of centralisation, lack of proper regional policies and institutions and top-down planning approach employed for a long period (Alkier, Milojica and Roblek, 2015). The tourism sector provides countless development opportunities for lower and middle income south European countries and has a significant positive impact on their GDP and national economies (table 2). The data in table 2 show that investments in tourism are an important factor for the economic growth. Countries with higher level of investment in 2014 (Croatia, Montenegro and Slovenia) have the highest GDP total contribution of tourism. Table 2: Key facts about the importance of tourism for regional development comparison of the nine south European countries Country GDP direct contribution % GDP total contribution % Employment: direct contribution % Employment total contribution % Visitors exports % Investment % 2014 2025 2014 2025 2014 2025 2014 2025 2014 2025 2014 2025 AL 5.9 6.2 21 21.8 5.3 5.8 19.2 20.4 30.4 24.2 4.3 4.5 BIH 2.5 3.0 9.3 11.0 3.0 3.8 10.7 13.1 13.0 13.2 4.7 6.6 BG 3.7 3.9 13.1 12.9 3.4 4.3 12.1 12.9 12.3 9.6 6.1 5.8 CRO 12.5 16.8 28.3 36.2 13.6 16.3 30.2 35.3 43.7 48.3 10.2 10.4 MK 1.4 1.4 5.2 5.7 1.3 1.4 4.7 5.2 5.6 4.2 2.2 2.6 MNE 9.5 14.8 20.0 31.9 8.6 13.4 18.5 29.6 54.3 51.6 30.1 53.2 RO 1.6 1.6 4.8 5.1 2.4 2.5 5.5 5.9 2.5 2.6 7.3 7.6 SRB 2.1 5.2 6.1 7.2 2.6 3.2 6.4 7.5 6.5 7.0 4.4 4.2 SLO 3.5 3.8 12.7 13.8 3.9 4.5 13.0 14.6 8.0 8.8 9.4 10.0 Europe 3.4 3.6 9.2 9.8 3.6 4.1 9.0 9.9 5.6 5.8 4.7 5.0 World 3.1 3.3 9.8 10.5 3.6 3.9 9.4 10.7 5.7 5.6 4.3 4.9 Source: Travel & Tourism: Economic impact 2015 (editions: Albania, BIH, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia). The analysis of statistical data in table 2 indicates that for all nine countries tourism and travel industry represents an important segment of the economy. All countries have undergone a transition from socialism to a market economy system at the end of the 20th and in the beginning of the 21st century, after which tourism companies slowly started to reposition themselves. All nine countries are registering an increase in the number of international tourism arrivals and the total contribution of tourism industry to the GDP. According to these positive results, it can be agreed that all destinations have been effective in attracting tourists, but they fail to improve their competitiveness and therefore better transformation of tourism opportunities into economic benefits. ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 373 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) Innovation in the tourism sector includes the introduction of advanced technological solutions with a view to the implementation and promotion of tourism products and services. These solutions are used throughout the tourism sector, which covers the transportation, mobility, cultural heritage, hotels and other hospitality suppliers and promotion of destinations (Pechlaner and Innerhofer, 2016). It should be noted that the development of innovation in the field of tourism should arise from perception of innovation, which has to strain the corporate sector and government regulation, which should be aimed at promoting innovation environments, tax exemptions and financial incentives (Kahn and Kawasaki, 2014). Innovative solutions in the field of tourism include the creation or improvement of existing conceptual solutions in the areas of transport, hotel and other services, the development of new destinations, the use of Information and Communication Technologies, new forms of management and organizational activities (strategic alliances and networking and the development of tourism businesses) (Iordache, 2015). Inter-regional spill over effects occur through various channels such as technology, knowledge, investment, human capital and competition (Yang and Fik, 2014). Tourism may also generate demand-side spill overs (Yang and Wong, 2012). It should be noted that government policy is important in channelling spill over effect. Innovations in tourism and hospitality can be divided with regard to the structure of investment (figure 2) and innovations that enable sustainable growth or classified as (i) technological or non-technological innovations, (ii) product or process innovation, (iv) organizational or market innovation, or “ad hoc” innovation (nature of the innovation), (v) radical, incremental or architectural innovation (innovation and intensity of discontinuity). Figure 3: Innovations in tourism and hospitality industry according to the nature of assets Source: Authors´ analysis The following chapters are focused on the importance of the development of information and communication technology solutions and influence of the innovations on the value added model in tourism and hospitality industry. 374 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation 4. Characteristics of the Entrepreneurial Investments in Innovativeness of Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism and Hospitality The development of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the second decade of the 21st century has enabled the creation of strong mutually cooperating web communities, which are peers sharing digital products and information. The growth of small technology companies is extremely important for youth employment and development of the environment, so young technology companies are developing digital platforms and software and technological solutions that have a significant impact on changes in the marketing chain in tourism and hospitality industry. However, it is necessary to be aware that the rate of development of technological solutions depends on the development of both entrepreneurial culture and information society in each country. Table 3 presents the estimated ability of technological readiness of each analyzed country. Table 3: Technological readiness Factors of the technological readiness AL BIH BG CRO MK MNE RO SRB SLO Availability of latest technologies 3.9 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.9 5.5 Firm-level technology absorption 4.1 4.4 4,4 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.9 FDI and technology transfer 4.5 3.3 4,4 3.8 4.4 4.0 4.7 4.2 4.1 Individuals using Internet % 60.1 60.8 55.5 68.6 68.1 61.0 54.1 54.3 71.6 Fixed-broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop. 6.6 14.1 20,7 23.0 16.2 15.2 18.5 12.7 26.6 Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user 26.1 43.0 138.3 58.0 41.8 77.0 153.8 28.9 121.1 Mobile-broadband subscriptions/100 pop. 30.9 27.8 66.4 68.5 47.7 31.0 49.4 12.7 46.7 Source: The Global Competiveness Report 2015 – 2016 (2015). Gaps are wide on technological readiness, with the Slovenian outperforming followed by Croatia and Romania in ICT adoption and innovation, with less promising trends in Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina (table 3). To achieve new technological solutions and consequently regional tourism development, governments of all nine countries should prepare concept of economy development according to the German phenomenon Industry 4.0., which is based on the implementation in industry, the human environment and scientific research. For all nine countries it is important that the German government stimulates the political-economic initiative to help industrial manufacturing keep its competitive edge against the labor-cost advantages of developing countries and resurgence in U.S. manufacturing (Weber, 2015). The European Union has therefore decided to encourage research into the field of smart technologies. The research program Horizon 2020 offers funding programs for research and development projects such as smart cities and communities’ information, strategic roles of smart cities for tackling energy and mobility challenges, analyzing the potential for wide-scale roll-out of integrated smart cities and communities’ solutions, etc., (European Commission, 2015). The role of Industry 4.0 in tourism and hospitality is increasing competitiveness through smart ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 375 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) equipment, making use of information about customer characteristics, resources, energetic efficiency and urban production – smart destinations/smart cities (Hecks and Rogers, 2014). 5. Influence of Innovations on the Value Added Model in Tourism and Hospitality Industry ICT innovation factors are changing customer behavior and the traditionally structured tourism supply chain, which is now forced to adopt a comprehensive infrastructure based on a more flexible organizational structure in order to implement on-demand marketing and technological innovations. Information technology is becoming an important factor in companies’ business models. With platforms like Airbnb the information technologies are competing with the hotel industry. Hotel managers need to be aware of the influence of ICT, including social media platforms that create opportunities for improvement of the entire value chain of the hospitality industry. New technologies create value added in terms of financial benefits and intangible assets such as improved networking, communication and customer services. ICT innovations have to enable connection between a customer and a service provider. The process begins with customer expectations about the technology abilities that influenced on customer satisfaction which is reflected in customer retention (Roblek, 2015). In regard to Industry 4.0, one cannot be thinking only about robotics and the automation of production, because it is a digitization of business processes as a whole; it involves the adoption of a contract over the procurement of materials and how the product “gets” through production and is finally delivered to the customer. In this area, we expect automating processes that will require a certain automaticity of the workers. People will still have to use their brains. Added value will be found in new products and new solutions - handling figures are not productive work (Kane et al., 2015; Schlechtendahl et al., 2015). Kagermann (2014) defined the Internet of Things and the Internet of service as parts of the manufacturing process that has ignited the fourth industrial revolution. The IoT includes “things” and “objects” like RadioFrequency Identification (RFID), sensors that will send storage, processing and analysis information, and smart phones which interact with each other and cooperate with smart components (Dutton, 2014). What can be done for regional technological entrepreneurship development and consequently for the tourism development is shown in the figure 4, which presents the innovation of a sensor in traveler’s luggage by using the Barcet model that reflects a more synthetic vision of innovation for tourism and regional development (Barcet, 1996). 376 ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book �Regional Economic Development: Entrepreneurship and Innovation Figure 4: Barcet innovation model for a sensor in traveller’s luggage Source: Authors´ adaptation of the Barcet model (1996) Figure 4 shows the present (and future) importance of new technologies in enabling for tourism and hospitality industry to meet new tourist demand. RFID-chips will replace bar codes, and will play a large part in the upcoming wave of technology implementation at airports, and other service providers in the tourism industry. The present model is suitable for the tourism industry and includes all steps of organizational changes because all objects can be potentially connected and networked. This mode is coming to the step that “smartness economy” is going to change the way of creating value added (steps from 2 to 4 in the figure 4). The sources of services are changing, but all service process is accessible via the internet. One of the most important roles of the IoT is changing the environment and launching new strategic choices. It is going for a new expression of the relations between customers and producers. The relation will include also the manufacturer of the product (e.g. chip) and multiple partners who will ensure the development of built-in components and software. This cooperation is influencing the rebuilding of the knowledge value chain (Porter and Heppelmann, 2014). On the demand side customers will increase their awareness in regard to the importance of the quality and reliability of the acquired and given information and technical condition of the products and services. This will affect the accumulation and analysis of information in real time and consequently influence coming guidelines of value creation for the customers. It is opening a question of how will the customers adapt the new IoT and control over their private life? (Roblek, Štok and Meško, 2016). 6. Discussion and conclusion The growing interest in development of the ICT and an increasing number of organizations which develop and adopt the new ICT into their business leads to the value added of society as a whole. The main challenge in an innovative country ICESoS 2016 - Proceedings Book 377 �International Conference on Economic and Social Studies (ICESoS’16) towards the transition countries is equitable economic growth which is not being understood as an innovation only from an economic, but also from a social and environmental dimension. Countries and tourist organizations should be aware that only the investment in new innovative concepts or institutional, governance and organizational innovation are increasingly regarded as the markets and societies that move towards societal progress. References • Alkier, R., Milojica, V., & Roblek, V. (2015). A holistic framework for the development of a sustainable touristic model. International Journal of Markets and Business Systems, 1(4): 366-387. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMABS.2015.074213 • Barcet, A. (1996). Fondements culturels et organisationnels de l’innovation dans les services. 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Extent The size or duration of the resource. 3339 Title A name given to the resource A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO INNOVATIONS IN TOURISM Author Author Ivanovic, Slobodan Milojica, Vedran Roblek, Vasja Abstract A summary of the resource. Abstract: This paper is focused on the importance and influence of the innovations in the time of the fourth industry revolution for the creation of value added in tourism industry. Innovative technology solutions solve problems in a tourist destination, as in the case of the effects of climate change as well as the revival of cultural heritage. New products that are connected with the Internet (e.g. Internet of things) and digital solution services invites small and medium sized firms, and other relevant actors, to apply for funding of co-operative tourism innovation projects. The proposals should primarily focus on the development of innovative products, services and concepts to accelerate the tourism sector. Innovative products and services form the framework of marketing efforts to encourage consumers to decide for the purchase and thus affect the sales success of tourist firms. Innovations that are intended to satisfy the wishes and needs of consumers, based on existing knowledge. Usually it is a technological innovation with features that provide additional solutions compared with the existing ones. Firms want to attract customers who have different needs from the existing customers. The contribution of the paper is mainly conceptual. With the development of the digital innovations (web 2.0., web 3.0., internet, the internet of things) that is central to the new industrial revolution, has led to “Industry 4.0” in tourism. The aim of this paper is to provide answers to RQ1: To present the known theory and practices of innovations in tourism; RQ2: To investigate the changes that will result from Industry 4.0 in tourism. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/6a084d745df508f7a499b43e9d7e86be.pdf 5b44de427b0c2d22217b1e1249beb729 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Međedovic E., Saračević M., Bisevac E., Mašović S., Kamberovic H.(2011), System Infrastructure for E-Learning on University of Novi Pazar, 10th International Scientific Professional Symposium INFOTEH-JAHORINA. Saračević M., Međedović E., Mašović S., Selimović F., Kamberović H. (2011), Application learning content management systems, virtual classroom and m-learning in enterprises, ICT for SME2011 - Information and Communication Technologies for Small and Medium Enterprises, ISBN 978-86-7672-140-5, Technical Faculty "Mihajlo Pupin", University of Novi Sad. Saračević M., Međedović E., Mašović S., Selimović F., Kamberović H. (2011), Sistemi za upravljanje sadržajem učenja kao podrška zaposlenim u preduzećima, 9. Međunarodna naučno-stručna konferencija - Na putu ka dobu znanja, Fakultet za menadžment, UDC005.94, ISBN978-86-85067-31-0, COBISS.SR-ID: 266277895, Novi Sad. Saračević M., Mašović S., Selimović F., Novalić F. (2011), Unapređenje informisanosti, komunikacije i obrazovanja zaposlenih u agrobiznis sektoru i način realizacije primenom LCMS-a, Naučna konferencija - Agrobiznis2011, u okviru projekta “Bolja saradnja za bolju budućnost“, Univerzitet u Novom Pazaru. A Hybrid Digital Video Watermarking Method Based on DCT and DWT Haldun Sarnel, Kadir Ünal Dokuz Eylül University, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, İzmir, Turkey E-mail: haldun.sarnel@deu.edu.tr, kadirunal1985@yahoo.com Abstract Digital video watermarking is one of the solutions for copyright protection of digital multimedia data and draws great attention of both researchers and digital video owners. In this work, a new hybrid digital video watermarking method which uses the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed. Each frame is processed with one of the DCT and DWT methods or a combination of them, half of a frame by the DCT method and the other half by the DWT method. Selection of the watermarking for each frame in the video is determined randomly. The proposed method has undergone several attacks in order to check its robustness and compare to the DCT and DWT methods. The proposed hybrid method including a watermarking diversity throughout the video improves robustness against attacks. 328 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Keywords: Digital video watermarking, discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), copyright protection. 1. INTRODUCTION Production and distribution of digital multimedia data have become much easier with the rapid growth of the internet and other digital technologies, and consequently they can reach a large number of people in a short time. On the other hand, this introduces copyright protection problem for the digital multimedia data with a legal owner. To prove the copyright of digital data, some methods must be applied on the original digital data whatever it is text, audio, image or video. Digital watermarking methods have been proposed for solving copyright protection problems (Cox et al. 2002). A secret message what is called a watermark is embedded to a digital data with a secret key. This process is called digital watermarking. The watermark can be a random number sequence, copyright messages, ownership identifiers, binary or gray level images, or other digital data formats. A digital watermarking method provides the copyright owner with proving his/her ownership by extracting and revealing the embedded watermark from the digital data in the case of an illegal usage of the digital data. The original digital data after watermarking can be distributed in a medium and may receive some manipulations and attacks, intentionally, or unintentionally, so as to degrade the watermark to disappear. Ideally, the watermark must remain intact, or safely extractable after the digital data has undergone some attacks to be able to prove the ownership. Image and video watermarking methods can be classified in two groups, spatial domain and frequency domain methods. Spatial domain methods are based on modification of pixels values in embedding stage of the watermarking. These methods are very simple and have low computational cost, but are vulnerable to attacks and watermark can be easily distorted. Frequency domain methods are based on modification of frequency coefficients. The original content is transformed to frequency domain and coefficients in frequency domain are used to embed and recover the watermark. The most common transforms are the discrete cosine transform (Cox et al. 1997, Busch et al. 1999) and the discrete wavelet transform (Xia et al. 1997, Kundur and Hatzinakos 1998). The frequency domain methods are more robust and have more computational complexity. Hartung and Girod (1999) described a method of watermarking into both compressed and uncompressed MPEG-2 videos by modifying selected DCT coefficients. Langelaar and Lagendijk (2001) proposed a watermarking method that divides the video into groups of blocks and further divides the blocks into groups. A single watermark bit is embedded into selected DCT coefficients based on their energies within the groups. Chetan and Raghavendra (2010) proposed a DWT-based video watermarking scheme that embeds different parts of a single watermark into different scenes of a video after detecting scene changes. 329 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo In this work, a new hybrid digital video watermarking method which uses the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed. The watermark is divided to sub pieces and these pieces are embedded to frames. Each frame is processed with one of the DCT and DWT methods or a combination of them, half of a frame by the DCT method and the other half by the DWT method. The proposed hybrid method has undergone several attacks in order to check its robustness and compare to the DCT and DWT methods. 2. TRANSFORM –BASED DIGITAL VIDEO WATERMARKING 2.1 DCT-based Watermarking The DCT coefficients D(u, v) of a N x N block p( x, y) in an image are computed as follows. D(u, v)  C (u )C (v) N 1 N 1  (2 x  1)u   (2 y  1)v   cos  2N 2N     p( x, y) cos x 0 y 0 C (u )  1 N for u  0, C (u )  2 N (1) for u  1,2, , N  1 The frequency bands of an 8x8 DCT block are shown in Figure 1. The top-left is the zerofrequency component. The lowest frequency band FL and the highest frequency band FH are not changed. A watermark bit is embedded in the highlighted medium frequency band FM by modifying its coefficients. In the DCT-based video watermarking, a frame is divided to 8x8 non-overlapping blocks. A watermark is embedded to video frames piece by piece. A watermark of size L bits is divided into m pieces. Since L/m bits has to be embedded in a frame, a subset of L/m block locations are selected randomly using a secret key. Always this subset is used to embed a watermark piece Wi into every frame. In recovering stage, the same secret key is utilized to locate those watermarked blocks. A watermark piece is selected randomly to embed it into the current frame. Every block in the subset is DCT transformed and its 22 medium frequency band coefficients are determined. Two uncorrelated pseudo random sequences, R0 and R1, of length 22 are generated to represent watermark data bits 0 and 1. A single bit is embedded to one of the blocks with coefficients D(u,v) in the subset by D(u, v)  aRk (u, v), DW (u, v)   D(u, v), u, v  FM   u, v  FM  (2) where DW is coefficients of watermarked block and a is a strength constant. The balance between robustness and visibility of watermarking is adjusted by a. The watermarked block is then back-transformed to spatial domain by taking its inverse DCT. 330 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Figure 1: DCT frequency bands LL1 LH1 HL1 HH1 Figure 2: Frequency bands of 1-level DWT 2.2 DCT-based Watermark Recovery To recover the embedded watermark piece from each frame, first the watermarked blocks are determined and then the middle band frequency coefficients in their DCT are obtained. The pseudo random sequences R0 and R1 are computed and correlated with the middle band coefficients of each watermarked block. The higher of the two correlation values specifies the recovered possible watermark data bit. As a result, an array of higher correlation value C(n) and an array of recovered bits U(n) of the watermark piece are obtained for nth bit after all watermarked blocks are examined. U(n) is (binary) correlated with each of the real watermark pieces Wi(n) to identify it. If the maximum correlation value is smaller than a predefined threshold value Tp, U(n) is ignored assuming a failure of watermark detection in the current frame. When all frames are processed in this manner, a number of recovered instances Uij(n), indexed by j, of each watermark piece Wi(n) are obtained and recorded. Correlation values Cij(n) of all recovered bits are also formed from C(n) of every frame. 2.2.1 Reconstruction of Watermark We use an algorithm for the reconstruction of watermark pieces Vi(n) from their recovered instances Uij(n) as follows. Set i=0 and count the numbers of 0 bits and 1 bits for every bit location n in Uij(n) discarding bits for which Cij(n)< T, a predefined bit correlation threshold value. Those are assumed as incorrectly recovered bits. Then, Vi(n) is assigned the bit with at least 70% majority of total count for bit n. If there is no such majority, the bit defaults to 0. This process is repeated after i is incremented until all watermark pieces are reconstructed. Finally, the entire watermark can be formed by concatenating all watermark pieces Vi(n) (i=0,1,2,…,m-1) in correct order. 2.3 DWT-based Watermarking The basic idea of the DWT is to decompose a frame into a sub-image of different spatial domain and independent frequency districts. 1-level Haar DWT is used in this study for simplicity. Figure 2 shows the 1-level DWT of an image by frequency bands. The lower resolution approximation region LL of an image contains the most important pictorial information, hence, it is not used for watermark embedding. The frequency regions of LH, HL and HH represent the horizontal, vertical and diagonal details, respectively, of the image. 331 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A watermark is embedded to video frames piece by piece as in DCT-based watermarking. In our study, the same watermark piece is embedded to both LH and HL bands. For each bit of the watermark, a different pseudo random sequence Rn (n=0,1,2,…,L-1 and R={ R1, R2,…}) with length equal to the length of these bands is generated. After a piece of the watermark is selected randomly, the sequences in R that represents the bits in that piece only are multiplied by a strength constant and added to both LH and HL band coefficients of the DWT of the current frame, in a way similar to that in (2). We embed only watermark bits 0 (black pixels in the binary watermark image) in the DWT-based method to improve imperceptibility of watermarking. Finally, the frame is transformed to spatial domain by taking its inverse DWT. In the recovering stage, every sequence Rn is correlated with LH band coefficients of the 1level DWT of the current frame. Every bit n in the embedded watermark piece is recovered and stored in an array of U1(n) if C1(n) value of correlation of LH band coefficients with Rn exceeds a threshold value. Otherwise U1(n) defaults to 0. Then, U1(n) is divided into m pieces and each piece is correlated with each watermark piece Wi(n) to identify which watermark piece is embedded in the current frame. If the maximum correlation value is smaller than a predefined threshold value, U(n) is ignored assuming a failure of watermark detection in the LH band of the current frame. Otherwise, the piece giving the highest correlation value is overwritten on U1(n). Similarly, correlation of every Rn with HL band coefficients of current frame yield U2(n) and C2(n). When all frames are processed in this manner, a number of recovered instances Uij(n) of each watermark piece Wi(n) and the correlation values Cij(n) of all those recovered bits can be obtained and recorded. Note that Uij(n) and Cij(n) contains results obtained from both LH and HL band coefficients. The algorithm for the reconstruction of watermark pieces Vi(n) from their recovered instances Uij(n) is the same as explained in Section 2.2.1. 3. THE PROPOSED HYBRID VIDEO WATERMARKING METHOD 3.1 Hybrid Watermarking In the hybrid method, there are three ways to embed a piece of watermark in the current frame, using DCT, DWT, and a combination of the DCT-DWT transforms. In embedding stage, one of the three different watermarking algorithms and a watermark piece for the current frame are selected randomly. Depending on the selection, the entire frame is watermarked using the algorithms and parameters given in Section 2.1 (for DCT-based) or in Section 2.3 (for DWT-based) in the hybrid method. If the random selection comes out to be the combined method, the frame is divided into two equal halves by a horizontal line. The watermark piece is embedded to the upper half by the DCT-based algorithm and to the lower half by the DWT-based algorithm. In this case, the concepts are the same except that the maximum number of 8x8 DCT blocks and size of frequency regions of DWT in a frame will be halved. The hybrid method is expected to perform better by exploiting the advantages of the both transform based methods. 332 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3.2 Watermark Recovery for Hybrid Method The watermarked video is used as input for the DCT based, DWT based and combined DCTDWT based watermark recovery modules, individually. Some attacks drop several frames from watermarked frame or change the order of frames in video. This makes any record of watermarking history of frames void, hence, all three modules must try to recover watermark data blindly from each frame. The recovering stages of the DCT based and DWT based watermarked frames are the same as given in Sections 2.2 and 2.3. If watermark data is to be recovered using The combined DCT-DWT recovery module applies to the upper half of each frame the DCT-based recovery algorithm and to the lower half the DWT-based algorithm. In the upper half frame, the same subset of DCT blocks watermarked by the combined method is located to recover the watermark bits. The outputs of two full frame independent recovery algorithms (DCT-based and DWT-based) and two half frame recovery algorithms for each frame are recorded separately. When all frames are processed 4 individual Uij(n), one from each recovery algorithm, are merged into one. The same merging applies to Cij(n) too. The algorithm for the reconstruction of watermark pieces Vi(n) from their hybrid-recovered instances Uij(n) is the same as explained in Section 2.2.1. Some attacks can distort the watermark data embedded using one specific frequency domain transform. In this case, the advantage of the hybrid method appears. If one of the transform based methods cannot resist to some attacks, the other transform based method may hopefully resist and recover the lost watermark data from either the same frame or other frames. 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 4.1 Details of Tests A digital video with 104 frames of size 640x480 and two different watermark data with dimensions of 20x20 and 24x24 pixels, respectively, are used in the tests (Figure 3). (b) (c) Figure 3: (a) A frame from the test video, (b) and (c) two watermarks used in the tests. The test video is also watermarked with the DCT-based and DWT-based methods, individually, in order to compare their performances to that of the proposed hybrid method. The tests are performed under 4 different scenarios. The watermark 1 is divided to 2 and 4 333 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo pieces in the scenarios 1 and 2, respectively, and watermark 2 is divided to 2 and 6 pieces in the scenarios 3 and 4, respectively. 4.2 Results of Simulated Attacks Noise addition attack adds to the watermarked video two types of noise, salt & pepper’ noise and Gaussian noise depending on selection. Because a video contains a large amount of redundancies between frames, frame dropping is an attractive attack to destroy watermark data. In the tests, the frames of the watermarked videos were dropped up to 70% of the total number of frames in the test video. The frame averaging attack collects a number of successive frames and averages them out to generate an output frame. This is repeated at every frame of watermarked video producing an averaged video. The compression attack is simulated by compressing the watermarked video using a codec for ‘wmv3’ video format in MATLAB environment. Median filtering attack smooths images without blurring edges significantly. Intensity adjustment attack, maps the values in intensity image to new values such that normalized intensity values less than 0.01 and higher than 0.99 are saturated at 0 and 255, respectively. Contrast enhancement attack applies histogram equalization to every frame. The normalized correlation value between a reconstructed watermark and an original watermark is computed and given in Table 1 as a measure of watermark detection robustness of the tested methods under a given scenario and an attack. Simulation results show that the hybrid method improves watermark robustness against the tested attacks. 4.3 Imperceptibility and Capacity Imperceptibility indicates how invisible the watermark is. This requirement has a trade off relation with two other requirements, robustness and capacity. The imperceptibility of the watermarked data is measured using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) between original and watermarked data. Imperceptibility values of all methods computed from the watermarked video frames were extremely high (over 80 dB for every frame) so that existence of any watermark in video could not be visually detected. Capacity is the amount of the data that can be embedded in a digital data. Increasing the size of watermark data embedded in a video decreases the visual quality of the video. We can compute the capacity of the DCT based method only, because in the DWT based method, number of bits to be embedded in a frame is theoretically infinite. For a given video, capacity of the DCT based method is equal to the number of blocks with a given size (usually 8) in a frame. The DCT based capacity is 4800 bits/frame for full frame watermarking and 2400 bits/frame for half-frame (i.e., for combined DCT-DWT based) watermarking. 334 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Table 1: Performances of the DCT-based, DWT-based and hybrid methods for several attacks. Given are the normalized correlation values between recovered and original watermarks. DCT Scenario Attack name salt & pepper noise density= 0.02 salt & pepper noise density=0.04 Gaussian noise (mild) frame dropping (70%) frame averaging over 2 frames frame averaging over 6 frames video compression (quality=90) 3x3 median filter intensity adjustment contrast enhancement 1 0.98 0.69 0.97 0.99 0.98 0.92 0.87 0.98 0.99 0.99 2 0.98 0.74 0.88 0.98 0.98 0.81 0.70 0.93 0.99 0.99 3 0.97 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.86 0.90 0.99 0.98 DWT Scenario 4 0.91 0.65 0.87 0.87 0.78 0.70 0.72 0.84 0.98 0.98 1 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 2 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.86 1.00 0.01 1.00 1.00 Hybrid Method Scenario 4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.79 0.58 1.00 0.20 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 2 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.91 1.00 1.00 3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.84 1.00 1.00 5. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a hybrid digital video watermarking method is proposed. This hybrid method contains two frequency domain watermarking methods because of their advantages: DCT based and DWT based methods. Thus, the advantages of the both methods are utilized in the proposed method. The watermark is divided to sub-pieces and these pieces are embedded to frames. The hybrid method has better robustness compared to the individual methods it merges without significant reductions in the capacity and imperceptibility requirements. The size of a piece of watermark to be embedded into a frame must not be too small. Otherwise recovery of such small pieces from an attacked video may fail. REFERENCES Busch, C., Funk, W. and Wolthusen, S. (1999) Digital Watermarking: From Concepts to Real-Time Video Applications. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19, 25-35. Chetan K.R, and Raghavendra K. (2010) DWT Based Blind Digital Video Watermarking Scheme for Video Authentication. International Journal of Computer Applications, 4, 19-26. Cox, I., Kilian, J., Leighton, F. and Shamoon, T. (1997) Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6, 1673-1687. Cox, I., Miller, M. and Bloom, J. (2002) Digital Watermarking, Academic Press, USA Hartung, F. and Girod, B. (1998). Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video. Proceedings Signal Processing, 66, 283–301 335 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Kundur, D. and Hatzinakos, D. (1998) Digital watermarking using multiresolution wavelet decomposition. Int. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2969-2972. Langelaar, G., and Lagendijk, R. (2001) Optimal differential energy watermarking of dct encoded images and video. IEEE Transactions on image Processing, 148–158 Xia, X., Boncelet, C., and Arce, G. (1997) A Multiresolution Watermark for Digital Images. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing, vol. I, 548-551. Investigation Of Seismic Performance Of Existing Building Strengthened With Cfrp Ali Demir1, Hakan Başaran2, Duygu Dönmez Demir3 1Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey 2Department of Turgutlu Vocation School, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey 3Department of Mathematics, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey Abstract In this study, the seismic performance of the Merkez Efendi hospital building was determined with CFRP strengthening methods according to the Turkish Earthquake Code-2007. Firstly, the building was considered with the masonry walls and without masonry walls and the effect of the masonry walls to the performance of the building was investigated. Afterwards, the building was strengthened with CFRP plates to get the required seismic performance level. Consequently, the seismic performances of the hospital building were compared for these three cases. Keywords: Strengthening, Masonry Wall, CFRP, Seismic Performance 1.INTRODUCTION Buildings are subjected to earthquake, wind, fire etc. during their lifetimes. Sometimes, addition of a story and change in the purpose of using occur. For these reasons, the performances of the buildings should be investigated according to the present earthquake codes of the countries. If the performance of the building is insufficient, it must be rehabilitated. The Turkish Earthquake Code-2007 (TEC-2007) gives alternative rehabilitation methods. One should choose the most suitable method for buildings. Chapter 7 of TEC-2007 entitled “Assessment and Strengthening of Existing Buildings” and sets standards for 336 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1182 Title A name given to the resource A Hybrid Digital Video Watermarking Method Based on DCT and DWT Author Author Haldun , Sarnel Abstract A summary of the resource. Digital video watermarking is one of the solutions for copyright protection of digital multimedia data and draws great attention of both researchers and digital video owners. In this work, a new hybrid digital video watermarking method which uses the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed. Each frame is processed with one of the DCT and DWT methods or a combination of them, half of a frame by the DCT method and the other half by the DWT method. Selection of the watermarking for each frame in the video is determined randomly. The proposed method has undergone several attacks in order to check its robustness and compare to the DCT and DWT methods. The proposed hybrid method including a watermarking diversity throughout the video improves robustness against attacks.Keywords: Digital video watermarking, discrete cosine transform (DCT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), copyright protection. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/4c530a13d738bd493c20be609a6e4c8d.pdf e0c16b1c4fa785eff084066b85e93b45 PDF Text Text 2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo A Key Concept in Effective School Development: Strategic Leadership S.Sule Ercetin Hacettepe University, Ankara ssule@superonline.com Ilknur Calıskan Maya Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale mayailknur@gmail.com Abstract: Effective school development is a project which links school effectiveness and school development. Research studies have shown that obtaining positive results in effective school development depends on the school’s strategy creation capacity (Leithwood, & Hopkins, 2006). Considering the fact that 21st century is uncertainty, risks and chaos; it will be undertood better how important it is to develop strategies and for the administration to undertake leadership roles. Therefore, it might be said that the leadership required by the organisations of the third millenium is strategic leadership. This current research aims at handling the dynamics of effective school development within the framework of strategic leadership and thus evaluating and analysing them. Introduction Effective school development is a project which links school effectiveness and school development. The project, which contributes positively to students’ achievement, was implemented in the 1988-2001 period; and many EU countries such as Belgium, England, Finland, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain participated in the project (Reezigt & Creemers, 2005). Afterwards, similarities and differences between countries in terms of effective school development were discussed and comparisons were made. Because of the major differences between countries, especially in their educational context, it was virtually impossible to draw a general model that would act as an explanation of success or failure of improvement efforts and be applicable in all ESI (Effective School Improvement) countries. Research studies have shown that obtaining positive results in effective school development depends on the school’s strategy creation capacity (Leithwood, & Hopkins, 2006). Considering the fact that 21st century is uncertainty, risks and chaos; it will be undertood better how important it is to develop strategies and for the administration to undertake leadership roles. Therefore, it might be said that the leadership required by the organisations of the third millenium is strategic leadership. Purpose of The Study This current research aims at handling the dynamics of effective school development within the framework of strategic leadership and thus evaluating and analysing them. Effective School Development Effective school development is a project which links school effectiveness and school development. The project, which contributes positively to students’ achievement, was implemented in the 1988-2001 period; and many EU countries such as Belgium, England, Finland, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain participated in the project (Reezigt & Creemers, 2005). Afterwards, similarities and differences between countries in terms of effective school development were discussed and comparisons were made. Because of the major differences between countries, especially in their educational context, it was virtually impossible to draw a general model that would act as an explanation of success or failure of improvement efforts and be applicable in all ESI (Effective School Improvement) countries. The framework shows that the concept of an improving school is firmly embedded in the educational context of a country. School improvement can never be studied seperately from that educational context. The 212 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo improving school is always confronted with contextual concepts such as pressure to improve, resources for improvement, and educational goals (Reezigt & Creemers, 2005): 1.Pressure To Đmprove: Ideally, schools (as organizational units) define their own improvement needs, design their improvement efforts, and evaluate them as to whether those needs have been met. Theories about schools as learning organizations often depict this kind of improvement (i.e learning). In practice, however, schools often need some form of external pressure to start improving. The research identified four factors which constitute pressure to improve: market mechanisms, external evaluation and accountability, external agents and the participation of society in education and societal changes. 2. Resources Support For Đmprovement: In order to make school improvement effective, the resources made available by the educational context are very important. Without these, schools are likely to experience difficulties in their improvement efforts. Resources can be material, but there are also other resources that may be essential for effective school improvement. The identified factors that together constitute the concept of resources are: autonomy granted to schools, financial resources and favourable daily working conditions for teachers and schools, and local support. 3. Educational Goals: Although schools tend to set specific goals for improvement, the context generally sets the wider educational goals and all improvement efforts have to fit within these. For some countries, these nationally set goals form a broad framework, whereas others they are detailed and prescriptive. Effective School Improvement Process Hargreaves & Hopkins (1991), outline a five-staged improvement process: getting started, conducting an audit of the schools strengths and weaknesses, setting priorities and targets, implementation or putting the plans in place, and evaluating the success of the plans and their implementation. 1.The First Stage: The first stage in ESIP involves activities and decisions leading to the adoption or beginning of the planning process. In some cases, the decision to engage in school developmental or improvement planning is mandated by a senior level of goverment. Commnications with stakeholders in the school community about the planning process is typically part of this stage. In many schools, a group or several teams are organized to participate in the planning process. Training in the process of school development planning may be undertaken. 2. Conducting An Audit Of The Schools Strengths and Weaknesses: Schools examine their strengths and weakness using achievement data and other pertinent information. A plan is established according to a framework that requires action to be taken over a period of time, usually 1 to 5 years. 3. Setting Priorities and Targets: During the “Design” stage, schools determine what should be included in their plan by incorporating requirements from district and senior levels of goverment with school needs and priorities. 4. Đmplementation or Putting The Plans: Plans are carried out at the classroom and school level. Responsibilities for implementation may be shared by the principal, teachers, school-based decision-making groups (or improvement teams), and other stakeholders. Monitoring is sometimes viewed as part of the implementation stage and is carried out for formative purposes. Monitoring the effects of the plan and the processes used for its implementation allows schools to see where they are succeeding or where they may needto make adjustments during the implementation process. 5. Evaluating The Success Of The Plans: Evaluation is sometimes undertaken by external bodies and by the school itself. Evaluation also may be less formal and limited to school personnel discussing progress towards goals as they have experienced it. Reporting on the results of the planning process within the school community or beyon to districts or goverments is also a feature of the evaluation phase in some settings. In addition to the stages typically associated with ESIP, our review uncovered considerable amounts of evidence of the factors determining the outcomes of school improvement processes, for example, the role principal, the teacher teams, district support and the like. Strategic Leadership Strategic leadership is a critical component in the effective development of schools. The key foci for those who led schools in the last two decades, in many countries, have been school effectiveness and school improvement. The emphasis now is shifting to focus on how short-term improvements can become sustainable. This study will put forward the view that renewed attention needs to be paid to the strategic dimension of leadership to ensure this sustainability. We have worked to isolate the strategic dimension of leadership by using two major categories that emerge from the research, which are: (1) what strategic leader do, and (2) characteristics that strategic leaders display. What Strategic Leaders Do? 213 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo Davies & Davies (2006) revealed that those strategic leaders involve themselves in five key activities: Direction setting, translating strategy into action, enabling the staff to develop and deliver the strategy, determining effective intervention points and developing strategic capabilities. 1. Direction Setting: Strategic leaders are concerned with not just managing the now but setting up a framework of where the organization needs to be in the future, setting a direction for the organization. School leaders articulate the definition of the organiations moral purpose , which can be considered as “why we do what we do”. The values that underpin this moral purpose are linked to the vision considering “where we want to be and what sort of organization we want to be in the future”. 2.Translating Strategy into Action: The articulation of the strategy can take place in three ways: oral, written and structural. Oral articulation is the way leaders communicate, through strategic conversations the strategic purpose and direction of the organization. Written articulations are the formal statements and plans that are clearly distinguishable from operational short-term plans. Structural articulation refers to the organizational infrastructure that supports and develops the strategic approach, for example, setting up futures or strategy meetings seperate from the cycle of operational meetings. 3. Enabling the Staff to Develop and Deliver the Strategy: Wilson (1997), states “organizational change has two principal aspects-change in mission and strategy and change in culture and behaviour. This could be developed as: it is impossible fundamentally to change mission and strategy without changing culture and behaviour. Key to this is changing the mind-set and the behaviour of the people within the organization. 4. Determining Effective Đntervention Points: The leadership challenge of when to make a significant strategic change is as critical to success as choosing what strategic change to make. When individuals in the organization are ready for change, when the organization needs the change, and when the external constraints and conditions force the change all have to balanced one against the other. 5. Developing Strategic Capabilities: Strategic capabilities relate to the longer-term fundamental attributes of an organization rather than shorter-term specific skills. This capability building approach is a central factor in a strategically focused school and is one of the key activities of a strategic leader. Characteristics Strategic Leaders Display The NCSL (National College for School Leadership) research established significant characteristics of strategic leaders in schools. These were identified in the research as follows (Davies & Davies 2006): · Strategic leaders have a dissatisfaction or restlessness with the present, · Strategic leaders prioritize their own strategic thinking and learning, · Strategic leaders create mental models to frame their own understanding and practice, · Strategic leaders have powerful personal and professional networks. 1. Strategic Leaders Have a Dissatisfaction or Restlessness with the Present: This restlessness involves living the reality of having to manage the current situation and not being able to change it for some time until greater capacity and capabillity has been built. 2. Strategic Leaders Prioritize Their Own Strategic Thinking and Learning: A very significant number of the school leaders participating in the study referred to their own learning and stressed the importance of new knowledge to promote the strategic direction for the school. 3. Strategic Leaders Create Mental Models to Frame Their Own Understanding and Practice: One of the ways that school leaders can make of complexity is to create mental models and framework to aid their understanding. 4. Strategic Leaders Have Powerful Personal and Professional Networks: Strategic leaders constantly scan their environment locally, regionally and internationally. They seek both to develop new ideas and to benchmark current practice in their own schools with those of colleagues in the wider educational community. The ability to develop personal and professional networks that provide alternative perspectives from those prevalent in their immediate educational environment is a key skill of strategic leaders. Conclusion It is well known that leadership plays a key role in school improvement and school effectiveness. The evidence from the internetional literature demonstrates that effective leaders exercise an indirect but powerful influence on the effectiveness of the school and on the achievement of the students in most countries (Muijs et al., 2004). Research studies have shown that obtaining positive results in effective school development depends on the school’s strategy creation capacity (Leithwood & Hopkins, 2006). Considering the fact that 21st century is uncertainty, risks and chaos; it will be undertood better how important it is to develop strategies and for the 214 �2nd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, June 8-9, 2010 Sarajevo administration to undertake leadership roles. Therefore, it might be said that the leadership required by the organisations of the third millenium is strategic leadership. With schools under short-term pressure to deliver on the standards agenda the need also to build strategic processes to ensure longer-term success and sustainability gathers increased importance. References Besler, S. (2004). Đşletmelerde stratejik liderlik. Beta Basım A.Ş. Kırklareli. Davies, B. J. & B. Davies. (2006). Developing a model for strategic leadership in schools. Educational Management Administration & Leadership., Vol. 34(1), p:121-139. Hargreaves, D. H. & D. H. Hopkins. (1991). The empowered school: The management and practice of development planning. London: Cassell. Hitt, M., Ireland D. & R. E. Hoskisson. (1999). Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalization: Concepts and cases., Cincinnati: South_Western College Pub. Leithwood, K., Jantzi D. & C. M. H. Hopkins. (2006). The developmnet and testing of a school improvement model. School Effectiveness and School Improvement., Vol. 17, No.4, December, p:441-464. Muijs, D., Harris A., Chapman C., Stoll L. & J. Russ. (2004). Improving schools in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas-A review of research evidence. School Effectiveness and School Improvement Vol.15, No.2, p:149-175. Ranson, S., Farrell, C., Peim, N. & P. Smith. (2005). Does governance matter for school improvement?. School Effectiveness and School Improvement., Vol. 16, No.3, September, p:305-325. Reezigt, G., & B. P.M. Creemers. (2005). A comprehensive framework for effective school improvement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement., Vol. 17, No.4, December, p:441-464. Wikeley, F., Stoll L., Murillo J. & R. Long. (2005). Evaluating effective school improvement: Case studies of programmes in eight European countries and their contribution to the effective school improvement model. School Effectiveness and School Improvement., Vol. 16, No.4, December, p:387-405. 215 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 698 Title A name given to the resource A Key Concept in Effective School Development: Strategic Leadership Author Author Ercetin, S.Sule Maya, Ilknur Calıskan Abstract A summary of the resource. Effective school development is a project which links school effectiveness and school development. Research studies have shown that obtaining positive results in effective school development depends on the school’s strategy creation capacity (Leithwood, & Hopkins, 2006). Considering the fact that 21st century is uncertainty, risks and chaos; it will be undertood better how important it is to develop strategies and for the administration to undertake leadership roles. Therefore, it might be said that the leadership required by the organisations of the third millenium is strategic leadership. This current research aims at handling the dynamics of effective school development within the framework of strategic leadership and thus evaluating and analysing them. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010-06 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/5f76206fece1bb866bc90a05b5243e77.docx 4968c384f77048f1d38a498c10f0be2b https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/b7b776b1c92c6032bd2b62fb57872bf9.pdf 99bbac68287e57bd9e04084e6c6e755d PDF Text Text A Leap into Interculturalism: Tom Stoppard's Indian Ink Ifeta Čirić-Fazlija University of Sarajevo/ Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Key words: Interculturalism, drama, transculturation, deconstruction, hybridity ABSTRACT Interculturalism as “the[n] the latest avant-garde [...] which has set up a dialectic between a source culture and a target culture” (Singleton, 1995: 162) has been more manifest in dramatic texts and theatrical performances since the 1980s. Even though early intercultural plays and/or theatre have been dismissed as Eurocentric and problematic in regards to how they represent their respective source/foreign cultures (cf. Pavice, 1992; Singleton, 1995; Sakelleridou, 1995), there have been instances of „leaps‟ into intercultural theatrical practices, such as Tom Stoppard‟s Indian Ink (1995), that exploit diverse strategies in their attempt to provide a less partial portrayal of foreign cultures and the proceedings of transculturation. By focusing on the characterisation of three distinct groups of characters (Indians, Anglo-Indians and British), on the language-games played by the protagonists Flora Crew and Nirad Das, and on the symbolism of Flora‟s portraits, the paper looks into the very strategies Stoppard uses to deconstruct not only the stereotypical representations of the Other, but also notions of a homogenous and “pure” culture. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1778 Title A name given to the resource A Leap into Interculturalism Tom Stoppard's Indian Ink Author Author FAZLIJA, Ifeta Čirić Abstract A summary of the resource. Key words: Interculturalism, drama, transculturation, deconstruction, hybridity ABSTRACT Interculturalism as “the[n] the latest avant-garde [...] which has set up a dialectic between a source culture and a target culture” (Singleton, 1995: 162) has been more manifest in dramatic texts and theatrical performances since the 1980s. Even though early intercultural plays and/or theatre have been dismissed as Eurocentric and problematic in regards to how they represent their respective source/foreign cultures (cf. Pavice, 1992; Singleton, 1995; Sakelleridou, 1995), there have been instances of „leaps‟ into intercultural theatrical practices, such as Tom Stoppard‟s Indian Ink (1995), that exploit diverse strategies in their attempt to provide a less partial portrayal of foreign cultures and the proceedings of transculturation. By focusing on the characterisation of three distinct groups of characters (Indians, Anglo-Indians and British), on the language-games played by the protagonists Flora Crew and Nirad Das, and on the symbolism of Flora‟s portraits, the paper looks into the very strategies Stoppard uses to deconstruct not only the stereotypical representations of the Other, but also notions of a homogenous and “pure” culture. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available IBU Publishing Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013-05-03 Keywords Keywords. Article PeerReviewed https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/9a642cc577e59d272dfada12a4a5116a.pdf 2f41de7f9981c869c0299940c5b9d3d0 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Rikitake T (1958). Oscillations of a System of Disk Dynamos,Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.,54:89. Rössler OE (1976). An equation for continuous chaos, Phys. Lett. A,;57:397–398. Wu CW, Yang T, Chua LO (1996). On adaptive synchronization and control of nonlinear dynamical systems, Int J Bifurcat Chaos, 6:455–71. Y. Hong, H. Qin, G.R. Chen (2001). Adaptive synchronization of chaotic systems via state or output feedback control, Internat. J. Bifur. Chaos, Vol.11, No.3, 1149–1158. K. Konishi, M. Hirai and H. Kokame (1998). Sliding mode control for a class of chaotic systems, Phys. Lett. A, vo1.245, pp.511-517. Günzay Ablay (2009). Sliding mode control of uncertain unified Nonlinear Analysis: Hybrid Systems, vol.3 531-535. chaotic systems, M. T. Yassen (2005). 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A Literature Review About Sustainability Accounting Filiz Angay Kutluk1,Mustafa Gülmez2 1 Akdeniz University, Ayşe Sak School of Applied Sciences, Antalya,Turkey 2 Akdeniz University, Tourism Faculty, Antalya,Turkey Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to give a brief information and review ‘Sustainability Accounting’ articles published in the period of 2000 to 2011. Method: Articles are collected by searching main databases by abstract, keyword or article title that contain ‘Sustainability Accounting‘. Analyses mainly include quantity analysis and purpose analysis. The articles are classified according to journals and years in quantity analysis. The main purposes of the articles are mentioned in the purpose analysis. Findings and recommendations: The classifications are shown in tables and discussed. The mostly published years and journals, the mostly chosen subject area and purposes are 144 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo mentioned. It is thought that this literature review analysis will be helpful for the researchers to focus on a special subject area or purpose. 1.INTRODUCTION The survival of the natural environment and environmental sustainability are from the most important subjects of the 21st century which are being taken into consideration globally. Jasch and Lavicka (2006, 1214) stated that sustainable development is described in three dimensions which are not separate, but strongly influence each other: social, environment and economic, which are sometimes also called People, Planet and Profit. According to Taplin et al. (2006, 359), “Sustainability accounting provides developmental opportunities, institutional learning and transformational effects on society and the environment that make it appealing for organizations to engage with”. Fraser (2011, 36) defines sustainability accounting as “the study and practice that makes visible the linkage between organizational activities and the pursuit of sustainability”. Ngwakwe (2012) stated that engagement in some sustainability initiatives in support of sustainable development has started by the accounting profession; but it looks like a weak approximation of sustainable development ideal which is caused by lack of standards, regulations and uniform sustainability accounting schemes. The purpose of this study is to review ‘Sustainability Accounting’ articles published in the period of 2000 to 2011 according to quantity and purpose and to give information about the main subject areas. 2.METHOD Articles are collected by searching Ebsco, Emerald Management and Science Direct databases by abstract, keyword or article title that contain ‘Sustainability Accounting‘. Totally 87 articles (8, 39 and 40 articles respectively) are found. Same articles which were duplicated in different databases, counted as single. Editorials, book reviews and periodicals are excluded. So, 52 articles are analyzed according to the quantity and purposes. 2.1Quantity Analysis In Quantity Analysis, the number of the papers in the topic of “Sustainability Accounting” is listed according to each Journal for the concerning years. Table 1 shows the quantity analysis. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal Accounting Forum Accounting, Organizations & Society Business Strategy & the Environment Critical Perspectives on Accounting Economics & Management 1 1 TOTAL 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Journal Name 2003 Table 1 Quantity of the Sustainability Accounting Papers 1 1 1 2 1 1 145 3 1 1 2 1 1 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Environmental Impact Assessment Review International J. of Sustainable Develop. & Journal of Cleaner Production World Ecology Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy & Journal of Modern Accounting & Auditing Management Journal of World Business 1 1 1 1 1 1 Leadership & Organization Development Journal Public Money & Management Scottish Journal of Political Economy 1 1 1 Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal TOTAL 1 2 1 5 1 1 - 17 17 19 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 34 52 2.2.Purpose Analysis It is thought that it would be a guide for the researchers who want to examine the ‘Sustainability Accounting’ articles according to a particular purpose. Classification is made according to the journals. Table 2 shows the journals, publishing years, name of the authors and purposes of the articles. Table 2 Classification of the Articles by Purpose Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal Year 2006 Author  Gray Purpose  To examine the extent to which social, environmental and sustainability accounting and reporting (SEA) can or should contribute to shareholder value and, correspondingly, to consider the challenge that SEA can offer to the conventional views of “value” that underpin traditional financial accounting. 2007 2010  Adams and  To present a case for research in ethical, social and environmental (or sustainability) accounting and LarrinagaGonzález accountability which engages with those organizations claiming to manage and report their sustainability performance.  Burritt and  To discuss the current development of sustainability accounting research, the identification of Schaltegger critical and managerial paths, and to assess of the future of sustainability accounting and reporting. Accounting Forum 2005  Lamberton  To review the relatively short history of sustainability accounting theory and practice and to draw upon the structure of the financial accounting model to develop a sustainability accounting framework that aims to provide direction for future development of sustainability accounting at both conceptual and applied levels. Accounting, Organizations & Society 2011  O’Dwyer et al.  To develop a theoretical and empirical understanding of the processes through which sustainability assurance practitioners can, and do, seek to legitimize this relatively new area of practice with key audiences. Business Strategy & the Environment 2006  Perrini and  To address this need for change by presenting a relational view of the firm, based on the strategic Tencati  value of the linkages with stakeholders, and its implication in terms of corporate performance evaluation and reporting systems. To develop a sustainability accounting framework to guide organizations down the road to greater sustainability, start them thinking about the necessary issues and show them how to incorporate them in their business models.  Taplin et al. 146 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Critical Perspectives on Accounting Year 2004 Author Purpose  Ball  To explore the possibility of a ‘sustainability accounting’ project for the UK local government sector and to provide a test of the usefulness of the social theory mapping approach in the context of the development of the sustainability accounting project. Economics & Management 2011  Vavra et al.  To determine sustainable aspects of innovations for further improvement of processes within company, its competitiveness, corporate social responsibility and corporate sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2006  Gale and Gale  To demonstrate that “state-of-the-industry” accounts need to be critically assessed according to a range of social impacts and costs to provide as much information as possible to a broader range of stakeholders. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2011  Ngwakwe  To examine and understand the influence of global sustainable development culture on the sustainability behaviour of the accounting profession and to highlight some policy implications of this influence. Journal of Cleaner Production 2006  Jasch and Lavicka  To be based on a project with the Styrian automobile cluster in Austria and selected member companies, the environmental management costs, as well as further costs for health and safety, risk management and other social issues were assessed. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy & Management 2004  Gassner and  To present a way of linking the environmental pressure related to trade, to flows of money and Narodoslawsky products between nations. Journal of Modern Accounting & Auditing 2011  Khan  To consider the offering of a stand-alone sustainability accounting course, offered by the accounting Faculties in Australian and American universities. Journal of World Business 2010  Schaltegger and  To focus on the role of sustainability accounting as an approach to help support management Burritt improve corporate sustainability and responsibility, to deal with interpretations and paths of sustainability accounting from a management perspective and to discuss the need for a pragmatic goal driven path to sustainability accounting. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 2011  Seleshi  To relate the ecological approach to the environmental and conservation objectives embedded in sustainability development and reporting. Public Money & Management 2008  Larrinaga- Gonzélez and Pérez-Chamorro  To analyze the ways that Spanish public water companies communicate sustainability information to their stakeholders and explores whether distinctive and more progressive accountability is possible in the public sector in comparison with private sector organizations. Scottish Journal of Political Economy 2003  Asheim  To summarize assumptions made and results obtained in parts of the literature on welfare and sustainability accounting. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 147 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 2010  Gray  To reexamine social accounting as a problem focused, multi-disciplinary field and explores some of the possible directions the emerging field might take.  To determine whether market participants see value in the corporate choice to begin publishing a  Guidry and Patten   Stohl and Stohl      Arunachalam and standalone sustainability report and to investigate whether differences in market reactions are associated with the quality of the sustainability report. To explore how globalization processes have shaped the nature, scope, and time frame of considerations of social responsibility and the development of a corporate social responsibility (CSR) regime and to identify three generations of human rights' values embedded within the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and aims to argue that they inspire and influence contemporary discussions about, and practices of CSR. To draw on recommendations of Agenda 21 and communitarian theory to examine collaboration between local district community and local authorities to formulate strategies for the sustainable development of the Taupo district. To contribute to the rethinking what it means to be human and our relationship with the Earth. To identify changes in regulatory requirements that will lead to improved transparency on sustainability and corporate responsibility issues and the impact this may have for stakeholders. To raise a selection of issues and questions that have begun to face academics and business professionals in the technically complex field of greenhouse gas accounting. Lawrence  McIntosh  Adams  Young Year 2010 Author  Lane Purpose  To demonstrate that spending on environmental protection will aid, rather than hamper, economic    Henriques   Rogers et al.   Murray et al.      Loucks et al.  Epstein and Yuthas  development which is itself sustainable and attempts to show that a more activist role of the governments of Asia-Pacific countries in the making and implementation of a global emissions regime is much in line with the real situation in this economically vibrant region of the world. To discuss some of the issues in the development of ISO 26000 a new standard for social responsibility. To study the secondary markets to understand the size of the important portion (secondary markets provide a place for unwanted items to be bought and sold, which diverts them from landfills, reducing the products' ecological impact and creating economic value) of the US economy. To investigate the possibilities and problems for collaboration in the area of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability and to explore the nature and concept of collaboration and its forms, and critically evaluates the potential contribution a collaborative approach between agencies might offer to these agendas. To explore how to meaningfully engage small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in strategies that improve the social and environmental sustainability of their businesses. To thoroughly examine sources of mission diffusion and mission drift in the microfinance industry and to identify consequences of and remedies to these problems. To gain some insight into how consumers respond to green alternatives, and examine how managers can best position their green products to maximize the premium consumers are willing to pay. To forward a conceptual model identifying some of the key sources of judgment error in individual environmental sensemaking and to offer recommendations to mitigate some of these biasing dysfunctions and thereby improve the effectiveness of environmentally related business policy. To survey the research methods employed in the extant environmental accounting literature, finding few experimental studies. To report on the highlights of the UN Global Compact Leaders Summit, the Principles for Responsible Management Education Global Forum and the Globally Responsible Leadership Initiative General Assembly held in New York and Boston in June 2010 and to discuss the potential of the connections and collaborations between these organisations and others to lead to change.  Okada and Mais  Schwering 148 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  Alewine  Adams and Petrella 2011  Macdonald et al.  To review a five-year multi-study research programme on the role of public dialogue in the social and cultural sustainability of biotechnology developments in New Zealand.  To investigate sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions trading practice in China and discusses what it  Lu might reveal about the suitability of using emissions trading to achieve carbon reductions in China.  To explain how inefficient learnivng rules may lead to a perception of economic and ecological realities that may be systematically distorted in the long run.  Gomes  To explore the role of management accounting practices as facilitators of the environmental  Albelda  To analyse social report guidelines and practices within Italian local governments (ILGs).  To draw on the New Zealand context to provide extensions and comparative insights to prior management. research that has canvassed the reasons for sustainability reporting by local governments.  To detail the research and consultation process highlighting the demand for this information,  Farneti and Siboni  Bellringer et al.  Miles undertaken by the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the International Finance Corporation.  To discuss climate change policies such as carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes which are    Nelson et al.   Mayo   Adams et al.    Forbes and McIntosh    Gondor and Morimoto  being developed and implemented in ways which fundamentally transform the profitability of industries and businesses. To consider the historical basis of development of corporate social responsibility and the impact of this on co-operative enterprises and member-owned businesses. To discuss the role of business academics and business schools in the development of leaders able to respond to climate change and sustainability challenges. To examine the uptake of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the Asia Pacific region and to explore the extent to which countries in the region are transitioning towards a sustainable enterprise economy (SEE) and the links between the two, thereby connecting the uptake of CSR at the organisational level to the configuration and transformation of societies. To examine the current situation of eco-labelling in Japan, and the possible roles of two connected non-governmental organizations (NGOs) – the Marine Stewarship Council (MSC) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) – may have in future decision making. To focus on the design of a sustainable business model on the development of a biofuel industry in Indonesia. To discuss technology transfer – and its role in climate change mitigation – within the United Nations framework of sustainable development. To provide an overview and context for the emerging field of public policies for scaling voluntary standards, or private regulations, on the social and environmental performance of business and finance, to promote sustainable development; in order to stimulate more innovation and research in this field. To explore the gaps between regulatory requirements and authoritative guidance regarding climate disclosure in Australia; reporting practices; and the demands for increased disclosure and standardization of that disclosure. To thoroughly examine solutions to mission diffusion and mission drift in the microfinance industry.  Jupesta et al.  Bakhtina  Bendell et al.  Cotter et al. 149 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  Epstein and Yuthas 3.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION As Table 1 shows, most of the publications about ‘Sustainability Accounting’ are in Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal . This journal is specialized for Sustainability Accounting and started to be published in 2010 and all articles published in 2010 and 2011 are about Sustainability Accounting. From the other journals, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal and Business Strategy & the Environment have the highest number of articles about Sustainability Accounting. It is necessary to mention that most of the journals had special issues related to Sustainable Development, Social and Environmental Accounting or Environmental Management in the examined period, but our study is limited to the abstracts, keywords or articles title containing ‘Sustainability Accounting’, for that reason the articles in the special issues aren’t included in the study. Table 1 shows that, most of the ‘Sustainability Accounting’ articles are published in 2010 and 2011. Table 2 shows that subject area and purposes of the articles are mostly about development of sustainability accounting research ant its role to improve corporate sustainability, developments in social and environmental accounting, developments in corporate social responsibility and environmental management. Ngwakwe (2012, 38) recommends that sustainability initiatives of accounting profession are required to increase the role of accounting towards sustainable development such as regulated sustainability accounting and reporting standards, integrating sustainability accounting into accountancy education and the improvement of accounting by creation of ‘engineering accounting’ equip specialist accountants with technical and scientific skills to meet rising challenges originating from climate change. Zadek (1999, 31) mentiones that “the imperatives of integrating social and environmental goals and measures of performance with the ‘financials’ become the real step towards placing the process of business within the framework of sustainability. Adams et al. (2011, 169) state that there is a needed change in business education to develop personal and leadeship skills and to address global problems of poverty, climate change, environmental sustainability and life style. Ngwakwe (2011, 450) insists that “sustainability behaviour in the accounting profession is a function of global green culture and that the more society embraces profounder green values, the more accounting will transform towards sustainability values”. So the main responsibility in sustainable development starts with the people of the society. Our study is limited with the review of the articles contains‘Sustainability Accounting’ in abstracts, keywords or articles title. A detailed study about sustainable development and its connection with accounting profession will be helpful for sustainability accounting researchers. REFERENCES Adams, C. A., Heijltjes, M. G., Jack, G., Marjoribanks, T., and Powell, M. (2011) The development of leaders able to respond to climate change and sustainability challenges: The role of business schools, Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 2(1), 165-171 Fraser, M.(2011) Sustainability assessment models, Chartered Accountants Journal, 90(3), 3638. 150 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Jasch, C. And Lavicka, A. (2006) Pilot project on sustainability management accounting with the Styrian automobile cluster, Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(14), 1214-1227. Ngwakwe, C. C. (2011) Towards an understanding of the influence of sustainability culture on the accounting profession, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 18(5), 442-452. Ngwakwe, C. C. (2012) Rethinking the Accounting Stance on Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development, 20, 28-41. Taplin, J. R. D., Bent, D. and Aeron-Thomas, D. (2006) Developing a sustainability accounting framework to inform strategic business decisions: a case study from the chemicals industry, Business Strategy & the Environment (John Wiley & Sons, Inc), 15(5), 347-360. Zadek, S. (1999) Stalking Sustainability, Greener Management International, 26, 21-31. Appendix-The List of the Reviewed Articles Asheim, G. B. (2003) Green national accounting for welfare and sustainability:A Taxonomy Of Assumptions And Results, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 50(2), 113-130. Ball, A. (2004) A sustainability accounting project for the UK local government sector? Testing the social theory mapping process and locating a frame of reference, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 15(8), 1009-1035. Gassner, J. and Narodoslawsky, M. (2004) Regional sustainability accounting and the environmental–economic balance of payments, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy & Management, 6(4), 565-583. Lamberton, G. (2005) Sustainability accounting--a brief history and conceptual framework, Accounting Forum, 29(1), 7-26. Gray, R. (2006) Social, environmental and sustainability reporting and organisational value creation? Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 19(6), 793-819. Taplin, J. R. D., Bent, D. and Aeron-Thomas, D. (2006) Developing a sustainability accounting framework to inform strategic business decisions: a case study from the chemicals industry, Business Strategy & the Environment (John Wiley & Sons, Inc), 15(5), 347-360. Perrini, F. and Tencati, A. ( 2006) Sustainability and stakeholder management: the need for new corporate performance evaluation and reporting systems, Business Strategy & the Environment, 15 (5), 296-308 Gale, R. and Gale,F. (2006) Accounting for social impacts and costs in the forest industry, British Columbia, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26( 2), 139-155. Jasch, C. and Lavicka, A. (2006) Pilot project on sustainability management accounting with the Styrian automobile cluster, Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(14), 1214-1227. Adams, C. A., Larrinaga-González, C. (2007) Engaging with organisations in pursuit of improved sustainability accounting and performance, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 20(3), 333-355. Larrinaga-Gonzélez, C. and Pérez-Chamorro, V. (2008) Sustainability Accounting and Accountability in Public Water Companies, Public Money & Management, 28(6), 337-343. Burritt, R. L. and Schaltegger, S. (2010) Sustainability accounting and reporting: fad or trend? Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 23(7), 829-846. 151 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Schaltegger, S. and Burritt, R. L. (2010) Sustainability accounting for companies: Catchphrase or decision support for business leaders? Journal of World Business, 45(4), 375384. O’Dwyer, B., Owen, D. and Unerman, J. (2011). Seeking legitimacy for new assurance forms: The case of assurance on sustainability reporting, Accounting, Organizations & Society, Vol. 36 (1), 31-52. Vavra, J., Munzarova, S., Bednarikova, M. and Ehlova, Z. (2011) Sustainable Aspects of Innovations, Economics & Management, 16, 621-627. Ngwakwe, Collins C. (2011) Towards an understanding of the influence of sustainability culture on the accounting profession, International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 18 (5), 442-452. Khan, T. (2011) Sustainability Accounting Education: Scale, Scope and a Global Need, Journal of Modern Accounting & Auditing, 7(4), 323-328. Seleshi, S. (2011) Ecological systems approaches to sustainability and organizational development: Emerging trends in environmental and social accounting reporting systems, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 32 (4), 379-398. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal Articles Gray, R. (2010) A re-evaluation of social, environmental and sustainability accounting: An exploration of an emerging trans-disciplinary field? 1(1), 11-32 Guidry, R. P. and Patten, D. M. (2010) Market reactions to the first-time issuance of corporate sustainability reports: Evidence that quality matters, 1(1), 33-50 Stohl, M. and Stohl, C. (2010) Human rights and corporate social responsibility: Parallel processes and global opportunities for states, corporations, and NGOs, 1(1), 51 – 65 Arunachalam, M. and Lawrence, S. (2010) Constructing strategies for sustainable development the communitarian way, 1(1), 66-80. McIntosh, M. (2010) Re-visiting the world and co-creating a future, 1(1), 81-84 Adams, R. (2010) It's (already) beginning to look a bit like Christmas, 1(1), 85-88 Young, A. (2010) Greenhouse gas accounting: global problem, national policy, local fugitives, 1(1), 89-95 Lane, J.E. (2010) Economic catch-up and emission reductions, 1(1), 96-102 Henriques, A. (2010) ISO 26000: a standard for human rights? 1(1), 103-105 Rogers, D. S., Rogers, Z. S. And Lembke, R. (2010) Creating value through product stewardship and take-back, 1(2), 133-160 1891346Murray, A., Haynes, K. and Hudson, L. J. (2010) Collaborating to achieve corporate social responsibility and sustainability?: Possibilities and problems, 1(2), 161-177. 1891347Loucks, E. S., Martens, M. L. and Cho, C. H. (2010) Engaging small- and mediumsized businesses in sustainability, 1(2), 178-200.1891348 Epstein, M. J. and Yuthas, K. (2010) Mission impossible: diffusion and drift in the microfinance industry, 1(2), 201 – 221. 152 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 1891349Okada, E. M. and Mais, E. L. (2010) Framing the “Green” alternative for environmentally conscious consumers, 1(2), 222-234. Schwering, R. E. (2010) 1891350Sources of judgment error in environmental sensemaking, 1(2), 235-255. 1891351Alewine, H. C. (2010) A model for conducting experimental environmental accounting research, 1(2), 256-291. 1891352Adams, C. and Petrella, L. (2010) Collaboration, connections and change: The UN Global Compact, the Global Reporting Initiative, Principles for Responsible Management Education and the Globally Responsible Leadership Initiative, 1(2), 292-296. Macdonald, L. R., Varey, R. J. and Barker, J. B. (2011) Science and technology development and the depoliticization of the public space: The case of socially and culturally sustainable biotechnology in New Zealand, 2(1), 8-26. Lu, Z. (2011) Emissions trading in China: lessons from Taiyuan SO2 emissions trading program, 2(1), 27-44.19497 Gomes, O. (2011) Learning equilibria in growth-pollution models, 2(1), 45-75. Albelda, E. (2011) The role of management accounting practices as facilitators of the environmental management: Evidence from EMAS organisations, 2(1), 76-100. 19498Farneti, F. and Siboni, B. (2011) An analysis of the Italian governmental guidelines and of the local governments' practices for social reports, 2(1), 101-125. 194986Bellringer, A., Ball, A. and Craig, R. (2011) Reasons for sustainability reporting by New Zealand local governments, 2(1), 126-138.19497 Miles, K. (2011) Embedding gender in sustainability reports, 2(1), 136-146. 1949829Nelson, T., Wood, E. Hunt, J. and Thurbon, C. (2011) Improving Australian greenhouse gas reporting and financial analysis of carbon risk associated with investments, 2(1), 147-157.1949661 Mayo, E. (2011) Co-operative performance, 2(1), 158-164.194961 Adams, C. A., Heijltjes, M. G., Jack, G, Marjoribanks, T. and Powell, M. (2011) The development of leaders able to respond to climate change and sustainability challenges: The role of business schools, 2(1), 165-171. Forbes, S. and McIntosh, M. (2011) Towards CSR and the sustainable enterprise economy in the Asia Pacific region, 2(2), 194-213. Gondor, D. and Morimoto, H. (2011) Role of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) in seafood eco-labelling policy in Japan, 2(2), 214-230. Jupesta, J. Harayama, Y. and Parayil, G. (2011) Sustainable business model for biofuel industries in Indonesia, 2(2), 231-247. Bakhtina, V. A. (2011) Innovation and its potential in the context of the ecological component of sustainable development, 2(2), 248-262. 17003309 Bendell, J, Miller, A. and Wortmann, K. (2011) Public policies for scaling corporate responsibility standards: Expanding collaborative governance for sustainable development, 2(2), 263-293. 153 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo Cotter, J., Najah, M. and Wang, S. S. (2011) Standardized reporting of climate change information in Australia, 2(2), 294-321. Epstein, M. J. and Yuthas, K. (2011) Protecting and regaining clarity of mission in the microfinance industry, 2 (2), 322 – 330. Distrubution Of Human Capital: A Study On Turkish Regions Zekeriya Mizirak, Deniz Göktaş Department of Economics, Konya University, Konya, Turkey E-mails: zmizirak@hotmail.com, d.goktas@gmail.com Abstract Firms’ location choice causes regional economic differences. The conventional view of firms’ location relies on cost-related factors such as tax breaks and subsidies. Human capital theory of regional development asserts that people are the motor force behind the regional growth. According to proponents of the human capital theory, regional growth is driven by endowments of highly educated and productive people instead of reducing costs of business or low costs of resources. In a world in which people are highly mobile, human capital is not a given endowment. Under the new regime of geography in which jobs follow labor instead of labor force follows jobs, wherever intelligence clusters evolve, so too will wealth accumulate. Firstly, Jacobs attracted attention to the ability of cities to attract creative people and thus spur economic growth. To sustain innovation attracting and retaining human capital is believed a crucial role. Firms want to reap the benefits from skilled labor pool.Places with greater number of highly educated people grow faster and better able to attract more talent. There are three linkages between human capital and regional growth. Firstly, concentration of creative and highly educated people through accumulation of knowledge and productivity in existing firms. Human capital enables both product and process innovations. Second explanation is related to inter firm dynamics. Highly human capital endowed people rapidly adapt new ideas and technologies; therefore industrial shift in these human capital endowed regions is rather easier. Not only they succeed in existing mature firms, but also they start new enterprises, thus contribute into economic activity. This linkage is called reinvention view of human capital. Third explanation is about consumption patterns of educated people. Human capital causes growth by spending effect. Since they have higher incomes, they spend much on leisure activities like bars, restaurants and theatres. Their spending habits create employment for the unskilled. In this paper we will test the relationship between the human capital endowment of the regions and determinants of its regional distribution. Job opportunities, regional amenities and diversity can affect the distribution of human capital. Keywords: Regional development, human capital, location choice 154 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1291 Title A name given to the resource A Literature Review About Sustainability Accounting Author Author Filiz , Angay Kutluk Abstract A summary of the resource. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to give a brief information and review ‘Sustainability Accounting’ articles published in the period of 2000 to 2011. Method: Articles are collected by searching main databases by abstract, keyword or article title that contain ‘Sustainability Accounting‘. Analyses mainly include quantity analysis and purpose analysis. The articles are classified according to journals and years in quantity analysis. The main purposes of the articles are mentioned in the purpose analysis. Findings and recommendations: The classifications are shown in tables and discussed. The mostly published years and journals, the mostly chosen subject area and purposes are mentioned. It is thought that this literature review analysis will be helpful for the researchers to focus on a special subject area or purpose. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General),HB Economic Theory,HG Finance,HJ Public Finance https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/files/original/c9dfb80513c9af8d5a2183fa8479d426.pdf ecebe5b80ef38df9cbb743b5d122aa48 PDF Text Text 3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo A Loan Payment Model with Rhythmic Skips Abdullah Eroglu1, Gultekin Ozdemir2 1Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Department of Business Administration, 32260 Cunur, Isparta – Turkey 2Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Engineering Department of Industrial Engineering, 32260 Cunur, Isparta – Turkey E-mails: abdullaheroglu@sdu.edu.tr, gultekinozdemir@sdu.edu.tr Abstract Repayments of loans granted by banks to customers are usually in equal installments. The general formulae of the amount of financial installment, the number of installment, the interest rate of installments, etc. could be derived as considering the sum of present value of repayments made by the customer (installments) to be equal to the present value of the loan. Presenting the different options instead of only fixed installments to customers for repayments of loan installments is very important in terms of reaching more customers. Customers could have some difficulties to pay the loan due to the increased costs in some periods. Therefore, repayments could not be done in these periods. This situation was addressed by Formato (1992) first time and it was called as skip loan payment model. Formato's (1992) model is improved by Moon as a repayment installments model in a geometric-gradient series. Eroglu and Karaoz (2002) extended Formato's result to the case that periodic payments occur in a linear-gradient series. In this study, general formulae are derived for loan payment models including rhythmic skips with split geometric constant and alternating installments instead of random skips with geometric constant and alternating installments. Examples of the developed model are provided for better understanding and for future research areas. Since prospective customers of financing institutions demand more alternatives for payment plans for their loans, financing institutions need different installment plans. Therefore, it is expected that one of those alternatives would be in this study. Keywords: Loan payment, Rhythmic skips, Split geometric constant, Installments, Formato 1. INTRODUCTON The problem of repayment installments of a loan is based on the present value of the debt to be equal the net present value of debt repayments (Iscil, 1997). The general formulae are derived for loan payment models including rhythmic skips with split geometric constant and 271 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo alternating installments instead of random skips with geometric constant and alternating installments in different financial mathematics books. Those models are given below: The loan repayment model with constant installments as follows: d pr . 1  Rn (1) The loan repayment model with geometric alternating installments as follows: dk  dG k 1 , k  1,  p r  g   n d   1 i  pR  n ,n . (2) , gr . (3) , gr The loan repayment model with arithmetical alternating installment series as follows: dk  d   k  1 v , k  1, d ,n pr 2 R n  v 1  nr  R n  r  R n  1 (4) (5) (Eroglu 2000). Where; d : the installment or the first amount of periodic payment, dk : the amount of the installment at the end of kth period, n : the number of installments, p : the amount of the loan, r : the periodic interest rate, R=1+r, g : the proportional change (geometric) in installment amounts, G=1+g, i=GR-1 , v : the quantitative change (arithmetic) in installment amounts. The aforementioned loan repayment models assume that installments are made at the end of each period. Formato (1992) developed an installment model in which cases client does not want to make payments at the end of certain periods that s/he will determine, such as due to vacation expenses. Formato's skip payment model is extended to the case where periodic installments change in geometric sequences by Moon (1994) and is extended to the case where periodic payments change in geometric sequences by Eroglu and Karaoz (2002). Furthermore, Eroglu (2001) developed general formulae for the models of installments with arbitrary skipped partially geometric and installments with partially arithmetic changes. The 272 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo installments that will not be paid at the end of which period are chosen arbitrarily for the above mentioned four studies. In this study, general formulae are derived for loan payment models including rhythmic skips with split geometric constant and alternating installments instead of random skips with geometric constant and alternating installments instead of choosing the periods where the installments will not be paid arbitrarily. 2. A LOAN REPAYMENT MODEL WHICH HAS RHYTMIC SKIPS WITH SPLIT GEOMETRIC ALTERNATING INSTALLMENT SERIES In this model, the installments occur as periods, e.g, monthly, quarterly, etc. Period with repayments is the sequential periods where installments are made. Period without repayments is the sequential periods where installments are not made. The fundamental assumption of the model is that the lengths of periods with repayments are equal to each other (each period has an equal number of repayment period) and also the lengths of periods without repayments are equal among themselves. The adjective rhythmic is added to the model because of this assumption. In previous studies, the lengths of periods with repayments are different. This situation also holds for periods without repayments. Another assumption of the model is that the amounts of installments are forming a geometric series. In other words, installments in a period with repayment are equal to each other and form a geometric alteration in sequential two periods. The following symbols are used in addition to symbols for the model given earlier. f : the total number of installments in a period with repayment, h : the number of unpaid installments in a period without repayment, Mk : the first period number of an installment in a period with repayment following a period without repayment, Lk+1 : the last period number of an installment in a period with repayment following a period without repayment, dkj : the total amount of installments made at the end of the jth period of a period with repayment following kth period without repayment, s : the total number of periods without repayments, n : the duration of loan repayment schedule as the number of periods. The following expressions can be written, since the number of installments of periods with repayments is equal to each other and the lengths of the periods without repayments are equal: M k  k  f  h  1, k  0,, s Lk 1  k  f  h  f , k  0,, s 273 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo n  Ls 1  s f  h  f The following formula is used for when the installments are split geometric alternating: d kj  dG k , k  0,, s j  M k ,, Lk 1 (6) The following formulae are obtained, since the amount present value of the loan is equal to the net present value of the installments (see appendices):    d 1  R  f  GR  f  h  s 1  1      , G  R f h  f  h  Lk 1 s  r GR  1   p    d kj R  j     k 0 j  M k  d  s  1 1  R  f   , G  R f h  r  7a   7b  and     rp GR  f  h   1  s 1  1  R  f   GR  f  h   1   d   rp  f   s  1 1  R   , G  R f h  8a  , G  R f h 8b  2.1. Example-1: For the case of G ≠ Rf+h A car with the cash value of $ 15000 has been bought with the following conditions: There will be 1 month skip after 3 monthly installments and the loan will be paid within 15 months with a 3 percent increase from one period with repayment to the next. Compute the monthly installments when the monthly interest rate is 1.2%. The problem data: p = 15000, f = 3, h = 1, s = 3, n = 15, g = 0.03, r = 0.012. The first installment is calculated as d = 1315.19 by using Equation-8a. The installment plan is given in Table 1. Table 1. The installment plan for Example-1 Months Installments The remaining amount of the debt ($) 0 274 15000 – 1315.19 = 13864.81 1 1315.19 (15000*1.012) 2 1315.19 (13864.81*1.012) – 1315.19 = 12716.00 3 1315.19 (12716.00*1.012) – 1315.19 = 11553.40 4 0 5 1354.64 (11553.40*1.012) – 0 = 11692.04 (11692.04*1.012) – 1354.64 = 10477.70 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 6 1354.64 (10477.70*1.012) – 1354.64 = 9248.80 7 1354.64 (9248.80*1.012) – 1354.64 = 8005.14 8 0 9 1395.28 (8101.20*1.012) – 1395.28 = 6803.14 10 1395.28 (6803.14*1.012) – 1395.28 = 5489.50 11 1395.28 (5489.50*1.012) – 1395.28 = 4160.09 12 0 13 1437.14 (4210.01*1.012) – 1437.14 = 2823.39 14 1437.14 (2823.39*1.012) – 1437.14 = 1420.13 15 1437.14 (1420.13*1.012) – 1437.14 = 0 (8005.14*1.012) – 0 = 8101.20 (4160.09*1.012) – 0 = 4210.01 2.2. Example-2: For the case of G = Rf+h A car with the cash value of $ 13000 has been bought with the following conditions: There will be 2 months skip after 3 monthly installments and the loan will be paid within 13 months with a 5.101 percent increase from one period with repayment to the next. Compute the monthly installments when the monthly interest rate is 1%. The problem data: p = 13000, f = 3, h = 2, s = 2, n = 13, g = 0.05101, r = 0.01. The first installment is calculated as d = 1473.43 by using Equation-8b. The installment plan is given in Table 2. Table 2. The installment plan for Example-2 Months Installments The remaining amount of Months Installments the debt ($) 0 275 The remaining amount of the debt ($) 13000 7 1548.59 6179.17 1 1473.43 11656.57 8 1548.59 4692.37 2 1473.43 10299.71 9 0 4739.30 3 1473.43 8929.27 10 0 4786.69 4 0 9018.57 11 1627.58 3206.98 5 0 9108.75 12 1627.58 1611.47 6 1548.59 7651.25 13 1627.58 0 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 3. A LOAN REPAYMENT MODEL WHICH HAS RHYTMIC SKIPS WITH CONSTANT INSTALLMENTS A loan repayment model which has rhythmic skips with split geometric alternating installment series becomes a loan repayment model which has rhythmic skips with constant installments when g=0. Therefore, the equations (7a) and (8a) transform equations (9) and (10), respectively. p d    d 1  R  f R  f  h s 1  1 r R  f  h   1      (9) rp R   f  h   1 1  R  f R  f  h s 1  1   (10) 3.1. Example-3 A car with the cash value of $ 8000 has been bought with the following conditions: There will be 1 month skip after 3 monthly installments and the loan will be paid within 15 months with constant repayments. Compute the monthly installments when the monthly interest rate is 0.9%. The problem data: p = 8000, f = 3, h = 1, s = 3, n = 15, r = 0.009. The first installment is calculated as d = 715.61 by using Equation-10. The installment plan is given in Table 3. Table 3. The installment plan for Example-3 Months Installments The remaining amount of Months Installments the debt ($) 0 276 The remaining amount of the debt ($) 8000 8 0 4143.31 1 715.61 7356.39 9 715.61 3464.99 2 715.61 6706.99 10 715.61 2780.56 3 715.61 6051.74 11 715.61 2089.98 4 0 6106.21 12 0 2108.79 5 715.61 5445.55 13 715.61 1412.16 6 715.61 4778.95 14 715.61 709.26 7 715.61 4106.35 15 715.61 0 �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo 4. CONCLUSION The problem of repayment installments of a loan is based on the present value of the debt to be equal the net present value of debt repayments. The difference between loan repayment models is due to the alternation of distribution of installments. The most known and used loan repayment models are models with constant, geometric alternating and arithmetic alternating installment series. It can be convenient for customers not to make installments in some periods because of income variability over time. Using this idea, models with arbitrary skips are studied by Formato (1992), Moon (1994), Eroglu (2001), and Eroglu and Karaoz (2002). It is very important for financial institutions increase in the number of loan repayment models in terms of reaching more customers. In this study, loan repayment models with skips have some rules (such as repayments for three months after two month skips) instead of installments with arbitrary skips are studied. General formulae are derived for the models have rhythmic skip installments with constant and split geometric alternations, and demonstrated with examples. REFERENCES Eroglu, A. (2000). Solutions to the problems of loan repayment installments. Suleyman Demirel University, The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 5(1), 87-102, (in Turkish). Eroglu, A., (2001). Solutions to problems of skip loan repayments with repayment of partial geometric and arithmetic alternating installments. Dumlupinar University, The Journal of Social Sciences, 5, 297-307, (in Turkish). Eroglu, A., Karaoz, M., (2002). Generalized formula for the periodic linear gradient series payment in a skip payment loan with arbitrary skips. The Engineering Economist, 47(1), 7583. Formato, R.A., (1992). Generalized formula for the periodic payment in a skip payment loan with arbitrary skips. The Engineering Economist, 37(4), 355-359. Iscil, N., (1997). Commercial Arithmetic and Financial Algebra, Ankara, Armagan Yayınevi (in Turkish). Moon, I., (1994). Generalized formula for the periodic geometric gradient series payment in a skip payment loan with arbitrary skips. The Engineering Economist, 39(2), 177-185. APPENDICES s Lk 1 s p    d kj R  j   k 0 j  M k 277 k 0 s s    k  f h 1   R  f  1 R    k k  f  h  f  j  k j k dG R  d G R  d G  R          1  j  k  f  h  1 k 0  j  k  f  h  1 k  0     R  1   k  f  h  f �3rd International Symposium on Sustainable Development, May 31 - June 01 2012, Sarajevo  dRR 1  R  f  1 r  GR s  f  h  k 0  k    f  h   1 d 1  R  f   GR     f h r  GR    1    s 1 and d   rp GR  f  h  1 1  R  GR f   f  h  s 1  1 The effects of work motivation in quality of work life and A study on banking sector Esra Zeynel Süleyman Demirel University, Social Science Institution, Business Administration Doctoral Programme, Isparta Abstract In terms of Suistainable development, in countries, the success and effectiveness of instuitaions is quite important. One of the most important elements of providing success and effectiveness of institutions that have the human resources is working effectively and efficiently. In this respect, “motivation” is one of the most important factors in raising the quality of work life in the institutions, employee productivity, the contribution of the institution, and the sense of belonging in the institution. Motivation plays an important role in business life. Motivation by definition means that the individual actuating motive. In the business life, motivation, increase the concern of the employee's job, and as a result of raising the quality of work life is an important factor that increase business efficiency. The higher motivation increases the contribution of the institution by raising the productivity of the employee. High rate of success of the organization by increasing employee motivation provided by the institution will contribute to the country's economy. This aspects, in order to take advantage of the present institutions active human sources,making efforts to enhance the motivation of employees in achieving organizational effectiveness and efficiency and provide the employees' job satisfaction. Happy and productive working lifes of employees in having a sense of belonging in the institution can be used effectively in improving the motivation factor is the result.This study measured the effect of bank employees, the care component of motivation in raising the quality of work life survey was applied on the bank employees. In this study, a survey was applied on bank employee in terms of assessment of the effect of motivation in the raising the quality of work life of bank employee. Importance of motivation arises in this sector. The higher motivation increases the productivity of employee, 278 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 1124 Title A name given to the resource A Loan Payment Model with Rhythmic Skips Author Author Abdullah, Eroglu Abstract A summary of the resource. Repayments of loans granted by banks to customers are usually in equal installments. The general formulae of the amount of financial installment, the number of installment, the interest rate of installments, etc. could be derived as considering the sum of present value of repayments made by the customer (installments) to be equal to the present value of the loan. Presenting the different options instead of only fixed installments to customers for repayments of loan installments is very important in terms of reaching more customers. Customers could have some difficulties to pay the loan due to the increased costs in some periods. Therefore, repayments could not be done in these periods. This situation was addressed by Formato (1992) first time and it was called as skip loan payment model. Formato's (1992) model is improved by Moon as a repayment installments model in a geometric-gradient series. Eroglu and Karaoz (2002) extended Formato's result to the case that periodic payments occur in a linear-gradient series. In this study, general formulae are derived for loan payment models including rhythmic skips with split geometric constant and alternating installments instead of random skips with geometric constant and alternating installments. Examples of the developed model are provided for better understanding and for future research areas. Since prospective customers of financing institutions demand more alternatives for payment plans for their loans, financing institutions need different installment plans. Therefore, it is expected that one of those alternatives would be in this study. Keywords: Loan payment, Rhythmic skips, Split geometric constant, Installments, Formato Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05-31 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed H Social Sciences (General) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 900 Title A name given to the resource A Model eLearning Solution for Foreign Language Students Author Author Bogdanovic, Fedja Handzic , Meliha Abstract A summary of the resource. Technology is currently driving a profound transformation of the learning industry. In response to the growing demand for education in the knowledge based economy, universities and colleges are offering thousands of online courses, thus changing the traditional classroom-based methods of teaching and learning. Researchers and practitioners are predicting that the current trend will continue. However, while many institutions are developing and using web-based courses, little is known about their value in improving the quality of students’ learning experience. An electronic or e-learning environment is usually defined as a computer-based environment that provides access to a wide range of resources and allows interactions and encounters among participants. Essentially, e-learning combines the individualised learning experience with the communication dimension. Learners can access and utilise different available materials and follow different paths to them depending on their inquiry styles. They can also interact and discuss electronically with other learners and instructors. Typically, on-line environments support learner-centred, modularised and self-paced learning. Some researchers suggest that technology-mediated learning environments may improve students’ achievement, their attitudes toward learning, and their evaluation of the learning experience. Others warn that technology-mediated learning environments may lead to the student feelings of isolation, frustration, anxiety and confusion. The goal of this study is to examine the issue in the context of foreign language learning. An integrated KM framework was used as a theoretical basis for modelling an “ideal” e-learning space for foreign language students. The model was tested among undergraduate students enrolled in English language study programmes. The participants were interviewed about their preferences for different model features, content and tools in supporting their learning experience. Individual responses were encoded and grouped into classes. The results provide some interesting insights into the potential and limitations of information technology in language learning. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012-05 Keywords Keywords. Conference or Workshop Item PeerReviewed P Philology. Linguistics