<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/717">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tourism and GDP Growth Linkage: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Tourism is still the world’s huge industry and one of the fastest growing sectors. The importance of the contribution of tourism to an economy is a vital subject for policy makers. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), international tourism receipts generate approximately 6-7% of worldwide exports. Also it cannot be calculated true that the social benefits of tourism. For developed and developing countries Tourism is an important industry in terms of export earnings and employment. International tourism movements hold its righteous place in that they fix balance of payments, provide the necessary financial tools for the technological equipment used in the manufacturing process, increasing the employment and leading to economic growth (Arslanturk and Atan, 2012).    International tourism receipts are major source of foreign exchange, especially for less-developed countries confronted by foreign exchange constraints. Therefore, promoting tourism industry in those countries has become a primary development strategy because tourism receipts together with export revenues that well ameliorate current account deficits (Oh, 2005 and Savas et al, 2010). It is possible that the increase (decrease) in tourism may or may not increase (decrease) the economic growth. Following the literature, three hypotheses can be categorized: first reciprocal causal hypothesis means that there is bidirectional causality between economic growth and tourism relationship. Second tourism-led economic growth hypothesis supported a unidirectional causality from tourism to economic growth. And the last economic-driven tourism growth hypothesis accepted if there is a unidirectional causal relationship from economic growth to tourism (Oh, 2005). Also it can be found that there is no causality between tourism and economic growth. In this paper we aim to investigate the nexus between tourism expenditure and real gross domestic product on developing and developed countries as a panel.  Keywords: Tourism, GDP, economy, developed countries.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2553]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/136">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tourism demand, oil price fluctuation, exchange rate and economic growth: Evidence from ARDL model and Rolling window Granger causality for Tunisia]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Abstract :  The paper examines the relationship between tourism demand and its macroeconomic determinants (GDP, oil price, exchange rate) with an aim to test the dynamic interdependence between them in the case of Tunisia. Using yearly data from 1971 to 2014, the output of the ARDL model and the more recent Bootstrap rolling window Granger causality tests show important results with great economic implications for researchers, regulators, investors, … The results substantiate, especially, the following causal relationships, i.e. i) tourism-demand induces substantial increase in both economic growth and oil price, ii) economic growth led tourism demand, iii) increase in oil price affects negatively the tourism demand, iv) tourism demand and exchange rate are not significantly associated.     Keywords: Tourism demand, GDP, Oil price, ARDL, Bootstrap Rolling window.  JEL classification: O40, L83, P1.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2017]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[3664]]></dcterms:extent>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/661">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tourism Expenditure and Economic Growth]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[This paper empirically examines the impact of tourism expenditure on the long-run economic growth of Turkey by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the Hatemi Causality test to investigate causality for 2003:1 to 2012:1. The paper uses new data set tourism expenditure in line with educational level- that has not previously been used to estimate tourism expenditure on economic growth. The results of the bounds test show that there is a stable long-run relationship between each of the tourism expenditure and economic growth. The results of the causality test, on the other hand, show that there is bidirectional causality between university graduate tourists’ expenditure and economic growth and a causal flow from high school tourism expenditure to GDP growth which is verified growth-led tourism hypothesis. Results reveal that university and post graduate degree with tourists&#039; expenditure is more successful on explaining the long-run relationship between tourism expenditure and economic growth in Turkey. This result implies a policy that, although Turkey need to focus more on tourism development for all level of education to reach higher real income levels; policy makers should concentrate on attracting the attention of university graduate tourist to gain more from tourism industry.  Keywords:Tourism expenditure, GDP growth, Educational level, Turkey.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2558]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1581">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tourism Performance of Balkan Countries: Travel and  Tourism Competitiveness Pillars as Determining Factors]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Contemporary volatility of global macroeconomic environment  necessitates governments to balance their countries’ macroeconomic  figures. In this unpredictable environment, tourism has been valued as a  good source of foreign currency and employment. In this sense, WTTC’s  2012 report indicates that over the next ten years tourism industry is  expected to account for 1 in every 10 jobs on the world. To succeed this  goal country should increase their capabilities and develop a competitive  position to attract more tourists from around the world. In this sense,  tourism performance can be evaluated as a result of using competition  tools effectively in order to create a sustainable macroeconomic  environment.  In this study, we use World Economic Forum’s (WEF) classification of Travel  and Tourism Competitiveness factors to examine resources that are  expected to influence tourism performance in Balkan countries. Tourism  performance is measured by two variables: International tourist arrivals  and tourism receipts. Additionally, we measured competitive factors in  tourism industry using WEF’s classification of Travel &amp; Tourism  competitiveness factors, which consists of three sub-indexes and 14  factors that measure these sub-indexes that are reported below:   T&amp;T regulatory framework (Policy rules and regulations,  Environmental sustainability, Safety and security, Health  and hygiene, Prioritization of Travel &amp; Tourism)   T&amp;T business environment and infrastructure(Air transport  infrastructure, Ground transport infrastructure, Tourism  infrastructure, Information and Communication Technology (ICT)  infrastructure, Price competitiveness in the T&amp;T industry)     T&amp;T human, cultural, and natural resources (Human resources,  Education and training, Availability of qualified labour, Affinity for  Travel &amp; Tourism, Natural resources, Cultural resources).  Methodology  In this study, the Balkans comprises the following countries: Albania,  Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia,  Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey. In order to investigate  the impact of Tourism &amp; Travel competitiveness factors on the  performance of Balkan countries, we obtained the data from The World  Economic Forum’s “The Travel and Tourism (T&amp;T) Competitiveness Index”  for the years between 2008-2011 that is, currently, the only available data.  To reveal the relationship between aforementioned independent and  dependent variables, we performed two-separate multiple regression  analyses and obtained some useful insights, which are reported below.  Findings  The first multiple analysis results, in which tourist arrivals is used as  dependent variable, reveal that air transport infrastructure, safety-security,  and human resources factors are three variables that have the potential to  influence the number of tourists to visit Balkan countries. The second  multiple regression analysis results indicate that air transport  infrastructure, cultural resources, and human resources have the greatest  impact on international tourism receipts among aforementioned fourteen  competition factors.  Keywords: Balkan Countries, Tourism Performance, Travel&amp;Tourism  Competitiveness Index, Strategic Marketing. ]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1671]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/2960">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tourism Policy and Planning in Context Of The Sustainable Development]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Competitiveness have become more important for developed or developing  countries in today‘s globalized world economy. For a country to be succesfull in both  national and international markets is related how efficient they use economics resources.  Competitiveness degree of countries is a positive function of providing opportunities for  source of revenue for citizens, improving the quality of life, increasing employment  opportunities fort he reduction of unemployment etc… To progress on a strable manner on  the factors we stated will be possible with composing a sustinable economy. Tourism  activities can be used for providing a sustinable economy. It is seen as an undeniable fact  that tourism provides employment, acces foreign Exchange, investment opportunities,  regional and national development for economies of countries.  This study will expose the role of tourism for Bosnia – Herzegovina‘s economy growth in a  sustainable way. Also it will be determined that what kind of policies they should follow to  have more shares from global tourism market.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2010-06]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[281]]></dcterms:extent>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/130">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tourist Potential as a Factor of Rural Territories Development: Experience of  the Russian Federation Regions (doi: 10.14706/icesos1718)]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Abstract: World experience shows that in Russia and other countries, the development of rural tourism  can be a very effective activity aimed at environmental, economic, and social development.  Today, about 20000 villages in Russia are on the verge of extinction. Consequently, rural tourism can  and should become the very “locomotive” that will really pull out and revive the rural areas of Russia.  The development of rural tourism is named among the priority area provided for in the “Concept of  Sustainable Development of Rural Territories of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020”,  approved by Order of the Government of Russia in 2010.    Expert assessments based on studies conducted in the regions of the Russian Federation show that the  approximate level of income from rural tourism activity per administrative region of the constituent  entity of Russia may be about 30 million rubles (500 thousand US dollars) per year. In the case of the  implementation of an integrated approach involving the joint development of agricultural activities and  rural tourism, the effect can double – up to 50-60 billion rubles per year.    Rural tourism in Russia is a new socio-economic phenomenon oriented to the use of natural, cultural,  historical resources of rural areas to create and supply a tourist product to a wide range of people. In  this regard, it should be thought that the strategic priorities of the national policy aimed at stimulating  tourism in rural areas should be the concentration of tourist resources and creation of destinations that  include backbone tourist centers with high potential for the formation of rural tours, and territories  adjacent to the borders. At the same time, the activation of rural tourism will allow developing territories  that do not have promising industrial and agricultural organizations, and thereby improve the socioeconomic  situation  of  the  country  as  a  whole.        Keywords:  rural  territories,  development,  tourism,  Russian  Federation]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2017]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[3655]]></dcterms:extent>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/3613">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[TOURISTBOT: AI-POWERED MULTILINGUAL TRAVEL COMPANION FOR SEAMLESS TRAVEL ASSISTANCE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA<br />
]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Tourists visiting Bosnia and Herzegovina often encounter language barriers and difficulties in accessing relevant travel information in real-time, hindering their overall travel experience. Existing solutions are either limited in multilingual support or fail to deliver seamless, contextually appropriate assistance. This project represents a practical solution, namely, a TouristBot, an AI-powered, multilingual virtual travel assistant, designed to enhance the travel experience for visitors of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The system employs Natural Language Processing (NLP), and trained models, to process the user queries in English, and uses Google Cloud’s Translation API for enabling multilingual support, thus returning the answer in the user&#039;s original language. The backend, built in Python, using Flask framework, follows three-layered architecture, thus firstly searching for the answer directly from the custom dataset, then using pretrained models for prediction if the threshold for the first layer is not achieved, and finally mBert model is being used for deep semantic understanding if the first two layers fail. Also the frontend is built in JS’s framework, React-Native, for cross-platform functionality. That modular development methodology ensures higher reliability of the TouristBot, and eliminates the problem of the single point of failure. Ultimately, the outcome is a fully functional cross-platform mobile app, which aims to contribute to the tourism industry by offering an innovative, user-friendly solution that bridges language gaps and streamlines the travel experience in Bosnia and Herzegovina.]]></dcterms:abstract>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/3439">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[TOWARDS A CULTURAL QUARTER:  THE CASE OF MARIJIN DVOR]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Abstract - Urban development and regeneration that is powered by the idea of culture has become a norm and part of legislation in most European cities since the 1990’s.  This notion has been encored on the development of the ‘Creative City’, a concept envisioned for the new creative class based on the creative economy.  The Creative City approach encompasses a holistic strategic development framework that is often characterized by the insertion of new cultural buildings (most typically museums) in the post-industrial zones or neglected neighborhoods.  It often results in the design of cultural quarters, and the adoption of city branding strategies based on reductive images of the city as a cultural site.  This paper takes on the idea of developing a Cultural Quarter as the first step towards developing a strategic plan for the transformation of the post-conflict Sarajevo and making it part of the European Creative City Network. It takes on Montgomery’s principles of the museum cultural districts and examines the potential of this proposal through Canter’s model for Metaphor for Place.    ]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:source><![CDATA[Journal of Natural Sciences and Engineering]]></dcterms:source>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/732">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Towards Establishing Financial and Budget Indicators for Municipalities: A Literature Review]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Currently, one of the main problems that municipalities and other stakeholders face is having some objective indicators related to the finances and particularly the budget of municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia. Considering the nature of local government finances and consulting various previous studies carried in similar countries like Macedonia, it is possible to generate some representative financial or budget indicators that could apply to municipalities in the country. These indicators would serve as the basis on which municipalities could be ranked within a year or through various years. It would depend on the availability of the data aiming at analyzing their relative performance and positioning. This paper aims at consulting the literature about generating these indicators and analyzing their applicability in the case of municipalities in Macedonia. The output of this study is a set of financial or budget indicators related to revenues and expenditures in municipalities of Macedonia.    Definitely, this is a pioneering study for the country and the region. It would contribute to the existing research about evaluating the financial relative performance and financial conditions of municipalities not only in Macedonia, but also in the region.    Keywords:Financial Indicators, Budget Indicators, Municipalities.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04-24]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2560]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1660">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Towards regional market of creative industries and  “creativisation“ of Western Balkans economy]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[The objective of this paper is to compare and analyze developmental role  of the creative industries in Western Balkans countries (Serbia, Bosnia and  Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia) for the period  2000-2012. Statement and trends of creative industries development is  analyzed by cross-country based structural analysis that explains economic  situation in creative industries of the selected countries with special  emphases on impact of the economic crisis and institutional framework on  their position and development. The creative industries are studied on the  basis of some selected variables- employment, gross value added, business  activities (size and structure of creative sector), trade performances, etc. as  well as their contribution in fostering economic growth and development  in Western Balkan countries (“creativisation” effect). Institutional  framework is study by evaluation of economic, legal and organizationaladministrative  measures and their influence in supporting or limiting  developmental process in creative industries.  The paper aim is also to provide analysis of options and potential effects of  the creation a regional market of creative industries in the Western  Balkans. The idea of a common creative industries market in the territory  of the Western Balkans is based on the assumption that this regional  market would include existing national creative industries markets in the  area of mentioned region, providing possibility for expansion on other  countries in the wider environment of the region. Creation of this regional  creative industries market can be understand as a positive component of  the integration process of the Western Balkans into the EU, but also as a  important step towards the stability of the national creative industries  systems, better nurturing of creativity, creative industries sustainable  development in all the Western Balkan countries, especially in the conditions of economic crisis as well as higher level of “creativisation” of  Western Balkans economy.  The main hypotheses which should be validated are: What is the economic  contribution and potential of creative industries in Western Balkan  countries? Do they can affect the catalytic conditions of the economic  crisis in Western Balkans? How institutional framework influenced  development of creative industries in Western Balkans? Which innovative  policy response should be developed for encouraging of creative industries  in Western Balkans? How creative intangible assets could be transforming  into better source of economic development and what can be effects of  “creativisation” of Western Balkans economy? What are options and  potential effects of the creation a regional market of creative industries in  the Western Balkans?  Keywords: Public Policies, Creative Industries, Western Balkans, Economic  Development, Regional Market, Employment, Gross Value Added,  Creativisation of Economy.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1672]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>