<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1711">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Tax Policy within Fiscal Policies: Evaluation of Tax  Measures Taken Against Economic Crises]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Through the history the countries have been examined by economic crises all over  the world. After the Great Depression of 1929, the beginning of which is named as  ‘’ Black Tuesday ‘’, we again experienced a new world-wide crisis that broke out in  the United States in 2008. When it comes to explaining the economic crisis, it is  simply a sudden and unexpected downturn in the economy of a country.  Primarily, The United States, and then the all countries in the world have been  severely influenced by the negative effects of this crisis. With the Great Depression  in the United States, it was obvious that ‘’ Market Economy ‘’ that maintained by  classical economists couldn’t be competent by itself alone. In that period,  Keynesian economists which emphasized the ’’ State Intervention’’ emerged  against their classical counterparts. According to Keynesians, ‘’ State Intervention ‘’  is so essential in depression eras. Governments can interfere with ongoing period  of depression in two different ways. These are monetary policies and fiscal policies.  If a decisive struggle and respond to the crisis are desired, both of these policies  must be enforced simultaneously. On the other hand, governments are more  efficient to use fiscal policies in comparison with monetary policies, in an effort to  control the economy at that cyclical period. However, it is known that fiscal policies  have their own instruments which may be listed as tax policy, spending policy and  budget policy. Tax policy is the most effective way of all fiscal policies in stages of  recession. As one of the main purposes of fiscal policy is to sustain economic  stability, tax policies are often used to achieve the mentioned purpose.  Hence, this study focuses on the tax measures taken by the governments to deal  with the economic crises by giving inner examination of some countries severely hit  by the recent global crisis. Overall, the study will elaborate the significance and the  impact level of tax policies in crises periods.  Keywords: Economic Crisis, Cyclical periods, Fiscal Policy, Tax Policy.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1642]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1710">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Effects of Cultural Differences and Politics on Tax  Morale: The Case of Italy and Turkey]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[In this paper we analyze the tax morale in Turkey and Italy, using data from  the fifth wave of World Values Surveys. Using Survey data for comparative  analysis we can see the differences in several factors affecting Tax Morale  between Italy (mainly composed of Catholics) and Turkey (mainly  composed of Muslims). The results for the magnitude of tax morale show  that Italy and Turkey rank in the highest as compared to other countries  within their regions. Thus, this gives a task to explain why tax morale is  very high in these two countries which differ in cultures and politics; what  determines tax morale and are there any similarities between these two  countries in the determination of tax morale level. We empirically test  what shapes tax morale by using Ordered Probit model. We have followed  the literature but used additional variables to see what determines the  notion “intrinsic motivation to pay taxes i.e. tax morale”. Most of our  findings are in line with the earlier works in tax morale literature. We agree  with the statement that not only trust in the government might have an  effect on tax morale (Turkey), but also trust in the court, or the legal  system (Italy), and hence the way the relationship between the state and  its citizens is established. Also our findings indicate that older individuals  tend to exhibit higher tax morale. In line with the previous findings in the  literature pride has positive effect on tax morale level in the study  countries. The results on religion, indicates that while tax cheating is  immoral for Religious individuals in Turkey, we cannot make the same  conclusion for the religious individuals in Italy.  Keywords: Tax morale; Tax compliance.  JEL classification: H26; H30]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1647]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1709">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[A Research on Beck Hopelessness Scale of the Students  in Vocational School of Higher Education]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[In this research, it has been investigated the hopelessness levels of  students who study at Akdeniz University Vocational School of Social  Sciences and whether some demographic variables affect the hopelessness  levels of students. 376 students have participated in the research. Beck  Hopelessness Scale (BDS) and a personal questionnaire have been utilized  in data collection. According to the characteristics of the study group,  descriptive frequency and percentage tables of the variables collected by  the data collection tools have been created. To investigate the differences  between two groups Independent Sample T Test, to compare more than  two groups, one-way ANOVA have been applied. To determine which  group causes the obtained difference, LSD test from post hoc analysis has  been applied.  Keywords: Beck Hopelessness Scale, Hopelessness Level, Hopelessness,  Vocational School Students, Management.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1579]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1708">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Analyzing Macroeconomic Indicators of Economic  Growth Using Panel Data]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[During last 10 years some EU countries had economic instability. They have  short and long term challenges such as unemployment, population ageing,  globalization etc. In this study it is aimed to analyze macroeconomic  indicators of EU countries’ economic growth using panel data approach.  Static and dynamic panel data models were used for determining the  effects of independent macro-economic variables on gross domestic  product (GDP) of EU member countries including Austria, Belgium,  Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,  Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,  Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,  Sweden, United Kingdom; acceding country: Croatia; and candidate  countries: Iceland, Montenegro, Serbia, The former Yugoslav Republic of  Macedonia and Turkey. While dependent variable of analyze is gross  domestic product (volume), the independent variables are current account  balance, general government gross debt, general government revenue,  general government total expenditure, gross national savings, inflation,  average consumer prices, population, total investment, unemployment  rate, volume of exports of goods and services, volume of imports of goods  and services. The analysis proposed is based on a panel data (cross  sectional time series data) approach. The dataset of this research involves  33 EU member and EU candidate countries (units). The effects of 12  macroeconomic indicators on gross domestic product volume were  examined. The paper also empirically analyzes the negative impacts of  global financial crisis (the 2007 U.S. Subprime Financial Crisis) into EU  member and candidate countries’ economic growth during the 2002–2012 crisis is, the factors that promote a financial crisis, and the dynamics of a  financial crisis. Thus, the effects of macroeconomic parameters are  analyzed using panel data series. The findings of this research are  especially useful for EU candidate countries such as Iceland, Montenegro,  Serbia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Turkey for  developing convenient economic strategies.  Keywords: European Union and Candidate Countries, Financial Crisis,  Macro Economic Parameters, Panel Data Analysis, Gross Domestic Product,  Economic Growth.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1585]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1707">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[The Collateral of the Rising Public Diplomacy in Turkey:  The Presidency of Religious Affairs and the Religious  Diplomacy]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[It has been widely discussed whether Turkish foreign policy has been  changing since the Justice and Development Party (AKP hereafter) came  into power in 2002. Among the new concepts which signal a probable  change in the foreign policy, “public diplomacy” seems to be a significant  one considering that AKP has even founded the Office of Public Diplomacy  in 2010 within the Turkish Prime Ministry. Public diplomacy, the task of  serving national interests through influencing foreign states’ peoples,  winning their hearts and minds, instrumentalizes a state’s traits and is  carried by many public institutions. Religion is one of the cultural traits of a  state which serves public diplomacy with its binding influence on public.  For a few decades, the terms “religious diplomacy”, “inter-religious  diplomacy” or “faith diplomacy” have been used to indicate the positive  impact of religion on diplomacy, especially on “public diplomacy” which  addresses public rather than the traditional diplomatic institutions.  Religious diplomacy has mainly two meanings. On the one hand, it means  establishing an interreligious dialogue between states and their societies.  On the other hand, it implies promoting religiously based relations with  other states and their societies sharing the same religion. In Turkey,  Presidency of Religious Affairs is the main carrier of religious diplomacy as  it has started be expressed by the Presidency itself. A closer look at the  campaigns and policies of the Presidency especially in the Balkans, Africa  and the Middle East in the last decade shows that it complements the  government’s public diplomacy establishing religious ties with the states  especially which have Muslim populations. The Presidency is organizing  humanitarian aid campaigns for Muslims suffering all around the world  while participating in the ones the government organizes. In press  releases, The Presidency addresses all people and all international  organizations to free the Muslims from poverty, injustice and violence. It  also regulates the education of the religious personnel who are to work  outside of the Turkish borders. The Presidency organizes international  programs for those willing to “construct a future based on their cultural origins” and “satisfy the religious, cultural, social and psychological needs  of the Muslims with their knowledge on Islamic theology.” Looking at the  campaigns, press releases, international programs, conferences, seminars  and the discourse used in these, the paper tries to show how the  Presidency cooperates with the government serving public diplomacy.  In this research, the aim is to stress the contribution of The Presidency of  Religious Affairs to the public diplomacy especially in the last decade. It can  be easily observed that aid campaigns for Muslim populations outside of  the border have become a major divisive issue and divided the Turkish  population into two as the ones willing to help poor Muslim people for the  sake of God and/or humanity and the ones criticizing this argument  insisting that Turkey has itself helpless people inside of its own borders.  The motivation of the presentation is to point out the insufficiency of the  discussion whether AKP unnecessarily engages with Muslim populations  outside of the Turkish borders. For a few decades, public diplomacy and  religious diplomacy as its complementary have been crucial tools in  international relations, and analyzing the AKP’s partaking in humanitarian  campaigns outside the borders without taking this viewpoint into  consideration would be fall short.  Therefore, the presentation intends to remark that The Presidency of  Religious Affairs with the religious diplomacy it carries has also been an  element in international relations for a while and analysis on AKP’s foreign  policy should also pay attention to this religious diplomacy dimension as a  part of public diplomacy strategy.  Keywords: Public Diplomacy, Religious Diplomacy, the Presidency of  Religious Affairs, the Justice and Development Party (AKP), Foreign Policy]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1553]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1706">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[An Economic Order Quantity Model For Defective Items  Under Permissible Delay In Payments And Shortage]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Inventory control models are classified as deterministic and stochastic  models upon the condition that the demand is definitely known, or not.  Economic Order Quantity Models are among the most widely used  techniques in deterministic inventory control models. Economic Order  Quantity models have many assumptions that are not satisfied completely  with recent economic conditions such as all items in an ordered lot are  perfect quality and the payments are made as soon as the items received.  In this study, by loosening these two assumptions, a new model is proposed  in the case of defective items, permissible delay in payments and shortage.  For two case of permissible delay, the optimal values are determined and  the effects of permissible delay in payments on ordering quantity and total  profit are analyzed. Result of the analysis show that while permissible delay  of payment increases order quantity decreases and total profit increases.  Furthermore, numerical examples are given for the developed model and  changes in the optimal values are analyzed with sensitivity analysis. Finally  some previously published results are deduced as special cases of proposed  model.  Keywords: Economic Order Quantity, Permissible delay in Payments,  Defective items, Shortage.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1582]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1705">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[International Entrepreneurial Orientation and  Performance Outcomes in Export Markets]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Global economic integration with the diffusion of information and  communication technologies forces many business enterprises to  internationalize. This evolution brings opportunities and threats to  business management, as well opens up new fields for academic research.  The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of firms’ international  entrepreneurial orientation on their export market performances. Based  on the literature, which implies entrepreneurial orientation is critical for  market success; this research intends to evaluate the phenomenon for  Turkish exporter firms.  From year 2000 to 2011, Turkey increased its world share in outward  foreign direct investment stock by 146% (UNCTAD, 2012). Besides, Turkey’s  total merchandise import and export volume is around USD 400 billions,  which constituted 1% of world trade in 2011 (World Trade Organization,  2012). In respect to the emergence of Turkish enterprises in world  business, it is assumed that their international entrepreneurial orientation  would be remarkable to investigate.  International entrepreneurship, being considered as the subset of  international business and entrepreneurship areas, is defined as “the  discovery, enactment, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities –  across national borders- to create future goods and services” (Oviatt and  McDougall, 2005). The study of international entrepreneurship is gaining  momentum since 1990s. Prestigious academic journals such as  Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (1996), Academy of Management  Journal (2000), International Business Review (2005), and European Management Journal (2008) published special issues on the subject. So, it  is evident that international entrepreneurship is an establishing and a wellreceived  field of interest in management science.  While studies on international entrepreneurship seem increasing, there is  still a need to develop measures for this construct. Dimitratos et al. (2012)  operationalized international entrepreneurship based on entrepreneurial  orientation (EO) research. They developed a scale labeled “international  entrepreneurial culture” (IEC) that is composed of six dimensions: (i)  international market orientation, (ii) international learning orientation, (iii)  international innovation propensity, (iv) international risk attitude, (v)  international networking orientation, and (vi) international motivation.  This study intends to take this IEC scale for measuring international  entrepreneurial orientation as the independent variable.  The dependent variable of the research is export market performance.  Deriving from the valid scales developed by Zou, et al. (1998), Lages and  Lages (2004), Diamantopoulos and Kakkos (2007); export market  performance will be measured by firms’ sales revenue, increase of sales,  profitability, market share, and new product penetration in the export  markets. On the other hand, firms’ international business experience, size,  and industry would be evaluated as the control variables.  Within this framework, the scope of the research is exporting companies in  Turkey. By purposive sampling, a total of 660 members of export  association boards under Turkish Exporters Assembly would be inquired.  Retrieved data will be analyzed with Spearman and Pearson correlations,  as well with multiple linear regressions.  As a matter of fact, this abstract is submitted to the International  Conference on Economic and Social Studies 2013. The research is at early  stage and in case of its acceptance to the Conference; it will indeed  advance through further discussions by peer scholars in management.  Keywords: International Entrepreneurship, Export Performance, Turkey.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1495]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1704">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Albania]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Albania has great natural and infrastructure resources for the development  of fisheries and aquaculture sector, commerce and industry of fishery  processing products etc. So Albania has a coastline of about 474 km long,  an extensive network of hydrograph.  It ranks in the first countries in Europe in terms of water resources. The  hydrographic basin of Albania has an area of 43 300 km² or 57% more than  the territory of the state of our country and 50.000 km rivers and streams,  1,100 km² surface of lake water and sufficient artificial reservoirs.  In this article all these resources will be analyzed in detail; it will be also  analyzed the identification and further development of these resources,  which have special importance in building strategies and policies in the  direction of further development of this sector aiming at increasing  production, paying attention to the sustainable use of these resources  without damage on the biodiversity and the environment.  Research in this field is carried out mainly by universities, mostly from the  Agricultural University of Tirana. The Ministry of Agriculture in  collaboration with Ministry of Environment Forests and Water  Administration, has played an important role in constructing strategies for  the development of this sector as well as commerce and industry of fishery  products processing through projects MEDITS and AdriaMed where an  important place has the study of ecological and environmental effects,  mainly in the lagoons in cases of fishing beyond manufacturing capacity.  Very important are also the infrastructure and human resources, which  give weight to the development of this sector. In this country there are 4  ports that develop fishing activities, where the most important is the  largest port in the country, the port of Durres. Social effects of the  development of this sector are also important in studies, mainly in terms of  employment and community consumption per habitants, which is 3.3 kg / year of about 15 kg / year consumed by the countries of the  Mediterranean region.  At the end of this paper we will list some premises development of this  sector, recognizing it as an important output sector with great impact in  the economic and social life in the country.  Keywords: Fishing, Infrastructure, Water Resources, Sustainable  Development.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1683]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1703">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Absolute Poverty and Regional Disparities in Albania]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Albania lies in the southwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula. After 50 years of  dictatorial government of communist system, in the early 1991 it suffered  radical changes of political character which brought at the same time  substantial changes in economic and social development of our country.  Poverty and social exclusion as one of the important indicators of economic  development level of a region, become some interesting topics of study, in  purpose to provide alternative development and adapt strategies in purpose to  build specific policies towards mitigating this social phenomenon that lies and  developed in severe forms in some regions in Albania. Through analysis of  various indicators reflected in the graphical displays and maps, in this paper we  will study poverty in Albania, in its social and economic context.  According to the World Bank, definition of poverty is lack of income and  unemployment, hunger and malnutrition, ignorance and illiteracy, inability to  be sheltered, inability to access to public and social services. In this point of  view, poverty means exclusion, which will be studied through indicators that  values the opportunities that have the community to acquire essential social  and public services.  In addition, the study of social exclusion as a result of regional disparities is  especially important in the construction of local development plans in the  service of sustainable development for the entire region.  In this study poverty will be treated and will be examined on the basis of all  its indicators (economic and social) as well as in its relative and subjective  context.  At the end of this study will be given a summary of recommendations in the  function of mitigating this phenomenon with social impact, in service to  promote sustainable development in the country after a long period of  transition with fragile economic and social developments.  Keywords: Poverty, Political Transition, Unemployment, Social Exclusion,  Disparity Development, Malnutrition, Illiteracy Etc.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1680]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1702">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[A Comparison of Decision Making Models and Electricity  Energy Demand Forecasting for Turkey]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Energy is vital for industrialization and development countries like Turkey.  Energy, particularly electricity, is essential for improving quality of live and  developing as social and economic like European Countries. Projections for  Turkey demonstrate positive results from the use of energy, especially for  electricity, and identify key areas for improvement by 2023 (ESMAP  Report, 2011).  Turkey is rapidly growing with a 73 million young and confident people. So,  energy requirements have been rising with increasing population for  twenty years in Turkey. The development a country and people living of  standards is directly related to the energy utilization rate. Authors and  researchers claimed that, the Turkish economy is currently the fastest  growing economies among the European Union. In addition, there are a lot  of and different studies that were published recently on forecasting of  Turkey’s electricity demand. But the aim of this study is to compare  forecasting models each other with error estimations and estimate future  demand. This study is a proposition of a new approach by comparing grey  prediction and multiple regression models with Model of Analysis of the  Energy Demand (MAED). Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources  carry out MAED. In this study, electricity energy consumption in Turkey is  forecasting with grey prediction and multiple regression models from 1970  to 2010. In this model, we used total export, total import, population and  GDP data unlike than Akay and Atak (2007). This study also explores new  approach by using more data and suggestions regarding to electricity  consumption. As a result, proposed approaches estimates have more  accurate results than MAED model in the comparison of electricity  consumption.  Keywords: Turkey’s Electricity Consumption Forecasting; Grey Prediction;  Multiple Regressions.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1490]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>