<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1697">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Fiscal Impacts of Privatization in Turkey]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[There are many reasons for that privatization is an attractive application  for most of the countries. Since 1980s, fundamental problems that  developed and developing countries meet such as economic stagnation,  high public deficit, high borrowing cost, high inflation and high burden of  tax are forced the countries to find alternative sources of income. In this  regard, privatization applications have become an important policy which  aims economical, fiscal, political, and social purposes for many countries.  On the one hand, privatization incomes obtained from the selling of public  enterprises can become a solution to the permanent deficit of public  sector. On the other hand, these incomes can be used in the financing of  larger deficits arouse because of cyclical reasons. It can be said that it is  aimed business activities under private ownership are expected to increase  and in addition to this, the reasons of public finance gain importance,  public sector decreases and additional sources to increasing public  expenditures are formed by using the incomes from the privatization. The  proliferation of privatization works around the world has started with Chile  and England after 1980s. And because USSR system collapsed and these  countries entered to free market system based on private property,  privatization increased in these countries. In Turkey, legal infrastructure  works concerning privatization have started in the middle of 1980s, but the  increase in privatization works has accelerated after 2004.  In this study, fiscal impacts of income obtained from the privatization  applications in Turkey between 1986 and 2012 are examined. The  fundamental hypothesis of this study is whether or not privatization has a  detractive effect on budget deficits and public sector borrowing  requirement as a tool. To test this hypothesis, two different models estimated has been developed by linking incomes from privatization and  some macroeconomic variables with budget deficit, public sector  borrowing requirement and public debt stock. In this study, the effect of  privatization incomes in turkey on budget deficits and public sector  borrowing requirement has been analysed on the basis of ordinary least  square method. The discovery of the analysis showed that between 1986-  2012 privatization incomes in Turkey increased budget deficits and  increased public sector borrowing requirement. According to the result, it  can be expressed that privatization, as a tool which reduces budget deficits  does not satisfy the expectations, but because of its reducing effect on  public sector borrowing requirement, privatization has a positive effect on  public finance.  Keywords: Privatization, Fiscal Impacts, Turkey.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1612]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 978-9958-834-23-3     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/2105">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Fiscal policy and debt in the context of financial crisis: The case of  Bosnia and Herzegovina]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[The “Great Recession” that took place in the period of 2008/2012 has caused  the emerging and developing economies to replace advanced economies to lead  global economic growth. Since this crisis has been characterized as being both  global and severe, but furthermore as a good tool for testing the strength and  credibility of economic policies and theories, the complete recuperation could  take many years. The economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina was in structural  crisis before the economic crisis, due to its lack of planned development,  incompetent government structures, and political interference in economic  decision making. The holders of fiscal and monetary policy in Bosnia and  Herzegovina today are not taking significant measures in order to promote  growth and sustainability. The situation is thus, that public spending is  excessive, public debt is constantly growing, as well as current account deficit,  and unemployment rate. An economy cannnot be successfully managed  without an appropriate balance and harmony between its fiscal and monetary policy which in the period of financial turbulences will shorten the duration of  recession and stimulate the aggregate demand. In the continuation of this  paper, I will briefly try to define the effects of recent financial crisis on fiscal  policy, and public debt of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and define the course of  actions that will perhaps lead toward improvements of this emerging economy.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1418]]></dcterms:extent>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/3365">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Fish Health in Sustainable Development of Agriculture]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Aquaculture is a fast-growing food production sector. The gradually increase of this  production of fish resulted in serious pathological problems in all countries where intensive  aquaculture is practiced. Sustainable development of aquaculture relies on disease prevention.  With an intensification of operations, the risk of disease occurence and spread of infectious  increases. In aquaculture prevention is a key issue more than in other animal productions in  health management. The risk of the diseases increases with the intensification of the  production and can be controlled mainly trough the implementation of sanitary or medical  prophylactic programs. Sanitation relates to hygienic rules, cleaning and disenfection  procedures, water treatment, but also good feeding and rearing practies. Good husbandry and  vaccination programs should be applied. Diseases maps and certificaitons programs and  regulations must be established. The aim of this paper is to present general overview of  important applications for sanitation in sustainable aquaculture.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2009-06]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[488]]></dcterms:extent>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/3631">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Fits ‘n Finds<br />
]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[This project presents &quot;Fits &#039;n Finds,&quot; a web-based marketplace designed for the secure and transparent buying and selling of new and used clothing. The application addresses the need for a reliable platform that protects users from fraudulent pricing and ensures fair transactions.<br />
The system is implemented using a standard web stack, with a PHP backend and a MySQL database. Frontend functionality is handled with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Key features include robust user authentication with email verification, secure payment processing via the Stripe API, and scalable image storage using Google Cloud Storage (GCS). A unique scam detection mechanism is integrated into the item posting process, which analyzes an item&#039;s attributes to suggest a fair market price, thereby safeguarding both buyers and sellers.<br />
The results of the implementation demonstrate a fully functional e-commerce platform that successfully manages user accounts, item listings, and a secure checkout process.<br />
In conclusion, &quot;Fits &#039;n Finds&quot; provides a dependable and user-friendly solution for the online apparel market. The project&#039;s success is attributed to its focus on security and transparency, creating a trustworthy environment for its users.<br />
]]></dcterms:abstract>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/3260">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Flower and Fruit Abscission in Orchards]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[A small part of flowers which occurs by blooming and have fruit set stay on tree  till harvest in fruit trees. If all flowers transformed to the fruit the tree would not feed these,  not to be completed developing and decreased their quality. Hence, both the tree and growers  are affected negatively. Researches show that even have good fertilization and growing  conditions most of the flowers and fruits abscise. In fruit culture abscission of the flower and  fruit is four forms. These ones are; flower, small fruit, June and pre-harvest period abscission.  Many factors effect flower and fruit abscission. These ones are; lack of the fertilization,  inadequate nutrition, lack of the plant growth regulators, diseases, pests and abnormal  environmental factors, respectively.   In this research, concerning reasons of flower and fruit abscission and the measures against  these situations are evaluated.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2009-06]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[641]]></dcterms:extent>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/856">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[FOLK HERITAGE AS THE SOURCE OF CREATIVITY AND WRITING IN CLAUDE MCKAY’S A L ON G W A Y F R OM H OM E]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[This paper examines the connections between folk heritage and literary creation, between folk religion and writing. How have writers named or recognized folk tradition in relation to their own writing? At what point does the writer act as a conjurer who calls up and creates literature, who transforms reality through the magical power of words? I argue that Claude McKay not only writes about his folk heritage in legitimizing ways, he writes from it. McKay’s autobiography A Long Way From Home points towards a concept of creativity that grounds itself in a complex imagination that moves between syncretic sources. In his writings, he truly recognizes the potential of folk heritage as a source of writing and innovation. Negritude poets turned to folk religion as evidence of an essential African culture, and the Harlem Renaissance writers conceived of folk culture as an indicator of authentic, albeit unsophisticated, Negro creativity. McKay, however, stands out as a rare writer who portrays folk heritage as a sign of writing itself--a writer who uses folk heritage to undercut a concept of authentic, unitary origins. McKay’s representations of folk religion act as barometers of his reaction to the class biases and political hegemony of the leading writers of the Harlem Renaissance. McKay locates within folk heritage an originary site of black literature. While he does not inscribe folk religion in his autobiography to the same degree as do other Afro-American writers, he does use a secular language of folk religion to depict the creative process of writing.    Keywords: Claude McKay, folk heritage, creativity, writing, Afro-American literature.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[3396]]></dcterms:extent>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1089">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[FOR MOM AND THE APPLE PIE]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[As an extremely important social interaction food is not about eating only but may be viewed as discourse, because in many ways, just as language, it is socially determined and pre-conditioned. Awareness of the conceptual significance of food as social practice is important for teaching and learning languages because the familiar or unfamiliar foodways and food patterns are an integral part of one’s socio-cultural identity. This is why food description and food-related practices are always included in course books on intercultural and cross-cultural communication and in culture studies curricula.   (See, for example, Damen, 1987; Byram, 1989; Levine, 1992; Valdes, 1988)    As eating is probably the most important political act, it is not surprising that for better or worse, social or ethnic identity may be imposed on certain foods or withdrawn from them by virtue of political, socio-cultural or simply rhetorical manipulation, because food symbolizes many aspects of everyday culture and is a vehicle for social relations.As a statement of national identity few things may match food in clarity. Even children are aware of the relevance of certain foods as a guide to collective identity. Pupils of a state school visited by Gordon Brown in November 2006 mentioned fish and chips and full English breakfast as traditional British food, a symbol of Britishness. Eateries serving pizzas and other Italian foods are often called  a slice of Italy, not to mention numerous  names with the word Taste (of Thailand, China, Asia, etc.).Consequently food and meals have always signified and symbolized national identities, politics and collective affiliations (served as personal statements of identity). Hamburgers and hot dogs have become for many an embodiment of America, sauerkraut and frankfurters conjure up the images of Bavaria or Berlin. By the same token, eating guinea pigs in the Central Equadorian Andes is a statement of the Indian identity, comments anthropologist Nicole Bourque. This is why, when  Indians say that “some mestizos do not like eating guinea pig”, they are not referring merely to a like or dislike of the flavour and texture of guinea pig meat but rather the association of ethnic identity that accompanies the act of eating  some, … prepared in the Indian way  (Bourke, 2001: 95-96).]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[3449]]></dcterms:extent>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/818">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Forced Tax Collection: Bank Accounts` Blockage and Its Impact on Taxpayers` Fiscal Behavior in Albania]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[One of the big reforms in Albania regarding Tax issues was the abrogation of Law no. 8560, of 22 December 22, 1999 “For Tax Procedure in the Republic of Albania&#039;&#039; and the approval of new Law no. 9920, of May 19, 2008 with the same name and the Instruction no.24, date 02.09.2008 on “Tax Procedure in the Republic of Albania&#039;&#039; which both have the purpose to reduce informal economy and to improve the business climate in the country.     By way of providing details on some issues, we will focus on the part of how this law determines the procedure of constringent precautions for a forced tax collection and mainly that of taxpayers` bank accounts blockage. The paper aims to shed light on if this procedure of constringent precautions help the purpose of this Law to reduce informal economy and to improve the business climate in the country or not. As a methodology we are going to give the evaluation of Albanian appication of the above mentioned Law and Instruction, being in incompliance with other parts of regulations and blocking orders themselves.    Keywords: tax procedures, bank accounts` blockage, constringent precautions.  ]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2014-04]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[2594]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/1602">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Forecasting Car Demand with Different Methods]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to propose a sales forecast model for car dealers.  The scope of the research is a case study on a Hyundai dealer in Yalova city,  Turkey. Actual time series data of 48 months on Onurlu Hyundai car dealer’s  aggregate sales figures between January 2007 and December 2010 were used  as fit-set data. The same data between January 2011 and December 2012 were  used as ex-ante data to calculate the accuracy of the methods. In order to  increase the accuracy of measurement models, the company’s history data  was examined 24 times. In the study, MS Office Excel and Statgraphics  Centurion softwares were used to forecast demand and calculate the forecast  errors with different quantitative methods. Four different time series  forecasting methods were applied to the data he the result of each one was  considered separately for the same period lengths. These were Random Walk,  Simple Exponential Smoothing Method, Holt’s Exponential Smoothing Method,  and ARIMA Method. Comparison of the models’ predictions to actual sales  data suggested reasonable results to compare the accuracy of all four  methods. Also, the forecasting accuracy was tested separately for each  forecast horizon length from 1 to 12 months to select the best method. For  each particular forecast horizon, the specific figures by different error methods  were calculated. On the other hand, 5 types of error measurement scales were  used to compare the forecasting accuracy of the methods. These error metrics  were Percentage of Errors, MAPE, wMAPE, wMSE, and Theil’s U2 which are  explained in details within the paper. Ultimately, the best results came from  Exponential Smoothing methods, namely from Holt’s Method. For the  company, each period is a different issue and the results of 1-period ahead  forecasts cannot be averaged with 2 and 3 period ahead forecasts. So, in 1  period ahead forecasts, from the five error measurement method, 2 offered  Simple Exponential Smoothing, 2 offered Holt’s Exponential Smoothing and 1  offered ARIMA as the best forecasting method. In 2, 4, 5, 6 period ahead  forecasts, the 3 of 5 error calculation methods offered Holt’s Exponential  Smoothing Method. In 3, 7, 12 period ahead forecasts, Holt’s Exponential  Smoothing Method gave the smallest error figures in four error measurement  methods. In 11 period ahead forecasts, all error measurement methods gave  their minimum by Holt’s Exponential Smoothing Method. In 8, 9, 10 period  ahead forecasts, the 4 of 5 error measurement methods had the least scores  by ARIMA model.  Keywords: Forecasting Methods, Sales Forecast, Car Dealership, Turkey.]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:publisher><![CDATA[International Burch University]]></dcterms:publisher>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2013-05-10]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1614]]></dcterms:extent>
    <dcterms:identifier><![CDATA[ISSN 2303-4564     ]]></dcterms:identifier>
</rdf:Description><rdf:Description rdf:about="https://omeka.ibu.edu.ba/items/show/2269">
    <dcterms:title><![CDATA[Forecasting Carbon Emission For Turkey: Time Series Analysis]]></dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:abstract><![CDATA[Within the context of sustainable development objectives, reducing greenhouse gas emissions  (GHG) that cause climate change was first discussed and officially negotiated at the 1992 Rio  Conference, which particularly emphasised developed countries to take serious measures.  Then, it was followed by the Kyoto Protocol, which specified national ghg emission reduction  targets for developed countries. With Kyoto Protocol, it was decided for these countries to  reduce global emissions by 5% below 1990 levels compared to 2008-2012 emission levels.  Turkey became a party to the Kyoto Protocol in 2009, yet due to their special circumstances  they did not take any emission reduction commitments.. Negotiations on Post-2012 emission  reduction obligations are still in progress under the UNFCCC umbrella and it is expected to  have emission reduction targets not only by developed countries but also by developing ones.  In this regard, it is important for Turkey to estimate its future ghg emissions, if they have to  take a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) for their strategy. There are  various ghg emission estimations for 2020 and the results indicate different emission levels.Objective of this study is to estimate ghg emission levels for Turkey for 2020 and afterwards  by using time series and regression analysis. Then, appropriate policy implications are  discussed with the result of these findings.  Keywords : Carbon Emissions, Time Series Analysis, climate change policy,emission projections]]></dcterms:abstract>
    <dcterms:date><![CDATA[2012-05-31]]></dcterms:date>
    <dcterms:extent><![CDATA[1242]]></dcterms:extent>
</rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>